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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Contents
1. Sodium Benzoate and Urea as Promoters in Sillimanite Flotation Mihir D.M., Rama Rao V.V., Padmasree R.
1
2. Evolution of Empirical Equations for Prediction of Melting Point and Latent Heat of Alkanes S.P. Singh, Vijay Bhat
8
3. Structural Investigations of NiFe2O4 Synthesised by the Pyrolysis of Single Source Precursor Kalpanadevi K, Manimekalai R
12
4. Physicochemical Qualitative Analysis of River Water, Underground Water and Pond Water of Rewa City, Madhya Pradesh, India Manoj Kumar Solanki, O.P. Gupta
17
5. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Poly (2-Methyl Aniline-CO-2-Chloro Aniline) and Poly (2Methyl Aniline-CO-2-Chloro Aniline)-Nanocomposite-CuO L. Jose Kethrin, S. Jhancy Mary 35
Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology ISSN: 2229-6999(online), ISSN: 2321-5208(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Sodium Benzoate and Urea as Promoters in Sillimanite Flotation 1
Mihir D.M.1,*, Rama Rao V.V.2, Padmasree R.3
Process Department, JP Mukherji and Associates Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India Head of Research and Development Department, Trimex Sands Pvt. Ltd, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, Andhra University, India 2
Abstract Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite in general is concentrated by gravity separation methods followed by froth flotation. Hydrophobicity is induced to sillimanite surface by adsorbing surfactant (oleic acid/oleate) molecules selectively and the mineral is collected into froth as concentrate. Other reagents used are; sodium silicate to depress garnet and silica and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pulp pH. In the present study, hydrotropes (sodium benzoate and urea) were introduced to improve the solubility of oleic acid in aqueous phase that is flotation pulp. It is noted that hydrotropes improve the recovery of sillimanite with marketable grades of concentrate. Keywords: Sillimanite, froth flotation, hydrotropes, sodium benzoate, urea
INTRODUCTION
Zirconium, monozite, rutile, ilmenite and garnet are all rare earth minerals, grouped as heavy beach sands. Heavy mineral sands are placer deposits formed most usually in beach environments by concentration due to the specific gravity of the minerals. Minerals present in the Srikakulam deposit are ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite, and garnet. ROM (Run of Mines) is screened first and then introduced to the series of spirals, splitting it into three fractions namely concentrate, middlings and tails. Concentrate is composed of ilmenite, rutile, zircon (heavy minerals) whose specific gravity lies between 4.2 and 4.8. Middlings are dominant with garnet and sillimanite. Middlings are fed to the upward current classifier which removes most of the garnet fraction as under flow, still the remaining material is a combined mixture of sillimanite, garnet, quartz and a very small fraction of ilmenite, rutile, zircon (upper concentrate).
quartz 61.38%. Particle size analysis of the feed to flotation is –600+250 µm=24.769%, – 250+150 µm=63.111%, –150 µm=12.12%.
SOAP FLOTATION
Oxide (hematite), silicate (sillimanite) and salt type (apatite, dolomite) minerals are conventionally recovered as concentrates using fatty acids or their soaps as collector in industrial practices [1, 2]. Hydrotropes are known to enhance the dissolution of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous phase [3]. In the previous studies, sodium benzoate is studied by one of the authors (Mihir) as promotor in the soap flotation of rock phosphate [4]. Other hydrotropes so far tested as promotors in soap flotation are; urea, sodium salicylate and sodium citrate [5].
FLOTATION FEED PREPARATION
The feed to flotation from the plant is dried and mixed homogeneously.
