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Prof. Dr. Rama Devi Vemuri Professor & Head Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla A.P. India

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

Contents

1. Effect of Detoxified Neem Seed Cake on Carcass Characteristics in Growing Bannur Lambs P. Krishnamoorthy, S.B.N. Rao, D. Dinesh Kumar, S. Jash, H. Rahman

2. Reconstruction of Second Degree Vulvo-vaginal Laceration in a She Buffalo: A Case Report P. Ravi Kumar, V. Devi Prasad, D. Bhagya Raju, B. Sailaja

3. Synthetic Mesh with Fascial Overlay Grafting for Repair of Umbilical Hernia in an Ongole Calf P. Ravi Kumar, P. Vidya Sagar, Makkena Sreenu, D. Baghya Raju

4. Management of Enteritis due to Entamoeba histolytica in a Pup M. Areshkumar, P. Vijayalakshmi, D. Selvi, A. Yasotha

5. Reproductive Performance of Local Rabbits from Three Ecotypes in Northern Ghana Shuaib M.A. Husein, Jakpa Naandam, Serekye Y. Annor, Peter T. Birteeb

6. Management of Burns in Companion Animals: A Report of Three Cases V. Devi Prasad, P. Ravi Kumar, Makkena Sreenu, N.V.V. Harikrishna

7. Transgenic or Genetically Modified Farm Animals and their Applications: A Review Manoj Kumar, Poonam Ratwan, Vikas Vohra

Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319–3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Detoxified Neem Seed Cake on Carcass Characteristics in Growing Bannur Lambs P. Krishnamoorthy1, S.B.N. Rao2,*, D. Dinesh Kumar2, S. Jash2, H. Rahman1 1

ICAR-National Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2 ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP), Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Abstract The present study was conducted to know the effect of two levels of detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake (DNC) on the carcass characteristics of male lambs. Eighteen male lambs were randomly divided in three groups of six each with group I control concentrate containing soyabean meal (SBM) and group II and III fed with concentrate mixtures containing defatted and DNC at two levels DNC25 and DNC50 for five months. At the end of feeding trial, the sheep were slaughtered humanely and slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentages, and percentage weight of various organs were calculated and analysed statistically. The mean±SE slaughter weight (kg) and carcass weight (kg) of sheep were 18.33±1.27 and 13.65±0.95 in group I, 17.68±1.28 and 13.15±1.03 in group II, 18.00±0.99 and 13.71±0.79 in group III, respectively. The dressing percentages on slaughter weight basis were 49.74±1.26, 49.69±1.04 and 51.94±0.55, respectively. No significant difference in the slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentages between the three groups was observed. The percentage of slaughter weight of various organs like skin, head, feet, heart, lungs, spleen, testicles, kidney and liver showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Thus, the detoxified neem seed cake can be fed to sheep as protein replacement without affecting the carcass characteristics, which will reduce the feed cost and improve the profitability of the sheep farmers in India. Keywords: Detoxified neem seed cake, bannur sheep, carcass characteristics

INTRODUCTION Soybean meal (SBM) is a costly protein source and is used in the feed of animals because of its high protein content. Sheep and goats, small ruminants may be fed with alternate protein supplements such as neem (Azadirachta indica), which is a fast growing tree and belongs to the family of Meliaceae. It is native to India, but it also spread across Africa, Bangladesh, Central and South America, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Neem tree has several uses and can be grown under reforestation and social forestry programmes [1]. Neem oil and other products were mainly used for traditional medicines, making cosmetics, antimicrobial and antifungal agents in bio-manure and plant production [2, 3]. Raw neem seed cake (RNC) was available after oil extraction as byproduct which has high crude protein (36–38%) contents and available in about 0.9 million tons per annum in India [4]. It contains toxic

bitter triterpenoids like azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin, nimbidiol, etc.; because of this, toxic principles the palatability of neem seed cake was reduced [5]. Washing of neem seed cake with water may result in obtaining wholesome protein substitute but there was loss of 22% dry matter due to washing [6]. To avoid such loss, processing the cake in alkaline medium without water washing either by soaking it in water (1:5 w/v) or containing either sodium hydroxide (2% w/w) for 24 h or by ensiling with 2.5% urea (w/w) for 5–6 days as per earlier reports [7, 8]. The sundried, ground alkali treated and urea ammoniated neem seed kernel cake was found suitable in the feeding of growing lambs without affecting their growth and nutrient utilization [9]. However, there was lack of literature on the effect of new patented process of detoxification of neem seed cake on carcass

