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Annex 3: Evidence inputs, outputs and outcomes Assumption Women leaders can be identified and are susceptible to support
Girls can be encouraged to take part in sports programmes in contexts in which they would not usually be able to do so Research organisations with appropriate specialisations can be identified and contracted to undertake appropriate research; appropriate methodologies can be developed to overcome problems of measurement of impact and outcome
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Evidence Link between inputs and outputs An organisation has been identified which has demonstrated success with this type of work: Vital Voices has already “trained and mentored more than 8,000 emerging women leaders from over 127 countries in Asia, Africa, Eurasia, Latin America, and the Middle East since 1997.1 Therefore it clearly has expertise in identifying and recruiting such women. An organisation has been identified which specifically invests in building the capacity of grassroots organizations to recruit and build the leadership skills, self-confidence and advocacy skills of young women through sporting activities. For example, Women Win has worked with the Kenyan NGO, Moving the Goalposts (MTG), a multi-component girls-only programme that combines football, leadership development, reproductive health and rights education, and community service.2 Recent research on increasing women’s political participation, voice influence and leadership demonstrates that it is possible to commission research in this area (see for example3,4,5). Recent research on understanding and changing the attitude of men and boys demonstrates that it is possible to commission research in this area (see for example6). Existing research on men and boys focuses largely on sexual and reproductive health, violence against women and developing healthy relationships at the level of the individual and demonstrates
Vital Voices Website, about us, http://www.vitalvoices.org/about-us/about (accessed 01/02/2012) Forde, Sarah, 2010, ‘Moving the goalposts: Girls football, leadership and sexual and reproductive health and rights programme in Kilifi, Coast Province, Kenya’, Presented at the Interagency Youth Working Group (IYWG) Protecting and Empowering Adolescent Girls: Evidence for the Global Health Initiative Meeting, 3 June. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADS921.pdf(accessed 01/02/2012). 3 The World Bank, 2012, World Development Report: Gender Equality and development, Washington DC: World Bank 4 UN Women 2011: Progress of the World’s women, New York: UN; Julie Ballington 2010, ‘Implementing Affirmative Action: Global Trends’,. IDS Bulletin 41 5 Castillejo, Clare, 2011. Building a state that works for women: Integrating gender into post-conflict state building, Working Paper No. 107. Madrid: FRIDE. 6 Barker, G., Contreras, J.M., Heilman, B., Singh, A.K., Verma, R.K., and Nascimento, M., 2011, Evolving Men: Initial Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). Washington, D.C.: InternationalCenter for Research on Women (ICRW) and Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Promundo. 2
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It is possible to change existing norms to allow women to have more of a voice in policy and legislation and informal and community level decision-making
that such interventions can lead to improved relationships with partners and improved health outcomes.7,8 However, work with men and boys has failed to engage sufficiently with entrenched equity issues that could lead to lasting, widespread change9. Link between outputs and outcome Although there is some evidence that women leaders are influencing political agendas increases in numerical representation do not automatically translate into strengthened voice, influence and leadership because effective political participation is also shaped by informal institutions and processes. Critical factors in supporting women’s participation in political processes include: 1. Women’s participation in informal political organisations, including social movements and coalitions of civil society organisations, as well as linkages between those organisations and political representatives.10,11 2. Women’s engagement in political party processes.12 3. Women’s engagement in peace negotiations, post-conflict elections and drafting of constitutions and other aspects of political settlements13 There is evidence that networking between women leaders can help them share experience, offer support and motivation, and communicate best practice and challenges1415. Learning from other women’s experiences through international connections is effective in building leadership, as it
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Howse et al, 2010, Men are changing: Case study evidence on work with men and boys to promote gender equality and positive masculinities, London: IPPF Instituto Promundo and World Health Organization, 2007, Engaging Men and Boys in Changing Gender-based Inequity in Health, Washington DC: WHO se study evidence on work with men and boys to promote gender equality and positive masculinities, London: IPPF 9 Esplen and Greig, 2007, Politicising masculinities: Beyond the personal, Brighton: IDS 10 Chhoeun, T., Sok, P. and Byrne, C., 2008, ‘Citadel of Women’: strengthening female leadership in rural Cambodia’, Gender and Development, Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp 535-547 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552070802465433 (accessed 01/02/2012) 11 Caiazza, A., 2006, Called to Speak: Six Strategies That Encourage Women’s Political Activism, IWPR http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/womens-public-vision/publications-commentary/called-to-speak (accessed 01/02/2012) 12 GSDRC help desk query/DFID briefing note; FRIDE 2011. 13 FRIDE 2011; Diaz, Pablo Castillo, 2010. Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence. New York: UN Women. 14 Chhoeun, T., Sok, P. and Byrne, C., 2008, Op. Cit. 15 Batliwala, S. (2008) Changing Their World: Concepts and Practices of Women’s Movements, AWID http://www.awid.org/eng/About-AWID/AWID-News/Changing-Their-World (accessed 01/02/2012) 8
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allows women to build connections across lines of race and class to share common and distinct experiences and promote confidence in their ability to defy limitations.16 A number of case studies of women’s NGOs also demonstrate how their advocacy can lead a political consciousness of those both within the organisations and in the communities where they work.171819 This programme will support the networking of women leaders and key experts in their fields, help participants develop a common agenda, develop and share best practice, as well as carry out consciousness raising among programme participants and the general public regarding women’s rights.
