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Research & Reviews : Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology

Contents

1. Utilization of Press Mud for Quality Compost Generation under Waste to Wealth Programme through Adoption of Novcom Composting Programme: A Case Study from Balarampur Chini Mills, Uttar Pradesh, India Antara Seal, Ranjan Bera, Anupam Datta, Susmita Saha, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee, Arun Kumar Barik

2. Evaluation of Yield and Fruit Quality of Thirteen Selected Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Cultivars in Southwest Nigeria Adetoro O.A., B.J. Amujoyegbe

3. Development of Soil Resource Mapping for Effective Organic Soil Management: A Case Study from FAOCFC-TBI Project at Maud Tea Estate, Assam, India Antara Seal, Ranjan Bera, Anupam Datta, Susmita Saha, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee, Arun Kumar Barik, Debashis Mazumdar 23 4. Farmer's Awareness about Climate Change and Adaptation Practices: A Review Rupan Raghuvanshi, M.A. Ansari

5. Research and Industrial Insight: Agricultural Science and Technology 52

Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Utilization of Press Mud for Quality Compost Generation under Waste to Wealth Programme through Adoption of Novcom Composting Programme: A Case Study from Balarampur Chini Mills, Uttar Pradesh, India Antara Seal1, Ranjan Bera1,*, Anupam Datta1, Susmita Saha1, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury1, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee2, Arun Kumar Barik2 1

Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168 Jodhpur Park, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Department of ASEPAN, Visva Bharati University, Santineketan, West Bengal, India

Abstract Sustainable crop production is a function of soil quality and plant health, two aspects which can be fostered only under a nature harnessed approach. However, the task at hand is highly challenging due to severe loss of natural soil productivity under few decades of chemical farming. To restore and develop soil quality, rejuvenation of native microflora is crucial; which can be served only by application of microflora (self- generated) rich, organic manure/compost. Press mud is a rich source of different plant nutrients, but at the same time a complex raw material for biodegradation due to its high wax content. In the present study, Novcom Composting method, an aerobic heap composting process was adopted for on- farm and large scale production of quality compost using press mud. Aero tiller and JCB bulldozer was utilized for the purpose. Mature compost was produced within 21 days as indicated by dark brown colour, earthy smell and formation of whitish layers of fungal hyphae. Quality analysis indicated that Novcom press mud compost was rich in nutrient and more importantly contained very high population of self-generated microflora. Stability and phytotoxicity analysis confirmed the potential of this compost towards rejuvenation of soil biological functions; moreover absence of toxicity indicated no threat in terms of plant growth inhibition. The study reflected that adoption of Novcom composting method on commercial scales can help to get quality end product with minimum production hazard and within short time period. Short biodegradation process and intense microbial activity during Novcom composting helps towards higher carbon sequestration and lesser greenhouse gas emission, as compared to other biodegradation processes. Keywords: Self-generated microflora, Large scale composting, Phytotoxicity, Greenhouse gas emission

INTRODUCTION With increase in world population and the consequent necessity for the intensification of food production, the management of soil has become increasingly important [1]. On the other hand, continuous use of fertilizers, pesticides and other synthetic chemicals to address problems in agricultural production had led to poor soil health and resistance in insects, diseases and weeds. In order to bring back the desired sustainability, a healthy soil is entailed where all its components viz., physical, chemical and biological components are in balance with each other to support plant growth by providing the necessary energy to

them [2]. Now to develop healthy soil, compost is the best option available that restores and enhances soil potential in order to attain sustainable soil and crop productivity [3]. However, in a country like India, scarcity of raw materials for compost preparation necessitates the search for potential raw material to generate compost. In these regard, sugar cane press mud can serve as a good source of organic manure as well as an alternate source of crop nutrients and soil ameliorates [4, 5]. But, the high wax content of press mud is one the factors that hinders its soil application as because it

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation of Yield and Fruit Quality of Thirteen Selected Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Cultivars in Southwest Nigeria Adetoro O.A.*, B.J. Amujoyegbe Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Abstract Assessing the morphology, fruit yield, proximate composition and phytochemical properties of some grown tomato cultivars from southwest Nigeria is needed to identify quality and promote performance for tomato industry. Thirteen tomato cultivars that are prominently grown by farmers were purposively collected from farmer’s field across the region and evaluated for fruit yield and nutritional quality. Fruit yield and quality were evaluated on field and laboratory of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 early and late cropping seasons. Seedlings of the cultivars were raised and transplanted at 4 weeks to a plot of 33.6 m per cultivar at the spacing of 0.6 by 0.5 m between and within rows, respectively. The arrangement was a completely randomized block with three replications. Data were collected on morphological parameters, phenology and yield performance; while laboratory analyses for fruit quality assessment were also carried out and data on proximate and phytochemicals properties were collected. The results were analyzed subject to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine seasonal and cultivars response while significant means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. The result showed highly significant varietal variations which were also influenced by seasons also late season significantly favoured fresh yield. The fresh fruit yield per hectare per plant was highest in the descending order of Roma VF>NHLe-110>NHLe-3 (430.83, 361.50 and 345.00 g), respectively. There were significant varietal differences in the lycopene content and phytochemical properties which affected the nutritional quality of the cultivars. Keywords: Tomato, yield, fruit quality, cultivars

