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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Focus and Scope Covers 

Ice harvesting

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Non-cyclic and cyclic refrigeration

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Vapor-compression and Vapor absorption cycle

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Electromechanical cooling

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Ductless (split-system) air conditioning

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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3 Issue 3] of our Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation, 2016. The intension of JoRACHV is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Contents

1. Mathematical Study and Steady-State Modeling of Simple Vapour Adsorption Refrigeration System Vinayak A. Sudalai, Ranadip K. Das

2. Analysis of Thermodynamic Behavior of a Turbulent Air Flow in a Rectangular Duct Muthuraman S., Kathirvel S., Sivaraj M., Nibin.T

3. Canopy Design and Fabrication for Reducing Noise Level Generated at Work Place without Affecting Equipment/Machine Performance Sunhara Kadam, Shivaji Shelar, Aurelius D'souza, Lionel D'souza, Amar Kulkarni

4. Comparative Analysis of Vapour Compression Mini Ice Cream Plant by Using Different Size Capillary Tubes Rajkumar Singh Chauhan, Neelesh Soni, Siddhartha Kosti

5. Performance Improvement of Air Cooled Condenser of Split Air Conditioner: A Study D. K. Joshi

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Mathematical Study and Steady-State Modeling of Simple Vapour Adsorption Refrigeration System Vinayak A. Sudalai, Ranadip K. Das* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India Abstract This paper discusses the mathematical formulation for various heats involved during different processes of a simple vapour adsorption refrigeration cycle having activated carbon and methanol as the active working pairs. This formulation is further used and a detailed analysis of the cycle’s performance is studied based on a steady-state model prepared on the FORTRAN77 platform compiler. The analysis includes effects of the input parameters of the cycle such as temperature at the end of desorption (T3), the minimum temperature in the cycle or temperature at the end of adsorption (T1), condenser and evaporator temperatures (TC, TE) over a suitable range, on the performance parameters of the cycle such as desorbed mass ratio (ΔX), heats of adsorption and desorption, refrigeration effect, total heat supplied for desorption, and the coefficient of performance (COP). Keywords: Adsorption, steady-state modeling, heats of desorption, COP, refrigeration effect

INTRODUCTION In the early times, adsorption refrigeration was frequently used; later with the development of inexpensive reliable compressors and electrical motors, the improvement in power plant efficiency and the introduction of CFCs in the 1930s, adsorption refrigeration became a lost technology. However, there has been an increasing trend in favour of this technology. The main considerations in favour are that adsorption systems are silent, long lasting, cheap to maintain and environmentally friendly [1]. Refrigeration technology is required to evolve due to the new environmental regulation. The regulation concerning the ozone layer depletion (The Montreal Protocol, 1988) decided to phase-out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and then hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) [2].

Principle of Vapour Adsorption Cycle The vapour adsorption refrigeration cycle modeled for this analysis is shown in Figure 1.

In this study, we have chosen the working pairs to be activated carbon and methanol. The properties of activated carbon is given in Table 1 [3]. Table 1: Physical Properties of Activated Carbon. Adsorbent Internal Surface Pore Bulk Porosity Area Volume Dry (%) (m2g-1) (cm3g-1) Density gcm-3) 55–75 600– 0.80– 0.35– 1600 1.20 0.50

Mean Pore Diameter (Å) 1500– 2000

Fig. 1: Simple Vapour Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle. The initial step is to heat up the generator so the refrigerant gas is driven out from the adsorbent bed while the pressure of the entire system increases (desorption) (process 1–2 and 2–3 as shown in Figure 2). The gas desorbed is condensed in the condenser by rejecting heat.

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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Analysis of Thermodynamic Behavior of a Turbulent Air Flow in a Rectangular Duct Muthuraman S.1,*, Kathirvel S.2, Sivaraj M.3, Nibin.T4 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India 4 HVAC-ProTech Division, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Abstract A numerical study of turbulent air flow in a rectangular duct with three plate and waved baffles was investigated. The governing equations, based on the model k-ε realizable used to describe the turbulence, are solved by the finite volume method with the use of the SIMPLE algorithm. The dynamic and thermal structure of the flow was analyzed by the presentation of several parameters, namely, the intensity of turbulence, reports of friction coefficients, the Nusselt number, the coefficients of thermal expansion and dragged were treated for all the geometries and for different Reynolds numbers. Keywords: Turbulence, baffles, forced convection, planar, corrugated