Feed to flotation which is tested in this experimental work is the top product of UCC (upper current classifier). Mineralogical composition of feed is ilmenite 0.91%, rutile 0.44%, zircon 0.21%, monazite 0.18%, garnet 9.80%, sillimanite 25.02%, others 2.06%,
JoMCCT (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
ISSN: 2229-6999(online), ISSN: 2321-5208(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Evolution of Empirical Equations for Prediction of Melting Point and Latent Heat of Alkanes S.P. Singh*, Vijay Bhat School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract Alkanes and paraffins are well recognized phase change materials (PCMs) for low and medium range temperature thermal energy storage applications. Melting point and latent heat are two crucial parameters for any PCM for its use in any thermal storage application. The values of these parameters are normally measured by expensive and time consuming measuring devices. In this paper, three empirical equations are presented to predict the melting point and latent heat of alkanes using carbon number as the only input variable. The theoretical results were found comparable with the experimental results within the error limit of ±3.5% for melting point of alkanes with carbon number between 17 and 60. Latent heat values predicted were also in good agreement with the experimental values. Keywords: phase change material (PCM), phase transition, carbon number, latent heat, specific heat
INTRODUCTION
Phase change materials (PCMs) have shown great promise for their applications in thermal storage [1]. They offer the advantage of storage and release of heat isothermally. The amount of heat stored or released depends upon the latent heat of PCM. Melting point of PCM is another important parameter, which decides its suitability for a particular application. Therefore, characterization of PCM is important for optimized thermal heat storage. Optimization of parameters for any application relies upon the knowledge of relevant parameters along with proper numerical modeling. Various numerical models have been proposed for application of PCM for heat storage [2]. In all these models variation of specific heat during phase transition is represented as delta, triangular, Gaussian function, along with look up tables and Fourier analysis. Numerical models have been presented for prediction of latent heat or melting point of eutectics or mixture of two PCMs [3]. Some attempts also have been made for prediction of melting point and latent heat or variation of latent heat with pressure [4, 5]. In case of alkanes, it has been well established that melting point of PCM
increases with increase in the carbon number [6]; but no equation or model was found during literature review for prediction of melting point or latent heat by the knowledge of carbon number. In the present work, a nonlinear model has been worked out using regression analysis for relating the carbon number and melting point or latent heat.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Melting point, boiling point and latent heat for alkanes have been predicted by chemical graph theory or by modeling the physical process of melting and freezing based on molecular interactions [7–10]. Dependence of thermodynamic properties on molecular structure is analyzed for organic PCMs [11]; this work also reviewed the various approaches for prediction of thermodynamic properties but seems to be complex. All these models are based on difficult mathematical approach for prediction of thermodynamic properties related to any PCM. In contrast to the above, the present work is based on simple nonlinear regression analysis for prediction of latent heat and melting point
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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology ISSN: 2229-6999(online), ISSN: 2321-5208(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Structural Investigations of NiFe2O4 Synthesised by the Pyrolysis of Single Source Precursor Kalpanadevi K., Manimekalai R.* Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized using the single source precursor [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3] via pyrolysis thermal decomposition route. The single source precursor prepared by a simple precipitation method, was characterised by hydrazine and metal analyses, infrared spectral analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Using appropriate annealing conditions, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesised by the thermal treatment of the precursor. From XRD and HRTEM studies, the particle size of the sample was found to be around 11 nm. SEM results showed that the sample possesses agglomerated and randomly distributed nanorods. Keywords: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles; hydrazine; pyrolysis; XRD, HRTEM, SEM
INTRODUCTION
Spinel ferrites have been extensively studied in recent years for their valuable electrical and magnetic properties, and applications in several important technological fields such as ferrofluids [1], electronic gadgets, information storage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug-delivery technology and catalysis [2]. Among these spinel ferrites, the inverse type is particularly remarkable due to their high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, high saturation magnetization from a typical crystal and magnetic structure. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is one of the most important spinel ferrites as well as a distinctive spin soft-magnetic ferrite. Nickel ferrite and its derivatives have been used as inert anodes for electrometallurgical applications particularly for the production of aluminum by Hall Heroult process [3]. It has been found to be a highly reproducible humidity [4] and gas [5] sensor material. Various methods have been developed to synthesize nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 such as mechanical alloying [6], pulsed wire discharge [7], sol-gel method [8], microemulsion [9], thermal transformation process [10], hydrothermal methods [11], etc. Among these established methods, thermal treatment has attracted immense interest owing to its simple process, cost-effectiveness and crystallization as well as the control of the morphologies, sizes and phase transformation. In the present study, we report the synthesis of
nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 by a simple pyrolysis method form its single source precursor [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3] at a relatively low cost and low time.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA Preparation and Characterization of [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3] This was prepared by the addition of an aqueous solution (50 mL) of hydrazine hydrate (1 mL, 0.02 mol) and cinnamic acid (1.18 g, 0.0079 mol) to the corresponding aqueous solution (50 mL) of nickel nitrate hexahydrate (0.58 g, 0.0019 mol) and ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (2.22 g, 0.0079 mol). The brown orange product formed within 15 minutes was kept aside for an hour, filtered, washed with water and alcohol followed by diethylether and dried at room temperature. The infrared spectrum of the solid precursor sample was recorded by the KBr disc technique using a Shimadzu spectrophotometer. The simultaneous TGA-DSC study was carried out in Universal V4.5A TA Instrument in a nitrogen atmosphere from room temperature to 1000ď‚°C. Preparation and Characterization of NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were obtained from the pyrolysis of [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3]. When the
