Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology vol 6 issue 3 by STM Journals

ISSN 2230-9861 (Online) ISO: 9001Certified

ISSN 2349-1299 (Print)

STM Journals Empowering knowledge

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology (RRJoP)

Free Online Registration

Energy /

/ Instrumentation /Science

GLOBAL READERSHIP STATISTICS

conducted

Over 500 Indian and International Subscribers. 30,000 Top Researchers, Scientists, Authors and Editors All Over the World Associated. Editorial/ Reviewer Board Members : 1000+. 1,00,000+ Visitors to STM Website From 140+ Countries Quarterly. 10,000 + Downloads from STM Website.

STM Journals invites the papers from the National Conferences, International Conferences, Seminars conducted by Colleges, Universities, Research Organizations etc. for Conference Proceedings and Special Issue. xSpecial Issues come in Online and Print versions. xSTM Journals offers schemes to publish such issues on payment and gratis (online) basis as well.

Septemberâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;December 2016

STM JOURNALS Scientific

To g e t m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n : stmconferences.com

Technical

Medical

www.stmjournals.com

STM Journals STM Journals, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private Ltd. (established 2006), was launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory Board Members from renowned institutes. Objectives: 

Promotion of Scientific, Technical and Medical research.



Publication of Original Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through Peer Review process.



Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.



Preparing online platform for print journals.



Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical domains.



Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects in the category of Nanotechnology, Scientific and Technical Writing, and Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features: 

A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical and Medical domains.



Employs Open Journals System (OJS)—a journal management and publishing system.



The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality and coverage.



Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/finalization.



Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.



Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Research & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print)

Focus and Scope Covers 

Clinical Pharmacology



Psychopharmacology



Pharmacogenetics



Pharmacogenomics



Theoretical Pharmacology



Dosology and Pharmacognosy



Neuropharmacology

Research & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written permission of the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM Journals unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order:  National Subscription: Print - Rs 3750/- per Journal ( includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase: Rs 1500. Online - Rs 3750/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 online issues), Single Issue purchase: Rs 1500

inclusive Service Tax Print + Online - Rs 5000/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 print & online issues).  International Subscription:  Online Only- $199, Print Only-$299 (includes 3 print issues)  Online + Print-$399 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside of India includes delivery. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B). For Subscribers:  Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.  The access will be blocked:  If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.  Due to technical issue.  Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:  Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.  Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.  Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.  Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.  Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Director

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director CELNET, Delhi, India

Internal Members Gargi Asha Jha Manager (Publications)

Quaisher J Hossain Senior Editor Senior Associate Editors

Himani Pandey Isha Chandra

Meenakshi Tripathi Shivani Sharma

Associate Editors Shambhavi Mishra

Sugandha Mishra

External Members Bimlesh Lochab Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash Professor and Coordinator School of Materials Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Khaiser Nikam Professor, Library and Information Science Department of Library and Information Science University of Mysore Mysore, India

Dr. Yog Raj Sood Dean (Planning and Development) Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh, India

Prof. Chris Cannings Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield, Sheffield United Kingdom

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Mesra, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Durgadas Naik Associate Professor (Microbiology) Management and Science University, University Drive, Seksyen13 Selangor, Malaysia

Prof. José María Luna Ariza Department of Computer Sciences and Numerical Analysis Campus of Rabanales University of Córdoba, Spain

Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and Head Department of Surgical Oncology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Baldev Raj

Dr. Hardev Singh Virk

Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore Karnataka, India Former Director Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India

Visiting Professor, Department of Physics University of SGGS World University Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India Former Director Research DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology Jallandhar, India

Dr. Bankim Chandra Ray Professor and Ex-Head of the Department Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor and Head Department of Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India

Dr. Pankaj Poddar

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh

Senior Scientist Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Maharastra India

Additional Professor National Brain Research Centre Manesar, Gurgaon Haryana, India

Prof. Priyavrat Thareja

Dr. Ashish Runthala

Director Principal Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology Punjab, India

Lecturer, Biological Sciences Group Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Rajasthan, India

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal

Senior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India Former Head (Research and Development) Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India

Professor and Head Department of Applied Mechanics Government College of Engineering Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Baskar Kaliyamoorthy

Dr. Shankargouda Patil

Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Trichy Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Professor Department of Oral Pathology KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra

Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu

Professor Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha, India

Professor Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Applied Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India

Editorial Board

Dr. Nayana Udupa

Dr. Ashok Kumar Tiwari

Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University Manipal, India.

CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Hyderabad500607, India.

Dr. Vedagiri Subhashini JSS college of Pharmacy, JSS University, India.

Ashish Runthala Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, INDIA, India.

Dr. Devang J. Pandya

Dr. Ajay Koomer

Associate Professor at School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, India.

Director of Program Assessment for Physician Assistant Program in Sullivan University College of Health Sciences, United States.

Dr. Ujendra Kumar

Dr. Carlos Feleder

Professor at Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada

Associate Prof., Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences Albany College of Pharmacy And Health Sciences Bioscience Research Building, Albany, NY, U.S.

Dr. Mahesh Bhide

Ms. Maria Lourdes Ceballos Coronel

Principal Formulation scientist (Group leader): Lancaster Labs, PA, United States.

Associate Prof., Assistant Dean & Dept. Chair Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Sullivan Univeristy, Lousiville, United States.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology, 2016. The intension of RRJoP is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Pharmacology. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology

Contents

1. The Globe's Healthiest Food with Numerous Medicinal Properties— Solanum tuberosum Afreen Usmani, Anuradha Mishra, Badruddeen

2. “Progen” Herbo-Mineral Formulation Modulates Spermatogenesis in Experimentally Induced Infertile Rats Nayeem A. Khatib, Suvarna S. Barve, Srinivas M. Patil, Ira C.S. Caiado

3. Majoon Falasfa: A Boon from Unani Medicine for Elderly Basharat Rashid, Malik Itrat, Zoheb Alam Khan

4. Structural Characterization of Flavonoids Using Mass Spectrometry Kalay Hagazy, Haile Nega Mulata

5. Evaluation of Chale Neem (Azadirachta Indica) As an Immunomodulator in Elderly Persons: A Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study Mohd. Akmal, Zarnigar, Basharat Rashid

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

The Globe’s Healthiest Food with Numerous Medicinal Properties—Solanum tuberosum Afreen Usmani*, Anuradha Mishra, Badruddeen Department of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract

Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, belongs to the Solanaceae family. The whole part of potato plant including leaves, tuber, peels and their juice are used in traditional medicine. Several pharmacological activities of potato have been reported, i.e. antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiallergy, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antisepsis, anticonvulsant, fibrinolytic and antiplatelets activity. Potato contains vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin B3, pantothenic acid, potassium, manganese, phosphorus, copper, and fibers. The medicinal properties, traditional uses, nutritional value, phytochemical constituents, distribution, dosage, drug interaction, and side effects of potatoes have been discussed in this present review to provide collective data for multipurpose benefits. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, pharmacological, traditional, phytochemical

INTRODUCTION

Potatoes are tubers first cultivated in the Andes region of South America. The English word ‘potato’ comes from Spanish patata [1]. Spanish explorers brought the potato back to Europe from their South American voyage in the early 16th century [2]. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Family: Solanaceae is the fourth most important food annual production in the universe after rice, wheat and maize, and is the only major food crop that is a tuber [3]. Over 200 million metric tons of potatoes are harvested annually worldwide [4]. Regardless, the local importance of potato is unstable. It remains an important crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe) where per capita output is still the highest in the globe; but the most rapid extension over the past few decades has been found in the southern and eastern Asia. As of 2007 China called the world in potato production, and nearly a 3rd of the world's potatoes were harvested in China and India [5]. The United Nations officially announced 2008 as the International Year of the Potato, to increase its profile in developing nations, denoting the crop as a “hidden treasure” [6, 7]. The two-thirds of the global production of potato is consumed directly by humans, fed to animals and used for production of starch [8].

