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Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application

Contents

1. Effects of Carbon Fiber on Strength of Concrete B.B. Patil, A.G. Dahake, V.R. Upadhye, C.L. Gogte

2. Fabrication of the SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices to Record the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay

3. Efficiency Measurement of Solar PV Panels Kedar A. Pathak, Snehal N. Patel

4. Synthesis, Characterization and Deformation Studies of Blast Furnace Slag Particles Reinforced Aa2024 Composite M. Vijaya, Kolla Srinivas, Sneha. H. Dhoria, T. Yamini

5. Effects of Weight Fractions on Properties of Aluminium-Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites Pankaj Kr. Sharma, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Vijay Gautam, Amit Kr. Sharma

Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application ISSN: 2455-3344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Effects of Carbon Fiber on Strength of Concrete B.B. Patil1, A.G. Dahake2,*, V.R. Upadhye1, C.L. Gogte1 1

Department of Civil Engineering, Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of carbon fibers on strength of concrete. The concrete mix of M-25 grade was considered and produced by replacing carbon fibers with cement. Modified concrete is produced by adding carbon fibers with various percentages as 0 to 0.6% at an interval of 0.2% with 10 and 20 mm in length. The compressive and flexural strengths are considered for investigations. Cube of size 150 mm150 mm150 mm for compressive strength; and beams of size 500 mm100 mm100 mm for flexural strength are considered. All the specimens were water cured up to 7 and 28 days and tested subsequently. Relations between compressive strength with all other strengths are developed. A comparison of result of modified carbon fiber reinforced concrete with that of normal concrete, showed significant improvement in the result of various strengths. Keywords: Carbon fiber, concrete, compressive strength, flexural strength

INTRODUCTION Highlight Concrete is closely related to every human being and their day-to-day life. It is widely used as construction material in the world and it is very difficult to find another material of construction as versatile as concrete. Concrete is nothing but artificial stone resulting from the hardening of mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates, water and sometimes minerals and chemical admixtures are also added to enhance properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state. For making good concrete, it requires same materials, hence controlling the properties at every stage of concrete plays an important role in its quality or strength. Ordinary cement concrete possesses a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Internal micro-cracks are inherently present in the concrete and its poor tensile strength is due to propagation of such micro-cracks, leading to brittle failure of concrete. Development of such type of concrete that has to meet special requirements and performance cannot be always achieved by using only conventional materials and procedure. The requirements may be the

enhancement of characteristics such as placement and compaction without segregation, mechanical properties, toughness, durability and serviceability in severe environments. To improve properties of concrete, a new type of concrete known as fiber reinforced concrete is introduced. Fiber reinforced concrete is a relatively new composite material in which fibers are introduced in the matrix as micro reinforcement, so as to improve the tensile, cracking and other properties of concrete. Fibers are produced from steel, carbon, glass, plastics, polyester, polypropylene, nylon, rayon, asbestos, basalt and natural fibers such as cotton, coir, sisal etc. Fiber influences the mechanical properties of concrete in all modes of failure, especially those that induce fatigue and tensile stresses. The strengthening mechanism of fibers involves transfer of stress from the matrix to the fiber by interfacial shear or by interlock between the fiber and matrix. Fiber efficiency and the fiber content are the important variables controlling the performance of fiber reinforced concrete. Initially production and application of carbon fibers was suggested and patented by Thomas Edison in 1880 for use as filaments in electrical lamps. These fibers

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Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application ISSN: 2455-3344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Fabrication of the SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices to Record the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India Abstract Total 12 individual leakage-free SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices are fabricated by the maskless lithography and indirect bonding technique. The surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water is successfully recorded inside these microfluidic devices. Total 12 individual audio video interleave files as ‘FileName.avi’ are recorded and analyzed in this research paper. This study may be useful for different microfluidic applications. Keywords: SU-8, microfluidic device, air-water meniscus, capillary flow

INTRODUCTION Many polymers have been already used to fabricate the microfluidic devices [1–11]. SU8 is a suitable negative photoresist to fabricate the microfluidic devices [9]. The direct bonding techniques and indirect bonding techniques have already been invented to fabricate the leakage-free microfluidic devices [1–11]. The recent trend of research is to fabricate the fluidic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [1–11]. Many authors have described different microfluidic flow phenomena related to the surface wettability, capillary pressure and channel aspect ratio [12–15]. Different surface modification techniques have been studied to apply in microfluidic devices [16–18]. Different bonding techniques have been reported by many authors to seal the microchannel lids on the microchannel substrates [19]. In this research paper, author has fabricated the SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices by maskless lithography. Next, author has recorded the surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water in these microfluidic devices.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES SU-8 is a popular negative photoresist (polymer) to fabricate the microfluidic devices [1, 6]. Maskless lithography is a suitable

