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Research & Reviews : A Journal of Biotechnology

Contents

1. A Review of Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforce Material for Green Composite Vishal J. Pandya, Pravin P. Rathod

2. A Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Euphorbia hirta L. Bud Extracts against Escherichia coli Indu Kumari

3. Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase: A Review Anjali Shenoy, Shree Padma M., Bhargav D. Sanketi, Sumathra M.

4. Turmeric Extract and Curcumin Enhance the Yield of T2 Bacteriophage in E. coli Gerald Goldstein, Sarah M. Bergman, Mary A. Cranley, Nicholas R. Reed

5. Evaluation of Efficacy of Hulba (Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn.) in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Control Trial Musta Ali, M.A. Siddiqui, Javed A. Khan

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2231-3826(online), ISSN: 2347-7245(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Review of Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforce Material for Green Composite Vishal J. Pandya1,*, Pravin P. Rathod2 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bhuj, Gujarat, India

Abstract The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in polymeric composites for technical applications has been a research subject of scientists during last decade. Natural fibers have the advantages that they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. Agriculture wastes can be used to prepare green composites. Consumption of plastics can also be reduced by using natural fiber reinforced composite. There is growing interest in the use of woven composites for structural applications. There is a great interest in the application of banana fiber as a substitute for synthetic fiber. This review gives pathway for designers on the specific application of green composites. A concise summary of the major attributes of biodegradable natural fibers are provided with their mechanical properties. Keywords: Natural fiber, green composite, banana fiber

INTRODUCTION The natural material like wood is on the decline while the demand is increasing. Deforestation has created a serious environmental damage and it has become an urgent necessity to develop suitable substitute for wood. Among the various synthetic materials that have been explored and advocated, plastics claim a major share as a substitute. The natural plant-based fibers are abundant and have high specific mechanical properties. Biodegradable matrix material based green composites containing natural fibers have received considerable attention in the recent years due to possibility of replacing plastics [1, 2]. Green composites are defined in this review as biodegradable polymer with natural fibers. Green composites include nature fiber as a reinforcement material like coir, jute, cotton, bamboo, hemp, banana and biodegradable matrix materials. Natural fibers are eco-friendly, light weight, string, renewable and cheap. Natural fibers and binders provide sufficient mechanical properties in particular stiffness and strength at low price levels. Green composites are gaining importance due to their noncarcinogenic and biodegradable nature [3].

NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED MATERIALS The use of natural fiber for the reinforcement of the composites has received increasing attention by the academic sector and the industry. Natural fibers are generally lignocelluloses in nature. The use of natural fibers composites matrices is highly beneficial because the mechanical properties of the resulting composites are greater than those of the un-reinforced matrix. Natural fibers are subdivided based on their origins, whether they are derived from plants, animals or minerals [4, 5]. Among plants, bast and leaf fibers have high potential as reinforcing agents in polymer composites. Banana is the largest herbaceous flowering plant and is often mistaken for trees. The leaves are spirally arranged and can grow up to 2.7 m long. They are often used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as plates in Southeast Asia. The banana fiber has been used for textiles dating as far back as the 13th century. Shih and Huang have prepared the banana fiber reinforced poly lactic acid using melt blend technique [6]. Composite prepared using coupling agents and chemical modification exhibited improved composite properties because of improved compatibility

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2231-3826(online), ISSN: 2347-7245(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Euphorbia hirta L. Bud Extracts against Escherichia coli Indu Kumari* Department of Botany, Nirmala College, Doranda, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Abstract Methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and Aqueous extracts of buds of Euphorbia hirta L. have been evaluated for antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli. Antibacterial effect examined by disc diffusion method. Maximum in vitro inhibition was scored in methanol or aqueous extracts of bud of Euphorbia hirta L. which showed inhibition diameter of 20 mm against Escherichia coli, followed by dimethyl sulfoxide extract of the same plant leaf with inhibition diameter of 15 mm. Moderate inhibition of E. coli was found in ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta with inhibition diameter of 13 mm. Bud extract of Euphorbia hirta possess antibacterial particles soluble in different solvent that could regulate growth and multiplication of tested bacterial species. Keywords: Euphorbia hirta L., antibacterial activity, solvents, bud extracts, Escherichia coli

INTRODUCTION Euphorbia hirta (family euphorbiaceae) is a perennial herb. It is widely used by tribal as traditional medicine in a treatment against infectious pathogens. It is a common weed referred to as 'garden spurge'. It is a slenderstemmed, annual hairy plant with many branches. It is widely found in India. It bears buds, flowers and fruits in all seasons. It grows heavily during rainy season. It is a potent medicinal plant and has established its sedative and anxiolytic activity, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant for blood pressure, antihypertensive and antioxidant. It is now more important in treating respiratory ailments (cough, coryza, bronchitis and asthma), dysentery, jaundice, pimples, diarrhea, warts, worm infestations etc. There is an increasing demand in plant derived drugs in recent years due to the fact that natural drugs is safe and ecofriendly than the synthetic drugs which are known to possess adverse side effects [1]. Current research mainly focuses on natural molecules and products from plants and can be selected based on their ethno-medicinal use [2]. Despite the existence of potent antibacterial agents, resistant or multiresistant strains are continuously emerging, imposing the need for a continuous search and development of new drugs [3–5].

