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Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany ISSN: 2278-2222(online)
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 5 Issue 3] of our Journal of Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany (RRJoB), 2016. The intension of RRJoB is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Botany. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany
Contents
1. Ecotourism: An Accurate Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development Mamta Singh, Avinash Pastore
1
2. Studies on Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb.f. for Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Pathogens Karabi Biswas, Sankar Narayan Sinha
5
3. Role of Yogikolla Sacred Grove in Conservation of Medicinal Plants Yelvattimath G.P., Kotresha K.
9
4. Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.: A Review Ubaid Yaqoob, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo
15
5. Conspectus of Phytochemical Constituents of Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f.: A Review Afrozah Hassan, Ubaid Yaqoob, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo, Shabana Gulzar, G.G. Mohi-ud-din, Sumeera Nazir, Asma Ashraf
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany ISSN: 2278-2222(online) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Ecotourism: An Accurate Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development Mamta Singh*, Avinash Pastore Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India Abstract Ecotourism encourage economic growth, while conserving the environment of a region by preserving the ecological unit and biodiversity. It encourages a spirit of society involvement, environmental alertness and social sensitivity. Keywords: Ecotourism, economic growth, environmental alertness, biodiversity, society
INTRODUCTION Ecotourism means creation of small environmental impact as possible and serving to sustain the local populace, thereby encouraging the preservation of wildlife and habitats when visiting a place. This is a responsible form of tourism and tourism development, which promotes going back to natural products in all phases of life. It is also the key to sustainable ecological development. Ecotourism is defines as “Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves and protects the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people”. Thus, ecotourism is a type of tour devoted to sustainable travel destinations. For the most part ecotourism concentrates on socially dependable travel, self-improvement and ecological maintainability. Ecotourism regularly includes go to destinations where greenery, fauna and social legacy are the essential attractions. Ecotourism is planned to offer traveler understanding into the effect of people on the earth, and to cultivate a more prominent energy about our common natural surroundings [1]. Dependable ecotourism incorporates programs that minimize the contrary parts of traditional tourism on the earth and improve the social uprightness of nearby individuals. In this way, other than assessing ecological and social components an essential piece of ecotourism is the encouragement of recycling vitality effectiveness, water protection, and production of monetary open doors for nearby groups (Figure 1). The ecological effect of tourism improvement is surely genuine.
Fig. 1: Ecotourism—Recycling Parameter. Source: Rural Tourism In some famous destinations, the characteristic attractions of the zone have been harmed because of overcrowding and unreasonable exercises. Insufficient sewage treatment along the coastlines of Brazil and numerous different nations has caused the pollution of lagoons, river and the sea, making local waters perilous for swimming and fishing [1].
PRACTICES FOR SOUND ECOTOURISM Sound ecotourism activities contribute longlasting payback to both the atmosphere and the society. The guiding ethics for ecotourism must include the following necessities:
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany ISSN: 2278-2222(online) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Studies on Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb.f. for Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Pathogens Karabi Biswas, Sankar Narayan Sinha* Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India Abstract Plant-derived medicines are getting more importance as a source of new antibacterial drugs since they are considered as reliable and more or less safe both for human use and the environment. Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb.f. is a potent medicinal epiphytic orchid’s plant in the Indian system of medicine. Traditionally this plant was used in the indigenous medicine such as Ayurveda and local traditional medicinal practices. It is used as anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitumor and antimicrobial activity. In the present study, water, methanol and ethanol extracts of Bulbophyllum kaitiense plant was evaluated for antibacterial potential by standard agar well diffusion method against eight pathogenic bacteria. It was observed that ethanolic extracts showed more activity than methanolic extracts. However, all the tested bacteria were insensitive to the aqueous extract. Organic solvent extracts exhibited bactericidal activity against Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the qualitative presence of flavonoids, reducing sugar, glycosides, tannin, alkaloids, steroids and saponins. The presence of these bioactive components is associated with the antibacterial activity. Such antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of this plant was conducted in an attempt to substantiate the use by medical practitioner for curing various diseases. Medicinal importance of this orchid has been assessed to meet the demand regarding therapeutic potential. Keywords: antibacterial activity, pathogens, medicine, Bulbophyllum kaitiense, epiphytic
INTRODUCTION Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb.f. belongs to the family orchidaceae which is an epiphytic and endemic plant in South India. The plant contains greenish subfusiform, pseudobulb, inflorescence umbellate scape, leaves 9–13 cm long, flowers without mentum, sepal unequal, and petal shorter than lateral sepals. The plant has been used in the indigenous medicine such as in traditional medicinal practices and in Ayurveda. The pseudobulb is used as antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antitumor, and antimicrobial agent. The pseudobulb is capable of curing different diseases [1]. It is also used as analgesic, anesthetic, antiviral, cancer preventive fungicide, rodenticide, emetic, vasodilator, cox1 and cox2 inhibitor, hypocholesterolemic, candidicide, diuretic, immunostimulant,
chemopreventive, epoxogen inhibitor, pesticide, antidermatitic, antileukemic, hepatoprotective, antiulcerogenic, antiplasmodic, antibronchitic, anticoronary, antiarthritic, etc.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material Collection Bulbophyllum kaitiense leaves were collected in March, 2013 from natural population growing in the hilly regions of Sikkim Himalaya, was identified by Savapati, Scientist, BSI, and Howrah. A voucher specimen (KBBK1) was deposited at the University herbarium. Since the same species in different ecological locations may not have the same antimicrobial substances or antimicrobial activity, information regarding time and place of collection, its state of maturity, habitat and altitude were noted.
