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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communications September–December 2016
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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communication
Contents
1. Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Channel Aspect Ratio and Surface Wettability to Control the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Straight PMMA Microchannels Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
1
2. Design and Analysis of a Low Loss Polarization Maintaining Waveguide for Transmission of THz Waves Md. Anwar Hossain, Mohaiminul Islam, Fahmida Haque
13
3. Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) for Energy Saving in FiWi Access Networks Uma Rathore Bhatt, Abhilasha Chaure, Raksha Upadhyay
23
4. Optical Characteristics of Amorphous Se-Ge-Ag Thin Films Niraj Kumar Sharma, K. K. Srivastava
33
5. Multi-variable Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining Process Using a PCA-ANN Based Approach Kaushal Pratap Singh, Brij Kishor Singh, Manoj Kumar Gaur
39
Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communications
ISSN: 2231-0401(online), ISSN: 2347-9957(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Channel Aspect Ratio and Surface Wettability to Control the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Straight PMMA Microchannels Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
Total 214 individual straight polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microchannels have been fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique, and atmospheric pressure air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma processing. The experimental investigations on the effects of structural properties (channel aspect ratios) and physical properties (surface wettability, capillary pressure and kinetic energy) on the surfacedriven capillary flow of dyed water in straight PMMA microchannels is a novel approach in this research paper. Below a certain channel aspect ratio, the effect of kinetic energy is more dominant than the effect of channel aspect ratio. The surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water is faster on the surface of higher wettability corresponding to lower static water contact angle. The determined diffusion coefficient is higher in the faster surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water according to the comparison between experimental results and analytical solutions. These experimental investigations are highly useful in bioengineering applications to control the working liquid inside the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems for the tuned operation time. Keywords: Lithography, surface tension, wetting, carbon, water, PMMA, microchannel, channel aspect ratio
INTRODUCTION
Surface-driven capillary flow is generated by the active surface tension forces at the interfaces between liquid and channel wall inside any microchannel [1–3]. Surface-driven capillary flow is commonly known as passive capillary flow due to no requirement of any external circuit to be attached with the microchannel [1–3]. In any active capillary flow, the external circuits are generally attached with the microchannel for desired microfluidic flow [4]. Passive method is easier than the active methods to generate microfluidic flow inside the microchannels. Presently, the experimental investigations on passive capillary flow in microchannels are highly required for different microfluidic applications [5–8]. Many methods are applicable to fabricate microfluidic devices such as maskless lithography, hot embossing
lithography, soft lithography, X-ray lithography, injection molding, and laser photo-ablation [9–14]. Many surface modification techniques are available to modify the channel surface property inside any microchannel such as dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma processing and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method [15–17]. Direct bonding techniques and indirect bonding techniques are used to fabricate leakage-free microfluidic devices [18]. SU-8, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are commonly used materials to fabricate microfluidic devices [9, 19–21]. In this research paper, author has experimentally investigated the effect of channel aspect ratio on the surface-driven microfluidic flow. Also, author has
TOEOC (2016) 1-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Trends in Opto-Electro & Optical Communications
ISSN: 2231-0401(online), ISSN: 2347-9957(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Design and Analysis of a Low Loss Polarization Maintaining Waveguide for Transmission of THz Waves Md. Anwar Hossain, Mohaiminul Islam*, Fahmida Haque Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract
This paper presents the design of a novel porous core kagome lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which acts as a low loss and polarization maintaining teraheartz (THz) waveguide. Using finite element method (FEM), properties of the proposed PCF are simulated in details including the effective material loss (EML), confinement loss, single mode propagation. Cyclic olefin copolymer, also known as TOPAS material have been chosen for the air micro structured inhibited coupled design of PCF which has the lowest bulk material absorption loss of 0.2 cm-1. Expressions are given to asses this optimization and the result are shown for the variation of core diameter from 425 to 500 um and the porosity from 55 to 70% along with the frequency in THz region from 0.1 to 2 THz. By varying parameters such as core porosity and core diameter within the frequency range, the goal is to show an optimized solution consisting of low EML and confinement loss. In addition, the proposed design also delivers the lowest confinement loss. Findings of this work can be of great significance in biomedical imaging and sensing system. Keywords: Waveguide, THz, PCF, kagome, EML, TOPAS, confinement, FEM
