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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 5 Issue 3] of our Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology (RRJoSST), 2016. The intension of RRJoSST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Space Science. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Research & Reviews : Journal of Space Science & Technology
Contents
1. Geomorphological Dynamic of Mangala Cut of Puri District, Odisha: A Geospatial Approach Adikanda Ojha, Jajnaseni Rout, A.K Pattnaik
1
2. A Parametric Investigation on the Drag Effect Consideration in Re-Entry Vehicle Performance Manasa C.L., Vinayak Malhotra
7
3. C4ISR: A Ground Zero Support to the Soldier from the Sky Bharatbhushan P. Joshi
27
4. Geodetic Survey Control Networks Establishment using GNSS Online Data Post-Processing in Developing Countries Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine
34
5. Where from Mass Came in the Universe? Did the Mass Originate from a Zero Rest Mass less Particle in Higgs Field Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Rupak Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya, Rupsa Bhattacharya, Dalia Mukherjee, Oaindrila Mukherjee, Debasis Mukherjee, Runa Mitra
42
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Geomorphological Dynamic of Mangala Cut of Puri District, Odisha: A Geospatial Approach Adikanda Ojha1, Jajnaseni Rout2, A.K Pattnaik3,* 1,3
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project-State Project Management Unit (ICZMP-SPMU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 2 Chilika Development Authority, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Abstract Odisha rivers are east flowing and the Mahanadi is the largest river in Odisha. The river Bhargavi is the southern branch river of Mahanadi, which flows to Chilika lagoon parallel with Bay of Bengal. In the year 1929, the toposheet has no information about Mangala cut. In the year 1937, it was made for controlling flood in Bhargavi river. The Mangala cut was constructed to get relief from the regular flood submergence of Puri Sadar block. The silt deposition made Mangala cut dynamic and the mouth of the cut has shifted towards north direction. For discharging water, the cut open its mouth naturally in August 2016 near hotel Sterling. The objective of the present study is to analysis the spatio-temporal dynamic of the Mangala cut. The study area is the Mangala cut, which situated 19°46ʹ46.227ʺ to 19°48ʹ16.849ʺN latitude and 85°46ʹ48.135ʺ to 85°47ʹ22.858ʺE longitude. The study has taken during the year 1929 to 2016 and the US Army Corp engineers’ toposheet of the year 1929 has taken as base year before the cut made and 1973 Survey of India (SOI) toposheet has taken for after the cut made. In between 1937 and 1973, the study has not taken because of lack of data availability. For analysis the dynamic of the cut, the geospatial technology has used for regular monitoring of the cut. The geospatial technology has emerged as the most important tool of a geographer to handle spatial data. This technique is now widely used around the world to analyse physical as well as cultural geographical elements. The SOI toposheet and the spatiotemporal satellite image has used for interpretation of migration of the cut which are utilized in several regional planning and management for community development. Keywords: Dynamic, geospatial, decadal, SOI and spatio-temporal
INTRODUCTION The Mahanadi river has different hydromorphological character for its southern and northern delta. Erosion, inundation, and sedimentation are the general river courses. The river basin characteristics depend on the river cross section, base level, alluvial terraces and revetments. The heavy floods changing the river/channel paths and the Mahanadi delta is decreasing due to sediments. The coast is swelling with erosion/deposition with increasing MSL and the long shore drift made the off shore currents violent [1–3]. At Naraj, the delta head, the river Mahanadi is bifurcated and forms south branch, Kathajodi. The Kathjodi bifurcated and forms right side branch named the river Kuakhai. It throws the river Kushabhadra and then, bifurcates into Daya and Bhargavi 15 km. downstream.
