ISSN 2393-8765 (Online)
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Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
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Electric Sensor Technologies
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology (RTSRT), 2016. The intension of RTSRT Journal is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Communication Engineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Scientific, Technical and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
Contents
1. Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of Performance Metrics A. Narmada, P. Sudhakara Rao
1
2. Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT Manju Devi, Ravish Garg
10
3. Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using LDR Sensor for Roof-Top Applications Rajshree, Ajay K. Jaiswal, Chhavi Chaudhary, Vijay K. Jayswal
21
4. Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House Developed WSN Nodes Vinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan
27
5. Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and Technology 36
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology ISSN: 2393-8765(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of Performance Metrics A. Narmada*, P. Sudhakara Rao Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Management and Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Abstract Among different types of protocols for realising WPAN, ZigBee protocol supports high-node density; it is a long range, robust communication protocol, and hence, it is chosen for experimentation in WPAN. The devices of different networks use different protocols, the ZigBee protocol may not be adequate to bring all the consumer electronic devices under WPAN and control them to form a virtual control network. ZigBee stack is taken as base, overlay architecture is built around it by modifying it to incorporate the features of common communication protocol so as to enable the consumer electronics share resources and communicate among themselves leading to a virtual control network. Four different performance metrics are modelled for the newly proposed ZigBee stack christened ZI stack. Average end-to-end delay is modelled, simulated and presented in this paper. The results of comparison are also presented in the paper. Keywords: ZI, SMAC, AODV, CBR, VBR, WPAN
INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low cost, long range, robust and reliable wireless communication protocol and it is widely used in majority of applications. The proposed work aims at interoperating internet and WPAN and uses customized ZigBee as common communication protocol. The devices of different networks use different types of protocols and hence it is required to customise the ZigBee stack in order to achieve the better performance. WSN network using ZigBee protocol suffers with more end-to-end delay due to several factors such as high node density of the network, coordinator involvement in data routing and large header overhead etc. The delay of such a network becomes bottle neck in case of integration of ZigBee based WPAN with internet. The objective of the proposed work is to customise the ZigBee stack so as to minimise the end-to-end delay, throughput, energy consumed during transmission and energy consumed during reception etc. This paper describes about the detailed analysis of the average end-to-end delay with suitable
mathematical equations and respective simulated results under different conditions like varying traffic load and varying hops. The original ZigBee stack is as shown in (Figure 1). It consists of four layers viz., physical, MAC, Network and application layers. Physical layer deals with medium specification, voltage levels, frequency of operation, power ratings driver software etc. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique is employed by the physical layer for efficient and reliable communication. MAC layer provides the medium access control to upper layer protocols. This layer is responsible for framing, error correction and error detection etc. This layer uses sensor MAC (SMAC) algorithm for proving controlled access to medium. Network layer employs AODV as routing protocol which calls for coordinator involvement in to achieve reliable data transmission, but leading to higher packet transmission delay. This higher end-toend delay deteriorates system performance and hence calls for further research towards finding an efficient communication protocol with optimum power consumption, minimum end-
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Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT Manju Devi*, Ravish Garg Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India Abstract Nowadays, heart rate variability (HRV) is an important tool for the analysis of the activities of nervous system in medical Science. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is graphical representation of electrical activity of human heart. The various peaks of ECG can be utilized to detect and analyse mental stress of the brain. It varies with other parameters of healthy/abnormal human. This paper presents the evaluation of heart rate variability using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The R peak in ECG waveform has been detected using FFT filter in two stages and used for the measurement of HRV to analyze the cardiac status and mental stress of the subject. For this detection, various process stages are used i.e. original ECG, FFT filtered ECG, filtered ECG 1st pass, detected peaks, FILTERED ECG 2nd pass and detected peaks finally. For filtering the ECG signal, FFT is used at stage 1 pass and 2nd pass. Keywords: ECG, heart rate, FFT
INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, researchers have used various physiological parameters to measure cardiac and mental stress problems in the subjects. Physiological parameters, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalograph, electromyography, blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) etc. have been investigated and observed to be sensitive towards changes in mental stress, cardiac health and nervous system of the subject. Cardiac activity is the most commonly used physiological parameter for the assessment of mental stress by the researchers in the present era [1]. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a tool that records the electrical activity of
the heart in detail which allows diagnosis of a wide range of heart conditions and abnormalities [2] (Table 1). The record shows a sequence of electrical waves that occurs during each beat of the heart normally represented by the letters P, Q, R, S, T and U, where the U wave is mostly unseen among 70% of the people [3] (Figure 1). The human ECG signal is very weak and in the range of mV and the frequency range is 0.05–100 Hz. Electrocardiography may be used to detect many heart related abnormalities and stress of the human being and is normally used to estimate damage and defects of the heart and coronary artery diseases, etc. [2, 4].
