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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Medicine
Contents
1. Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes among TB Patients at FenoteSelam District Hospital, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia Desalegne Amare
1
2. Emergency Contraceptive Use among Female Students of Aksum University, Aksum, Northern Ethiopia Kebede Haile, Alem Abraha, Tirhas Gebremedhin, Haileslasie Berhane, Negassie Berhe, Meresa Gebremedhin, Tewodros Haile, Goitom Gigar, Yonas Girma, Haftom Kebede
9
3. Technology Based Interactive Teaching Session Regarding Methods of Contraception Sembian N., Dharmendra Singh
21
4. Descriptive Study to Assess the Life Style of Children Residing in Different Community Areas Sainpriya, Jeen Mexina, Rupinder Kaur
24
5. Knowledge, Attitude and Expressed Practices of Adults Regarding Mental Health Parul
32
Research & Reviews: Journal of Medicine
ISSN: 2249-8648(online), ISSN: 2348-7917(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes among TB Patients at FenoteSelam District Hospital, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia Desalegne Amare* Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem throughout the world. One third of the world’s population is estimated to be infected with bacilli and hence at risk of developing active disease. It is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide after HIV, which caused an estimated 1.8 million deaths. The main reason for this is the high rate of death as an unsuccessful outcome. Incomplete treatment carries a risk of development of resistance and increased disease transmission. Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess tuberculosis treatment outcomes among TB patients at FenoteSelam district hospital West Gojjam, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted from May 2014 to June 2014. About 651 records were included in to the cohort. Data were collected from medical records and patients’ chart using standard checklist. The data were entered into Epidata version3.1and then it was exported to SPSS version 20.0 software. Logistic regression analysis model was fitted to assess possible associations and the strength of association was measured using odds ratio with 95% CI. Result: From the total participants, 433 (66.5%) of TB diseased patients had successfully treatment outcome. Two hundred eighteen (33.5%) patients had unsuccessful treatment outcome. About 369 (56.7%) of participants were male and 282 (43.3%) were female. Age of participants was associated with TB treatment outcome. Those variables had p value ≤ 0.2 were considered for multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Treatment outcomes of DOTS program among TB patients at FenoteSelam district hospital showed that almost all patients were taken their TB treatment by direct observation of the health care providers. Those patients belong to age group 25–34 and ≥55 years had high prevalence of defaulted treatment outcome as compare to the age groups of 0– 14 years. Patients who had smeared negative pulmonary tuberculosis had relatively high rate of default and death. Keywords: Tuberculosis, anti TB drug, treatment default, treatment failure, cures
INTRODUCTION
Treatment outcomes depend on bacteriological methods (microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility testing. TB is one of a major public health problem throughout the world. About a third of the world’s population is estimated to be infected with tubercle bacilli and hence at risk of developing active disease [1]. Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease [2]. In 2005, the annual incidence of TB, expressed as the number of new TB cases, was globally about 8.8 million people (7.4 million of these were in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa) [3] and the
2008 World Health Organization (WHO) report indicated that Ethiopia was rank seventh among the world's 22 countries of high tuberculosis burden [4]. TB treatment in tertiary hospitals is more effective and up to date than district hospital. However, there is little data access on whether the number of tuberculosis patients treated would associate with successful treatment outcomes. Some patients fail to adhere to treatment and eventually default before completing the course. Patients whose treatment is interrupted for 2 consecutive months or more, as defined by WHO, are reported as ‘Out of Control’ at
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ISSN: 2249-8648(online), ISSN: 2348-7917(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Emergency Contraceptive Use among Female Students of Aksum University, Aksum, Northern Ethiopia Kebede Haile1,*, Alem Abraha1, Tirhas Gebremedhin1, Haileslasie Berhane1, Negassie Berhe1, Meresa Gebremedhin 1, Tewodros Haile1, Goitom Gigar2, Yonas Girma3, Haftom Kebede4 1
College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia 2 Tigray Regional Health Bureau, Mekelle, Ethiopia 3 Center of International Reproductive Health Training, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 4 College of Natural Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Abstract
