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Journal of Catalyst & Catalysis ISSN: 2349-4344(online)

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Journal of Catalyst & Catalysis

Contents

1. An Use of Solar Energy Based Photocatalyst for Degradation of Water Pollutants Ram Babu Pachwarya, Deepchand Saini, R.C. Meena, A.L. Ramnathan

2. Fire-Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada

3. Identification of Some Imported Lubricating Oil Additives Used in Libya and Synthesis of the Most Consumed Ones from the Local Raw Materials Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa, Rajab Maga

4. Synthesis and Study of Different Thioamides as Corrosion Inhibitors Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa

5. Phytoextraction of Lead and Chromium by Leafy Vegetables (Lettuce, Kale and Swiss chard) Mamu H. Teferi, Dejene A. Tessema

Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis

ISSN: 2349-4344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

An Use of Solar Energy Based Photocatalyst for Degradation of Water Pollutants 1

Ram Babu Pachwarya1,*, Deepchand Saini2, R.C. Meena3, A.L. Ramnathan2

Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India 2 School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract

Azo dyes/Dyes, pesticides, weedicide, etc. are highly harmful and carcinogenic in nature. Dyes especially azo dyes reduces fertility of soil. Treatment of dye pollution even pesticides, weedicides is challenging for environmentalists. The photocatalytic degradation of most of water-soluble organic pollutants by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO in the presence of sunlight is best and sustainable method. We also found the influence of different parameters like light intensity, temperature, amount of catalyst, pH of the solution, light intensity. It has been found that ZnO is capable to degraded/remove most of water-soluble organic pollutants in the presence of sunlight. The merits of the technic are: (1) we can use same catalyst many times and it works well every time. (2) Techniques is based on sunlight. We also applied this technology for treatment of sewage water and we observed that this catalyst is fully capable to remove all kind of water-soluble pollutants we got more than 99% transparent water in few hours irradiation of sunlight. Keywords: Non-biodegradable, degradation, ZnO, TiO2, photocatalytic azo dyes

INTRODUCTION

Degradation of water pollutants is a challenging task much more difficult because of variety of pollutants including nonbiodegradable water-soluble organic pollutants. Most of Sewage water pollutants are non-biodegradable in nature, so conventional treatment methods are not capable to remove these pollutants from pollution cycle. Advance oxidation process (AOP) heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO can prove a promising technology for treatment of sewage water. This technic has shown its capability to degrade all kind of water-soluble organic pollutants including nonbiodegradable pollutants. Heterogeneous photocatalyst can be used for treatment of sewage water, paper industries, food industries, textile industries, chemical industries, Agriculture industries, etc. The effluent of industries and household activities, known as sewage water, contain variety of pollutants most of them are non-biodegradable and hazardous pollutants. Traditional technics like adsorption, sedimentation, flocculation, and coagulation are not capable to eliminate

pollutants from pollution cycle. However, these methods convert the phase of pollutants from liquid phase to solid phase and produce secondary pollution, i.e. soil pollution. These conventional methods also required huge amount of electricity and chemicals. Heterogeneous photocatalyst based technique is fully capable to remove all water-soluble organic pollutants. Merits of AOP are use of renewable source of energy, as this technic is totally based on solar energy. We can use same catalyst many times resultant this technic becomes much cheaper than conventional methods when we compare all parameters and effectiveness. We observe that all the pollutants convert into non-hazardous forms/gases. We use this catalyst (ZnO) heterogeneous photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants. It believes that due sensitization of photocatalyst, electron are migrate from balance band (VB) to conduction band (CB) resultant holesâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;electron pairs are forms. Holes (h+) are form by balance band; these holes can generate hydroxyl radicals, which are highly

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Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis

ISSN: 2349-4344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Fire-Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Ali I. Al-Mosawi1,*, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada2

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Miskolc, Egyetem út, Hungary

Abstract

Nanoscale Aluminum hydroxide was added in different proportions (10, 15, 20) wt% for Lowcalcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete to increase its resistance to fires. ASTM E84 - 16 standard with 750°C temperature was used to test the ability of aluminum hydroxide to enhance the resistance of concert to burning. The practical results proven the efficiency of aluminum hydroxide as a fire retardant to impede the flame and improved geopolymer compressive strength after burning. Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, Aluminum hydroxide, fire-mechanical properties

INTRODUCTION

Geopolymer concrete considered as a sustainable material, which widely used today in buildings and structures industry because of its distinctive characteristics. In addition, to make Geopolymer, aluminum and silicon mixed with industrial solid waste to create a solid binder have the same function as in ordinary portland cement. This solid binder can be used in applications to totally or partially replace ordinary portland cement with sustainable and environmental impacts such as reducing emissions of CO2, enhanced fire resistance and aggressive chemicals attack. Although this technique is that the looks new for many, but it has been used by ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians and Egyptians in the construction of their buildings [1–5]. Like any other type of concrete, geopolymer concrete suffering weakness in its mechanical properties when exposed to fire, and its resistance to fire relate to quantities of mixed materials [6]. Fire retardant was added to this concrete to increase its resistance to fire. Fire retardants (FRs) have the capacity to resist direct flame and prevent its spread or extinguish it completely [7].The essential aim of adding FRs is to slow down the process of

ignition and prevent the flame spread in which the low fire resistance material will be protected [8–11]. FRs is applied in a numeral of different methods. Some fire retardants cause a char layer, thus inhibiting the pyrolysis process [12–15]. Others work to removing the flammable gases by interacting with hydrogen and hydroxide radicals in the bulk. There are four groups of FRs Inorganic FRs, Organic phosphorus FRs, Nitrogen-containing FRs and Halogenated organic FRs [16–20].

