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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology (RRJoI), 2016. The intension of RRJoI is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Immunology. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
Contents
1. A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam Arpan Mazumder, Manoj Kumar Singha, P.K. Thakuria
1
2. Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Patients Durgadas Govind Naik
5
3. A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in the Medicolegal Autopsies Pradip Kumar Thakuria, Manoj Kumar Singha, Arpan Mazumder
10
4. A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta Distrtict Manoj Kumar Singha, Parthapratim Das, Arpan Mazumder
13
5. Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine Designs Ajit Singh
17
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam Arpan Mazumder1,*, Manoj Kumar Singha2, P.K. Thakuria1
1 2
Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
Abstract
Suicide is a complex phenomenon. Depression, psychological stress and schizophrenic depression were the factors that influence suicide. Suicide is one of the major burdens nowadays. Fifteen suicides took place every one hour during the year 2014. Poisoning is the second most common method of suicide adopted for suicide after hanging. In this study, all the cases of suspected poisoning brought for autopsy in the department of forensic medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta district, Assam, during the year 2014 were included. A total of 46 cases of suspected poisoning death were analyzed. In the study, male fatalities were more and maximum poisoning victims occurred in young age group (21– 30 years). In this study, the aim is to evaluate incidence and pattern of poisoning in the district of Barpeta. Keywords: Suicide, poisoning, hanging
INTRODUCTION
“All substances are poison; there is none which is not a poison; the right dose differentiates a poison from a useful medicine”, Paracelsus (1493–1541). Poison is a substance, which produces toxicity. In fact, every substance is theoretically capable of producing toxicity [1]. Poison is a substance (solid or liquid or gaseous) which if introduced to the living body or brought in to contact with any part thereof, will produce ill health or death, by its constitutional or local affect or both. Rapid development in science and technology and fast growth in agriculture and industrial sector have led to increasing trend in the incidence of poisoning, hampering human resource development of the country. According to WHO, 3 million acute poisoning cases with 220000 deaths occur annually. Of this, 90% of poisoning occurs in developing countries. According to NCRB, total poisoning cases recorded in the year 2014 were 34254 (26%). 429 numbers of poisoning cases were recorded in Assam in the year 2014 [2].
legal autopsy to FAAMCH, Barpeta were included during the period of January 2014 to December 2014. Details of suspected poisoning cases were collected from police, inquest report, history from relatives, hospital records, post-mortem findings and chemical analysis reports. During the study period, 46 numbers of victims were studied. Decomposed bodies were excluded from the study.
OBSERVATION
A total 514 cases’ autopsy was done during the study period, of which 46 cases were death due to suspected poisoning. Male victims outnumbered the females, the number being 30 (65.2) in males and 16 (34.8) in females. The male-female ratio is being 1.9:1 (Table 1). Most of the victims were married, 29 (63%) cases (Table 2).
OBJECTIVES
1. To estimate the magnitude of suspected poisoning. 2. To find out the socio demographics of the victims.
Table 1: Sex Distribution. Sex
Total
%
Male
30
65.2
Female
16
34.8
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this retrospective study all the victims of suspected poisoning cases brought for medico
RRJoI (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Patients Durgadas Govind Naik* Department of Microbiology, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Malaysia Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the important diarrheal agents, especially in malnourished children and immunocompromised patients. Of the many species, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the two major species that cause water borne outbreaks. The geographic difference in the distribution of parasite has been attributed to sources and its mode of transmission. The parasite is able to survive in the environment for long time and is resistant to many disinfectants. There is correlation between CD4 count of less than 200 cells per cubic mm and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. In immunocompromised individuals like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, the disease takes severe form. The diarrhoea is prolonged with dehydration and possible involvement of respiratory tract. Both innate and acquired immunity provide antiparasitic defence. Mucosal antibody response may be involved. Cell-mediated response and IFN-γ play a dominant role. Antimicrobial killing mechanisms include nitric oxide production and antimicrobial peptides. Acid fast staining is most commonly used method for diagnosis. Antigen detection kits are available with specificity of 93 to 100%. Nitazoxanide has been approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent people. Preventive measures include protective personal and public hygienic measures. It is essential to screen potable water sources for the presence of parasite to prevent water borne outbreaks. Keywords: Cryptosporidium parvum, diarrhea, immunocompromised, immune response, laboratory diagnosis, out breaks
INTRODUCTION Background Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea. It is ubiquitous in nature. Recent days, it has emerged as one of the most common causes of waterborne disease. The parasite also causes periodic outbreaks [1]. Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the important diarrheal agents, especially in malnourished children and immunocompromised patients. In many countries of the globe, it has been difficult task to measure disease burden due to ineffective surveillance system. The periodic water and food borne outbreaks, and the presence in animals indicate widespread of parasite [2]. Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis are the common protozoan parasites that cause
diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidium parvum, is an important cause of diarrhea in Arab world, particularly in children [3]. Among the parasites, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are the major causes of diarrhea. 1.5–3% of Russia's population is carrier of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Ubiquitous prevalence of the causative agent in nature is well known. These worldwide parasites had been detected in various water sources as recreational, surface, drinking, river, and seawater. Six Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. fayeri, C. andersoni and C. bovis) have been identified in humans in Australia. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the two major species that cause human cryptosporidiosis. The geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum
RRJoI (2016) 5-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in the Medicolegal Autopsies 1 2
Pradip Kumar Thakuria1,*, Manoj Kumar Singha2, Arpan Mazumder1
Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
Abstract
Drowning is a leading global killer. It is a serious and neglected public health threat claiming the lives of 372000 people a year worldwide. In Barpeta district of Assam, drowning cases were relatively more because water resources are in abundance. The objective of study is to find out the demographic pattern and to identify the causative factors. In the study, drowning cases brought for autopsy in the FAAMCH, Barpeta, during a period of one year from Jan 1st 2014 to Dec 31st 2014 were considered. Out of total 514 cases post mortem done during the study period, 54 (10.5%) were drowning cases. Majority of cases 40 (74.1%) were males. Most of the victims were in the age group 21–30 years. Keywords: Drowning, suicide, autopsy
INTRODUCTION
Drowning literary means, “suffer death by submersion in water or any other liquid because of being unable to breathe”. The definition of drowning adopted at the first World Congress on drowning (2002): “The process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid”. In 2012, an estimated 372000 people died from drowning, making it the world’s third leading unintentional death (WHO) [1]. There are approximately 42 drowning deaths every hour in a single day. Incidence of drowning in males is twice than that of females. Drowning is one of the 10 leading causes of death from people aged 1–24 years in every region of the world. Total 7426 (5.6%) suicidal drowning cases were recorded in the year 2014 in India, out of this, males were 4765 and females were 2661. In Assam, total suicidal drowning cases recorded were 433, out of this, 327 were males and 106 were females (NCRB) [2].
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In the current study, drowning cases brought for medico legal autopsy in the department of forensic medicine, FAAMCH, Borpeta, Assam, in the year 2014, were considered. Out of total 514 autopsies conducted in the study period, 52 drowning cases were selected for
the study. The demographic data such as age, sex etc. were noted at the time of autopsy examination with relevant history from the accompanying persons. Decomposed bodies cases were excluded from the study. Observations A total of 514 cases being autopsied, out of which 52 (10.1%) cases were drowning. Male drowning victims were 40 (76.9%) and female victims were 12 (23.1%). THE male and female ratio is 3.3:1 (Table 1). In this study found that 21–30 years age group involved maximum numbers of fatalities that is 18 (34.6%) followed by 11–20 age group with 15 (Table 2). Out of total deaths due to drowning, 32% were Hindu and 20% were Muslim. Most of the victims were married with 35 cases (67.3%). Incidence wise, maximum cases were recorded in summer season with 21 cases (40.4%) and least in winter that is 13.5%. The common manners of deaths due to drowning were suicidal in nature (from history) with 48 cases and only four were accidental in nature. Most of the victims were from lower socio economic group numbering 36 (69.2%). Maximum fatalities observed in the study were from rural area 80.8%.
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta District 1
Manoj Kumar Singha1,*, Parthapratim Das1, Arpan Mazumder2
Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
2
Abstract
Hanging is a violent form of asphyxial death. It is widely accepted as a method of suicide due to its relative painless and rapid death. The rate of suicidal hanging cases is increasing day by day. The objective of study is to find out its demographic pattern, ligature material commonly used by the victims, post-mortem findings and to identify the causative factors. In this study of hanging cases brought for autopsy of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital, Barpeta, Assam, during a period of one year from 1st January 2014 to31st December 2014, were included. Out of total 514 cases of post mortem done during one year, 124 (24.1) were hanging cases. Maximum cases 41 (33.1%) of death due to hanging were seen in age group 21–30 years. Majority of cases 82 (66.13) were males. Majority of victims have used rope (58 cases) as a ligature material. Cyanosis, salivary stain and petechial hemorrhage in brain were observed in variable number of cases. Keywords: Asphyxia, hanging, suicide
INTRODUCTION
Hanging is due to constriction of the neck as a result of suspension in such a manner that the weight of the body or a part of the body of a victim pulls upon the ligature [1]. Sometimes the body completely suspends from above and is called complete hanging. When some part of body touches the ground, the procedure is called incomplete or partial hanging. A good number of people die each year by suicide, making it one of the 10 leading causes of death in the world. More than one lakh persons committed suicide in the country during the decadal period from 2004 to 2014. 15 suicides took place every one hour during the year 2014 (NCRB). 131666 number of suicide cases were reported in the year 2014 in India. Among them, maximum cases were from hanging 39410 (41.8%) (National Crime Records Bureau). Hanging produces painless death for the victims. A thin rope around the neck will cause unconsciousness in 15 sec. So, the people prefer it as a common method of suicide. Maximum hanging (41.8%) then consuming poison (26%), self-immolation (6.9%) and drowning (5.6%) were the prominent means of committing suicide during 2014 (NCRB).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A study of hanging cases brought for medicolegal autopsy in the department of forensic medicine, FAAMC, Barpeta, Assam, during a period of 1 year, from January 2014 to December 2014. 124 numbers of hanging cases were selected for the study. Total post mortems were 514 in the study period. Decomposed bodies were excluded from the study.