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Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using LDR Sensor for Roof-Top Applications Rajshree1, Ajay K. Jaiswal2, Chhavi Chaudhary1, Vijay K. Jayswal3,* 1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Centre for Green Energy Technology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract The energy demand in the country has been increasing very rapidly and it is very difficult to fulfil this increasing demand with the conventional methods of energy generation. So, the use of renewable sources for energy generation is increasing rapidly with the help of Indian government policies. Indian government has announced that it will generate 175 GW from renewable sources of energy by 2022, out of which 100 GW will be from solar energy. Solar energy is abundantly available throughout the country all around the year for generating electricity at the roofs of residential and commercial buildings. Indian government policies are also favouring generation from rooftop power plants, as a target of 40 GW has been set to be achieved by 2022. The solar power plants generate energy from the incident solar radiation on its PV panels and energy generation depends highly on the incident radiation. Due to the rotation of earth around its axis, the panels do not receive maximum and uniform radiation throughout the day; it results in the less power output from panel than the uniform radiation. This problem can be solved by moving the panel in the direction of sun with the movement of the sun throughout the day. In this paper, we have demonstrated a method to develop a solar tracking system for maximum utilization of solar energy. Here we have used a LDR sensor to detect the availability of sun maximum solar power, with the help of two DCgeared motors for dual axis solar tracking. The output energy has increased comparatively by using the dual axis tracking system. Keywords: Renewable energy, solar energy, solar photovoltaic, roof-top solar PV, solar tracking
INTRODUCTION Energy needs of a country depend on consumption by population and the industrial development of the country. India is the second most populous country in world after China and the growth rate of Indian GDP has been one of the highest in the world in last few years. Since the growth rate is an indication of the development of industrial and domestic sectors, so, combining this growth rate data with population we can say that the rate of increase in energy demand of the country is amongst the highest in world and it is supposed to increase rapidly in coming years. This increasing energy demand could not be fulfilled by relying only on conventional means of energy generation. Hence, the Indian government is all set to increase the use of
renewable energy sources for energy generation by increasing the scale of installation of renewable energy generating plants in a mission mode. The ministry of new and renewable energy, government of India, has announced a target of 175 GW of installed capacity of renewable energy power plants to be achieved by 2022. India is a country with abundance of solar energy, so the country is in a position to meet maximum of its demands from solar energy hence MNRE has set aside a target of 100 GW to be generated from solar energy, and out of which, 40 GW is to be generated from roof-top solar photovoltaic power plants. The solar power plants generate energy from the incident solar radiation on its PV panels and it depends highly on the incident radiation. Due to the rotation of earth
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Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House Developed WSN Nodes Vinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer*, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan Simulator and Wireless Networking Section, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Wireless sensor networking (WSN) technology is gaining importance in nuclear industry and its related applications. This wider acceptance of WSN can be attributed to its easy and fast deployment, reduction in cable cost, increase of system redundancy in critical applications of nuclear reactor and ease of maintenance of rotating equipment. A WSN node deployed in and around nuclear reactor may encounter gamma radiation dose, especially during some accidental conditions. Thus, before deploying nodes in radiation prone area, its radiation withstanding capability should be known. In this paper, we discuss about experiments done to irradiate the WSN nodes with two different setups: discontinuous low dose rate setup and continuous high dose rate setup. It has been inferred that based on the radiation source intensity and level of dose rate, the radiation withstanding limit of WSN nodes varies significantly. Also, based upon experiments we observed that during irradiation, a chip based integrated circuit performs more efficiently and fails later compared to discrete component based circuit. Also, we have done experimentation to radiation harden the WSN nodes at enclosure level. Testing has been done with different materials and varying thickness enclosures to increase the radiation dose-withstand-threshold of WSN node. Keywords: Wireless sensor networking, gamma radiation, CMOS technology, thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networking (WSN), the most emerging field of electronics, sensor and control domain is being adopted in various industrial, space and nuclear applications [1]. For nuclear environment, the biggest example for seamless adoption of WSN for nuclear applications is our research centre. Here, WSN networks have been deployed in various nuclear facilities and are continuously operating for the last 2–3 years [2–4]. Also, in various other countries such as USA, Canada, China, etc., WSN based network has been deployed for nuclear reactor related applications [5, 6]. In all the existing deployments, WSN is being used for nonnuclear safety signal networking and monitoring. But as per WSN increasing potential, it has a greater scope for handling safety related and safety critical signals. If not as a standalone network, WSN can be used as a diverse network with existing wired network. Considering the critical signal impact value for