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Reconstruction of Second Degree Vulvo-vaginal Laceration in a She Buffalo: A Case Report P. Ravi Kumar*, V. Devi Prasad, D. Bhagya Raju, B. Sailaja Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract An 8-year-old she buffalo was presented with an injury on the ventrolateral aspect, the vulva was diagnosed to have a second degree vulvo-vaginal laceration resulting from a horn gore. The wound was debrided and was reconstructed under local infiltration analgesia which ensured a good recovery without any postoperative complications. Keywords: Vaginal laceration, reconstruction, second-degree lacerations, buffaloes

INTRODUCTION Wounds of vulva and vagina are not uncommon in large domestic animals especially during assisted parturition by obstetrical techniques. Reports are also available mentioning human made wounds in the vagina and vulva of the animals [1]. The types of wounds usually seen on vulva and vagina of large animals are contusions, hematoma, lacerated wounds etc. Dorsal commissure of vulva and perineum were reported to be the common sites for lacerations during parturition in equines. Vaginal tears which are noticed during faulty obstetrical techniques can also lead to herniation of viscera. Reports are also available mentioning the herniation of visceral organs like ovaries [2], bladder and gravid uterus [3], intestine and uterus [4] through the vaginal tears in ruminants [5]. Horn gore injuries are frequently reported in diary animals due to managemental factors like animal husbandry, designing of the animal shed, behavior of individual animal [6]. In the present paper, successful surgical reconstruction of a second degree vulvo-vaginal laceration resulting from infighting injury has been discussed.

HISTORY AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION An eight year old she buffalo was presented to the clinics with a long hanging tissue mass from the ventrolateral aspect of vulva that was said to have resulted from infighting while it

was butted by its fellow animal three days earlier. Animal had urinary in continence with symptoms of severe pain. Close examination of the wound disclosed a lacerated wound extending from middle of the left vulval lip to ventrolateral part of right vulval lip involving the vaginal mucosa extending up to urethral orifice exposing vaginal fat. Thus was graded as second degree laceration. The vulvo-vaginal mass, which was hanging from the wounded area was soiled with dung (Figure 1). Per rectal examination of the animal disclosed distended urinary bladder and a gravid uterine horn. Though there was pyrexia, the hematological and serum biochemical parameters were well within the normal reference levels. Based on the clinical examination, the condition was diagnosed as an extensive vulvo-vaginal laceration and was decided to be managed surgically.

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT Attempts were made to massage the urinary bladder per rectally to drain the stagnated urine and also to prevent urinary incontinence. The surgery was differed to a later date to resolve the inflammation by medical therapy. The wound was laved with 1:10,000 potassium permanganate solution daily for five days. By sixth day of its presentation, the inflammation could be resolved to a major extent and the animal was prepared for aseptic surgery in standing position. Caudal epidural analgesia followed by local infiltration analgesia using

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Synthetic Mesh with Fascial Overlay Grafting for Repair of Umbilical Hernia in an Ongole Calf P. Ravi Kumar*, P. Vidya Sagar, Makkena Sreenu, D. Baghya Raju Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract An 8-month-old ongole male calf presented to the clinics with a swelling at the umbilicus was diagnosed to have incisional umbilical hernia. Hernioplasty was performed under light plane of anesthesia using a nylon mesh with fascial overlay and observed no further recurrence of the condition. The clinical signs, surgical procedure and outcome of the case were discussed. Keywords: Umbilical hernia, hernioplasty, fascial overlay, hernial ring

INTRODUCTION Protrusion of the contents of body cavity through a normal or abnormal opening of the body wall is termed as hernia. Umbilical hernia is a type of external hernia, which is usually seen in young animals. The etiology may be congenital or acquired. The umbilical hernia noticed in young calves is usually associates with umbilical sepsis [1]. Hernia with larger hernial ring requires safe closure with minimal tension to prevent wound dehiscence and recurrence [2]. Use of prosthetic material to close the hernial ring was reported by many authors since 1960s. In the present case, an extensive umbilical hernia was repaired by hernioplasty using synthetic (Nylon) mesh and fascial overlay technique.

