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It is my privilege to present the print versionof the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering, 2016. The intension of ETCE is to createan atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Chemical Engineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards.STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference forthe advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching andresearch in all the Scientific, Technical and Mechanical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team fortheir continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. Withregards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
Contents
1. Experimental Investigations on the Durability of PMMA Microfluidic Devices Fabricated by Hot Embossing Lithography with Plasma Processing for Bioengineering Applications Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
1
2. Binary Distillation Design and Control K. Nagamalleswara Rao
19
3. Experimental Study on the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Straight PMMA Microchannels Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
26
4. Reactive Distillation Design and Control K. Nagamalleswara Rao
31
5. Review on Suitability of Ionic Liquids for Heat Transfer Applications Divya P. Soman, P. Kalaichelvi, T.K. Radhakrishnan
40
Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
ISSN: 2349-4786(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Investigations on the Durability of PMMA Microfluidic Devices Fabricated by Hot Embossing Lithography with Plasma Processing for Bioengineering Applications Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this research paper, total 1290 individual static contact angles of different working liquids have been measured and recorded on the flat polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. Total 474 individual PMMA microfluidic devices have been fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography and direct bonding technique inside the cleanroom laboratory and mechanical engineering workshop to determine the durability of these microfluidic devices. Total nine individual working liquids have been used to record the static contact angles in materials science laboratory. The durability of PMMA microfluidic devices is determined as approximately 6 months continuously after the fabrication. The estimated durability is suitable for any point-of-care purpose with sufficient portability in the bioengineering applications. This estimation of durability is one novel approach in this research paper. The measurements on the surface-driven capillary flow of any working liquid in this research paper are related with the principles of fluid dynamics. The measurements of static contact angles of all working liquids are related with the principles of fluid statics. Fluid mechanics is fundamentally divided into fluid dynamics and fluid statics on the basis of the motion of fluid. Author has performed all the experiments of this research paper during more than 1 year using his own hands-on completely. Keywords: PMMA, Static contact angle, Durability, Microfluidic device
INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics is fundamentally divided into fluid dynamics and fluid statics on the basis of the motion of fluid. Fluid mechanics is an essential part of mechanical engineering. In the recent past, Mukhopadhyay et al. have performed many experiments on fluid dynamics and fluid statics according to the published reports [1–9]. The surface-driven capillary flow is generated by the surface tension forces at the liquid-solid-gas interfaces inside any microchannel [1–9]. 100 years ago, in the year of 1916, Lord Rayleigh studied the capillary flow inside the capillary tubes in his own pioneering work and reported in his article entitled as “On the theory of the capillary tube” [10]. In the present researchworld, many scientists and researchers have studied the surface-driven capillary flow inside
the microchannels [11–26]. Polymers are highly suitable materials to fabricate the microfluidic devices [27, 28]. Different lithographic techniques, bonding techniques and surface modification techniques are used by many authors to fabricate the microfluidic devices [27–43]. Surface wettability is an important surface property related with both of the solid and liquid to control the surfacedriven capillary flow inside the microchannels [44–52]. Static contact angle is the measurement of surface wettability [53–66]. Higher static contact angle of any liquid on any particular solid surface corresponds to the lower surface wettability for that particular liquid on the same solid surface [4]. In this research paper, author has fabricated total 474 individual PMMA microfluidic
ETCE (2016) 1-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
ISSN: 2349-4786(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Binary Distillation Design and Control K. Nagamalleswara Rao* Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract
This paper discusses design and control strategies of binary distillation process using ASPEN PLUS V8.8 simulating tool. Steady state design procedure for binary distillation column design to separate acrolein and propylene is explained. Dynamic simulations were conducted by designing control structure. The developed control structure contains level controllers, pressure controllers and temperature controllers. The developed control structure has shown good performance in withstanding the various process disturbances. Keywords: ASPEN PLUS V8.8, binary distillation, control structure, dynamic simulations, steady state design
INTRODUCTION
The distillation design and control literature is one of the most extensive in the area of process control [1, 2]. Distillation remains the primary separation method in the petroleum and chemical industries, and its practical importance is unquestionable [3, 4]. Distillation is the most widely used separation process in the chemical and petroleum industries. Due to increasing demands of high product quality, minimum energy consumption [5–8] and minimum waste generation process performance should be improved with tighter control of distillation columns [9–11]. Distillation control is the main focus of chemical process control [12–19]. Non-linear dynamics has been realized for more than three decades [20, 21] and a few attempts were made to combat the associated control difficulties [3, 4, 22–29]. For lack of tight control, high purity of a distillate product has been achieved by over-refluxing at the cost of higher energy consumption [30, 31] and lower production rate; moreover, such a practice usually sacrifices the bottom product purity and, therefore is likely to incur additional expense for purification or disposal of the bottom product. There are many different types of distillation columns and many different types of control structures. The selection of the “best” control structure is not simple as in literature. Factors that influence the selection include volatilities, product
purities, reflux ratio, column pressure, cost of energy, and column size [31]. In this study, a binary system was considered, with the specific example of acrolein/propylene separation.