Antibacterial activity of extracts of Euphorbia hirta against some few bacteria associated with enteric infections was studied by some scientist [6–8]. Other workers have also shown that extracts of Euphorbia hirta inhibited the growth of various microorganisms [9, 10]. Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) have been proved to be major causal organism of various human infections such as food poisoning, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, wound infections and urinary tract infections and have been selected for the present study. Therefore, in the present investigation, Euphorbia hirta was selected to evaluate antibacterial potential of buds with different solvents against Escherichia coli with a view towards further exploration as a source of new antimicrobials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of Plant Material Fresh buds of Euphorbia hirta were collected from the campus of Nirmala College, Doranda and also from nearby areas of College, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India during growing season (November to February).

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2231-3826(online), ISSN: 2347-7245(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase: A Review Anjali Shenoy, Shree Padma M., Bhargav D. Sanketi, Sumathra M.* Department of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract Excessive levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have a devastating effect on life and the environment. Due to increasing CO2 emissions, there are several carbon sequestration techniques that have been employed such as oceanic injection, geological injection, and scrubbing and carbonation which are expensive, prone to leakage and have limited efficiency. They also require careful regulation and monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient and cost-effective technique to combat the ever-increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. The immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is one such novel technique that has the potential to successfully sequester the CO2 present in the atmosphere. In the present study, a comparison was drawn between the different techniques and support systems used to immobilize CA. Comparative studies on temperature dependence have shown that immobilization of the enzyme imparts considerable thermal stability to it, the degree of stability varying with different support systems. However, kinetic parameter such as Km has been observed to increase, owing to the diffusion constraints of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme. The carbonation capacity of the immobilized enzyme was observed to be almost equal to the free enzyme, again with variation among different support systems. This paper provides an overview of the various immobilization techniques and their drawbacks. Keywords: immobilization, carbonic anhydrase (CA), carbon sequestration

INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, climatological research has indicated that an increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) will cause a response in the earth's climate. Anthropogenic activities have increased the atmospheric levels of GHGs such as CO2, CH4, CFCs and nitrous oxides. This has led to an increased occurrence of natural calamities such as floods and droughts; destroying tremendous life and infrastructure. Increase in GHGs has been correlated to higher rates of proliferation in microorganisms such as Salmonella and Cholera. Due to increasing use of fossil fuels in the developing nations, there has been a steadily increasing energy use over the past 10 years. The global mean temperature of earth has increased by almost 1°C since the late 19th century and is projected to rise by another 1.5– 5.8°C in the 21st century. There has also been an increase of 15–23 cm in the sea level over the 20th century. The global CO2 has increased by 31% from 280 ppmv in 1850 to 380 ppmv in 2005, and is presently increasing at the rate

of 0.46% yr-1 [1–3]. It is imperative that measures be taken to decrease the increasing levels of CO2 and innovative methods to achieve the same is the need of the hour. There are different methods employed to reduce the levels of CO2 such as scrubbing from flue gases, pressurizing CO2 into a liquid state and stored, and absorption of CO2 in alkanoamine solution. The sequestered CO2 either converted to calcite, a stable compound, or into polymers such as polycarbonates or acrylates [2, 4]. But these methods have major drawbacks such as low efficiency and high cost. Enzymatic conversion of CO2 is a green and efficient alternative to convert atmospheric CO2 into other products [5]. Sequestration of CO2 by immobilized Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is a novel technique that could be employed to deal with the ever rising levels of CO2. The immobilized CA is then utilized by using various bioreactor methodologies to effectively sequester CO2 [6]. CA is a class of enzyme that is responsible for the reversible interconversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions. CA is highly selective,

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2231-3826(online), ISSN: 2347-7245(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Turmeric Extract and Curcumin Enhance the Yield of T2 Bacteriophage in E. coli Gerald Goldstein*, Sarah M. Bergman, Mary A. Cranley, Nicholas R. Reed Department of Botany and Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, USA Abstract It has been demonstrated that turmeric and curcumin—a chemical present in turmeric—have antibacterial and antiviral activity for viruses of humans. Increasing concentrations of turmeric extract and purified curcumin have no effect on the replication of Escherichia coli cultured in Luria-Bertani broth. Increasing concentrations of curcumin enhance the replication of T2 bacteriophage in E. coli cells. E. coli cells treated with purified curcumin at a concentration of 40 µg/ml enhance T2 bacteriophage yield to 313% of the control culture. The earlier curcumin was added to the E. coli cells before infection, the greater was the enhancement of the T2 bacteriophage yield suggesting that curcumin stimulates the metabolism of bacteriophage replication and not assembly of bacteriophage particles. Increasing amounts of glucose added to E. coli cultures infected with T2 bacteriophage caused an increase in the yield of the bacteriophage but increasing amounts of glucose added to E. coli cultures treated with curcumin and then infected with T2 bacteriophage caused a decrease in the bacteriophage yield. These results suggest that curcumin stimulation of T2 bacteriophage yield is the result of the stimulation of adenylate cyclase enzyme activity and cAMP production by E. coli cells. Keywords: Turmeric, curcumin, T2 bacteriophage, adenylate cyclase, cAMP