METHODOLOGY

Materials Materials used to prepare the samples were low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete Class F and its chemical composition is shown in Table 1 [21], and Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 with particle size (1 nm). Preparation of Test Samples: The solid samples of concrete mixes were designed in accordance with the American mix design method (ACI 211)and have a cubic shape with (150×150×150 mm. Aluminum hydroxide was added to the concert with (10, 15, 20) wt% and mixed well. These samples were taken out from the molds after 24 hours of casting and then they were completely immersed in water for 28 days.

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Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis

ISSN: 2349-4344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Identification of Some Imported Lubricating Oil Additives Used in Libya and Synthesis of the Most Consumed Ones from the Local Raw Materials 1

Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa1,, Rajab Maga2

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Gabal Al-Gharbi University, Gharian, Libya 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Libya

Abstract

This paper presents the identified six additives imported under trade names used in the lubricating oil blending factory of A-Zawia-Libya. Their structures have been completely confirmed by examining their physical properties and using modern analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), infra-red (IR), atomic absorption (AAS) and gas chromatography (GC). The synthesis of most important and more consumed additives in lubricating oils in Libyan oil industry from local available raw materials as corrosion inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, detergent-dispersants and multipurpose additives were prepared by using castor oil extracted from local castor beans and some petrochemical derivatives. Some additives have followed one step reaction, while others two step reactions. Both types of reactions gave remarkable yields of 40–80%. Their performance was evaluated and the synthesized corrosion inhibitors had also been examined and various possible protection rates were obtained. Keywords: Additives, lubricating oils, castor oil, trade names, blending factory

INTRODUCTION

The main function of a lubricant is forming a film that separates two surfaces that roll or slide between one another, to reduce friction and eliminate wear. Additives are chemicals imported under trade names from different monopolize companies and added in a small percentage to improve the physical properties and extending the life of the lubricating oils. Lubricating oil additives are used for the protection of many parts of machines and engines to prevent wear, reduce the oxidative or thermal degradation of oil, minimize rust and corrosion, lessen the deposition of harmful deposits on lubricated parts and prevent destructive metal-to-metal contact [1].

Detergent and dispersant additives are used primarily in internal combustion engines to keep metal surfaces clean by preventing deposition of oxidation products. Dispersants are typically the highest treat additives in engine oil formulation. They are similar to detergents in that they have a polar head group with an oil-soluble hydrocarbon tail; while

detergents are used to clean engine surfaces and neutralize acidic byproducts [2]. One of the most important modes of lubricant degradation is oxidation. This oxidation is the primary cause of increase in viscosity, pour point, sludge, and enhanced engine corrosion; and conventional liquid lubricants show poor oxidative and thermal stability at higher temperature ranges, which result in the formation of a vast quantity of volatile and solid products in the lubrication system [3]. For convenience, lubricating oils are divided into different categories: motors, industrial and special oils. The percentage and composition of the additives vary with the base oil selected and performance required for finished products. Some additives impart new and useful properties to the lubricant; some enhance properties already present, while some act to reduce the rate at which undesirable changes take place in the product during its service life. Table 1 shows the different additives and their typical compounds [4].

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Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis

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Synthesis and Study of Different Thioamides as Corrosion Inhibitors Abdurahman A. Abuabdalla Khalifa* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aljabel-Algarbi University, Libya Abstract

Many organic compounds having electron rich atoms in their structures, such as nitrogen, and sulphur are widely use in lubricating additives, in the oil industry to minimize corrosion. The presence of electron rich atoms in the molecules increases its ability to form coordinate covalent bonds with the metal atoms, involved in the corrosion environment. Compounds based on fatty amines, aromatic amines, imidazoline, diamidazoline, and fatty amides are now, uses as corrosion inhibitors, in the oil sector and are available in the market. In this work, some phenyl acetothioamide and benzyl acetothioamide are synthesized. The chemical and physical data of the prepared compounds are compiled. The solubility, cold stability, heat stability, and corrosion inhibitors characteristics, of the compounds have been measured in the artificial environment (10% crude in artificial brine at pH 4.5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4.8). Prepared thioamides differs in their molecular weights, due to presence of different organic substituent's, on the thioamides group. Synthesis of the above mentioned compounds are based on the WillgerodtKindler reaction. The compounds are confirmed by IR, NMR, UV-VIS, and other wet chemical analytical techniques. The experimental values of the elemental composition were compared with the calculated values and found agreeing. UV-VIS. and IR spectra also show the absorption peaks, which confirm the presence of thioamides group in the prepared compounds. The possible reaction mechanism regarding the synthesis of the above mentioned compounds is discussed and its mechanism of corrosion inhibition in the corrosive environment was explained. The compounds was evaluated in brine and sea water, some compounds having percentage protection more than 50%, the results was compared with the imported commercial inhibitors and found to be compatible. Keywords: Additives, corrosion inhibitors, market, brine