Unintended pregnancy is a public health problem among young women in developing countries like Ethiopia. Emergency contraceptives (ECs) can be used as a backup in case regular contraception is not used, misused or failed. However, little is documented about sexual experiences and EC use in highly religious areas like Aksum where sexual rights may not be exercised freely. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing sexual experiences and EC use among female students of Aksum University (AKU), Aksum, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 594 randomly selected female students of Aksum University from May to June, 2015. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 16 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. Finally, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with EC use. A total of 152 (25.6%) participants were sexually active. Of the sexually active respondents, 65 (42.8%) had unprotected sex. Among those who had unprotected sexual intercourse, 47.7% had ever used EC. Utilization of ECs was significantly associated with consuming alcohol (AOR= 2.78 [95% CI: 1.04, 7.41]), ever being pregnant (AOR= 9.13 [95% CI: 3.59, 23.17]), discussing reproductive health issues with peers (AOR= 2.93 [95% CI: 1.42, 9.79]) and being knowledgeable about ECs (AOR= 3.50 [95% CI: 1.54, 7.96]). Risky sexual experience was very prevalent and EC use was very low among young women. Consuming alcohol, ever being pregnant, discussing reproductive issues with peers and being knowledgeable on EC were predictors of EC use. Thus, health education and promotion of programs including peer education should be strengthened to prevent unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Keywords: sexually active, unprotected sex, emergency contraception (EC), Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
An estimated 74 million unintended pregnancies occur each year in the developing world, either because women do not use contraceptives or because their method fails. Each year in developing regions including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), unintended pregnancies result in an estimated 28 million unplanned births, 36 million abortions (20 million of which are unsafe), eight million miscarriages and 0.8 million stillbirths [1]. SSA has the highest level of adolescent fertility in the world, which significantly contributes to the region’s lifetime average of
5.1 births per woman [2, 3]. A significant portion of adolescent fertility is unintended– either unwanted or mistimed–across countries in SSA [4]. It is estimated that one-third of all unintended pregnancies in Africa end in induced abortion [5]. This is disconcerting given that the majority of abortions in the region are performed under unsafe conditions due to restrictive abortion laws, lack of knowledge, and inaccessibility of services [4– 6]. Young women of 15–24 years account for over half of all unsafe abortions as well as over half of all maternal deaths from unsafe abortions in the region [7–9]. About a quarter
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ISSN: 2249-8648(online), ISSN: 2348-7917(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Technology Based Interactive Teaching Session Regarding Methods of Contraception Sembian N.*, Dharmendra Singh Nursing College, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract
The study objective was to assess the existing level of knowledge and effectiveness of technology based interactive teaching session regarding methods of contraception among nursing students and to find out association of knowledge score with the selected demographic variables. The research hypothesis showed that there was significant difference in pre-test and post-test knowledge score among nursing students, and there was association between posttest mean knowledge score with their demographic variables. This study was based on the quantitative approach, pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design. The samples were 34 nursing students selected by convenient sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge methods of contraception among nursing students. In pre-test, 14.7% of the nursing students had average and 85.3% had below average knowledge respectively. But in the post-test, 52.9% of nursing students had very good knowledge, 32.4% of samples had good knowledge, and 11.8% of nursing students had average and 2.9% had below average knowledge respectively. There was a marked improvement in the post-test score as mean was 31.03 compared to pre-test mean score 15.68. So, the hypothesis was accepted. There was no significant association between post-test knowledge score with the selected demographic variables. Keywords: Technology based interactive teaching session, methods of contraception
INTRODUCTION
India was the first country in the world to adopt an official population policy and launch official family planning programme way back in 1952 which remains the mainstay of family planning efforts [1]. The national family welfare programme has achieved only a modest reduction in the population growth. Annual growth rate declined from 2.2% in 1961–71 to 1.8% in 1990–2007 [2]. However, universal adoption of small family norm still remains a distant dream in India. During 2007–08, only about 54% of the currently married women aged 15–49 years or their husbands were using a contraceptive method to regulate their fertility and the contraceptive prevalence rate appears to have stagnated after 2004 [3]. Awareness of contraception is near-universal among married women in India. Low female literacy levels and the lack of widespread availability of birth-control methods are hampering the use of contraception in India [4].
