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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
Contents
1. Current Insight to the Uses of Rauwolfia: A Review Nitin Biradar, Iswar Hazarika, Vineeth Chandy
1
2. Advantages and Updates of Abhyanga in Infant and Infant Massage: A Review Madhumita Panigrahi, Mahesh Vyas, Kabi Prasad Mohanty
5
3. Antimicrobial Potential of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn Fruits A. Mohanty, C. Das, G. Ghosh, P. K. Sahu
13
4. Oncology in Ayurveda—Concept & Management Nishant Shukla
19
5. Quality Control of Ayurvedic Drugs Aparna Sharma, Vaidya Ish Sharma, Nancy Shahi
24
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
ISSN: 2394-7276(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Current Insight to the Uses of Rauwolfia: A Review Nitin Biradar, Iswar Hazarika*, Vineeth Chandy Department of Pharmacology, T. John College of Pharmacy, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract
Rauwolfia serpentina is an Indian medicinal plant and is a safe and effective treatment for poisonous reptiles. The plant was used by many physicians throughout India in the 1940s and then was used throughout the world in the 1950, including in the United States and Canada. It fell out of popularity when adverse side effects, including depression and cancer, become associated with it. In this review we focus on the use of Rauwolfia and treatment for many diseases, its botany, chemistry and mode of action with special emphasis on the plants role in treating high blood pressure and hypertension, and also critically examining its adverse side effects, toxicology and carcinogenicity. Keywords: Rauwolfia serpentina, Reserpine, Indole-Alkaloids, Potent, Antihypertensive, Herbal remedy, Medicinal plant
INTRODUCTION
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) is an evergreen shrub that is member of the dogbane or apocynaceae family. More than 100 species are included in the Rauwolfia genus, and they are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Central and South America. Rauwolfia serpentina is native to the moist, deciduous forests of Southeast Asia, including India, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. The plant has many shiny, black or purple, round fruits that are approximately 0.5 cm in diameter. It also has small pink or white flowers. The plant has a prominent tuberose. The plant has also tap root that reaches a length between 30 and 50 and diameter between 1.2 and 2.5cm [1]. The plant is known by various common names in different place as given below: Hindi: Chandrabhaga, Sarpaghandha English: Rauwolfi or Indian snake root Latin: Rauwolfia serpentina. Kannada: Keramaddinagaddi Bengali: Chandra Tamil: Chevanamalpodi Chinese: Lu fu mu Sanskrit: Sarpaghandha Rauwolfia serpentina or Sarpaghandha is an important medicinal plant distributed in the foot -hill of Himalaya range, up to the
elevation of 1300–1400 m. Rauwolfia serpentina or sarpaghandha is widely used in modern medical system and it is also used in Ayurveda, Unani and folk medicine. Hindus used this plant for centuries as an antidote to the bites of poisonous snakes [2]. The plant was used by many physicians throughout India in the 1940s and then was used throughout the world in the 1950, including in the United States and Canada [3]. It is also used in common treatment for hypertension, insomnia and used also on various central nervous system disorders, both physical and motor, including anxiety states, excitement [4]. Extracts from the root are used for the treatment of intestinal disorders, like diarrhea and dysentery. Scientific Classification [2] Kingdom: plantae Phylum: Angiosperms Subphylum: Eudicots Class: Asteroids Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Rauwolfia Species: serpentina
RRJoPC (2016) 1-4 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
ISSN: 2394-7276(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Advantages and Updates of Abhyanga in Infant and Infant Massage: A Review 1
Madhumita Panigrahi1,*, Mahesh Vyas1, Kabi Prasad Mohanty2
Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2 Department of Shareera Rachana, Major S.D. Singh Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Abhyanga is the oldest of all techniques for healing, preventing diseases and promoting health. Ongoing through the ancient texts, it is evident that Abhyanga is one of the consequential Ayurvedic procedure practiced since the dawn of civilization. It has been included as a part of Dinacharya as a health maintenance and as the treatment major for certain diseases. It is also a part of pre-therapeutic procedures of Panchakarma. The dramatic growth of infants during the first year of life imposes unique cares. Considering the smooth transition of children Ayurveda explained Abhyanga, very delicate and sophisticated protocol for infant. Abhyanga is quoted in navajata shishu pareecharya, samskara, balagraha etc. Infant massage with lubricant is in practice around the world and resembles with Ayurveda Abhyanga process. Several benefits of Abhyanga in infant include nourishment, health, protection, emotional well-being and beauty purpose. It has a great importance according to the pressure applied, the techniques adopted, the materials used etc. Harmful effects like physical injury and increased risk of infection were encountered when performed inappropriately. Though Abhyanga is one of the most important auxiliary medical maneuvers, it has been ignored by the practitioners and parents too. The review also discusses the different hypotheses put forward regarding the mechanism of action in both Ayurveda and modern science. Keywords: Abhyanga, Ayurveda, infant massage, mechanism of action
INTRODUCTION
Abhyanga is one of the consequential Ayurvedic procedures. It has again captured its central place amongst the way for healing, preventing diseases and promoting health. It is the oldest of all techniques for relieving pain and shaping the organs, regenerating the tissue and correcting all internal functions. It has origin in natural instincts of animals and handed over to conscious man with a mandate to improve as per possible to his own wisdom. In spite of all advancement in knowledge and complexes of techniques, it retains its usefulness and significance even in steps for saving life. Similar kind of procedures have also been documented in the earliest ever texts of mankind, i.e. Rigveda, in various ways for prevention of the diseases. The procedure has been continued for thousands of years and vivid description has been documented in Atharvaveda. So, from the Vedic era, the