Bhargavi, at 37.5 km, near the village Gabakund has a sharp concave rectangular bend turning SW-ly [4–6]. Thereafter, the river runs parallel to the coast and debouches in the swamps of Chilika lagoon after joining Daya. The river also discharges directly to the Bay via Siaro, Mangala or Gabakund cuts. Bhargavi has four shore perpendicular major distributaries emanating from left bank, i.e. Kanchi near Chandanpur (47 km), East Kania at 56 km, Nua Nai the officially dredged channel at 64 km, Boxi Kania at 72 km of the river. Kanchi discharges through Gabakund and Mangala cut [6]. Paul F. Macar, 1934, has argued that a cut in ameandering channel generates a drop or cascade, which propagates to the head causing erosion in the channel. He suggested that the excavation of a cut from Bhargavi to Bay for amelioration of floods in
RRJoSST (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Parametric Investigation on the Drag Effect Consideration in Re-Entry Vehicle Performance Manasa C.L.1, Vinayak Malhotra2,* Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract Rocket adaptation relies more on normal gravity experimentation and simplified conventional theories. The related complexities and lack of well-defined prediction system have always restricted futuristic missions. The work primarily addresses issues related to the accurate prediction of rocket dynamics and re-entry vehicles. Parametric study on the conventional equation systems was carried out with consideration of geometric and design variables. Emphasis is put on the practical cases with minimization of assumptions. Diverse cases have also been taken into account for validation of the equation system. The results predict the quintessential role of drag force reflection on rocket performance. The role of L/D ratio under varying drag conditions offers a good physical insight to the rocket vehicle motion. Diverse nose shapes and implications are tested in reflection to the performance. An effective solution is proposed to escape re-entry. The work will be extremely useful in futuristic space propulsion and in re-entry vehicles specifically. Keywords: Re-entry vehicles, drag, L/D ratio, deceleration, performance, MCL-VAN
INTRODUCTION Rockets are necessary multi-utility vehicles capable of making out of atmosphere activities possible. They operate on a fundamental principle of creating huge energy from a small volume in short time. This is done by generation of thrust force by ejecting high pressure/temperature exhaust gases at very high velocity, which propels the rocket (Figure 1). Rocket covers wide range of applications in the form of missiles, launch vehicles, spacecrafts, space observatories, re-entry
vehicles. However, a rocket flight into space is an expensive and hazardous venture requiring a lot of experimentation and solution to various complex problems. With the rapid scientific progress, much of the experimentation can be done without hardware and intricate configurations. The gross behavior of rocket vehicle is approximated computationally based on mathematical models. The real operations can be simulated through the reaches of terrestrial and interplanetary space.
RRJoSST (2016) 7-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
C4ISR: A Ground Zero Support to the Soldier from the Sky Bharatbhushan P. Joshi* Principal, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Abstract The precision ‘surgical strike’ that Indian soldiers recently carried out on terrorist camps and launch pads across the line of control was assisted by our eyes deep into the sky facilitated by our satellites. India is quickly developing a capability called ‘C4ISR’- command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Advances in Indian space program are the symbol of the country's state-of-the-art technological abilities resulting into its phenomenal growth in its regional and global prestige. Keywords: C4ISR, space program, Indian satellites, surgical strike, global prestige
INTRODUCTION The Changing War Scenario War has always been a part of human life for almost every country in the world. Wars are either fought between two countries or it’s between two groups of countries. Wars are fought either to gain independence or to expand power or some are just fought because they were allies to the country at war. No matter for what the reason wars are fought, but earlier wars have left a great impact on how things are today. Two of most brutal wars in the world were World War 1 (WW1) from 1914 to 1918 and World War 2 (WW2) from 1939 to 1945. Both of these wars had some similarities and many differences. WW1 was fought from lines of trenches and was supported by weapon systems such as artillery, machine guns, infantry assault rifles, tanks, smaller airplanes and also poisonous gas. The WW1 had minimal mobility. Whereas, in World War 2 soldiers used electronic equipment such as radar and other advanced machines. Nuclear power and missiles were also employed for the first time. Modern concepts of stealthy and special operations were used. Submarines and tanks were also more heavily deployed. Encryption codes for secret communication became more complex in WW2. The most memorable was the use of atom bomb to end the war. Two most important technologies in the aviation history of World War II are radar and bombsights. Both these technologies played a crucial role in the defensive and offensive strategies of the
countries involved. The warfare methodologies have changed quite a lot since WW II.