Fig. 1: An Extensive Umbilical Hernia in an Ongole Calf.

TREATMENT AND DISCUSSION HISTORY AND CLINICAL SIGNS An eight-month-old ongole male calf was presented to the clinics with a complaint of swelling at the umbilicus region (Figure 1). It was said to be operated twice at the same site for treating pervious urachus for the first time and followed by 20 days for incisional hernia. No physiological deviation was noticed in the animal. Physical examination revealed an extensive hernial ring of 10ď&#x201A;´15 cm size with herniated omentum and ventral sac of rumen. Later plain radiograph of the abdomen confirmed the findings of physical examination. Elective surgery was planned to repair the condition by hernioplasty.

Animal was anesthetized by giving intravenous injection of ketamine hydrochloride at the dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight and diazepam at the dose rate of 0.125 mg/kg body weight. A semi elliptical incision was given along one side of the hernial ring followed by reflection of skin, subcutaneous tissue and fibrous hernial sac across the ring to expose the opposite side of hernial ring. Omental adhesions were bluntly separated and reduced along with ventral rumen sac into the abdomen. A sterile double folded nylon mesh was placed into the defect of body wall by retroperitoneal method (Figure 2) and the edges were sutured all along the circumference of hernial ring with the help of No. 1 polyglactin 900. The skin edges were

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319–3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Management of Enteritis due to Entamoeba histolytica in a Pup M. Areshkumar1, P. Vijayalakshmi1, D. Selvi1, A. Yasotha2,* 1

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, India 2 Department of Livestock Production Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract A 45 days old, nondescript pup was presented to TVCC, RIVER with the history of whitish diarrhea for the past two days with normal appetite and reduced growth rate. The puppy was dull and depressed. Puppy was not vaccinated, not dewormed and fed with only milk. The Conjunctival mucous membrane was pale pink in color, rectal temperature 103.3°F and heart rate 147 bpm. Other vital parameters were normal. A fresh wet mount of feces was examined for parasites and the organism Entamoeba histolytica was found. To confirm this, a drop of Lugol’s iodine was added to the wet mount and examined. The pup was treated with oral suspensions Septran® and Griptol® for 10 days. After 10 days, the faecal sample showed negative for E. histolytica. Keywords: Amoebiasis, puppy, diarrhea

INTRODUCTION Amoebiasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Anemia may also be one of the clinical signs in advanced cases due to the ingestion and breakdown of red blood cells by the trophozoite form of the amoeba [1]. The parasitic ameba whose trophozoites can cause necrotizing and ulcerative colitis and hepatic abscesses in humans and captive nonhuman primates [2, 3]. The major source of this organism is either drinking water contaminated by human faeces, or a human carrier, who together with poor sanitary conditions, by handling food, can infect others. Infection is by the ingestion of highly resistant cysts, which descend to the large bowel [4]. This protozoal infection, originating from the lumen of the large bowel, requires the regular bacterial flora of Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli together with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and pepsin for the organism to excyst and invades gut epithelium [5]. A 45 days old, nondescript puppy was presented to TVCC, RIVER with the history of whitish diarrhea for the past two days with normal appetite but reduced growth rate. The

animal was fed with only milk. The puppy was dull and depressed. Puppy was not vaccinated and dewormed.

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT The conjunctival mucous membrane showed signs of anemia, rectal temperature 103.3°F, heart rate 147 bpm and bilateral ocular discharge noticed (Figure 1). Other vital parameters were normal.

Fig. 1: Puppy affected with Amoebiasis.