Potato is the best source of carbohydrate (approximately 26 g in a medium potato). The predominant form of this carbohydrate is starch [9]. The storage and cooking method used can significantly affect the nutrient availability of potato [10]. Cooking and then cooling potatoes significantly enhances resistant starch (cooked potato starch contains about 7% resistant starch, which increases to about 13% upon cooling) [11]. A mediumsized, 150 g potato with the peel provides vitamin C 27 mg (45% of the daily value [DV]), potassium- 620 mg (18% of DV), vitamin B6 0.2 mg (10% of DV) and trace amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, folate, and zinc [12]. The storage area of potatoes is dark, well ventilated and for long time storage maintained at temperature near 4°C (39°F). For short time storage before cooking, temperature of about 7–10°C is preferred [13]. Temperature below 4°C (39°F) converts potatoes’ starch into sugar, which affects their taste and cooking qualities and causes to higher acrylamide levels in the cooked product (especially in deep-fried dishes). Acrylamides are believed to be possible carcinogens and their presence in cooked foods is currently under research as a possible influence in potential health problems [14, 15] (Table 1).

Page 1

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

“Progen” Herbo-Mineral Formulation Modulates Spermatogenesis in Experimentally Induced Infertile Rats Nayeem A. Khatib*, Suvarna S. Barve, Srinivas M. Patil, Ira C.S. Caiado Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE University’s College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate the fertility potential of Ayurvedic proprietary medicine ‘progen’—a herbo-mineral formulation—in experimental rats. A total of 24 male wistar rats were rendered infertile by administration of tetracycline (22.5 mg/kg p.o) and restraining stress (2 h a day) for 7 weeks. At the end of 7th week, six animals were sacrificed. Blood serum was analysed for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. Epididymal semen was examined for sperm count, %motility and %viability. Testes were dissected out and antioxidant as well as histopathological studies were performed. The results obtained showed chronic abnormalities in sperm parameters, serum hormonal level, antioxidant profile, and histopathology in untreated infertile rats when compared with normal control rats which confirmed successful induction of infertility. Infertile rats were further divided into three groups (six rats in each) and treated with progen 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg as well as Clomifene Citrate 2.5 mg/kg for 4 weeks in continuation with tetracycline and restraining stress. At the end of 11th week, all the animals were sacrificed and analysed for various parameters mentioned above. Treatment with progen at the dose of 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg showed significant (p<0.0001) dose-dependent improvement in sperm parameters, serum hormonal level, anti-oxidant profile as well as significant (p<0.0001) decrease in elevated fasting blood glucose level (BGL) and TG level when compared with untreated infertile control rats. Histopathological studies showed normal architecture of testis. It was concluded that progen—herbo-mineral formulation—exhibits significant potential to revert chronic male infertility which can be attributed to the various phytochemical constituents present in it. However, further study is required to establish its exact mechanism of action and responsible phytoconstituents. Keywords: “Progen” formulation, tetracycline, restraining stress, male infertility

INTRODUCTION

Infertility is “a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse” [1]. The need to have children is of great priority in families hence treatment of infertility has become a global concern. The couple not able to reproduce, experiences the feeling of frustration and disappointment which increases oxidative stress levels thereby worsening the condition [2]. It is reported that about 15% of couples of reproductive age are infertile; of which, ˜20% is entirely due to a male factor, with an additional 30–40% involving male as well as female factors. A male factor therefore

plays 50% role in the etiology of infertility [3]. It is therefore counted among one of the most important issues in married couples. Hypotheses about deteriorating male reproductive capabilities are still controversial and may be charged to any of the reason given below. The sexual maturation is sensitive to the action of toxic chemicals since they have negative impact on production and transport of gametes, spermatogenic cycle, sexual behavior as well as fertility [3]. The use of some of the established toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers has been restricted or even banned in the foreign countries because of their adverse effect on fertility [4]. In the past two decades it was reported that, increasing exposure to toxic

Page 11

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Majoon Falasfa: A Boon from Unani Medicine for Elderly 1