INTRODUCTION Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the most important fruit vegetable crops grown all over the world and in Nigeria in particular. It is grown in all ecological zones of Nigeria with an average yield of 5–7 tons ha-1 recorded in the rainforest and 10 tons ha-1 reported in the savanna ecological zone [1]. Tomato has gained wide use in every Nigerian home [2]. Every person consumes on an average around 10 g tomato per day in Nigeria which results to an average of 600 tons per day or 584,000 tons annually for 160 million people [3]. Tomato production in the rainforest ecological zone is relatively low compared to its level of utilization and consumption than any other part of the country as it is beset with many problems, such as diseases, nematodes, insect pests, high flower abortion, all these resulting in low yield and poor quality fruits in addition to climatic factors, which includes temperature, humidity and high rainfall [4].

Tomatoes are important in the daily meal preparation since it can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruits are frequently grinded and used as condiments in soups and dishes while larger quantities are used to produce juice, ketchups, purees and paste. It is a very cheap source of vitamins essential in the metabolic activities of man [3]. It is also a cheap source of vitamins A, C and E; calcium and niacin all of which are of great importance in the metabolic and protects the body against disease [5]. Considering the health of human, larger percentage of dietary lycopene is derived from tomato. The fruit of tomato contributes immensely to the antioxidants like β-carotene. It is one of the antioxidants that can better be described to dissociate free radical chain reactions [6].

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Development of Soil Resource Mapping for Effective Organic Soil Management: A Case Study from FAO-CFC-TBI Project at Maud Tea Estate, Assam, India Antara Seal1, Ranjan Bera1,*, Anupam Datta1, Susmita Saha1, Rupkatha Roy Chowdhury1, Ashis Kumar Chatterjee2, Arun Kumar Barik2, Debashis Mazumdar3 1

Inhana Organic Research Foundation, 168 Jodhpur Park, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Department of ASEPAN, Visva Bharati University, Santineketan, West Bengal, India 3 Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 2

Abstract Development of soil resource mapping is an important tool towards identification of problem and potentials of soils towards organic soil management. Soil resource inventory of Maud T.E., Assam, India, was developed through preparation of the various thematic maps based on the analysis report of soil samples collected before initiation of project and post the practice of Inhana rational farming (IRF) for a period of three years under FAO-CFC-TBI project entitled ‘Development, Production and Trade of Organic Tea’ (2008–09 to 2012–13). Soil of Maud T.E. was moderate to strongly acidic in reaction (pH 4.31–5.50), however; minimal variation of soil pH was noted post three years of organic soil management under IRF. This is of special significance considering that in chemical gardens, yearly application of lime becomes necessary for maintenance of soil pH. Evaluation of soil organic carbon stock before initiation of project revealed a status of 4500–6500 kgha-1 in major portion of the garden. Adoption of organic soil management under IRF led to notable reduction in the low (<5500 kgha-1) carbon stock area and enabled uplifted status of 6500–7500 kgha-1 in significant portion of the plantation. Nitrogen, a critical nutrient for tea production varied from moderately low to moderate status and was found to respond positively under organic soil management. However, the most remarkable finding was the increase in area representing moderately high to very high phosphate status, which confirmed the positive impact of compost application containing huge self-generated microbial pool; towards enhanced availability of phosphate in soil. Organic soil management under IRF also elevated the potash content of a significant area of the garden from low to moderate status. In terms of available SO4, major portion of the garden (55.51% of Total Geographical Area (TGA)) represented low to very low status which needs to be brought under the radar of priority soil management. Microbial load varied within 2000 to 4000 kgha-1 in major area of the garden (61.97% of TGA), however; organic soil management under IRF uplifted the status to >4000 kgha-1 in significant portion of the garden. Keywords: Soil resource mapping, organic soil management, fertility index, organic carbon stock, soil microbial load

INTRODUCTION Soil resource mapping and development of thematic maps is the most useful tool for identification of potential and problematic areas of any plantation in order to enable the formulation of an effective and customized soil management programme. Soil evaluation especially in terms of the microfloral activity and soil quality; followed by resource mapping can enable the maintenance of soil resource base while tapping the potential areas

simultaneously with the target of better farm productivity [1]. This can also serve as the guiding material for the garden authority in terms of taking up decisions regarding yearly soil management protocol. Significance of this increases manifold especially in case of organic soil management, where judicious application of organic soil inputs has a direct bearing on the related economics because plantations generally depend on off-farm soil inputs due to general scarcity of resources for