reactor health, before deployment in such areas, WSN nodes radiation withstanding limit should be known. Also based on requirement and deployment area radiation level, radiation hardened WSN nodes should only be deployed. Radiation hardening is the process of making electronic design resistant to damage or malfunctions caused due to ionizing radiation [7]. Ionizing radiations are particle radiations or high energy electromagnetic radiations such as gamma and X-rays. Before getting into radiation hardening of the WSN nodes, the nodes radiation dose withstanding capability should be known. This dose-withstandingthreshold value will give us idea of (i) how much time a general purpose WSN node will be operational during any nuclear accident and (ii) type of radiation hardening methodology to be used, whether at enclosure level or at design level. In this paper, we have illustrated the various experiments done to identify
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Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and Technology Scientists Measure Biodiversity using remote sensing data LEIPZIG, Germany, Jan. 30, 2017 - Remote detecting techniques for measuring the bio diversity, which have been in use since 30 years, demonstrate a considerably more prominent potential for future researches on bio diversity. The main focus of this study is to register the present conditions of diversification keeping in mind the procedures inside biological communities and recognize conceivable changes. Angela Lausch, landcape scientist at Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ says, "To do this, accurate information is needed largely in the concerned areas close timeframes and different remote detecting strategies effectively meet these prerequisites strikingly." For instance, circulation of a plant species, a picture from satellites, can be resolved in light of its development propensity. A satellite's ghastly sensors can help recognize and record plant species or plant groups in light of their particular biochemical properties. Techniques for remote sensing are utilized alongside field studies. This gives significant information that can't be recorded by means of remote detecting. Field studies are also required for assessing and decoding the information obtained. "Both are dependent on each other," said Lausch. "Biodiversity can be measured more precisely if we combine both, the in-situ studies and remote detecting." A worldwide research group led by UFZ examined the importance of remote sensing in identifying and anticipating changes in biodiversity. The group took a gander at how cases of spectral attributes and unearthly characteristic varieties found through remote detecting applications could be utilized to evaluate ordered, utilitarian and auxiliary differences, and analyzed how diverse remote detecting procedures could be utilized to screen biodiversity and territory quality. The scientists consider that remote detecting techniques show a reasonable, repeatable and practically identical technique
for measuring, depicting, clarifying and demonstrating biodiversity, and the forthcoming innovations in sensor, like, the hyperspectral satellite Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) will give chances to evaluate otherworldly attributes that cannot be discernible with current techniques, portraying biodiversity in more detail. EnMAP, a German hyperspectral satellite mission for monitoring the earth, is scheduled for 2018 and will continue in the years to come. Imaging spectrometers measure the solar radiation reflected by the surface of the earth from visible light directly through to short-wave infrared. These explain the condition of the Earth's surface and any noticeable changes. It will capture images of high resolution, which can be utilized to gauge various biochemical parameters- nitrogen, phosphate or water content in leaf tissue. Courtesy of DLR CC-BY3.0. "EnMAP will essentially enhance the recognizable proof of species and plant groups by means of remote detecting. The information delivered by the EnMAP satellite will be easily accessible by all users," she included. Be that as it may, the best potential offered by hyperspectral remote detecting lies in measuring procedures and unsettling influences inside biological systems over substantial zones," said Lausch. "We, in biodiversity research, ought to in this manner be set up to perceive and use the capability of the new era of satellites." She further added. In contrast to environmental change, the information on changes in biodiversity is genuinely thin, and there are still not very many uniform benchmarks worldwide for measuring the information. For the investigation of biodiversity to increase greatest incentive from Earth Observation sensor organizes, the specialists trust that the connection amongst field and remote detecting information must be advanced to make it simpler to total vast, unpredictable, heterogeneous volumes of information, in this way making it less demanding to assess the information and exchange it to models.
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May–August 2016