OBSERVATIONS
A total of 514 medicolegal autopsies were conducted during the period of January 2014 to December 2014, out of which, 124 (24.1) were deaths due to hanging (Table 1). Gender It was observed that the males outnumbered the female victims. Male suicidal rate was 82 (66.1%) and female was 42 (33.1%). Male and female ratio being 1.9:1 is given in (Table 2). Sex and Age Wise Distribution The numbers of hanging victim were maximum 41 (33.1%) among the age group 21–30 years and 31–40 years age group was second (Table 3). Both the male and female cases were more in the age group 21–30 years,
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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
ISSN: 2277-6206(online), ISSN: 2349-1280(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine Designs Ajit Singh* Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India Abstract
Vaccines are among the most valuable assets for saving human and animal lives. The vaccines discovered and designed on the Pasteurian principles laid the foundations of the traditional vaccine regime during the late-19th century. Some traditional vaccine designs proved remarkably successful, while others had safety or efficacy problems, and still others failedparticularly those against diseases caused by non-cultivable, hyper-variable or opportunist pathogens, or those requiring cellular immunity. The problems of the traditional vaccines are mainly attributed to empiricism in their design and evaluation. Rationalization is a knowledge-based solution to problems of the traditionally designed vaccines. In the 20 th century, the rationalization of the traditional vaccines progressed along two main paths, firstly the ‘reductionist’ path from the whole organisms to the isolated antigens/subunits to the peptide vaccines, and secondly the ‘attenuation-refining’ path from the serial-passage attenuated to the defined and conditional mutants to the live expression vectored and chimeric vaccines. Innovative rDNA-based and other technologies, in synergy with novel insights into key concepts in immunology of antigens and epitopes, mechanistic determinants of immune responses, and markers of protection have impacted progressive rationalization of the traditional vaccine designs. A completely rational vaccine is designed with all the features to assure maximal efficacy and predictability of the immune markers-informed outcome in responders and non-responders. In the 21st century, two new approaches viz., the ‘reverse vaccinology’ and the ‘systems vaccinology’ are leading to the emerging regime of completely rational vaccines, including individualized ‘designer’ vaccines for infectious and noninfectious diseases of humans and animals. Keywords: Traditional vaccine design, reverse vaccinology, systems vaccinology, rational vaccine design
INTRODUCTION
Historically, the concept of infection-induced immunity arose from observations on survivors of the plague epidemics in Greece during 5th century BC, whereas the vaccineinduced immunity to prevent smallpox disease in humans was systematically studied first time by Edward Jenner in 1796 AD. History of vaccination to prevent disease predates the wide acceptance of the germ theory of disease (Pasteur, Koch and others, 1850–1880s AD). Nevertheless, it was the knowledge of the microbial agents of diseases and the methods to isolate and attenuate them that sowed the seeds of vaccinology as a discipline (Fowl cholera, anthrax and rabies vaccines: Pasteur, 1880s AD). Interestingly again, founding of vaccinology predates that of immunology as a
discipline to explain how the host gets protected against the disease after vaccination [phagocytosis and antibody (Ab) discovery: Metchnikoff, von Behring, Kitasato and others, mid-1880s AD]. The dominant concept of that era was: ‘The pathogenic microbe can be changed into a vaccine, when grown in conditions to lose its disease-causing ability (attenuation) without losing its ability to induce protection (immunity) in the inoculated host’. The vaccine development activities during that era were mainly focused on learning and mastering the skills of making the pathogenic microorganisms lose their harmfulness by attenuation or inactivation/killing. The designing of vaccines was guided by the
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