INTRODUCTION

Chemical anti-degradants means the chemical species which inhibit corrosion of metals and stabilize or adjust the environment in which it has been applied. Corrosion inhibitors form a protective barrier on the surface of a substrate by physical absorption, corrosion problems in the operation of petroleum drilling installation are to be solved by the aid of corrosion inhibitors in the injection water. The crude comes out with plenty of minerals containing water and the pH of this aqueous and oily mixture various but lies in the acidic side. This acidic pH, mineral contents and dissolved gases are responsible for metallic corrosion. Number of organic compound having electron rich atoms in their molecules such as nitrogen and sulphur, are widely used as corrosion inhibitors, for their anticorrosion and antioxidation properties [1, 2]. Many such types of these

compounds have been synthesized having different percentage composition of nitrogen and sulphur and varying in saturations. It has been proved experimentally that higher molecular weight of the above mentioned types of compounds, higher is the anticorrosive and antioxidation properties. It may be due to more surface area of the molecules. It is also established that the sulphur containing substances are more effective anticorrosive and antioxidative compared to nitrogen containing compounds, provided the molecular weight and molecular unsaturations will be the same. Corrosion and oxidation inhibitors are routinely used in oil fields and in the refiners, in order to minimize the corrosion of the oil transporting pipe lines, pumps, valves and other involved equipment and also the refinery installations. Commercially corrosion inhibitors are unique mixtures that may contains surfactants, film

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Journal of Catalyst and Catalysis

ISSN: 2349-4344(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Phytoextraction of Lead and Chromium by Leafy Vegetables (Lettuce, Kale and Swiss Chard) Mamu H. Teferi*, Dejene A. Tessema Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, P.O Box 387, Jimma, Ethiopia Abstract

This research was carried out to assess the accumulation of Cr and Pb in leafy vegetables (lettuce, kale and Swiss chard) in their harvestable part and root from artificially polluted soil with Pb and Cr. Soil sample was characterized for its pH, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC) and texture. Soil sample digested by mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 was analyzed. Pb accumulation in shoot was on average greater (318.36 to 1235.20 mg/kg) in S 2 than S1 (169.66 to 404.80 mg/kg). Translocation of Pb from root to shoot was enhanced by the addition of spinach extract in kale and Swiss chard. Chromium translocation from root to shoot in the vegetables was limited. Less than one TF of Cr was recorded in all plants of both soil samples. Cr except lettuce grown in PES2, all the plants were able to accumulate less than 1000 mg kg -1 in their shoot. Keyword: Lead, Chromium, Photoextract

INTRODUCTION

Industrialization has led to the release of enormous quantities of toxic compounds into the environment. For the remediation of contaminated sites, there are numerous methods. Commonly used engineering techniques include excavation and land filling, chemical treatment and verification. These methods are extremely expensive. Due to the acute toxicity of heavy metal contaminants, there is an urgent need to develop low-cost, effective, and sustainable methods to remove or to detoxify from the environment. One of these methods is a plant based approach known as phytoremediation [1, 2]. Phytoremediation is a method of environmental treatment that makes use of the ability of some plant species to stabilize, degrade uptake pollutants or accumulate certain elements, including heavy metals, in amounts exceeding the nutrition requirements of plants [2]. Phytoremediation has includes different strategies. These are Phytotransformation (phytodegradation), Phytostabilization (space uniformity), Rhizodegradation, Phytofiltration (rhizofiltration), and Phytoextraction (phytoaccumulation) [1–4].

Phytoextraction processes extract both metallic and organic constituents from soil by direct uptake into plants and translocation to aboveground biomass. Plant used for phytoextraction are those capable of accumulating Concentration 100 times higher than in normal plants for each metal of interest, i.e., more than 10 mg kg–1 of Hg; 100 mg kg–1 of Cd; 1000 mg kg–1 of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni; and 10,000 mg kg–1 of Zn and Mn etc.; Bioconcentration factor >1 (concentration of the element in the plant > concentration in the soil); and Translocation factor >1 (element concentration in the over ground part of the Plant > than in roots) [5].

Phytoextraction has commonly two strategies. These are natural Phytoextraction which use plants with inherent capacity to extract toxic metals and educed Phytoextraction which is chemical assisted extracting method [6–9]. Metals exist in soil in five different pools: fraction 1) soluble, i.e., metals in the soil solution (as free metal ions and metal complexes); fraction 2) exchangeable, i.e., metals adsorbed on ion-exchange sites and on inorganic soil constituents; fraction 3) organic, i.e., metals bound with the organic matter;

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