Right from the beginning, India's family planning programme has been marred by a "vertical approach" rather than working on the factors affecting population growth such as poverty, education, public health care. Owing to the foreign aid flowing in for the family planning programmes, there has always been a foreign intervention in designing the family planning programmes in India without assessing the actual socio-economic conditions of the country. After emergency, the focus of family planning programme shifted to women as sterilizing men proved to be politically expensive [5]. A cross sectional study was conducted in the Government College, Gangtok, Sikkim, during the month of April 2009 to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among 156 students enrolled in the first year bachelor course. 98% (153/156) of the students had knowledge about family planning and 86% (134/156) of them had heard about contraceptives. Most of them
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Descriptive Study to Assess the Life Style of Children Residing in Different Community Areas Sainpriya*, Jeen Mexina, Rupinder Kaur Department of Child Health Nursing, Saraswati Nursing Institute, Punjab, India Abstract
Lifestyle plays an important role in the development of healthy lifestyle during childhood. Children learn from the influences around them. Part of growing up is creating the habits that will follow children throughout their lifetimes and shape them as they mature. The ways to being healthy include healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress management. Good health is a pre-requisite of human productivity and the developmental process. The main objective of the study is to assess the life style of children residing in different community areas, to compare the life style of children residing in different community areas and to determine the association between life style of children with selected demographic variable. The research design adopted for the study was descriptive design. A nonexperimental approach was adopted for the present study. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the 200 samples of 6–12 years children’s mother. The tools used for the study was semi-structured interview schedule to assess the lifestyle of children’s. The data collection was done through interview method, and analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that there was significant difference between the lifestyle of rural group and urban group, so the research hypothesis was accepted. The association was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA and the significant value was found between age and lifestyle of rural children, on the other hand among urban children age and type of school was significantly associated with lifestyle. Therefore, hypothesis was accepted for it but for other variables hypothesis was rejected. Keywords: Lifestyle, Children, health, exercise, habits, lifestyle
INTRODUCTION
Children are the wealth of the country. Lifestyle is an important factor for determining health and sickness. It has a very important role in the growth and development of children. Some of the health problems related to various childhood habits and lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle is essential in childhood to improve the risk of health problems later in life and the way of living [1,2]. People inhabit in different parts of the world and have different ways of living. The geographical locations, climatic conditions, as also education and economy in an area have a direct impact on the lifestyle of children’s or individuals living there. The available resources and the plant and animal life of that area influence the occupations of the inhabitants and in turn their living conditions. Based on the accessibility of an area
determined by geographical factors, educational and technological development may or may not reach the people living there. This affects their lifestyle [3]. According to the World Health Organization, most of the people do not follow a balanced nutritious diet and also no physical activity which leads to weight gain. A healthy lifestyle can be attained by a balanced and nutritious diet as well as participating in sports or other fitness related activities. A healthy diet alone however, is inadequate to ensure a healthy body as physical activity helps to keep one in shape and free of sickness and disease [4]. Rapid changes in lifestyles occurring today, special attention should be paid to meet the needs of children. A school age child sees the world in new ways because he acquires a more powerful base of dealing with experiences and ensures a wide range of relationships with
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Medicine
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Knowledge, Attitude and Expressed Practices of Adults Regarding Mental Health Parul* Department of Psychiatric Nursing, M.M. Institute of Nursing, M.M. University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and expressed practices of adults regarding mental health. A study involving urban and rural areas with 400 adults was carried out. A structured knowledge questionnaire, attitude scale and expressed practice checklist is used to assess the knowledge, attitude and expressed practices of adults regarding mental health residing in urban and rural areas. Results concluded that majority of adults residing in rural and urban area is having good level of knowledge about mental health. Most of adults have moderately favorable attitude and excellent level of expressed practices regarding mental health. Based on the study findings it is concluded that adults have adequate knowledge regarding mental health that helps them to understand mental illness in community settings. Keywords: Mental Health, Knowledge, Attitude, Expressed Practices, Adults
INTRODUCTION
Mental health is dynamic for individual, families and communities; it is more than simply the absence of a mental disorder. According to World Health Organization [WHO] “Mental Health is a state of well-being in which the individual realize his or her own abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully� [1]. A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual and which is a part of normal development or culture [1]. Studies have indicated that knowledge and understanding of mental disorders is poor in many communities. Poor people with mental disorder are less able to access appropriate care due to lack of awareness regarding availability of treatment, service and lack of money to pay for them. Ignorance and fear of mental disorders across the community contribute to the stigma and shame for affected people and their families and result in consequents discrimination, which has a negative effect on recovery from mental disorders [2].
Mental health account 12% of the global burden of disease. The WHO, in its World Health Report 2001 has drawn attention to the fact that the nearly 45 crores peoples are estimated to be suffering from mental illnesses globally. In India over 125 million peoples suffer from mental illness. But the strong stigma attached to mental illness is a particularly disturbing factor which leads to a discriminatory and unfair attitude towards those suffering from it. Thus, it led to the incorporation of human rights into mental illnesses. The point prevalence of mental illness in the adult population at any given time is 10% whereas, an epidemiological study on psychiatry morbidity in India shows that the prevalence rate of all mental disorders in urban is 66.4% and in rural 64.4% per 1000 population, altogether it is 65.4% per 1000 population in the country. Thus the urban rate is marginally higher than the rural rate [3]. Very few community-based studies have been conducted in India to understand the problem. Such studies will be a useful tool for developing community-based rehabilitation programs. In the above context, the present
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