Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research vol 3 issue 3 by STM Journals

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Journal of Water Pollution and Purification Research

Contents

1. Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit P. Vamsi Krishna, V. Sridevi, B. Sri Hari Priya

2. Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden Wastewater from Restaurants Vidyashree S., Vijaya Holla, Vivek A., M. S. Krupashankara, Nagashree N. Rao

3. Biosorption of Cd +, Cu + and Pb + Using Immobilized Moringa oleifera Leaves Osemeahon S.A., Nkafamiya I.I., Anioke D., Akinterinwa A., Adebayo I.T.

4. Decentralised Wastewater System and Enhancing Green Cover Sagar D. Tingare, Kamini S. Gholap, Sanjay P. Sawant, Angad S. Shelke

5. Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Inactivation of Escherichia coli by Spray Deposited Au:ZnO Thin Films R.T. Sapkal

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research ISSN: 2394-7306(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit P. Vamsi Krishna*, V. Sridevi, B. Sri Hari Priya Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Water is important for all life forms on earth-plants, animals and human being, etc. For fresh water necessities, humanity relies on rivers, ponds, lakes and underground water reservoirs. The available fresh water on earth is mounted; however, the demand of fresh water is exaggerated owing to growth and speedy industrial enterprise. Therefore, there is a great need of proper water purification technique with less price. During this situation, solar distillation plays an awfully vital role. This method is analogous to natural water cycle but processed beneath closed and controlled conditions. The basin area of the still, free surface area of water, inlet temperature of water, wind velocity, solar radiation, depth are some of the factors that affect the productivity of the solar still. In the present work, the effects of introducing cylindrical ceramic packing into the basin of a solar distillation unit to increase the area of the basin were studied and compared with the results of solar distillation unit without packing. The maximum efficiency for copper electroplated aluminium basin with cylindrical ceramic packing and black painted basin with cylindrical ceramic packing at three litres of wastewater are 54.86 and 64.64% respectively. Keywords: Solar distillation, copper electroplated Al basin, Al basin with black paint, cylindrical ceramic packing

INTRODUCTION Water and energy are two of the most important topics on the international environment and development agenda on the globe. Water is available in different forms such as seawater, underground water, surface water and atmospheric water [1]. The lack of pure drinking water has been a great challenge for humanity and it is directly related to 80% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s illnesses and to 50% of total infantile death. In the urban area especially, the water undergoes lots of water treatment process but in rural area, there is significant shortage of water and its treatment [2]. Popular methods are filtering with sand, which only removes undissolved material while chlorination and boiling kill harmful microbes only. Solar distillation does all these three functions [3]. Distillation is the one of the processes that can be used for water purification. Distillation refers to the process of removing salt and other minerals from water. Water is distilled in order to convert wastewater to fresh water, which is suitable

for human consumption or irrigation. Most of the research in desalination was focused on developing cost effective ways of providing fresh water for human use [4]. Solar still having the advantage of low capacity and selfreliance is best suited, as it can produce pure water by using solar energy only, and does not need other expensive energy sources such as fuel or electricity. Among the various types of solar stills, the single passive solar distillation system is the most simple and least expensive. This system is complete and requires no additional infrastructure except the necessary raw water and sufficient sunlight. Various research works are being carried out to improve the performance of the still. The basin area of the still, free surface area of water, inlet temperature of water, wind velocity, solar radiation, depth are some of the factors that affect the productivity of the solar still. Experimental investigations have been done by Moustafa on stepped solar still and wick type evaporator still, and the efficiency of the still improved by reducing the radiation losses

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Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research ISSN: 2394-7306(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden Wastewater from Restaurants Vidyashree S.1,*, Vijaya Holla2, Vivek A.2, M. S. Krupashankara2, Nagashree N. Rao1 1

Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Sewage is one of the leading sources of water pollution. The untreated water released from restaurants is the major contributor of oil pollution having devastating impact on aquatic life. Oil in water clogs pipelines, pumps and treatment equipment, decreases the efficiency of the plant and results in high maintenance and operation costs. The natural material, kapok fibers have the capability to significantly separate oil from water by entrapping oil droplets in its fibrous network. In the present work, kapok fibers were used in separation of cooking oils from restaurant wastewater to study the oil-sorption properties namely sorption capacity, dripping rate, retention capacity and reusability with several variables. The results indicate that kapok fibers adsorb cooking oil up to 55%. The adsorbed oils can be easily recovered from the fibers by manual squeezing and the recovered fibers can be used for several sorption-desorption cycles without loss in sorption capacity. The results suggest that kapok fibers can be used as a sorbent in effective filtration of oil from wastewater. Keywords: Oil pollution, kapok fibers, adsorption, oil-sorption capacity