INTRODUCTION
The terahertz, abbreviated as THz, is a unit of electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency. The terahertz is used as an indicator of the frequency of infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation [1]. THz regime lies between electronic and optical region in the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz [2]. THz are the electromagnetic waves, and show non-ionizing characteristics i.e. the photons of the THz waves are not energized enough to break the chemical bonds. The properties and behavior of THz waves are governed by the Maxwell equations. However, due to their specific location on the electromagnetic spectrum, THz waves are much more difficult to handle than waves adjacent to them. Currently, THz regime has gained much importance as it finds applications in various important fields such as imaging [2], astronomy, communications [3], pharmaceutical quality control, skin cancer [4] etc. Successful implementation of the THz systems requires a low loss and commercially
significant waveguides. So, researchers now-adays are faced by the challenges to confine the high power fraction in dry air and also low power fraction within the materials itself. Guidance of light in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) is within the periodic array of microscopic air holes that is situated all along the entire fiber length [5]. PCFs can efficiently overcome the limitation of conventional fiber optics. Permitting low loss guidance of light in hollow core makes these fibers significant in various technological and scientific applications. Generally, PCF is a low loss periodic dielectric medium. PCFs consist of a wave guiding core and a cladding layer with spatially periodic air holes, are currently another subject of intensive research, because a number of unusual properties, such as endless single mode, tailorable dispersion, and controllable mode area, have been demonstrated with such fibers. PCF is also known as micro structured or holey fiber [6]. Though, conventional fiber and photonic crystal fiber are of same region but have some significant difference also. In
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Trends in Opto-Electro & Optical Communications
ISSN: 2231-0401(online), ISSN: 2347-9957(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) for Energy Saving in FiWi Access Networks Uma Rathore Bhatt*, Abhilasha Chaure, Raksha Upadhyay Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract
Fiber Wireless (FiWi) network has been evolving as a promising broadband access network. It provides high data rate, flexibility and stability to the users. Exponential growth in broadband access networks has opened many research challenges. Energy conservation is one of them. In FiWi network, among all the components, optical network unit (ONU) consumes most of the power of the network. Hence, to keep ONU in low power state while ensuring required quality of service (QoS) contributes towards energy saving in FiWi network. In this paper, we propose Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) viz. algorithm 1 and algorithm 2 for delay insensitive and delay sensitive services, respectively. It is clear from simulation results that proposed algorithms provide energy saving while ensuring required quality of service (QoS) in terms of delay. Proposed algorithms are low complex and easy to implement. Beside, algorithm 2 avoid the necessity of handshaking signals which results in further energy saving. Keywords: Energy saving, Load adaption, FiWi, ONU, QoS
INTRODUCTION
FiWi is the most promising access network technology due to its quality to combine advantages of optical fiber network and wireless network. FiWi deploys passive optical network (PON) at back end while wireless access network at front end or user end. PON provides high speed, huge bandwidth, transmission stability and nonexistence of active nodes between central office (CO) and ONUs. However, sometimes it becomes difficult to deploy optical fiber cable at geographically distant points to provide telecommunication services to the user ends. To deal with this problem FiWi deploys wireless access network at user end to provide flexible, ubiquitous and cost efficient telecommunication services to network users [1]. Figure 1 describes FiWi access network architecture in which an OLT is placed at central office. Optical fiber cables named feeder fiber cable and distribution fiber cables are deployed between CO and passive splitter and ONUs and passive splitter, respectively [1]. There are optical transceivers placed at ONUs for conversion of optical signal into electrical one and vice versa [2].
ONUs and user ends are communicating through routers in wireless domain. WONU is the combination of an ONU and a wireless router (WR). It is an Interface between optical and wireless networks [1]. Tremendous growth in information and communication technology (ICT) sector and telecom services, has been demanding energy conservation [3]. Therefore, energy saving is becoming one of the important issues for all type of networks. Energy saving is the major concern for telecommunication networks especially for access networks that consume about 60 to 80% of power out of the total internet power consumption. An ONU is the major contributor for energy consumption in current fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies which consumes about 60% power of total power consumption. When we calculate power consumption due to an ONU, ONU transmitter and receiver are the major contributors towards power consumption in an ONU [3]. Hence, any effort to put ONUs into low power state will help to reduce power consumption of access networks.