METHODOLOGY
In design and control of binary distillation columns, phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium were studied first because they are the first principles in designing of any chemical processes. Steady state design of the binary distillation was conducted next. For steady state design 100 kmol/h of acrolein and 100 kmol/h of propylene were sent in to the column. Numbers of trays are fixed to 10. Feed streams entering on stage 5. Reactant feed ratio can be altered until the TAC is minimized. Steady state design flow sheet is shown in Figure 1. Dynamic simulations were conducted by exporting ASPEN steady state simulation file into ASPEN dynamics as pressure driven dynamic simulations. Dynamic simulations were conducted by arranging different controllers and their performance was tested to withstand to the process disturbances.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As the phase equilibrium is very important step for separation operations in process design, phase equilibrium studies were conducted first. Knowing both phase
ETCE (2016) 19-25 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
ISSN: 2349-4786(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Study on the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Straight PMMA Microchannels Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, District-Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India Abstract
The straight polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microchannels are fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography and direct bonding technique. Total 120 individual PMMA microfluidic devices are fabricated by author’s own hands-on completely. Total 120 individual audio video interleave files as ‘FileName.avi’ are recorded and analyzed by author. The surface-driven capillary flow of different aqueous microparticle suspensions are recorded in these straight PMMA microchannels. The effects of channel aspect ratio, effective viscosity and surface wettability on the surface-driven capillary flow of different aqueous microparticle suspensions are analyzed. Keywords: PMMA, microchannel, water, suspension
INTRODUCTION
The surface-driven capillary flow of different liquids has been widely studied by Mukhopadhyay et al. [1–11]. Effects of different properties on the surface-driven capillary flow have been studied [1–11]. These studies may be useful for commercial bioengineering applications [3, 7, 9]. Also, these studies may be useful to study the nanofluidic flow in future [9]. In this research paper, the pristine PMMA microfluidic devices are fabricated. Next, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma processed PMMA microfluidic devices are fabricated. After that, the influence of effective viscosity on the surface-driven capillary flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions is studied in the straight PMMA microchannels. Finally, the effects of channel aspect ratio and surface wettability on the surface-driven capillary flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions are studied in the straight PMMA microchannels.
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
PMMA is a suitable polymer to fabricate the microfluidic devices [9]. In this research
paper, PMMA is chosen as material due to its optical transparency. This optical transparency facilitates the recording of surface-driven microfluidic flow. Maskless lithography (noncontact lithography) and hot embossing lithography (contact lithography) are the suitable lithographic techniques to fabricate the PMMA microfluidic devices. Before starting the hot embossing lithography, the silicon based SU-8 stamp should be placed on the PMMA wafer and one single-side polished silicon wafer should be placed below the PMMA wafer. This PMMA wafer is used to generate PMMA microchannels. After the creation of PMMA microchannels, the PMMA wafer is called as PMMA microchannel substrate. The experimental arrangement containing three wafers (stamp, PMMA wafer, and single-side polished silicon wafer) is placed inside the embossing chamber to start the hot embossing lithography. CMOS camera is a suitable optical instrument to record the surface-driven capillary flow due to its timescale resolution and length-scale resolution. Direct bonding technique is chosen as the method to seal the PMMA lid on the PMMA
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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
ISSN: 2349-4786(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Reactive Distillation Design and Control K. Nagamalleswara Rao* Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract
This study deals with the design and control strategies of reactive distillation process. Steady state design including phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium were studied. Dynamic simulations were conducted by designing control structure. The developed control structure contains level controller, pressure controller, temperature controller. The developed control structure has shown good performance in withstanding the various process disturbances. Keywords: Dynamic simulations, control structure, reactive distillation, steady state design
INTRODUCTION
Reactive distillation is the combination of reaction and separation processes conducted in a single unit. This combination increases conversion and improves selectivity and facilitates separation tasks [1, 29]. Designing and operation of this process is more complex than the individual and conventional chemical reaction, distillation operation. Advantage of reactive distillation is, if reactions are reversible and if the products can be removed by distillation as the reaction proceeds, high reactions can be achieved even if the reaction equilibrium constant is small. Another advantage is that it avoids the elimination of complex separation schemes, for example separation of azeotropes. Reactive distillation has both, economic and environmental benefits due to reductions in capital and energy costs. Examples for the reactive distillation are: production of MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether) from isobutene and methanol, production of ETBE (Ethyl tertiary butyl ether) from isobutene and ethanol, production of methyl acetate from methanol and acetic acid, production of ethylacetate from ethanol and acetic acid, hexyl acetate from 1-hexanol and acetic acid, butyl acetate from butanol and methyl acetate are well-known. In the case of methyl acetate, at equilibrium limit, a completely reactive column can produce high purity methyl acetate and water as products from pure component feeds of methanol and acetic acid.