INTRODUCTION Sewage is the major source of water pollution. It mainly consists of suspended particles in wastewater such as toxic chemicals and solid aggregates. Oil-water is common in wastewater discharges from industries such as steel, aluminium, food, textile, leather, petrochemical, gas and oil production, transportation. The oil and grease concentration in these wastewater are in the order of 10–10,000 mg/l [1]. Cooking oils are discharged from different sources such as food industries, restaurants and residences. Cooking oils have the same physical properties and produce similar environmental effects like petroleum oils. The oils discharged to drainage, and water treatment facility clog water treatment plants and pipelines, and the products damage the pipeline quality. Importantly, they are detrimental to environment as they result in high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), thereby killing aquatic life [2]. Hence, it is required to remove the oil

from wastewater discharge in restaurant, food processing and residences. Though the government has installed water treatment facilities to filter the water before discharging into river, they are not adequate and existing facilities lack the technology to treat large quantity of wastewater. Most of the restaurant and food processing industries, which discharge vegetable oil with water into sewage, have not installed effective oilfiltration system in spite of government regulation on pH and BOD level in the water discharged into sewage [3]. Existing technology such as grease interceptors are not affordable, demand large installation space and cause odour nuisance [4]. Hence, there is a need to find an effective oil-sorbent material for oil filter membrane, which can filter oil from large amount of water. India has imported 6,461,862 t of vegetable oils in 2014–15 [4]. Large amount of oil spillage during loading and unloading is

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Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research ISSN: 2394-7306(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Biosorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ Using Immobilized Moringa oleifera Leaves Osemeahon S.A.1, Nkafamiya I.I.1, Anioke D.1, Akinterinwa A.1, Adebayo I.T.2 1

Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract In demonstration of the effectiveness of immobilized Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves (IMOL) for the removal of metal ions from wastewater, the leaves of M. Oleifera were immobilized by entrapping them within a polymeric matrix of calcium alginate. The concentration of residual metal ions after sorption was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The result of sorption capacity of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ were found to be 99.59±0.061, 99.58±0.063 and 46.15±0.032% respectively. There was an increase in sorption capacity as contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration increased, and decrease in sorption capacity as ionic strength increased. The possibility of M. oleifera leaves to absorb Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ proved the result as an effective technology for wastewater treatment and cheaper means of metal ion removal from wastewater compared to other standard methods. Keywords: M. oleifera leaves, immobilization, sorption capacity, metal ions

INTRODUCTION Our environment is an open and wide place made naturally. It includes mutual relationship between man, living and non-living things. A healthy environment is an integral part of many human needs for a healthy life. Still, our environment itself can be made up of some health hazards due to pollution [1]. An increase in the population which led to increase in the usage of heavy metals in industrial activities has caused the existence of them in wastewater [2]. Not all the metals are toxic. However, the metals of most immediate concern are cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, mercury and nickel [3]. Metals such as lead and cadmium are contained in the wastewaters of industries such as electroplating, plastics, paint manufacturing, mining, petrochemical processes, batteries, papers and pulp industries [2]. Therefore, removal of these heavy metals from streams represents significant industrial waste problems (Kim and Yi, 2000); (1). Normal good health can be maintained by various inorganic salts and trace elements, but they can be toxic when present above

threshold levels. Toxicity generally results when an excessive concentration is presented to an organism over a prolong period of time and when the metal is present in an unusual biochemical form [1]. Researchers over a period of time have raised concerns over widespread cumulative toxicity and environmental impact of the heavy metals such as Cd2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+. These led to extensive research into developing alternative technologies for the removal of these potential damaging substances from effluents and industrial wastewaters. Osemeahon and coworkers in 2008 successfully removed Cd2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ using konkoli seed gum from Mesopsis eminii plant [1]. In our continuous effort to make our wastewater free from these metals, we used immobilized Moringa oleifera leaves to find out which could best remove these metal ions. M. oleifera plant is the most cultivated specie of the genus Moringa in the family and also sometimes grown in the wild. The fruits are consumed all over the world. The leaves are highly enriched in protein and some amino groups but the leaves are not consumed

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Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research ISSN: 2394-7306(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Decentralised Wastewater System and Enhancing Green Cover Sagar D. Tingare, Kamini S. Gholap*, Sanjay P. Sawant, Angad S. Shelke TSSMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India Department of Civil Engineering, Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all living beings on earth. The availability and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life. On the other hand, wastewater is generated from various industries and from domestic use. The capacity of sewage treatment is much lesser than production, so, remaining sewage is directly discharged into streams or rivers resulting towards increase in pollution of water, which directly or indirectly affects the human and aquatic life as well as crop cultivation in agriculture. The root zone treatment system is one of the low cost methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system, we can treat the wastewater with best results. The root zone system is the best possible alternative to centralized wastewater treatment system. Because of treatment at production level, the load on conventional STP is reduced by a huge amount. In addition, there is considerable saving in energy due to elimination of collection, transportation and treatment processes required in case of decentralized treatment method. To achieve this goal, we implemented a model in our campus to study the various aspects such as temperature effect, water quality; and related this study with our collage building. We had set up a reactor in which we implemented root zone technique and carried out lab analysis of reactor outlet sample for number of parameters. We considered flow rate as the main factor for designing our system. Therefore, keeping the detention time constant and changing flow rate we found out the change in different parameters. The optimum values are those when we get best results with maximum flow. After the results, we conclude that this model can be installed on domestic, commercial and institutional buildings. In addition, after the treatment, the treated water can be used for flushing, gardening, etc. Keywords: Sewage, nonpoint source, wetland, ecofriendly