INTRODUCTION Forced convection in complex geometry receives considerable attention due to its importance in many engineering applications and has been the subject of interest for many researchers. Some of these include the energy conversion systems found in some design of nuclear reactor, heat exchangers, solar collectors and cooling of industrial machines and electronics [1–3]. There are several techniques available to enhance the heat transfer coefficients of gases, which include, treated surfaces, rough surfaces, extended surfaces, coiled tubes, surface vibration, twisted tape inserts, fluid vibration, jet impingement etc. Few works have indicated that the heat transfer enhancement can also be achieved by creating longitudinal vertices in the flow. These vortices are produced by introducing turbulators, such as, ribs, fins, baffles and blocks in the flow, known as vortex generators, placing on the heat exchanger channel walls with in line or staggered arrays, responsible for changing the direction of the flow and for increasing the heat exchange time between fluid and the heated surfaces. Considerable works have been done, in recent years, on the investigations of the flow and

heat transfer processes in these geometries. These include the work of Jedsadaratanachai et al. who conducted a numerical analysis of the periodic laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics in a square channel inclined at 30° and equipped with baffles inserted periodically in the channel [4]. The inclined baffles were placed repeatedly on the upper and lower walls of the channel in line with arrangement for generating rotating vortex. These longitudinal vortices helped to significantly increase the heat transfer rate in the channel. The order of setting the heat transfer value of about 1 to 9.2 times the smooth channel. However, the heat transfer is increased associated with the enlarged pressure loss of from 1 to 21.5 times above the smooth channel. Roetzeli conducted an experimental study of turbulent flows to address the role of baffles on the heat transfer in a tubular heat exchanger, and to show the influence of the distance between the baffles themselves and between the baffle and grille on thermal performance [5]. An experimental and numerical study was investigated by Sriromreun et al. [6]. In this experiment, the baffles are placed in zigzag shape (shaped baffle Z) aligned in series on a heated top wall,

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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Canopy Design and Fabrication for Reducing Noise Level Generated at Work Place without Affecting Equipment/Machine Performance Sunhara Kadam, Shivaji Shelar*, Aurelius D’souza, Lionel D’souza, Amar Kulkarni Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. John College of Engineering and Management, Palghar, Maharashtra, India Abstract Laws governing the safety and health of employed people exist in most countries of the world, the purpose being to create a suitable working environment and eliminate unsafe practices and processes. Work areas should be designed and laid out so that they are satisfactory both, from the environmental and safety points of view. In this connection, safety also implies that noise is kept at a level, which is not likely to cause hearing damage. A noise control program should involve the following: (1) The preparation of a noise map after making measurements in all areas. (2) The setting of target noise levels for all areas. 3. A description of all measures planned, a cost analysis, and the attenuation expected. 4. The setting of priorities within a plan to achieve the agreed targets, stating start and finish times. In the context pertaining to our project, we use the concept of isolating the sound at the source itself by using a canopy system. The properties of sound absorptive materials are studied and put into practice. Research has led to combining materials with good tensile strength along with its absorptive properties into one system without affecting the system performance. We get a successful drop of 15 dB with our canopy system after conducting the various tests that are present in the following chapters of this report. Keywords: Canopy, sound, sound intensity, medium density fibre (MDF) board, heat transfer, sound damping

INTRODUCTION Industries and various laboratories have elements leading to high discharge of noise. This noise, if over permissible level can cause health hazards to the people working in these industries/laboratories [1, 2]. If the machines causing this noise have a vital role in that particular industry, it cannot be changed or modified. Consideration of cost factor that affects the change in the set-up also has to be taken. Canopy (for noise reduction) is a casing used to conceal the noise of the machine without affecting the machine’s performance [3]. It is the easiest and effective way to reduce the noise generated by a machine without changing the machine specifications. The paper gives you the detailed data required for the design and construction of the canopy. This report is made considering the standards set for noise. We have kept the cost and spatial factors, so that the canopy can be handled easily by any worker in the factory.

System Design The system consists of a cuboidal shaped box which is made of medium density fibre board (MDF) and the inner side is lined with foam. Inside the canopy, there are two vents fitted which are also made of MDF and lined with foam. In addition, there are two identical fans (one suction and one exhaust). The machine (noise source) selected is the IDAC 30, 8 bar compressor (Figure 1). Modelling Taking into consideration factors such as area, volume, ease of machining, distribution of sound and installation of the compressor (noise source) into the system, a cuboidal shaped canopy is modelled on Solidworks 2015 (Figure 2). The system also includes a ventilation system, which consists of two fans as shown in Figure 3 and two vents in Figure 2 to control the ambient temperature within the canopy,

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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Comparative Analysis of Vapour Compression Mini Ice Cream Plant by Using Different Size Capillary Tubes Rajkumar Singh Chauhan*, Neelesh Soni, Siddhartha Kosti Department of Mechanical Engineering, ShriRam College of Engineering and Management, Banmore, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract An experimental set up is made for comparative analysis of vapour compression mini ice cream plant by applying different size capillary tubes. The experiments were performed and results were recorded for comparing the best unit. The capillary tube was formed in coil shape having different inner diameters such as 0.79 and 1.12 mm. The pressure at suction and discharge of capillary were recorded to evaluate the cycle COP, power consumed, mass flow of refrigerant and compression pressure ratio. The increase of coiled inner diameter significantly affects the working parameter. The COP of experiment no. 2 was found to be more than the experiment no. 1. The mass flow of refrigerant for experiment no. 2 was found to be optimum than experiment no. 1 and compression pressure ratio for experiment no. 1 was found to be optimum as compared with experiment no. 2. Keywords: Evaporator, compressor, condenser, capillary tube, fan, pump and brine solution