The skills and assets gained by girls will act as a catalyst in developing their leadership skills at the personal and community level
However, there is little evidence on the extent to which institutional, political and social norms can be shifted alongside increased empowerment of women leaders in order to ensure that women are able to influence effectively. Therefore gathering evidence on women’s political participation and changing attitudes of men and boys are proposed as options for this project. There is a small but growing evidence base that sports programmes for girls and young women leads to their increased confidence. For example: A recent study of over 550 adolescent girls from four girls’ only sports-related programmes in Africa found that 94 percent of the girls believe that both boys and girls should have opportunities to become leaders, and 93 percent of the girls indicated their willingness to lead a community event or activity20. An external evaluation of Moving the Goalposts suggests that the longer a girl participates in the programme, the more likely she is to agree that she can make decisions about her life, have access
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Caiazza, A., 2006, Called to Speak: Six Strategies That Encourage Women’s Political Activism, IWPR http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/womens-public-vision/publications-commentary/called-to-speak(accessed 01/02/2012) 17 World Bank, 2012, The 2012 World Development Report (WDR) on Gender Equality and Development, Washington DC: World Bank 18 Kabeer and Huq, 2010, ‘The Power of Relationships: Love and Solidarity in a Landless Women’s Organisation in Rural Bangladesh’, IDS Bulletin, Volume 41, Issue 2, pages 79–87, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00126.x/abstract (accessed 01/02/2012) 19 Batliwala, S. (2008) Changing Their World: Concepts and Practices of Women’s Movements, AWIDhttp://www.awid.org/eng/About-AWID/AWID-News/Changing-Their-World (accessed 01/02/2012) 20 Women Win, 2011 ’A Snapshot of Girls’ Perspectives on Sport, Health and Development: A Descriptive Study of Women Win Program Partners in Egypt, Kenya, and Uganda.’ Amsterdam: Women Win
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to sexual and reproductive health information, and believe that she can become as highly educated as boys21. An internal evaluation of an innovative programme known as Ishraq (“sunrise”) which combines sports, literacy, and life-skills training to empower girls, found that girls dressed in track suits playing sports act as a catalyst for the transformation of social norms (internal evaluation22). Many Ishraq programme graduates are mobilizing and organizing their own projects with local girls.23There is also wider evidence to suggest that when women take on untraditional roles they inspire others to question rigid gender norms.24 An external evaluation25 of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme in St Lucia, which exposes girls to sport skills through regional netball tournaments as well as through instruction in healthy lifestyles, found that participants experienced enhanced personal development, leadership and life skills; improved teenage-parent and peer-to-peer relationships; and increased physical confidence.
The programme has sufficient outreach to have a measurable impact on service uptake in the 21
Where more evidence is needed is on: - Exactly how sports programmes for girls can tailor their activities to increase the likelihood of empowerment; - Whether their involvement in the programmes increases uptake of services; and - Whether, once empowered, young women are able to give back to their communities and play transformative leadership roles in their societies. Women Win aims to work with grassroots organisations to target directly 24,000 girls over a three year period, with an additional 200,000 being targeted indirectly. This would build on their current programme which targets 7,600 girls directly and 60,000 people indirectly.
Forde, Sarah, 2010, ‘Moving the goalposts: Girls football, leadership and sexual and reproductive health and rights programme in Kilifi, Coast Province, Kenya’, Presented at the Interagency Youth Working Group (IYWG) Protecting and Empowering Adolescent Girls: Evidence for the Global Health Initiative Meeting, 3 June. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADS921.pdf(accessed 01/02/2012) 22 Brady, Martha, Ragui Assaad, et al., 2007, ‘Providing new opportunities to adolescent girls in socially conservative settings: The Ishraq program in rural Upper Egypt.’ New York: Population Council. 23 Brady, Martha, Ragui Assaad, et al., 2007, Op. Cit. 24 Pathways of Women’s Empowerment, 2011, Empowerment: A journey not a destination, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies 25 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat, 2011, ‘Regional Survey of Development through Sport Programmes implemented at the country level’. Available from http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community_organs/regionalsurvey_sportsprogrammes.jsp?menu=cob(accessed 01/02/2012)
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countries/areas in which it works
Evidence will be used to make more effective future programming on the political participation of women and attitudes and behaviours of men and boys
While only targeting 300 established and emergent leaders, Vital Voices will support them to bring about changes in policy, public consciousness and service delivery for girls and women that will have far reaching effects. It is also expected that each leader will directly encourage 50 other women to get involved in bringing about such changes. Political participation and understanding the behaviours and attitudes of men and boys are central to achieving DFID’s Strategic Vision for Girls and Women. Achieving results in each of the four pillars of the strategy requires “support to girls and women’ participation in national and local decision making processes as politicians, leaders, stakeholders, including through reform of electoral systems and supporting campaigns for equal representation of women and men; promoting women’s leadership through capacity development and removal of structural barriers to women’s political participation from community to national levels”26. Therefore it seems fair to assume that if there were more evidence available on the effectiveness of programmes to support increased political participation and on attitudinal change of men and boys, then that evidence would be used to inform programmes, if appropriate.
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DFID, 2011, A new strategic vision for girls and women: stopping poverty before it starts, London: DFID