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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology ISSN: 2229-6999(online), ISSN: 2321-5208(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Physicochemical Qualitative Analysis of River Water, Underground Water and Pond Water of Rewa City, Madhya Pradesh, India Manoj Kumar Solanki, O.P. Gupta
Department of Chemistry, Government Science College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract In this research, study of physical-chemical qualitative analysis of river water, underground water and pond water of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India in the year of 2016 has been done. All the water samples are within prescribed limits as suggested by the World Health Organization, Indian Standard Institute and BIS desirable limit. Yearly variation in physical and chemical parameters like temperature, turbidity, color, odor, pH value, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), total alkalinity (like hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate) chloride (Cl-), total dissolved solid (TDS), sulfate (SO42-) etc. All analyzed parameter data were found in desirable or not desirable limits. Keywords: Physicochemical qualitative analysis of water, physical analysis of water, chemical analysis of water, analysis of river water, underground water, pond water
INTRODUCTION
Life is impossible without water. Water has an important role in our life in the living environment also; without it, life is impossible. India is endowed with rich water resources like river water, underground water and surface water. All types of water qualities are evaluated on the basis of some dissolved minerals, salts, dissolved acids, dissolved base and also on the physically added content. In this research paper, proposed results of the analysis of river water, underground water and also pond water for parameter’s data, i.e. temperature, turbidity, color, odor, pH value, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, chloride, total dissolved solid, sulfate etc. in a year of 2016 of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India, have been presented. The river water sample is indicated by Sample-A (A-1, A-2), underground water sample is indicated by Sample-B (B-1, B-2, B-3), and pond water sample is indicated by the sample-C (C-1, C-2). All the analyzed parameters were found in maximum and minimum limits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Sample-A, B and C were collected from Bihar River, Indira Nagar colony, Engineering colony, Rathera colony, and Rani pond during 2016 in the summer season from Rewa district Madhya Pradesh, India. The requirement for sampling and analysis of water sample of itinerary for the trip, area map (Figure 1), sampling site location map, icebox, bottle for sample collection, D.O. sample, D.O.D. bottles, sample containers, special sample containers, bacteriological and special sample, heavy metals, D.O. fixing, chemical, glassware, thermometer, tissue papers, other field measurement is sample identification forms, labels for sampling containers, field note bottle, pen, pencil, markers, soap and towel, matchbox, spirit lamp, torch, etc. All the analysis data were carried out as per APHA (1998) and BIS desirable limit for drinking water. Material and their methods of analysis are depicted as follows in (Tables 1–16 and Figures 2–32) [1–5].
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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology
ISSN: 2229-6999(online), ISSN: 2321-5208(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Poly (2Methyl Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline) and Poly (2-Methyl Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline)-Nanocomposite-CuO L. Jose Kethrin, S. Jhancy Mary* Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The copolymer and its composite, poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline) and poly (2methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline)-nanocomposite-CuO respectively were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method using ammonium persulphate as oxidant, sodium lauryl sulphate as surfactant and HCl as dopant. The synthesized copolymer and composite were characterized by FTIR, UV-Visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability was determined by TGA/DTA. The copolymer and copolymer nanocomposite with CuO were found to be thermally more stable and the XRD pattern confirmed the partially crystalline nature. The particle size as calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation confirmed that nanocomposite was formed. The electrical conductivity studies show that the materials synthesized were of semi conducting nature. The antibacterial activities were also tested using ciprofloxacin as the standard. With the copolymer, Escherichia coli showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm followed by Enterococcus faecalis whose zone of inhibition is 10 mm. The other strains showed less antibacterial activity. The presence of chlorine contributed to significant antibacterial activity. Keywords: Copolymer, nanocomposite, semiconducting, antibacterial activity
INTRODUCTION
Research in the field of inherently conducting polymers started nearly three decades ago when Shirakawa and his group found drastic increase in the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene films when exposed to iodine vapor [1]. Leading on from this breakthrough, many small conjugated molecules were found to polymerize, producing conjugated polymers, which were either insulating or semiconducting in the oxidized or doped state. Conducting polymers, also known as synthetic metals are polymers with a highly conjugated polymeric chain [2–4]. Among the conducting polymers with metallic characteristics, polyaniline was claimed to have the highest environmental stability [5]. A comparative vibrational study of leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline bases: fully reduced, half oxidized, and fully oxidized forms of polyaniline, respectively have been reported [6]. The electrochemical synthesis of polyemeraldine salt was reported by Letheby [7]. Mohilner et al. reported the mechanistic
aspects of aniline oxidation [8]. Major interest in the electrochemistry of polyaniline was generated only after the discovery that aromatic amine, pyrrole, thiophene, furan, indole and benzene can be polymerized anodically to conducting film. Due to their poor processibility, conductive polymers have few large-scale applications. Literature suggests that polyanilines are promising in active electrodes [9, 10], organic solar cells, printing electronic circuits, organic light-emitting diodes, actuators, electrochromism, metal anti-corrosive coating [11], antistatic coating [12], rechargeable batteries [13, 14], supercapacitors, indicators and sensors [15, 16], flexible transparent displays, electromagnetic shielding and possible replacement for the popular transparent conductor indium tin oxide [17]. Substituted polyanilines are mainly used to increase the processibility of the polymer [18]. The ionization potential and band gap are affected by the torsion angle between adjacent rings on the polymer chain and substituents in polyaniline should affect this torsion angle [19]. Electron donating groups such as alkyl,
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poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline)-nanocomposite-CuO
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Kethrin and Mary
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