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Awareness about Climate Change and Adaptation Practices: A Review Rupan Raghuvanshi, M.A. Ansari* Department of Agricultural Communication, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Abstract Climate change is a burning issue in the global discussions on agriculture as it affects all other sectors of development. Climate change directly affects agriculture production as this sector is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions and is one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risk and impact of global climate change. Agriculture system responds to changing climate through the process of adaptation. Adaptation to farming practices is largely dependent on awareness about climate change. It is also a threat to the food security of the growing population of the world. Awareness of farmers about the climate changes, its causes and consequences are the important aspect to deal with changing climatic conditions. Despite availability of adaptation measures like HYVs, mixed cropping, integrated farming, change in irrigation, crop insurance etc., farmers were not adapting them due to lack of knowledge and awareness about climate change. Majority of the farmers were unable to identify the causes and consequences of climate change, thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s way they had not made adjustments in their farming practices. It is important to create awareness about climate change among the farmers by using various methods like ICT, community radio, extension agent etc., so that they can adopt the various adaptation practices available to cope up with the adverse impact of climate change. Keywords: Climate change, agriculture, awareness, adaptation

INTRODUCTION Climate change has emerged as an integral component of development dialogue and debate globally as it is affecting all the countries, developed or developing. Global warming and changing weather parameters are being discussed and debated at various UN and inter-governmental forums necessitating formulation of relevant and adequate policy measures for minimising the damages being inflicted upon human population. Since climate is the primary determinant of agriculture productivity, UN as well as national governments are worried that climate change may endanger world food security. Hence, the governments, especially developing countries are more worried about its adverse impact on agriculture. Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region

over long periods of time. It is considered as a base for survival of flora and fauna because climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity etc. directly or indirectly affect the growth and development of organism. It is also a fact that the climate has changed, is changing and will continue to change regardless of what investments in mitigation are made [1]. Climate change is a significant time variation in weather patterns occurring over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. Due to alarming situation of climate change and its effect on society, the term climate has drawn the attention of policy makers, scientist as well as general public.

CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change refers to the changes in various climate parameters over a period of time. There exists a natural climate cycle. However, increased human activities can also lead to unaccounted and unexplained variations in the frequency and intensity of various climate parameters. Climate change in

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology ISSN: 2278-2206(online), ISSN: 2349-3682(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Research and Industrial Insight: Agricultural Science and Technology Utilization of waste water: A new beginning to feed the world Ever thought of utilizing waste water? Yes, waste water should no longer be treated as rubbish as it has turned out to be an asset and can be utilized in the fields. It can be safely and securely managed either by irrigation or by recharging aquifers. But it requires constant monitoring and checking for health risks. During the Annual Global Forum for Food and Agriculture, in Berlin, the experts discussed how the nations can apply technologies to utilize the waste water. According to Marlos De Souza, a senior officer with FAO's Land and Water Division, â&#x20AC;&#x153;A very limited amount of treated waste water is being utilized by agriculture sector, but countries like Egypt, Jordan, Mexico and Spain are continuously investigating the potential outcomes as they are facing water shortage. Use of recycled waste water is much in practice in areas close to cities or where there are ample opportunities for agricultural produce. The small farmers have been efficiently utilizing this since years. The thing which needs to be taken care of is that it should be treated and managed skillfully that suits the local conditions. What was once a nuisance is now been looked upon as an opportunity for overcoming water shortage. Wetlands built in Egypt have turned out to be successful as economically viable approach to farming. The continuous increase in population and economic expansion has known to be a liability on freshwater resources. What's more is these pressures are currently progressively being exacerbated by environmental change. Currently agriculture represents 70 pc global freshwater usage with a demand of 50 pc by 2050 is expected to increase and the demand from urban areas and industries will follow. The emphasis needs to be laid upon the use of non-conventional as well as alternate sources of water. De Souza further adds that waste water not only helps in coping up with the shortage of water it also serves as a good alternative to fertilizer since it is high in nutrition content. At the same time it also contains pathogens, microbes etc. which pose a threat both to the farmers and

consumers. Various technologies and methodologies have been developed and are being utilized globally. Other than handling the issue of water shortage, reducing environmental contamination, and supporting food production, waste water management, its treatment and utilization can also serve as an employment generator activity. The Global Forum for Food and Agriculture held annually and organized by the German Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture (BMEL) is dedicated to bringing together the experts, scientists, researchers and farmers for discussing the issues influencing agribusiness around the globe. A Mobile App that serves as a boon to the small groundnut farmers of Andhra Launched as a pilot project in Devanakonda, Mandal of Kurnool District in June 2016, a sowing app developed by Microsoft and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)is gaining popularity and has elevated the yields by 30 percent.The project was in association with Andhra Pradesh Government. The application was developed with a motive to benefit small farmers involved in the growing groundnuts. With the help of this app they are aware of the best time to sowing and irrigating crops etc. The success story was shared in the two-day twentieth National Conference on EGovernance. The application consists of an easily accessible dashboard which can be customized provides updates regarding soil quality, recommended fertilizer as per the crop and soil type as well as seven day weather forecast. During the testing phase 10 farmers were sent updates through SMS. These updates included treatment of seed, sowing depth, preventive weed management, preparation of land, harvesting, shade drying and storage. This information could be incorporated with other information gathered from the Rythu Kosam project and it could be of help in fabricating the prescient models for

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