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Role of Yogikolla Sacred Grove in Conservation of Medicinal Plants Yelvattimath G.P.1,*, Kotresha K. 1
Department of Botany, Basavprabhu Kore College, Chikodi, Belgavi, Karnataka, India Department of Botany, Floristic Laboratory, Karnataka Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
2
Abstract The study deals with the role of Yogikolla sacred grove in conservation of plant biodiversity in Belgavi district of Karnataka, India. Scared groves are closely related to the social and cultural life of local people and number of cultural rituals in which the local medicinal plants are protected. Over 167 different plant species were reported in the present investigation. The Yogikolla sacred grove is partially threatened due to anthropogenic pressure. Degradation of sacred grove not only signifies the loss of species rich vegetation, but also the rich cultural heritage of the locality. Keywords: Sacred groves, biodiversity, medicinal plants, conservation
INTRODUCTION India is among the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world having 25 hotspots of the richest and highly endangered ecoregion of the world [1]. Due to increasing pressure of population, degradation and depletion of forests, it remains a demanding task to handle forests in a sustainable manner. There are about 0.63 million villages [2], out of which nearly one-third are in the vicinity of forests. The sacredness of the plant enters into every form of religion; it roots on the earliest conception of the unity of life in nature in the sense of communion and fellowship with divine centre and source of life [3]. The sacred groves in primitive time might have developed into temples in the course of time there is an opinion that they were always situated at a distance from human settlement which suggests there origin in the nomadic period of the society and presiding deities generally lie open to sky [4]. Paranjape [5] described sacred groves as a traditional customs for sustained use of common property resources realizing the conservation aspect of sacred groves as highlighted by the above authors. Some undisturbed vegetation patches can be put together as sacred groves, which in turn will be protected by villagers itself. Although named differently in different states of India and named by local people for various
reasons, the entire sacred groves are the hotspots of biodiversity protecting good number of plant and animal species including some species that are rare, threatened, and endemic. Ethnobotany is defined as “the study of relationship which exists between primitive society and their surrounding plants�. It has got heritage that flows from vedic literature dating from 2000 to 800 BC so it has wide scope in India. In the first millennium BC, medicinal plants were classified by Charaka and Sushruta on the basis of pharmacological applications. The term Ethnobotany was first coined by Berger [6]. The literature survey reveals that the sacred groves of Belgaum district have not been attempted hence the present investigation was undertaken. Vis-aVis medicinal plants has not only established the topic as one of ecological significance, but this tradition of nature conservation based on sociocultural grounds has got a new found value as well keeping this mind.