procedure has gone through various stages and phases of metamorphosis and finally the Ayurveda scholars have framed and designed a more rational and logical procedure in accordance with the nature and variance of Dosha. Infant period is extremely critical phase of life. This period is foundation of adult human life. Infant care is therefore very important area of health practices and practiced across the world since ancient time of human civilization. The dramatic growth of infants during the first year of life (threefold increase in weight and two fold increase in length, mile stone development) imposes unique care during this period. The rapid rates of growth are accompanied by marked developmental changes in organ function and composition, failure to provide adequate nourishment during this time is likely to have adverse effect on growth as well as development. So, Ayurveda explained
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
ISSN: 2394-7276(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Antimicrobial Potential of Methanolic Extract of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn Fruits A. Mohanty*, C. Das, G. Ghosh, P.K. Sahu Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Abstract
Barringtonia acutangula is a middle-sized plant which is distributed in Meghalaya, Assam, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha, used in treatment of various ailments. The present work has investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Barringtonia acutangula fruit against six resistance bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter bumannii (Gram positive) and Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli (Gram negative). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by well-in agar assay. It was found that methanol extract of B. acutangula showed significant antibacterial activity against the test micro-organisms by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods. Further, the extract was found to be more effective against gram positive bacteria. Methanol fruit extract of B. acutangula showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges between 0.67 and 4.27 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges between 1.51 and 9.63 mg/ml. The presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds were ascertained on phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the fruit. The present work revealed that, phytochemical compounds present in fruit of this plant are principal sources for significant antibacterial activity. Further study is needed to access the development of novel formulation by taking fruit extract of B. acutangula and isolation of bioactive phytoconstituents. Keywords: Barringtonia acutangula, phytochemical screening, anti-microbial activity
INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms are the major cause of many diseases. Now-a-days, they are resistant to the newly available synthetic drugs. So, to combat against the multi-drug resistant bacteria, herbal drugs are thought to be important antibacterial agents. The majority of world population (80%) rely on herbal drugs as they are easily available with less side effects [1]. Herb has also proven its effectiveness from years. Barringtonia acutangula is a middle-sized plant which belongs to family Barringtoniaceae and is found throughout Africa, Asia, Australia, Polynesia and India. In India, it is distributed in Meghalaya, Assam, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. The fruits are bluntly quadrangular, long broadest in the middle and rounded [2]. The fruit of B. acutangula contains triterpenoid sapogenins, triterpenoids XI [3], barringtogenol B [4], and barringtogenol D [5, 6], with triterpene acid and barrigenic acid
[7]. Traditionally, the fruits are used to treat diseases like colic, intestinal worms, wounds, syphilis, cough, bronchitis, ulcers, leprosy, dysmenorrhoea, eye troubles etc. [8]. Fruits of B. acutangula are also used in diabetes [9] and inflammatory disorders [10]. Extracts of different plant parts like leaf [11], stem bark [12], and seed [13] showed prominent antimicrobial activity. Currently, there is a growing risk in the use of synthetic antimicrobial drugs on human health and environment. Therefore, there is a need for alternative antimicrobial agents from natural sources that would have less adverse effects on human health. Literature survey revealed that, no extensive research work has been reported on antibacterial activity of methanol extract of B. acutangula fruits. In the current study, methanol fruit extract of B. acutangula (L.) Gaertn was taken to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strains namely Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus,
RRJoPC (2016) 13-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
ISSN: 2394-7276(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Oncology in Ayurveda: Concept and Management Nishant Shukla* Department of Ayurvedic Medicine, Uttaranchal Ayurveda College, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India Abstract
Cancer is known to mankind since long. The disease has been believed to be difficult to cure, due to uncontrolled cell division. Disease has been described in details as Arbuda in ayurvedic classics. There are four-fold treatments for Arbuda viz., Aushadha (medicinal management with medicinal herbs, polyherbal combinations and herbomineral compounds); Kshara (alkali treatment); Agni Karma; and Shastra (surgical removal of tumour). The selection of medicaments or process depends on the status of patient and disease. Medicinal management or conservative management is opted to increase local host defence and nutritional principle that ensure better tissue health and thus offers resistance to proliferating cancer cells. Unlike other cytotoxic measures herbal medicine have added benefit of improving nutrition to the area affected thus it arrests growth of cancer cells. The other measures can be employed in later stages of disease for detoxicating specific area of tumour. Keywords: cancer, arbuda, detoxicating, tumour, herbomineral compounds