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT A fresh wet mount of feces was examined for parasites and the organism Entamoeba histolytica was found. To confirm this, a drop

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Reproductive Performance of Local Rabbits from Three Ecotypes in Northern Ghana Shuaib M.A. Husein1,*, Jakpa Naandam1, Serekye Y. Annor 2, Peter T. Birteeb1 1

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana 2 Department of Animal Science Education, College of Agriculture Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of local rabbits from three different locations in northern Ghana. Purposive sampling was used to acquire 90 weaned rabbits, which were reared for nine months. In all, 24 females and 6 males were reared in each of the three regions in northern part of Ghana (Northern, Upper East and Upper West) for reproductive traits measurement. Parameters measured were gestation, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning, birth weight and weaning weight. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS. Average of three kindles per doe was recorded over nine months. Litter size ranged from 1 to 5 kits in the first kindle (parity) in all the regions. It however, increased from 1 to 8 kits in the second and third parity (kindle). Animals in the Upper West region weighed heavier than those in the other regions except weaning weight in the first kindle in which case the Northern region was superior. Birth weight in northern region was lower (p < 0.05) than that of Upper West region but similar (p > 0.05) to that of the Upper East region. Upper West region had the highest birth weight (p < 0.01) than Northern and Upper East regions. Location (region) influenced both birth and weaning weights and so should be considered in selection and breeding of rabbits in this part of the country. Preweaning mortality was high when does were beginners in reproduction. Keywords: Mortality, kindling, weaning weight, gestation, litter size

INTRODUCTION Rabbits are characterized by high production traits, such as high fertility, prolificacy and early puberty [1]. Profitability of production depends on the reproduction intensity and the number of kits being weaned from one litter [2, 3]. Researchers reported that the combinations of these characteristics are unique [4]. In addition to this, rabbits have a number of other characteristics that might be advantageous to subsistence farming system, such as their small body size, short generation interval with a relatively short gestation period averaging 30–31 days. It has been reported that litter size ranged from 1 to 10 with a mean of four kits per litter [5]. An average of 5 to 8 kits per litter was obtained in Nigeria [6]. An average of five kindlings per year was reported in the Forest zone of Ghana [7]. According to a study [8],

two kindlings per year recorded higher percentage as against three kindling per year in the Upper East region of Ghana, which was attributed to poor nutrition. It is stated that poor feeding affects the number of times a rabbit will kindle in a year [9]. It has been reported that attempts at achieving six kindlings per doe per year tended to result in high kit mortality [5]. The productivity of rabbits depends principally on the number of young reaching the market and their growth rate. Preweaning mortality percentage (PWM %) of kit rabbits is of vital importance in commercial rabbit farming, where it plays a major role in determining the net financial income of the farms [10]. With the increase of litter size and decrease of mortality income becomes more elevated [11]. The genotype of both the mother and fetuses play a vital role in determining birth weight,

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Management of Burns in Companion Animals: A Report of Three Cases V. Devi Prasad*, P. Ravi Kumar, Makkena Sreenu, N.V.V. Harikrishna Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Three cases of burns in a dog, monkey and an emu bird were reported. The dog had a deep partial thickness burn, on the anterolateral aspect of right hind limb and a superficial burn on the tip of the glans penis. The baby monkey had a deep and full thickness burn on the abaxial surface of the left palm. The emu bird had a partial thickness burn. They were treated successfully with fluid therapy, antibiotics, opiates and silver sulphadiazine ointment. Keywords: Burns, antiseptic ointment, partial thickness burns, full thickness burns