METHODOLOGY Study Area: Yogikolla Sacred Grove, Gokak, Karnataka, India The district of Belgavi is located east of the Western Ghats and is situated in the North West part of the Karnataka state. It is bordered by the state of Goa on its South-West and
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Distribution and Taxonomy of Ferula L.: A Review Ubaid Yaqoob*, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Abstract The genus Ferula L. (Apiaceae) from Latin ferula, "rod" comprises of 180–185 species of flowering plants distributed in central and south-west Asia, far east, north India and the Mediterranean basin. The species of genus Ferula mostly grows in mountainous regions and some are distributed in arid climates. Various species of Ferula have been reported from USSR, Pakistan, India and western Himalayas. Some species of the genus are commonly used as spices. Some of species of genus Ferula are used in the preparation of local drugs. These plants are also known to be a rich source of gum-resin used in folklore medicine. The genus Ferula is mostly characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene coumarins. The genus Ferula has long been regarded as a monophyletic genus because its members are similar in habit and morphology but recent molecular studies stated that there is a controversy on both upper and lower level classification of the genus Ferula. The molecular studies concluded that Ferula group including Dorema, Leutea and Ferula is in the tribe Scandiceae, based on ITS sequence analysis. It was found that Dorema and Leutea arise from within a paraphyletic Ferula and suggested nomenclatural changes. This review mainly focuses on the distribution and taxonomy of the medicinally economic important genus Ferula. Keywords: Apiaceae, compounds, distribution, Ferula, taxonomy
INTRODUCTION The genus Ferula L. belongs to family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Several species of Ferula are commonly used as spices and in the preparation of local drugs. These plants are known to be a rich source of gum-resin [1] used in folklore medicine [2]. It is considered to be an anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic digestive, analgesic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, and a sedative in its properties. The genus Ferula is also well known for pharmacology and toxicity. Daucane esters from Ferula arrigonii and F. communis showed calcium ionophoretic and apoptotic effects in the human jurkat T-cell line [3] and antiproliferative activity on human colon cancer lines [4]. The genus Ferula is mostly characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene coumarins [5, 6]. From studies on about 80 species, it has been found that carotanes, guaianes germacranes, humulanes
and himachalanes are the main sesquiterpene constituents of this genus [5, 7–12]. The plants of this genus are a good source of biologically active compounds such as derivatives and sulfur containing compounds [13]. Ferula assa-foetida (used as anticonvulsant, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, tonic, and laxative, etc.), F. badrakema and F. gummosa (both used as anticonvulsant, anti-hysteric, decongestant, tonic, treatment of neurological disorders, and stomachache), F. persica (used as antihysteric, carminative, diabetes, treatment of lumbago, laxative, rheumatism, and backache) and F. jaeschkeana (for tumors, chronic wounds, ulcers chest and joint pain) are commonly used as natural remedies [14]. Recent studies show some new biological activities of the plants of this genus. These include anti-microbial, antifungal, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-mycobacterial, anti-spasmodic, and hypotensive activities [13].
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Conspectus of Phytochemical Constituents of Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f.: A Review Afrozah Hassan1, Ubaid Yaqoob1,*, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo1, Shabana Gulzar1, G.G. Mohi-ud-din2, Sumeera Nazir1, Asma Ashraf1 1
Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 2 Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract This review is an attempt to assess the phytochemical potential of the genus Euphorbia and covers the pharmacological and ethnopharmacological activities of some isolated chemical constituents with a special emphasis on E. wallichii. The present work is an extensive review of literature in relation to the phytochemistry of the genus and reveals the literature up to date review on the newly isolated chemical compounds, their medicinal importance and preclinical studies on some crude extracts to explore novel bioactive compounds for therapeutic application. Plants of the genus Euphorbia are known to possess considerable medicinal and economic importance being used to treat inflammatory disorders, bronchitis and rheumatism, asthma, gonorrhoea, migraine, skin irritation, warts and are also used as anti-cancer. Euphorbia species also possess cytotoxicity, antipyretic-analgesic activity; inhibit HIV-1 viral infection, and have antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Terpenes including diterpenes and triterpenes, steroids, cerebrosides, glycerols, phenolics and flavonoids have been frequently found in Euphorbia species. The extracts of the plant species, the newly isolated compounds and their medicinal importance may be helpful in pharmacological investigation and in depth chemical elucidation. The collected information reviewed here provides a resource for future ethnopharmacological, pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the medicinally important genus. Keywords: Antimicrobial, compounds, ethnopharmacology, crude extracts, phytochemistry
INTRODUCTION Plants have served mankind as sources of medicinal agents since from earliest beginning. Paleolithic people had acquaintance of herbal medicine as evident from the plant samples gathered from prehistoric burial sites. For instance, a 60,000 year-old Neanderthal burial site “Shanidar IV� in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from eight plant species, seven of which are used now as herbal remedies [1]. Rigveda (3700 BC) also mentions the use of medicinal plants. Today natural products, their derivatives and their analogs still constitute over 50% of all drugs in clinical use with higher plant-derived natural products [2]. It has been reported that 35,000 to 70,000 plant species have medicinal importance [3, 4]. Natural products continue to play an important role in drug discovery programs of the pharmaceutical industry and
other research organizations. The use of natural products as a source of lead compounds results in the molecular diversity of the isolated compounds [5]. Since ancient times, through the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems, medicinal use of plants has been practiced by various rural and tribal communities [6]. Commonly known as 'spurges' the genus Euphorbia L. is one of the six largest genera of flowering plants having 2160 species [7]. Euphorbiaceae is the sixth largest and one of the most diversified families of angiosperms, consisting of about 300 genera and over 8000 species [8, 9]. Estimates of the number of species in the family vary from 3000 to 8000 [10] and reaches to 8910 species in flora of China [11]. The Euphorbiaceae displays an extraordinary range of growth forms, ranging
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