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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communications
ISSN: 2231-0401(online), ISSN: 2347-9957(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Optical Characteristics of Amorphous Se-Ge-Ag Thin Films 1
Niraj Kumar Sharma1,*, K. K. Srivastava2
Department of Physics, S R Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Department of Physics, Dayanand Brajendra Swarup Post Graduate College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Abstract
Detailed studies on impurity dependence of the optical structural properties have been carried out on Se-Ge-Ag thin film samples prepared by thermal evaporation technique. The effect of the addition of varying amounts of silver in concentrations from 5 to 15 molar percent to SeGe system were analyzed systematically under the room temperature. The optical transmission and reflection spectra of these films were measured in the range of 300–900 nm. The mechanism of the optical absorption follows the rule of forbidden non-direct transition. The band gap Eg, determined from plots of both (αhν)1/2 and (//r)versus hν, was found to increase with the increase of the Ag contents in the sample. Real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant are determined and it showed apparently little change with impurity doping in the sample. The results are discussed in terms of the structure of Se-Ge-Ag films in terms of structure factor. From the reflectance and transmittance studies of the thin films of Se-Ge-Ag system, it may be concluded that the refractive index η decreases, while the value of the extinction coefficient k increases with photon energy. Keywords: Chalcogenide glasses, amorphous semiconductor, quenching technique, optical properties
INTRODUCTION
It is known that chalcogenide glasses, in general, are p-type semiconductors with a positive Seebeck coefficient describing their thermoelectric power [1, 2]. This is attributed to the following two reasons: (i) The number of electrons excited above the conduction band mobility edge is smaller than the number of holes excited below the valence band mobility edge; (ii) The lifetime of the free holes excited from positive defect states is higher than the lifetime of free electrons excited from negative defect states. This is the case for chalcogenide elements as well as for binary, ternary and multi component glass-forming alloys of S, Se and Te with elements like Ge, As, Sb, Si, Sn, etc. Further, addition of impurities does not alter the nature of their conductivity. Many techniques have been developed intensively in the last few years owing to the interesting properties and technological applications of chalcogenides glasses. Vitreous Te-based alloys have recently been the
subjects of extensive work; with an emphasis on structural changes because of new technological applications particularly in the field of optical data storage [3–6]. Many studies devoted to the diversification (i.e. the crystallization from the vitreous phase) of binary X-Te [7–10]; or ternary X-Y-Te vitreous alloys [11–13]. For all these systems, the glass-forming region is often located in the Te rich range, and during annealing most of these glasses exhibit a double glass-transition. Differentials scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies have been carried out on germanium telluride glasses containing Cu and Ag by Ramesh et al. [14]. On the basis of the diversification behavior of these glasses they concluded that the network connectivity of the parent Ge-Te matrix is not improved by the addition of Cu. The thermal stability of some ternary compounds of the CuxGe0.2Te0.8-x type has been evaluated by Vazquez et al. [15]. Electrical resistivity measurements tinder pressure at ambient and low temperature has been carried out on bulk melt quenched
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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communications
ISSN: 2231-0401(online), ISSN: 2347-9957(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Multi-variable Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining Process Using a PCA-ANN Based Approach Kaushal Pratap Singh*, Brij Kishor Singh, Manoj Kumar Gaur
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
The optimum selection of process parameters has played a crucial role in electrical discharge machining (EDM) for improving the material removal rate, reducing the tool wear rate and radial overcut. In this paper, optimum parameters while machining 202 stainless steel using copper electrode as a tool has been investigated. For optimization of process parameters along with multiple quality characteristics, principal component analysis coupled with artificial neural network method has been adopted in this work. Here artificial neural network (ANN) is used to predict the combined objective function (COF). Comparison between experimental COF with ANN predicted COF to find the percentage error. Keywords: Response parameter (MMR, TWR, SR), EDM, PCA, ANN, COF
INTRODUCTION
In the world of machining and most importantly in manufacturing of mould and die components, machining of hardened steel is a vital area for today’s scientific research. For machining of hardened steel, the preferred metal cutting process is electrical discharge machining. This process is characterized by good material removal rate, better dimensional accuracy and up to the mark surface finish. In practice, optimization of every machining process parameter is usually is a challenging task, because it requires simultaneously both, machining operation experience and knowledge of mathematical algorithms. The problem of optimization in EDM is very complex in nature and number of constraints has to be considered at a time. Considering this fact, process parameter optimization in electrical discharge machining becomes a multi-objective problem. This paper deals with influential parameters for EDM, thirty two experiments have been carried out based on full factorial design (25) in order to have
representative data. Application of principal components analysis (PCA) coupled with artificial neural network to effect of process parameters simultaneously on the performance characteristics during EDM of 202 stainless steel, and also to predict the combined objective function using artificial neural network which is used to calculate the percentage error. The experimental analysis using the proposed approach gave the optimized and profitable result.
FRAMEWORK FOR LITERATURE REVIEW
The framework for literature review is presented in Table 1.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Electro discharge machining (EDM) is a thermoelectric process that removes material from the work piece by a series of discrete sparks between a work and tool electrode immersed in a liquid dielectric medium (Figure 1).
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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communications September–December 2016
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