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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions, 2016. The intension of RRJoHP is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Health Professions. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technical and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions
Contents
1. Association of Depression with Sociodemographic Variables and Rural Old-Aged People Manpreet Kaur, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur
1
2. Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing Factors Navjot Kaur, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini
5
3. Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria, Elsa Hagos Abreha, Kebede Haile Misgina, Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu
11
4. Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and Management and Factors Associated with Nurses' Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa city, South Ethiopia Fikru Tadesse, Zemenu Yohannes, Lemlem Beza
24
5. Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in the Developed Countries and India Meena Ganapathy
32
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Association of Depression with Sociodemographic Variables and Rural Old-Aged People Manpreet Kaur*, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur Department of Nursing, Shri Guru Ram Dass College of Nursing, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab, India Abstract
Ageing is a natural process always associated with physiological and biological decline. It is the outcome of certain structural and functional changes that takes place in the major parts as the life years increases. In the words of Seneca, “Old age is an incurable disease”. It affects every individual, family, community and society. It is a normal, progressive and irreversible process. Ageing is the process of physical, psychological and social change. Mental health has an impact on physical health and vice-versa. For example, older adults with physical health conditions such as heart disease have higher rates of depression than those who are medically fit. Keywords: Ageing, psychological, heart disease, depression, geriatric population
INTRODUCTION
Depression is a common illness and is affecting approximately 121 million people worldwide. In 2000, it was the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease. There has been increasing evidence that depression is correlated to mortality and health service utilization among the elderly [3]. The Local National Morbidity Survey of India showed that the prevalence of mental problems among the elderly was 26% reported that prevalence of depression among the elderly in rural areas was slightly higher (7.6%) as compared to urban areas (6.3%) [4].
village Chappa Ram Singh, Amritsar, Punjab, India. A descriptive survey design was employed in the study, among 95 samples of elderly selected through systematic random sampling. Informed consent was obtained from the study subjects. The final tool for data collection had three parts. Part A consists of sociodemographic profile which includes twelve items related to demographic data of the elderly such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, past occupational status, present work status, type of family, history of previous illness, family monthly income, personal income source, perception of economic dependency, and house bound status. Part B consists of standardized Geriatric Depression Scale which includes 30 items (r = 0.92). For each correct response, one mark was given and for each incorrect response, zero mark was awarded. Reliability for Geriatric Depression Scale (Punjabi version) was also computed by test–retest method and calculated by Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation (r = 0.97). The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS 16 version.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
Depression is recognized as a serious public health concern in developing countries. The Global Burden of Disease study showed that depression will be the single leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years by 2020 in the developing world [1].` Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and sense of well-being [2].
The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of depression and also to seek association of depression with demographic variables among rural elderly residing at the
The findings of the study revealed that 81 (85.3%) of the elderly had mild depression and only 4 (4.2%) were severely depressed, whereas 10.5% were normal (Table 1). The
RRJoHP (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions
ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing Factors Navjot Kaur*, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini
Department of Pediatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Abstract
Nutritional status of adolescents is of much concern. Faulty eating habits can make them overweight and ultimately obese and even malnourished also. Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it increases the risk of diseases and health problems. There are various factors like biological, genetic, behavioural and environmental which contribute to obesity. An exploratory design was used to assess nutritional and its associated factors among 200 adolescents studying in selected schools of city Ludhiana, Punjab, selected by stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected by using anthropometric measurement i.e. height and weight to assess the BMI of children and structured interview schedule to assess the associated factors. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis. The study revealed that slightly less than half of the children (48%) were underweight, whereas 46% of children were normal and 5.5% of the children were overweight and only 0.5% of children was obese. The prevalence of overweight/obesity in private school is 10% which is significantly (p<0.001) higher than government school (2%). The children whose mothers are housewives are more likely to be overweight. The study concluded that overweight was more prevalent in private school children as compared to government school children. Many adolescents are underweight also. Keywords: Overweight/obesity, nutritional status, contributing factors, adolescents
INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, there has been an increasing concern about the impact of chronic and communicable diseases on the health of world population. But recent studies indicate that in 20s non-communicable diseases will count for 60% of the disease burden and mortality in the developing world. A non-communicable disease is a medical condition, which is non-transmissible or noninfectious among people. These include autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, obesity, Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disease, cataract and many more. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified obesity as one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century [1]. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health [2].
Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths than underweight. Obesity is recognized as an underlying disease in developing countries which is also strongly influenced by diet and lifestyle [3]. It is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity and genetic susceptibility; although few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness [4]. A cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of obesity among adolescents and its associated risk factors was conducted in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The results showed that overall incidence of obesity were 3.4%, with no significant difference between boys and girls. A significantly greater number of boys (15%) as compared to girls (10.2%) were overweight. More than half of the adolescents
RRJoHP (2016) 5-10 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions
ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia 1
Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria1, Elsa Hagos Abreha2, Kebede Haile Misgina1, Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu1,*
Department of Public Health, Aksum University, College of Health Sciences, Aksum, Ethiopia Department of Biomedical Sciences, Semara University, College of Health Sciences, Semara, Ethiopia
2
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition compounds the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and speeds the disease progression among people living with HIV on ART. However, little is documented on the effect of clinical and dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the correlates of clinical and dietary factors on nutritional status of people living with HIV on ART in central zone of Tigray region, North Ethiopia. Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in two purposively selected hospitals on a total of 340 samples (170 cases and 170 controls) on March 2014. Cases were selected by simple random sampling and controls purposively to match the selected cases. Data were collected by reviewing ART registration chart, anthropometric measurements and pretested structured questionnaire and checklist. Conditional logistic regression was executed to determine the association among the variables by STATA version 12. Results: From the 170 paired subjects participated in the study, 72 (42.7%) pairs were males and 98 (57.3%) pairs were females. The mean age (±SD) was 39.3 ± 8.2 years in the malnourished participants whereas 39.2 ± 7.9 years in the well-nourished participants. Of the clinical factors being on ART for 37–60 months (AOR, 2.7; 95%CI, 1.3–5.7), altitude adjusted mean Hgb of < 11 mg/dl (AOR, 3.1; 95%CI, 1.5–6.4) and mean TLC (total leukocyte count) of < 103cells/mm3 (AOR, 5.1; 95%CI, 1.7–15.1) were predictors of malnutrition. From the dietary factors, eating pattern less than two meals per day (AOR, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.1–20.9) and poor diet diversity (AOR, 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1–4.6) were significantly associated with malnutrition. Conclusion: In this study, the duration of ART use, altitude adjusted mean Hgb level, mean TLC, eating pattern less than two meals per day and poor diet diversity had significant effect on nutritional status of people living with HIV on ART. Therefore, there is a need to design an appropriate program which aimed in assessment, counseling and management of the clinical and nutritional aspects of people living with HIV on ART. Keywords: HIV, ART, Dietary and clinical factors, nutritional status, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major public health issue in resource limited settings [1]. It claimed more than 34 million lives until the end of 2014. Approximately 35 million people in the world currently live with HIV [1, 2]. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with 25.8 million people living with HIV in 2014. The region also accounts for almost 70% of new
HIV infections occur yearly worldwide [1]. Ethiopia is among the countries hard hit by HIV pandemic [3]. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection during the last two decades have resulted in rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) it is changing the global HIV pandemic in momentous ways. The rapid scaling up of ART averted 6.6 million acquired
RRJoHP (2016) 11-23 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions
ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and Management and Factors Associated with Nurses’ Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa City, South Ethiopia 1
Fikru Tadesse1,*, Zemenu Yohannes1, Lemlem Beza2
School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract
Pain assessment and management is the pivotal nursing care. It affects patients’ improvement and quality of life. Cross sectional study was conducted to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice towards pain assessment and management in Hawassa University referral hospital, Hawassa city, South Ethiopia. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted in 2014. A total of 184 nurses working in Hawassa University referral hospital were recruited. Data were collected by semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire of pain assessment and management. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence interval was used to identify factors associated with pain assessment and management. Overall, the participants’ pain assessment and management was found to be: 35.9% were knowledgeable; nurses who have degree and above were 1.9 times knowledgeable on pain assessment and management than diploma nurses [AOR=1.9; 95% CI: (1.07–3.47)]. Nurses who have nine and above service years had 2.35 times more practice in pain assessment and management than those having service years less than nine years [AOR=2.35; 95%CI:(1.01–5.45)]. In this study, nurses’ pain assessment and management was very low. The hospital manager was assigned nurses’ low experience with high experience and nurses who have degree and above with diploma nurses in each ward. Keywords: Nurse’s knowledge and practice pain assessment and management, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