Fig. 1: C4ISR Surgical Surveillance. The modern warfare is more about information warfare through use of intelligence and surveillance. It aims for precision in attack with minimum collateral damage and with quick action. Surgical strike is an attack on specific enemy territory, where the mission is completed with minimal collateral damage and casualties. In such cases, it is essential that the army receives highly detailed intelligence information about the adversary location, men and machines. The strategy of command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
RRJoSST (2016) 27-33 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Geodetic Survey Control Networks Establishment using GNSS Online Data Post-Processing in Developing Countries Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys1,*, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine2 1
African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in French Language (CRASTE-LF) 2 National Institute of Cartography, Cameroon, Avenue Mgr Vogt, P.O Box: 157, Yaounde
Abstract Currently there are many online GNSS precise point positioning (ppp) post-processing services freely available to users. Three of them were used in this research: CSRS (Canadian Spatial Reference System) PPP, OPUS (On-line Positioning Users Service) developed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and AUSPOS provided by Geoscience Australia. These solutions were tested to investigate the most suitable one for data processing in the Northern area of Cameroon which is likely to be adopted for establishing ground control points useful for this country National base map. The three online solutions were compared with each other according to the accuracy of the measured point. The results indicated that, for observation durations between 30 and 40 min, the AUSPOS and OPUS methods aborted while the CSRS PPP solution provided best accuracies, with standard deviations under the desired limit. Keywords: Global navigation satellite systems, accuracy, online data processing service, geodetic survey control network
INTRODUCTION As a developing country, Cameroon is characterized by lack or insufficient infrastructure in key sectors sustaining development (Growth and Employment Strategy Paper, 2010). The sector of surveying and mapping with sparseness of geodetic infrastructure is not an exception. One can add to this sparseness of infrastructure, the lack of qualified personnel capable of using scientific software packages for data analysis and processing. The National Institute of Cartography of Cameroon conducts many geodetic operations on the field in the framework of his key mission of producing topographic base maps. This research was conducted in the Northern area of Cameroon where aerial photographs were taken. The collection of data on the field aimed at using the measured points as Ground Control Points (GCP) for the stereophotogrammetry applied to overlapping pairs of aerial photographs covering the Region. These aerial Photographs had a 35 cm Ground Sample Distance (GSD), which means that one pixel in the image
represents 35 cm on the ground. Thus, the GCP expected accuracy would not exceed 105 cm. Nowadays, conventionally establishing geodetic survey control networks on regional (even on national and continental) scale involves many dual-frequency carrier-phase GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers occupying multiples or all sites simultaneously. This network-based approach makes the task rather costly in terms of not only equipment and personnel, but also careful pre-planning and in-field logistical considerations [1]. In the context of the Northern area of Cameroon characterized by lack of roads infrastructure and where access to communications infrastructure is still limited, the GNSS precise point positioning (ppp) postprocessing technique which requires only one dual-frequency receiver is an opportunistic alternative to the conventional method. Three of the current online GNSS post-processing
RRJoSST (2016) 34-41 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Where from Mass Came in the Universe? Did the Mass Originate from a Zero Rest Mass less Particle in Higgs Field Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya1,*, Rupak Bhattacharya2, Ritwik Bhattacharya3, Upasana Bhattacharya4, Rupsa Bhattacharya5, Dalia Mukherjee5, Oaindrila Mukherjee6, Debasis Mukherjee5, Runa Mitra7 1
Department of Pathology, School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 2 Freelancer Theoretical Physicist, Kolkata West Bengal, India 3 B.Com, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 4 M.Sc. Student, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 5 Student, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 6 BHM (Honours) IGNOU of Residence, Swamiji Road, South Habra, West Bengal, India 7 Social Worker, B K Mitra Palliative Care Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
Abstract A very interesting hypothesis based upon the possibility of a “Zero Rest Mass Particle in Higgs Field” in the Universe is described in this study. This is review of some hypothesis on mathematical basis on possibility of zero rest mass particles in the earliest moments of the Big Bang where Higgs Particles fused to give mass in Higg’s Scalar Field. The hypothesis is validated and considered the same truly correct that the zero rest mass sub quark 2 particles do exists/ or existed in this universe ever in atomic structures and in universe and their possible implications as future source of energy, time travel. The value of the electron mass, in particular, remains deeply mysterious even in our most advanced speculations about unification and string theory. Keywords: Zero rest mass, Big Bang Theory, Higg’s Field, universe, particles, energy
INTRODUCTION Very few people with their knowledge of extreme level of applied mathematics/theoretical physics often do speak of quantum fields theories, The relativistic quantum field theory, beginning with quantum electrodynamics, or QED, classical field theory of electromagnetism, mathematical unification of electricity with magnetism, Schrodinger equation, Lorentz transformation of space time, Gauge theory, String theory (there are three (03) types of string theory, 26 dimensions, at least 10 dimensions. In 26 space-time dimensions, we people cannot make concept beyond three or four dimensions when time is taken as fourth dimension and there are 26 dimensions! These extra un-human physical states (many such dimensions may be as littlie than our fourdimensional space-time or may be too small
and even microscopic) probably remain around us winding up disappearing from the human eyes and super-machine spectrums. Therefore, string theory, i.e. quantum mechanics is only consistent if the dimension of space-time becomes 26. By looking at quantum mechanics of the relativistic strings in normal modes, one mathematician of very high level knowledge can only deduce that the quantum modes of the strings look just like the particles, we see in space time, whose mass depends on their spins movement according to formula of the universe laws! In addition, some of the particle states of a closed string must have zero mass with two units of spin; that was the first basis of our concept “Mass from mass less, i.e. zero rest mass particles” and then mass came from another particle. Now on July 2nd 2012, it had been proved beyond doubt in LHC experiment of CERN in
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