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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology

Contents

1. A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site Infection Probinkr Roy, Pratap Kalita, Pougang Golmei, Iswar Hazarika, H. Lalhlenmawia, Rajat Subhra Dutta

2. Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Green and Black Tea during Storage in Different Packaging Materials Gargi Saha, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury

3. Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) G. Goldstein, J. L. Harden

4. Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection among HIV Infected Individuals: A Review Urusha Maharjan, Sabina Rana Bhujel, Srijana Sapkota, Sunita Lamsal, Manisha Shrestha, Sujan Sharma

5. Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychew Woreda's of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia Haftom Kebede, Eyerusalem Fikru, Kebede Haile, Haftom Hadush

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site Infection www Probinkr Roy1, Pratap Kalita1, Pougang Golmei1, Iswar Hazarika2,*, H. Lalhlenmawia1, Rajat Subhra Dutta1 1

Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, Mizoram, India 2 Department of Pharmacology, T John College of Pharmacy, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Surgical site infections post-surgery are the major complications that leadwww.stmjournals.com to the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longer hospitalization which directly increases treatment cost. Triclosan is an antibacterial agent which has been used in coating surgical sutures to prevent infection post-surgery. Triclosan is being used since many years in many consumer products; the bacterial strains which are emerging these days may slow down or get resistance of their effects which might lead to the serious consequences in the future. Some studies suggest that since triclosan is an antiseptic agent, there is no chance for microbes to get resistance against it. But several studies strongly recommend that since this agent has been used since long times there might be some bacterial strain which can get resistance. In this paper, we will try to give the views of different authors working on antibacterial sutures and come up to a conclusion whether we really are in need of a promising suture (antibacterial) for surgical site infection which could reduce infection after surgery. In this article, our main objective is to study whether a novel antimicrobial agent is required to prevent surgical site infection post operation. Keywords: Surgical site infection, triclosan, antibacterial sutures, bacterial resistance

INTRODUCTION Surgical sutures are the materials which have crucial role in surgical procedure. Sutures are a vital part for surgical operation, and sutureassociated surgical site infections are an important issue of postoperative care. Antibacterial sutures have been proved to reduce challenging complications caused by bacterial infections. In recent decades, triclosan-free sutures have been on their way to commercialization. Alternative antibacterial substances are becoming relevant to processing surgical suture materials. Suture has been used since long time in closing different layers of the wounds. Several studies showed that antibacterial coated suture has the ability to reduce the surgical site complication post-surgery which is generally caused due to bacterial infection [1]. Bacterial resistance and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents are very challenging to the scientists in recent days [2]. Surgical

sutures are now days coated or impregnated with antibacterial agents such as triclosan and are available in the market. Triclosan has been used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, food preservative and many cosmetic products (SCCP/1251/09) [3]. Triclosan has multiple targets against bacteria, although concentration of triclosan plays main role in targeting cells [4]. Surgical Site Infection Surgical site infection (SSI) means infection at the surgical site after surgery. Surgical site infections are the second most common problem associated with the hospitalized patients who had undergone surgery. Surgical site infections generally increase the days of hospitalization and medication bills and also morbidity and mortality. To prevent surgical site infection, although surgical procedure, sterilization methods and aseptic surgical area have been modified according to the prevention of surgical site infection guidelines

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Green and Black Tea during Storage in Different Packaging Materials Gargi Saha1, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury2,* 1

National Tea Research Foundation, Tea Board, Government of India, Tea Board, 14, B.T.M. Sarani, 9th Floor, Kolkata, India 2 Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College, 30, Park Street, Kolkata, India

Abstract The storage of tea is an important endeavor for tea industry. The appealing characteristics of this beverage are its aroma, taste, colour as well as its antioxidant and antimicrobial qualities. The different manufacturing strategies for black and green tea affect the shelf life of different types of commercially available tea varieties. Different types of packaging alter the quality parameters of different tea clones. The quality parameters are assessed according to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) parameters. Green tea is superior with respect to physicochemical, biochemical, microbiological parameters at the fresh/unstored condition than black tea but it is found that the rate of change in physicochemical properties such as ash content, moisture content, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein are much higher (% reduction is higher) than that of the black tea samples. The biochemical quality parameters (flavonoid, caffeine, amino acid, antioxidant potentials, theaflavin, thearubigin, total catechins, total tannins etc.), and microbiological parameters (antimicrobial activities—growth inhibition in solid and liquid medium, growth of microorganisms in aqueous solutions of different tea) are also reduced in higher percentage in green tea. It is pertinent to mention here that the aluminium packaging with silica desiccants renders better protection against storage-related deterioration of tea quality parameters. Keywords: Physicochemical, green and black tea, quality parameters, shelf life, packaging