Nurses play a pivotal role in pain assessment and management [1]. Pain which is undiagnosed and untreated by nurse has devastating effects and significantly interferes with the patient’s physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing, and thus can alter the patient’s quality of life [2]. Pain is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage [3]. It is an untreated a stressful experience that is considered to be a global health problem in developing and developed countries [4]. Especially in Africa, human rights’ Watch’s report showed that, only 10% of patients are able to receive optimal pain management [5]. Even if pain assessment is the first step to relieve pain properly, it is an important goal in
patients’ cares [6]. However, poorly managed acute pain may cause serious medical complications (e.g. pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis), impaired recovery from injury or procedures, and/or progress to chronic pain. Undertreated chronic pain can impair an individual’s ability to carry out daily activities and diminish quality of life [7]. The main principle of pain management is recommended to assess regularly like other vital signs [8]. However, self-report is considered to be the best tool for the assessment of pain by health care providers, rather than focusing on the patients’ behavior [9, 10]. The self-report of pain is the gold standard of pain assessment given the subjective nature of pain [11]. Nurses are important member of the health care team to give care and spend more time
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions
ISSN: 2277-6192(online), ISSN: 2348-9537(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in the Developed Countries and India Meena Ganapathy* Principal, Smt. Bakul Tambat Institute of Nursing Education, Karvenagar, Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract
Nurses are the heart of the health care delivery system, now and in future the profession is of great importance to politicians, policy makers, the general public and the nursing profession. However, this needed profession is never given its due that is its right. The Government/Union Government and State Governments should stress the value building and supporting of nursing work force, quality care and patient outcomes. Every year we hear about patients, children and new born dying in government hospitals due to poor quality care. Keywords: Health delivery, care, developed country, trained nurses, nursing bodies, children
INTRODUCTION
In India the key stakeholders for health are the Central Government, State Government through health policies. For Nursing are Indian Nursing Council, Trained Nurses Association, and State Nursing Council, and nursing bodies [1]. Table 1: Key Area identified by WHO. Strengthening health systems Nursing and midwifery education, training and career development
Policy and practice
Work force management Partnership working within nursing and midwifery services
Contributing to patient centered care Empower nurse leadership in health. Building and maintaining a competent nursing and midwifery work force. Encouraging career development through mentoring and other activities. Building a robust nursing evidence base Active nursing participation on policy decisions and national agendas. Ensuring robust work force management strategies and ways to enhance nursing and health performance. Encouraging stakeholders to monitor and implement SDNM priorities.
The vision statement of SDNM was comment to improving health outcomes for individuals, families and communities through provision of competent, culturally sensitive, evidencebased nursing and midwifery services [2].
The key area identified by WHO is given in Table 1. UK’s Commission on Future Nursing and Midwifery had Identified Seven Cross-cutting Themes. They are: 1. High Quality Compassionate Care Recommendations included: 1. Protecting the title of nurse 2. Regulating advance nursing and midwifery practice 3. Regulating support workers 4. Nurses and midwives pledging to tackle variations in delivering high quality care 2. Political Economy of Nursing and Midwifery Recommendation including evaluating nursing and midwifery care to ensure a return on investment and measuring progress and nursing out comes [3]. 3. Health and Wellbeing Recommendation including nurses and midwives contributing to health and wellbeing improvements and reducing inequalities. Ensuring a named midwife for every expecting mother. Promoting staff health and wellbeing.
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of
Health Professions (RRJoHP)
Septemberâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;December 2016
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