Basharat Rashid1,*, Malik Itrat1, Zoheb Alam Khan2

Department of Tahafuziwa Samaji Tib (PSM), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Ilaj bit Tadbeer (Regimenal Therapy), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Geriatric medicine or clinical gerontology, as a branch of medical sciences specifically deals with health problems as well as care and treatment of older people. Old age can’t be healed but it can be promoted, prevented and extended which is in fact a basic principle of preventive medicine. There is clear consensus that elderly population comprises a collection of biomedical factors which influence an individual’s physiological state in a way that reduces his or her capacity to withstand environmental stresses. The outcome of this contributes to an increased demand for medical and social care and is associated with increased economic costs. Hence, it has become a matter of increasing urgency to look for ways to maintain and improve the functional abilities of ageing people, to help them cope independently in the community and ultimately, to raise the quality of their lives. Unani medicine counts a number of single and compound drugs like Asgand (Withenia somnifera), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale), Garlic (Allium sativa), Zafraan (Crocus sativa), Kalonji (Nigella sativa), Elva (Aloe barbadensis), Tiryaq Wabai, Majoon Lana, Majoon Falasfa, etc. for the preservation and promotion of health of elderly persons. Some of the drugs studied in recent years demonstrate promising effect. Majoon Falasfa, a polyherbal sugar based semisolid preparation of Unani system of medicine, is one with beneficial effects in neurological, digestive, urinary and various chronic and debilitating disorders, especially in geriatric population and has such a reputation that it has been called as Madaat-ul Hayat, i.e., elixir of life. This paper is an attempt to highlight the role of this ancient compound formulation in geriatric population. Keywords: Geriatric medicine, elderly, Unani medicine, majoon falasfa

INTRODUCTION

Ageing is an inevitable phenomenon of living being which is hallmarked with involution of the organism manifesting with a set of biological features and incapacities [1]. Ageing is a natural process which is inevitable biological phenomenon and it is not known when the old age begins. As it has been said that ageing is a physiological process that starts from birth, continues throughout life and ends with death. The process of ageing of an individual is assessed by comparing biological age with chronological age, if biological age corresponds to chronological age, the ageing process is normal [2]. The study of the physical and psychological changes which are incident to old age is called gerontology and the care of the aged is called clinical gerontology/geriatric medicine or geriatrics.

United Nations (1980) considers 60 years as the age of transition to the elderly age group. In India, people aged 60 years and above are treated as old. Old age is often classified into ‘early old age’ up to 75 years (elderly) and ‘late old age’(very elderly) for those above 75 years, however in developed countries, people at 65 years and beyond are treated as elderly [2]. Discoveries in the medical science and improved social conditions during past few decades have increased the life span of man. As the life expectancy is rising, the population of the aged people is also increasing steadily. The world population prospectus released by United Nations in 1998 reveals that the population of the aged at global level is 9% (6.7% in less developed countries and 15% in developed countries). Though the proportion is more in developed

Page 24

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Structural Characterization of Flavonoids Using Mass Spectrometry Kalay Hagazy1, Haile Nega Mulata2,*

Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacognocy Course and Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to review the fragmentation pattern of commonly known flavonoids in mass spectrometry (MS) along with brief examples. In the current review, literature search was conducted using Elsevier, Science Direct, Springer Link (Springer), PubMed and Google Scholar. The search included the keywords “flavonoids”, “C-, Oglycoside flavonoids”, “aglycan flavonoids‟‟ cross-referenced with the keywords “characterization”, “elucidation”, ”fragmentation”. Several authors reported that the main fragmentation paths of flavonoids are apparently independent of the actual ionization mode or the types of analyzers applied. The most useful fragmentations of flavonoids, in terms of structural elucidation, were found those that involve breaking the C-ring bonds. These fragmentations give rise to product ions containing the A or B ring and part of the C ring. It was also found that each class of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides are characterized by specific fragmentation patterns. From the available literature it has been found that the diversity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry is a useful technique for the analysis and structural characterization of different types of flavonoids. Keywords: flavonoids, C-glycoside flavonoids, O-glycoside flavonoids, aglycan flavonoid, characterization, elucidation

INTRODUCTION

Flavonoids are among the most ubiquitous groups of plant secondary metabolites distributed in various foods and medicinal plants. There are three main types of flavonoid-containing matrices— plants, food and liquid samples such as biological fluids and drinks [1, 2]. They are a large group of structurally-related compounds with a chromane-type skeleton, with a phenyl substituent in the C2 or C3 position [2]. They can occur both in the free form (aglycones) and as glycosides, and differ in their substituents (type, number and position) and in their unsaturation [3]. Flavonoids are largely planar molecules, often hydroxylated in positions 3, 5, 7, 3', 4' and/or 5' (Figure 1). Frequently, one or more of these hydroxyl groups are methoxelated, prenylated, sulphated or glycosylated [1, 2]. All