INTRODUCTION Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the largest consumed beverage in the world. There are many varieties of tea based on manufacturing processes such as green tea (14% world tea consumption), black tea (85% world tea consumption), white tea and oolong tea (altogether 1%) (www.teausa .com/14655/tea-fact-sheet). Various analytical tools have been reported for estimation of tea quality in terms of colour, tone, strength, briskness, astringency, and other characteristics [1]. The storability of different types of tea is an important challenge for tea industries [2]. In exercise of the powers by section 92 of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (34 of 2006), the tea quality parameters were tested accordingly in fresh and stored conditions (www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/FSSAI regulations.pdf). Tea contains various biochemical components viz. flavonoids, other polyphenols, minerals,

and trace elements that are essential for human health. The chemical composition of tea varies in different varieties. Variability in composition is an important factor that dictates the taste, flavor and health benefits of a specific type of tea [3, 50]. There is a direct association between tea quality and the content of tea amino acids, caffeine and polyphenols in tea leaf [4]. Green tea contains catechins such as epigallocatechin3-gallate, responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [5]. Quality of black tea in its broadest sense is the cumulative effect of all desirable attributes by which it is judged for its market value. Aroma, flavor, briskness, strength and colour represent the quality of black tea in general and the concentration of chemical constituents present in a brew affects the quality of tea [6]. The fermentation process of black tea produces other groups of polyphenols known as theaflavins (TF) and

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Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxoL-norleucine (DON) G. Goldstein*, J.L. Harden Department of Botany and Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Dermira, Ohio 43015 United States Abstract The antibiotic known as 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) inhibits the growth of several types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DON has also been demonstrated to inhibit the replication of poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, and herpes simplex virus in cultured eukaryotic cells. DON is an analogue of glutamine and inhibits the synthesis of glycoproteins and purine nucleotides in cells that are treated with the antibiotic. DON inhibits the aminotransferase enzyme that uses the amino group of glutamine to construct the precursor molecules of nucleotides and to convert fructose-6-phosphate into glucosamine for glycoprotein synthesis. DON does not inhibit the enzyme activity of Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells at concentrations as high as 2,500 µg/ml. At a concentration of 5 µg/ml, DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus in BGMK cells by 71.7% and at a concentration of 10 µg/ml, DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by 92%. Addition of excess glutamine and nucleosides partially reverses the inhibition of adenovirus replication by DON while the addition of excess glucosamine has no effect on the inhibition of virus replication by DON. These results suggest that DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by inhibiting the metabolism of glutamine and nucleosides during adenovirus replication but not glycoprotein synthesis. Keywords: 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), adenovirus, Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney (BGMK) cells

INTRODUCTION The antibiotic known as 6-diazo-5-oxo-Lnorleucine (DON), discovered in 1956, is produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces bacteria [1]. DON exhibits antibacterial effects and inhibits the replication of several types of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria [2] but has also been shown to inhibit the growth of some types of tumors [3–5]. DON has also been shown to inhibit the replication of poliovirus [6], human parainfluenza virus type 2, mumps and vesicular stomatitis virus [7], respiratory syncytial virus [8], and herpes simplex virus [9] in cultured eukaryotic cells even though early literature stated that DON exhibits no antiviral effect on the growth of a variety of human viruses in monkey kidney cultures [1]. DON is an analogue of glutamine and inhibits the amino transferase enzyme that uses the

amino group of glutamine to convert fructose6-phosphate into glucosamine [10–12].

DON inhibits the synthesis of nucleotides by preventing the transfer of the amino group from glutamine to ribonucleotide precursors [13]. Half of all of the nitrogen atoms in the nitrogenous base portions of nucleotides

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Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection among HIV Infected Individuals: A Review Urusha Maharjan*, Sabina Rana Bhujel, Srijana Sapkota, Sunita Lamsal, Manisha Shrestha, Sujan Sharma School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal

Abstract HIV is the chronic viral infection documented worldwide. HIV virus infects and destroys helper T cells (CD4) leading to a number of immunological deficiencies among which Hepatitis-C Virus (HCV) and Tuberculosis (TB) are the major. HCV is a RNA virus that infects the liver leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and is a leading cause of deaths in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Tuberculosis, the most common opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients, affects mainly lungs and is transmitted exogenously. HIV and HCV have similar routes of transmission via blood and blood products, sexual contact, IV drug users and vertical transmission. Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through aerosol exposure as well as transplacentally. About 30% of HIV-positive individuals are co-infected with HCV worldwide. The sample for HCV detection can be blood and that for tuberculosis, can be both blood and sputum. The diagnosis of HCV in HIV patients can be done by ELISA and kit methods. Similarly diagnosis of tuberculosis can be done by AFB staining, fluorescence microscopy, by culturing in Lowenstein Jensen media, ELISA test as well as by Mantoux test. Since HCV and tuberculosis are the major co-infections among HIV infected individuals, there requires the accurate, specific and rapid tests that can be carried out in routine laboratory procedures. Keywords: HIV, HCV, tuberculosis, ELISA, AFB stain, Mantoux test

INTRODUCTION HIV is the chronic viral infection documented worldwide. It infects and destroys helper T cells (CD4) leading to a number of immunological deficiencies. It may be transmitted through blood while blood transfusion, needle sharing among IV drug user, open wound and mucus membranes exposure in health care worker and tattoo needles. It is mainly transmitted through sexual contact and transplacentally. HIV causes lytic and latent infection of CD4 T cells and persistent infection of cells of the monocyte, macrophages family and disrupts neuron function. The outcomes of these actions are immunodeficiency diseases and acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia [1]. Morbidity and mortality from infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-positive patients are increasing and have become a

major challenge in the management of such patients. An estimated 30% of HIV-positive individuals are co-infected with HCV in the USA and Europe. Recent large trials in patients with HIV and HCV co-infection have shown promising overall response rates between 27% and 40%, thereby changing the prognosis and guidelines for care of such patients [2]. Co-infected individuals may have an altered response to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and are at increased risk of ARTrelated hepatotoxicity. Likewise, response rates to HCV therapy in co-infected individuals are generally 10% to 15% lower than with HCV monoinfection, and therapy may also be complicated by ART drug interactions and significant toxicity [3]. Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV is common because of similarities in the routes of transmission. Co-infection with HIV accelerates the progression of HCV liver

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychew Woreda’s of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia Haftom Kebede1,*, Eyerusalem Fikru1, Kebede Haile2, Haftom Hadush2 1

Department of Biology, Collage of Natural and Computational Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia 2 Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia

Abstract Wastewater can be defined as water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic effect and the possible origin can be from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface run off or storm water and from drain inflow or infiltration. Quality of water and other food can be checked by the presence of Coliform bacteria because these bacteria are the predominant indicators. The purpose of this study was to determine the microbial quality of irrigated cabbage with wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychaw woredas of Aksum by checking the Coliform bacteria’s load as the farmers use wastewater for irrigation to cultivate different vegetables. A total of four samples were taken randomly using glass bottle and 11.05x10 8cfu/m/ of coli form was isolated using MacConkey Agar. Samples were directly transported to Aksum university department of biology laboratory and processed within five hours. Eosin, methylene blue agar Levine (EMB), MacConkey Agar was used for the detection of the samples. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. 100% of the irrigated cabbage were positive for coliform bacteria. Typically, the non-lactose fermenter gram negative coliform bacteria such as Citrobacter and Hafnia. Both were appeared as colorless on MacConkey Agar. A total of 9.7x 106cfu/ml coliform bacteria form two samples that were collected from Laelay Maychew woreda Sofho Keble and 10.77x107cfu/ml from two samples of Tahtay Maychew woreda Ade’eko kebele. A minimum of 2.8x105cfu/ml and maximum of 6.2 x 106cfu/ml coliform bacteria were recorded. The study has confirmed high bacterial load on the irrigated cabbage, so it needs further investigation for specific microbial identification and water treatment should be applied. Keywords: E.coli, coliform, wastewater, cabbage, Tahtay Machew, Laelay Machew

INTRODUCTION Water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource in many counties throughout the world. The main reason for the rapid growth of wastewater production and its reuse is due to increasing population and industrial as well as urban expansion. It is roughly estimated that at least 20 million hectares of land in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater [1]. Besides to its usage as a source of water, the major objective of wastewater use is the effective utilization of its rich stock of nutrients for agricultural and other purposes. It is becoming familiar to use wastewater in agriculture because of the wide range of advantages accompany on it. These advantages include conservation of water,

provision of reliable water supply and recycling of nutrients, thereby reducing the need for farmers to invest in chemical fertilizers. There are also some risks, when people use wastewater for crop production. Irrigation activities with wastewater bring major associated health risks of infection with intestinal worms [2]. Also, depending on the source of the wastewater it might contain chemical pollutants and heavy metals that can accumulate in the soil and crops thereby posing a threat to human health. Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial,

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