Reactive distillation has several advantages compared to conventional processes and it is an important tool for future efficient processing. RD reduces capital cost and increases reactant conversion [2, 3]. Energysaving procedures are also developed based on RD and pressure swing distillation results [4, 5]. Design of RD columns becomes complicated by interaction between phase and chemical reaction equilibrium [6]. In conventional distillation, an increase in fractionation is always associated with an improvement in process performance (separation of key components); the same does not necessarily apply to reactive distillation. Using different examples, several reactive distillation columns were designed for various feed compositions and design philosophies. It was found that the best designs incorporated high reflux ratios with a restricted number of theoretical stages, and that increasing the number of theoretical stages could actually be detrimental to process performance [6]. In general, however, it may be said that the design of reactive distillation columns is not only a compromise between performance and energy consumption (as is the case with conventional distillation) but an optimization of a wide range of interacting parameters. It is found that the reactive distillation process has distinct advantages over the conventional batch reactor process [7]. Study of the potential of entrainer in reactive distillation involving high boiling reactants is done to
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Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering
ISSN: 2349-4786(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Review on Suitability of Ionic Liquids for Heat Transfer Applications Divya P. Soman, P. Kalaichelvi*, T.K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract
The thermophysical properties of thermal fluids play a key role in the design of heat transfer equipment. Better their properties, greater is the efficiency of the heat transfer equipment. The field of ionic liquids (ILs) is growing, at a very fast pace, as many beneficial properties of these are identified and utilized. The suitability of the ionic liquids as thermal fluid can be assured by examining their thermophysical properties. In this paper, a review of the studies of thermophysical properties of ILs such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density and viscosity and their applications in heat transfer are highlighted. Basically, ILs are used as solvents and due to their favorable properties, they can be efficiently used in heat transfer applications also. Since there are more reviews on benefits of ILs available, in this review, applications of them in heat transfer are focused. Keywords: Ionic liquids, thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, viscosity, heat transfer
*Author for Correspondence E-mail: kalai@nitt.edu
INTRODUCTION
Physical properties of thermal fluids greatly influence the efficiency of heat transfer systems and hence there is a strong incentive to develop fluids with improved properties. Recently, the demand for heat transfer fluids that can be reused and/or regenerated is increasing to a great extent due to pollution and economical reasons. Ionic liquids are fluids with specific properties such as high thermal stability, low volatility, and low flammability, which are favorable for heat transfer applications [1, 2]. The ILs are mostly used as solvents [3–11], besides being used as heat transfer fluids in solar collectors [12–14], as catalysts [9, 15–19], electrolytes [9, 20–26], as reaction media [9, 27–31] and in biosensors [32]. However, very few
researchers have reported about applications in the heat transfer aspects.
their
This review provides a brief introduction on ILs followed by an overview of their thermophysical properties viz., density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the applications of ILs in heat transfer are also emphasized.
IONIC LIQUIDS
ILs are a class of organic salts with melting point temperatures below 100°C [1, 3, 33, 34]. The ILs are classified into four types based on the type of their cations, as: (1) alkylammonium-, (2) dialkylimidazolium-, (3) phosphonium- and (4) N-alkylpyridiniumbased ILs (Figure 1) [33].
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