INTRODUCTION Experiment set up refers to the different physical components that make up the mini ice cream plant. Component consists of evaporator, condenser, compressor and capillary tube. Comparative analysis is done to enhance the performance of experimental set up of vapour compression mini ice cream plant by applying different size capillary tubes with R134a refrigerant. Saini and Agarwal executed and examined the consumption of eco-friendly refrigerant in water cooler [1]. Rai et al. reviewed the feasibility of using the LPG as refrigerant instead of R134a in a domestic refrigerator [2]. The experimental set up is prepared for comparing the performances of refrigerants and LPG. During experiment he found that LPG of different charges at different load and unload condition consumed less power in compressor compared with R134a refrigerant. Baskaran and Koshy have examined the consumption of numerous eco-friendly refrigerants on a VCR system to find out the possible alternative replacement of R134a [3]. Matani and Agarwal performed the experiment to detect the main parameters of various refrigerant mixtures, and also to identify the parameters which affect the coefficient of performance of VCR system, the parameters are

capillary tube diameter, working pressure and temperature [4]. The result shows that R134a is more efficient than HC mixture and R401a. Agrawal and Matani used variety of refrigerants and its mixtures in different percentages in VCR system to achieve the best efficient refrigerant [5]. Mishra has examined twelve ecofriendly refrigerants in primary circuit and nano-fluid (water-nano-particles based) in secondary circuit for enhancing the thermodynamic properties of VCR System [6]. He put R134a in primary circuit and Al2O3water based nano-fluids in secondary circuit to define the thermal modelling of VCRS.

METHODOLOGY Mathematical Calculation Compression Process To evaluate the work done in compression for this actual case is given by the enthalpy increase across the compressor [7]. đ?&#x2018;&#x160;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;? = â&#x201E;&#x17D;2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x201E;&#x17D;1

Where, Wcomp: Work done in compression (kJ/S); h2: Enthalpy of outlet refrigerant from

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Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation ISSN: 2394-1952(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Performance Improvement of Air Cooled Condenser of Split Air Conditioner: A Study D.K. Joshi* School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract Running residential or commercial split type air-conditioners plays a vital role for increasing electrical energy consumption in large quantity. While considering the performance of air conditioning system or specific energy consumption which is to be considered, as a function of condenser, compressor and evaporator performance respectively. By improving the heat transfer efficiency of the condenser performance improvement can be achieved, which helps in reducing electrical consumption. In the present study, the performance of air cooled condensing unit has been studied by applying different methods for its improvement. Keywords: Air cooling, evaporative cooling, water cooling, shading, earth air tunnel heat exchanger

INTRODUCTION For its simplicity, convenience and flexibility, the split-type air-conditioner is widely used in residential buildings. A split-type airconditioner is composed of two parts: an indoor unit which is known as evaporator or cooling coil unit and an outdoor unit known as condensing unit comprising of compressor, condenser and expansion device. In general, there are three kinds of condensing units are used in air conditioning system:  Air-cooled,  Evaporative-cooled,  Water-cooled. Conventional small capacity cooling condensers used in, residential split air conditioners are mostly air-cooled. In smallscale air conditioning systems available in market, air cooled fitted conditioners have a large market share due to ease in maintenance and affordable size. The performance of air cooled condenser depends on the heat transfer between coil and air passing through the coil face. For better performance, air-cooled condensers need a high airflow rate. On condenser coil face, air is forced to a propeller fan due high flow rate of air, which sometimes results in noise problem. High air flow carries away the latent heat from refrigerant condensation to the atmosphere. Air cooled condenser is generally used in small size

residential air conditioners like window or split type, for heat rejection process in the cycle. The reason is to make the system as simple as possible without any need to the water connection line and other equipment. This design seems practical as far as the air temperature in summer is not too high (about 40°C). But when the air temperature increases and moves toward 50°C or higher than that, the performance of the air condenser drops down. Air conditioner works improperly since the temperature and the pressure of the condenser increase and the compressor is forced to work under the greater pressure ratio resulting in more power consumption.

The energy consumed by air conditioners, refrigerators and water heaters is increasing rapidly day by day, since the consumed power by air conditioners occupies about 20% of the total power consumption. Energy saving is the practice of using the minimal quantity of energy. It may be achieved through efficient energy use or by reducing the consumption of energy services used for the plant [1–3].

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