INTRODUCTION Burn injuries occur universally and have plagued mankind since antiquity till the present day. Sushruta, the great Indian surgeon, was the first in describing the clinical features of a burned victim, almost, 2,500 years ago [1]. When compared to other diseases and disorders, the number of cases of burns in animals is generally very less. The knowledge of pathophysiology, treatment adopted in animals is extrapolated to a large extent from that of human medicine. Research on burns has generated sustained interest over the past few decades, and several important advancements have resulted in more effective patient stabilization and decreased mortality, especially among young patients and those with burns of intermediate extent [2]. In this paper, three cases of burns in a dog, monkey and an emu bird reported to the department of veterinary surgery and radiology, at different times have been presented. HISTORY AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION One mixed breed dog was presented with a history of having been caught up in a holy fire and sustained a deep partial thickness burn, on the anterolateral aspect of right hind limb characterized by loss of subcutaneous tissues, exposing the tibia, with blotchy white lesion that was slow to bleed on pin prick, and was not blanching on pressure (Figure 1). The tip of the glans penis was shrivelled in appearance due to partial exposure to heat (Figure 2). The

dog was brought in an apprehended state with sub conscious demeanour. The pulse was rapid and thready, the respiration increased and became costoabdominal, and the temperature was normal. The conjunctival mucous membrane was dry and congested. The animal was grunting and howling due to pain. There was moderate salivation. The second case, a baby monkey, reared by beggar was reported to have fallen from a tree to catch the food from a large bandy kept over a burning furnace. It had lesions over the limbs and mouth. The monkey anxious and moving restlessly and was crying out of severe pain. However it was responding to the commands of the owner and was showing its damaged hands (Figure 3). There was deep and full thickness burns on the abaxial surface of the left palm (Figure 4). The skin and hair coat over the posterior aspect of the left hand was lost due to superficial and partial thickness burns. In addition, there was oedema of the right leg. The monkey was frequently assuming a praying posture, perhaps to ameliorate the pain (Figure 5). The monkey was not cooperative for physical examination. The third case was an emu bird reared in a farm. The bird was reported to have passed through a fire intended to keep the mosquitoes away. Though it ran faster, the legs were caught in the fire and hence the lesions were seen on anterior aspect of tarso-metatarsal joint (Figure 6). When pressure was applied,

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Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology ISSN: 2319–3441(online), ISSN: 2349-3690(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Transgenic or Genetically Modified Farm Animals and their Applications: A Review Manoj Kumar1,*, Poonam Ratwan1, Vikas Vohra2 1

Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India 2 AGR Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract Transgenic are genetically modified organisms with DNA from another source inserted into their genome. Genetic modification of livestock is beneficial to human health by economic and efficient production of important pharmaceutical proteins and also useful to study human diseases. Transgenic livestock include different kinds of animals modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance and survival. Udder health and survival are the most important traits improved by transgenic technology in cattle. Transgenic cows with resistance to BSE have been bred. Sheep have been modified to improve wool production and immunity and to reduce the risk of mortality following infections by bacteria and lethal viruses. Pigs have been engineered to grow faster and to produce more meat with less feed consumption and the composition of pork has also been improved for healthier human consumption. Several methods are used for the production of transgenic animals like DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated gene transfer etc. Currently, a significant research is being carried out in order to produce genetically modified (GM) or transgenic animals that may yield improvements in animal breeding, genetics and reproduction. Keywords: Transgenic, livestock, applications, genetically modified animals

INTRODUCTION Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene, into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that to its next generation. The first transgenic experiments in mammals were performed in mice afterward rabbits, pigs, sheep and cattle [1–6]. The biotechnological developments have allowed scientists to modify the genetic makeup of animals. Initially, these modifications have served the purpose of basic research like genetic mechanisms but these techniques speedily became capable tools from livestock point of view since they allow the addition of novel traits to organisms, which may increase their suitability for use in extensive monocultures (e.g., animals with better neonatal survival). Since the creation of the first GM livestock effort has been made to

modify several aspects of farm animals to improve their cultivation [3]. GM farm animals for food production include a large number of species engineered with the aim of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, meat quality, wool growth, feed conversion, milk composition, mastitis resistance, and lactation and survival [7–13]. Transgenesis have another branch known as molecular farming in which biopharmaceuticals are manufactured in transgenic animals [14]. More than recombinant cell cultures, animals are attractive bioreactors: they have the correct metabolic pathways, are reproducible, easily maintained, and do not require expensive infrastructure [15]. Production of these recombinant proteins usually happens in mammalian milk since it offers flexible production and relatively straightforward purification but also egg white and seminal plasma are being used [15]. Blood, on the other

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