technique to use SU-8 in the fabrication of microfluidic devices [1]. Colourless liquid EC solvent is used as a SU-8 developer in the maskless lithography [6]. In this work, PMMA is used as an adhesive material in the indirect bonding technique to bond the glass lid with the SU-8 based microchannel substrate [6]. Again, EC solvent is used to prepare the adhesive liquid (PMMA dissolved in EC solvent). CMOS camera is an optical instrument which is suitable to record the surface-driven microfluidic flow according to its time-scale resolution and length-scale resolution [9]. Red food dye is used to prepare the dyed water [9]. According to the principles of electrochemistry, the properties of distilled water is not changed by mixing the red food dye, but the red colouring of distilled water facilitates the video recording of air-water meniscus propagation as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Also, glass is an optically transparent material. So, glass lid facilitates the video recording of dyed water propagation inside the microchannel (Figures 1 and 2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices are fabricated by the maskless lithography (noncontact lithography) using SF-100 instrument (Intelligent Micropatterning, LLC, Florida), in the clean room laboratory of class 1000 standard according to the Federal Standard

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Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application ISSN: 2455-3344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Efficiency Measurement of Solar PV Panels Kedar A. Pathak*, Snehal N. Patel School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Abstract With increasing awareness and technology developments, we strive to achieve a greener approach to energy production. Solar panels that use PV cells are popular for converting solar power into electricity. One of the problems in using PV cells to extract energy from sunlight is the temperature effect on PV cells. As the solar panel is heated, the conversion efficiency of light to electrical energy is diminished. Because solar panels can be expensive, it is important to be able to extract as much energy as possible. In this study, we propose and explore cooling methods for the panel in order to achieve optimum efficiency. First, the panel characteristics are drawn experimentally, and then a numerical model of cooling is developed. The cooling of a photovoltaic panel via fins and a duct attached to the rear surface of the panel is investigated. Forced convection through the duct is assumed. This numerical model allows study of the effects of varying fin parameters on panel characteristics and potential useful heat output. Electrical output is found to vary weakly with fin material and thickness, fin length and air velocity in the duct. The model suggests a maximum value of solar concentration for a given air velocity in the duct. Future investigation of the airflow and velocity fluctuation field should be carried out by means of indoor measurements. Keywords: Solar panels, photovoltaic (PV) cells

INTRODUCTION Renewable energy has become a large focus for many scientists and engineers in recent years, due to the growing concern of environmental pollutants given off by the burning of nonrenewable fossil fuels. The use of solar energy is seen as one of the cleanest and most widely available alternatives to current sources of energy. There are many options available for collecting solar power. This is due to two sources of solar energy: thermal and photovoltaic. The cooling of photovoltaic (PV) cells is a problem of great practical significance. The usable energy produced from solar energy displaces energy produced from fossil fuels, and thereby contributes to reducing global warming. However, the high cost of solar cells is an obstacle to expansion of their use. PV cooling has the potential to reduce the cost of solar energy in three ways. First, the electrical efficiency of PV cells decreases with temperature increase. Cooling can improve the electrical production of standard flat panel PV modules. Second, cooling makes possible the use of concentrating PV systems. Cooling

keeps the PV cells from reaching temperatures at which irreversible damage occurs, even under the irradiance of multiple suns. This makes it possible to replace PV cells with potentially less expensive concentrators. Finally, the heat removed by the PV cooling system can be used for building heating or cooling, or in industrial applications. Basics of Solar PV It is very important to note the basic definitions that facilitate the understanding of various PV operations and characteristics. Diffuse Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun after its direction has been changed by scattering by the atmosphere diffuse radiation. Solar Radiation: The sum of the beam and the diffuse solar radiation on a surface (The most common measurements of solar radiation are total radiation on a horizontal surface, often referred to as global radiation on the surface). Irradiance [W/m2]: The rate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of

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Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application ISSN: 2455-3344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Synthesis, Characterization and Deformation Studies of Blast Furnace Slag Particles Reinforced Aa2024 Composite M. Vijaya*, Kolla Srinivas, Sneha H. Dhoria, T. Yamini Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R. & JC College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract The main objective is to explore the use of blast furnace slag as a reinforcing material. This work provides results of aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with granulated slag (GS). The Composite is prepared by taking AA 2024 and GS with stir casting process. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy were employed to track the reactions between the aluminum matrix and the granulated slag during the sintering treatment. The hardness and compressive tests of the composites were determined as a function of the GS content. The SEM study reveals that there was a uniform distribution of granulated slag. Keywords: Aluminum Alloys, MMCs, Blast Furnace Slag, Stir Casting