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a complex disease having multiple facets known to mankind since its evaluation. The disease has tendency to proliferate and spread to nearby tissues or distant through blood or lymph. A tumour or malignant is defined as uncontrolled abnormal growth of cells having lack of differentiation. Cancer can occur in any tissue of the body; the commonest cancers are observed in connective tissues such as sarcoma, lymphoma, leukaemia, etc. and epithelial tissues such as carcinoma. The disease has been dealt in detail in ayurvedic classics; even Vedas (the oldest scientific literature) describes the disease. The disease has been described as Asadhya (incurable) as all possible treatments cannot revert the disease process or genetic change that is responsible for uncontrolled growth of tissues, which stands unchanged till date. The present approach of management is to destroy or quench malignant cells using different means of radiation or chemotherapeutic agents; radical surgery is also performed in all possible cases. This approach of management uses the agents that are causing mutation of genes or cytotoxic effects that result in untoward therapeutic effects, or complications. The cancerous cells can be concurred by two ways, i.e., arresting the growth by use of cytotoxic agents and the
other natural way by normal homeostasis mechanism and immune response. The use of cytotoxic agents alters body’s own defence mechanism. This fact was very well known by the ancient ayurvedic scholars and thus they developed four-level therapy for management of cancer or malignant tissues, i.e., Aushadha (medicinal treatment with herbs, polyherbal compounds, herbomineral compounds and mineral compounds), Kshra (use of alkali locally or systematically), Agni (cauterisation) and Shalya (surgical methods, i.e., excision). The use of medicinal herbs improves and supports natural host defence mechanism thus maintains physical strength of human at its optimal level. Well-nourished tissues arrests growth of cancerous tissues and Mansankura or Mansarbuda (muscular growth) of any kind may be burnt by use of alkali or heat that does not differ with action of medicinal drugs. Author has treated various cases of cancer of different tissues on the basis of Ayurveda using herbal and polyherbal combinations. In this paper, a detailed review of basis of disease and clinical experience of cancer management through Ayurveda has been presented.
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy
ISSN: 2394-7276(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Quality Control of Ayurvedic Drugs 1
Aparna Sharma1, Vaidya Ish Sharma2,*, Nancy Shahi3
Department of Shalakya Tantra, The National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Department of Rog Nidan, Babe Ke Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Daudhar, Moga, Punjab, India 3 Department of Samhita and Siddhant, Babe Ke Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Daudhar, Moga, Punjab, India 2
Abstract
Ayurveda is the ancient most system of medicine and most of Indian population uses Ayurvedic drugs in some form [1]. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries of use. Because of their unique effects and relatively low side effects, this medicine has been gaining popularity all over the world. British physicians travelled to India to observe rhinoplasty being performed using native methods [2]. Quality is conformance to requirement and meeting stated as well as implied needs of customer. The word quality is derived from Latin ‘qualis’ means ‘of what kind’ and encompasses composition and properties of object. Pharmaceutical products are subjected to have highly regulated quality control. The increasing use of these products worldwide and the growth of Ayurvedic drugs industry have led to increasing concern regarding their safety. Quality is conformance to requirement and meeting stated as well as implied needs of customer. Quality control is a challenge to ensure safety, efficacy, and batch-to-batch consistency of Ayurvedic products due to the complexity of phytochemical constituents. To ensure both safety and efficacy of herbal medicines, implementation of and adherence to good agricultural and collection practice (GACP), good plant authentication and identification practice (GPAIP), good manufacturing practice (GMP) before and during the manufacturing process, and good laboratory practice (GLP) in analysis are necessary which are ethically delivered to the subjects as per good clinical practices. To protect the health of consumers, the quality and safety of herbs and herbal products must be ensured. To date, the toxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity of many herbal products have not been fully studied. The current paper plans to discuss the essential components of GMP, GCP, GLP. Keywords: Good clinical practices (GCP), good manufacturing practices (GMP), good laboratory practice (GLP), quality control
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the ancient most system of medicine. More than 70% of Indian population uses Ayurvedic drugs in some form. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries. Those who understand Ayurveda deeply state that every material, whether animate or inanimate is potentially medicinal [3]. In its origin Ayurveda was carefully and systematically developed. As a result, it is now being confirmed by measures of many scientific parameters. It not only provides medical cure for diseases, but its holistic approach uses unique principles of diet, life-
style, detoxification, meditation and therapeutics to balance and enrich all aspects of the physiology and psyche. In light of these past and present aspects of Ayurveda the system’s potential for promotion of health and wellness is well-acknowledged. Ayurveda treatments, somehow, of late have come under attack for several reasons. Unethical companies are under scrutiny for the production of adulterated medicines while some of its practitioners have indulged in illegal practices. All these events led the department of AYUSH, ministry of health and family welfare, government of India, to implement a
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