INTRODUCTION Turmeric is a herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family commonly used in southern Asian cuisine as a coloring and a flavoring agent but also as a medicine [1]. Curcumin is the phenolic compound responsible for turmeric’s yellow color. Turmeric has been demonstrated to have antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholera [2], Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3, 4]. Turmeric has also been shown to have antiviral effects against Enterovirus 71 [5], Hepatitis C [6], Parainfluenza virus 3, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Herpes simplex virus and Respiratory syncytial virus [2]. Turmeric has also been shown to have anticancer effects against prostate, breast, skin and colon cancer cells [7]. Curcumin has been demonstrated to stimulate adenylate cyclase enzyme activity and production of cyclic AMP in rats [8]. In E. coli, adenylate cyclase production of cyclic AMP affects the expression of more than 180 genes [9] but the true physiological function of

cyclic AMP signaling in E. coli remains open nearly 50 years after its discovery [10]. In this series of experiments, the effects of turmeric extract and purified curcumin on the replication of T2 bacteriophage in E. coli were studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial Cells Stock cultures of E. coli ATCC strain 25250 were prepared on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.) slants incubated at 37°C for 24 h and were stored at 4°C. LB broth cultures were prepared by inoculating 100 ml of sterile LB broth in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with a loop full of stock bacteria and incubated overnight in a rotary incubator at 37°C with constant agitation at 125 rpm [11]. T2 Bacteriophage A stock culture of T2 bacteriophage (Presque Isle Cultures, Presque Isle, PA) was prepared by inoculating 100 ml of a mid-log phase culture of E. coli in LB broth with 1 ml of the

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 2231-3826(online), ISSN: 2347-7245(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation of Efficacy of Hulba (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn.) in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Control Trial Musta Ali1, M.A. Siddiqui2, Javed A. Khan3,* Department of Ayush, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Department of Moalejat, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 3 Department of ENT, Mohammadia Tibbia College, Malegaon, Maharashtra, India

Abstract The prevalence of the disease is approximately 0.5–1%. Rheumatoid arthritis has a large impact on patient’s quality of life and it has also been associated with a reduced life expectancy. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Tukhm Hulba (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn.) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The study was carried out as a single, blind, randomized and standard controlled trial, to evaluate the efficacy of Tukhme Hulba (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn.) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty diagnosed patients of rheumatoid arthritis according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were included and randomly allocated to control and test groups; comprising 40 patients in test and 20 patients in control group. The test drug Tukhm Hulba was given to the test group in the form of tablet in the dose of 5 gm orally twice a day for 45 days, while the control group received Habbe Suranjan as a standard drug in the dose of two pills twice a day for 45 days. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were assessed for DAS28 score, subjective and objective parameters. The results were analysed statistically using Friedman test, Mann Whitney test, and paired ‘t’ test for intra group comparison, while Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, one way ANOVA with post-test for inter group comparison and CRP and RA factor were analysed by using Fisher’s extract test. The test drug exhibited significant effect on DAS28 score (p<0.01) and subjective parameters like morning stiffness (p<0.05), arthritis in three or more joints (p<0.05); while there was no effect on symmetrical arthritis. On objective parameters, there was no significant effect observed in ESR, CRP, RA factor and X-ray joints. The study revealed that the test drug exhibits good response on parameters such as DAS 28 score, morning stiffness and arthritis in three or more joints. Furthermore, no adverse effect was observed at the end of trial. Therefore, it may be concluded that the test drug is safe but not potentially effective in rheumatoid arthritis. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Tukhme Hulba, randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the major diseases affecting the joints. It is a systemic auto-immune disease and described as disorder of three “Ds”: deformity, disability and depression. Symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis is the primary clinical manifestation of the disease. The arthritis usually begins in the small joints of the hands and the feet, spreading later to the larger joints. RA is a major public health problem with profound physical, psychological and economic consequences. It was estimated to be the 40th leading cause of non-fatal burden in

the world in 1990, and also the 31st leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD) at global level, accounting for 0.8% of total global YLD [1, 2]. An estimated prevalence of the disease is approximately 0.5–1% in general population. It is seen throughout the world and it affects almost all, regardless of races or ethnics. The incidence is most frequent during the third to sixth decade of life. Both, the incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis are two to three times greater in women than in men. Women have a 1.37%, prevalence of RA

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