INTRODUCTION Root zone systems are artificially prepared wetlands comprising of clay or plastic lined excavation and emergent vegetation growing on gravel/sand mixtures and is also known as constructed wetland [1]. This method combines mechanical filtration, chemical precipitation and biological degradation in one-step for the treatment of wastewater [2]. A number of factors like low operating cost, less energy requirement and ease of maintenance attribute to making root zone system an attractive alternative for wastewater management. The process in a root zone system to treat the sewage begins with passing the raw effluent horizontally or vertically through a bed of soil having impervious bottom [3-4]. The effluent

percolates through the bed that has all the roots of the wetland plants spread very thickly, nearly 2,500 types of bacteria and 10,000 types of fungi, which harbor around roots, get oxygen form the weak membranes of the roots and aerobically oxidize the organic matter of the effluent [5]. The characteristics of plants of absorbing oxygen through their leaves and passing it down to roots through their stems which are hollow, is utilized as a bio-pump [6]. Away from the roots, anaerobic digestion also takes place. The filtering action of the soil bed, the action with fungi etc. and chemical action with certain existing or added inorganic chemicals help in finally obtaining very clear and clean water. The system of plants

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Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research ISSN: 2394-7306(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Inactivation of Escherichia coli by Spray Deposited Au:ZnO Thin Films R.T. Sapkal* Department of Physics, Nano-Materials Laboratory, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Spray deposited Au-doped ZnO thin films were successfully prepared by using zinc acetate as precursor onto the glass and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates at 4000C. In this study, the polycrystalline Au:ZnO films were prepared with the different Au concentration in the starting solution varying from 0 to 4%. The optimized Au doping concentration was 3%. The direct optical band gap of the Au:ZnO film (3% Au doping) was 3.10 eV. The photoelectrocatalytic activity of the prepared thin films was evaluated by measuring the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue; 94% degradation of MB with rate constant k=0.0555/sec. Inactivation studies of suspensions of E. coli in a parallel plate reactor showed that the bacterial count can be reduced by a factor of 100 by direct UVA illumination, by a factor of 107 with a ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus a stainless steel counter electrode, and by a factor of 1012 under a photocurrent of 18 mA across the Au:ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus a stainless steel counter electrode. The high antibacterial activity in the latter case is ascribed to the suppression of charge carrier recombination and auxiliary radical reactions occurring at the surface of bacteria adsorbed on the Au:ZnO electrode. The Au:ZnO improved photoelectrocatalytic degradation of MB and inactivation efficiency of E. coli. Keywords: Au:ZnO thin films, photoelectrocatalysis, degradation, methylene blue, E. coli

INTRODUCTION Zinc oxide (ZnO) is II-VI semiconductor of wurtzite structure and has a large direct band gap of 3.3 eV [1]. ZnO based materials have been widely used in a variety of applications, such as, optical waveguides [2], ultraviolet (UV) light emitters [3], transparent conductive oxides [4], chemical and gas sensors [5] and photocatalysts [6]. Among these applications, photocatalysis of ZnO has been intensively studied due to its environmental eco-friendly applications. By illumination with UVA light (λ‹385 nm), will excite electrons from valence band to the conduction band, producing an e-h+ pair. If the adsorbed couples are considered to be water and dissolved oxygen, then water gets oxidized by positive holes and it splits into HO and H+. As oxygen is easily reducible, reduction of oxygen by photoelectrons of the conduction band results in generation of superoxide radical anions (O-2), which in turn reacts with H+ to generate HO2. On subsequent reaction with electron to produce hydrogen peroxide (HO-2), and then with hydrogen ion, a molecule of H2O2 is produced [7]. However,

the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO is always affected by the quick recombination of the photo excited electrons and holes. To retard the recombination of the excited electrons and holes, one possible strategy is to dope ZnO with metal [8, 9]. The excited electrons in ZnO are supposed to transfer to the metal if the interface between ZnO and metal is optimized and the work function of the metal is greater than that of ZnO. The electron transfer will greatly suppress the electron–hole recombination and then improve the catalytic efficiency of ZnO. Until now, many kinds of noble metals have been combined with semiconductors, such as AuTiN [10], Comet-like superstructures of AuZnO [11], Au-doped iron oxide thin films [12] and Au-doped mesostructured SnO2 [13].

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