INTRODUCTION Composites are combination of two or more constituent materials having different properties, which are combined to get better properties. Composites are the most promising materials recently. The potential advantages of metal matrix composites over conventional monolithic alloys are studied and incorporated in recent years. A vast range of MMC materials has been developed. By far, the largest commercial volumes are made of Aluminium matrix composites which account 69% of annual MMC production by mass [1]. Both solid and liquid phase processing methods have been used to produce these composites. The liquid phase processing methods has the advantage that fluidity of metal which allows usage of a wide range of reinforcements and capability of producing near net shaped casting. The poor wettability which leads to the nonuniform distribution of the particles is the major problem in the fabrication of metal matrix composites. Vortex (fluid phase processing) technique involves incorporation of ceramic particulates into molten alloy by using the rotation impeller [2, 3]. Microceramic particulates are used to improve the hardness and ultimate strength of the metal. However, the density of the MMCs

decreases with high ceramic particle concentration [4]. The microsized ceramic particles are the best choice to strengthen the metal matrix, while maintaining good ductility, high temperature creep resistance and better fatigue [4]. However, there are certain disadvantages such as presence of impurities which contributes to mechanical properties. This problem can be overcome by careful selection of constituents, fabrication techniques. The matrix alloy should be chosen only after careful consideration to its chemical compatibility, to its ability to wet the reinforcement and to its own characteristic properties and behaviour [5]. One very crucial issue to consider in selection of the matrix alloy composition involves the natural dichotomy between wettability of the reinforcement and excessive reactivity with it [6]. Good load transfer from the matrix to the reinforcement depends on the existence of a strongly adherent interface [7]. In turn, a strong interface requires adequate wetting of the reinforcement by the matrix. The attainments of wetting and aggressive reactivity are both favored by strong chemical bonding between the matrix and reinforcement. Adjusting the chemical composition to accomplish this delicate

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Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application ISSN: 2455-3344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Effects of Weight Fractions on Properties of Aluminium-Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites Pankaj Kr. Sharma1, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi2,*, Vijay Gautam1, Amit Kr. Sharma3 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technical University, Delhi, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering Technology, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

1,2

Abstract With particles of fly ash as the particulate addition, the properties of pure Al can be greatly improved. The incorporation of fly ash brings significant changes in some of its core properties like hardness, density, stiffness, strength, wear resistance. A comparison of the mechanical properties of pure Al have been done with three sets of Al-fly ash composites containing 6, 8 and 10% by weight fly ash which are manufactured through the stir casting technique. Increase in the weight fractions of the fly ash particles increases the ultimate tensile strength, hardness, stiffness, wear resistance and decreases the density, ductility, toughness and shrinkage of the composite. Sometimes agglomeration of ash particles and porosity occurs readily during the composite manufacturing, leading to inferior mechanical properties of composite. Aluminium fly ash composites are used in the making of various automotive parts like brake drums, brake discs, intake manifolds, valves, crankshafts and industrial furniture, highway signs, machine covers, bicycle frames, ducts, aerospace components etc. Keywords: Hardness, strength, fly ash, Al-fly ash composites, stir casting technique

INTRODUCTION The ever-increasing demand for low cost reinforcement encouraged the interest towards production and utilization of using by-products from industry as reinforcement since they are readily available or are naturally renewable at affordable cost. Al-Mg-Si alloys are widely applied in aerospace, automobile and electronic industries due to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance, low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good strength and castability. The common microstructure of hypereutectic Al-Mg-Si alloys is composed of primary silicon particles. The high strength and wear resistance of these alloys are attributed to the presence of hard silicon particles [1]. The forming based semi-solid phase has attracted great attention as a new technology since it complemented the shortcomings of the current forming processes. The morphology of the primary phase of semi-solid metals plays a very important role in the quality control of semi-solid process. Electromagnetic stirring is a forming process, which fills the mold cavity through

injecting cylinder with semi-solid slurry after uniformly transformed dendritic microstructure formed during solidification process to spherical primary-Al phase particles and distributing it into eutectic phase, by strongly stirring the melt at the initial stage of solidification. The electromagnetic stirring needs to be a good substitute system of mechanical stirring to avoid alloy contamination and damage of stirrer. The rheology forming is controlled by grain and solid fraction using the electro-magnetic stirring system. This study sets up the experimental data applicable to control the particle grain size of the resulting materials to be produced by electromagnetic stirring to investigate the relation between the properties of aluminium alloy such as primary-Al phase particle sizes, their distribution state, and spherical structure and electromagnetic stirring current and time. Processing of Al-Fly Ash Composite Low cost stir casting technique is evaluated for use in the manufacturing of three sets Al-Fly ash composite [2]. Stir casting is a liquid state

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