flavonoids share a basic C6-C3-C6 phenylbenzopyran backbone which, arises from the shikimate (C6-C3) and mivalunate (C6) biosynthetic pathways [4]. The position of the phenyl ring relative to the benzopyran moiety allows a broad separation of these compounds into flavonoids (2-phenyl-benzopyrans), isoflavonoids (3-phenyl-benzopyrans) and neoflavonoids (4-phenyl-benzopyrans). Division into further groups is made on the basis of the central ring oxidation and on the presence of specific hydroxyl groups. Most common flavonoids are flavones (with a C2-C3 double bond and a C4-oxo function), flavonols (flavones with a 3-OH group) and flavanones (flavone analogues but with a C2-C3 single bond), and abundant isoflavonoids include isoflavones (the analogue of flavones). 4-arylcoumarin (a neoflavonoid with a C3-C4 double bond) and its reduced form, 3,4-

Page 29

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2230-9861(online), ISSN: 2349-1299(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation of Chale Neem (Azadirachta Indica) As an Immunomodulator in Elderly Persons: A Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study Mohd. Akmal, Zarnigar*, Basharat Rashid Department of Tahafuzi wa Samaji Tibb, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract

Elderly subjects have loss of functionality and dysregulation of immune system. Immunosenescence is associated with deleterious changes, primarily in adaptive immunity and particularly in T cell subset. It includes reduced production of T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of mature lymphoid tissues. As a result, elderly individuals do not respond to immune challenge and are at increased risk of infection and related complications. Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) is reported to be muhafize fasade akhlat (prevent humoral disturbances) and dafe taffun (anti sepsis) in Unani literature, but it is not scientifically explored so far. The objective of the study is to evaluate the immunomodulator effect of Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) in elderly. A single blind randomized placebo controlled study was conducted at national institute of Unani medicine hospital, Bangalore. 60 immunocompromised elderly persons were selected on the basis of clinical examination and history they were randomly assigned into two groups, 30 in test and 30 in control group. Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) powder was given to test group, 6 gm, orally filled in capsules in the morning and same dose in the evening for two months while control group was given placebo for the same period of time as that of test drug. Response was measured by the assessment of TLC, DLC, ESR and T cell count (CD4 and CD8) before and after treatment. The results were analysed statistically using appropriate tests. Test drug showed significant increase in CD4 count (P<0.05) at 60th day in comparison to baseline, but increase in CD8 count was not statistically significant. TLC remains unchanged in test group and significantly reduced in control group. The findings outlined above indicate immunomodulator activity of Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) and suggests its use in conditions where immune-modulation is required and thus is suggestive of therapeutic usefulness. Keywords: Unani medicine, aging, Chale Neem, immunity, immunosenescence

INTRODUCTION

Aging is a universal biological process that leads to progressive and deleterious changes in human beings, and all the bodily systems, especially immune system is severely compromised. A decline in immunity as well as age related physiologic changes lead to an increased burden of both communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. This is further compounded by impairment of special sensory functions like vision and hearing later in life. Other morbidities are: hypertension (14%), diarrhoea (12%), chronic cough (12%), skin diseases (12%), heart disease (9%), diabetes (8.1%), asthma (6%), and urinary

complaints (5.6%) [1]. Of the global population of over six billion, almost 10% are elderly; it is projected that the older population in developing countries will rise much faster than the developed countries [2]. According to the United Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s projected age structure of population for 2010 (UN, 2008 revision), India is expected to have a total of over 91.6 million persons in 60+ age groups, the second largest population of older adults in the world after China [3]. India is in a phase of demographic transition and trends reveal that population of elderly is growing faster than general population [4]. According to Unani classical literature, individuals more than 60 years of

Page 48

ISSN 2230-9861 (Online) ISO: 9001Certified

ISSN 2349-1299 (Print)

STM Journals Empowering knowledge

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology (RRJoP)

Free Online Registration

Energy /

/ Instrumentation /Science

GLOBAL READERSHIP STATISTICS

conducted

Septemberâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;December 2016

STM JOURNALS Scientific

To g e t m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n : stmconferences.com

Technical

Medical