Red Light Moscow
Alexandra Druzhinina
Key hypotheses / Ques5ons 1. Sex-‐industry in Moscow is de facto legalized 2. Red-‐light districts exist in Moscow 3. Sex industry is unavoidable. What do we do with it?
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Hypothesis 1. Sex-‐industry in Moscow is de facto legalized
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The Russian pros5tu5on regulatory regime is quite soE (liberal) • There is no clear defini5on of «prosGtuGon» in Russian legislaGon • Since 1987 liability for pros5tu5on is administra5ve, not criminal: the maximal punishment for a prosGtute is a fine up to 2000 rubles (approx. $60)
• BUT: organizing pros5tu5on is punishable by a prison term (strong criminal liability) • There is no liability for buying sexual services 5
Structure of sex industry in Moscow: segments
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Sex-‐industry as the "most legal” of all criminal (shadow) sectors from the view of consumer Sex-‐industry Drugs Guns Illegal Illegal taxis Special
Flirt, MK ads no
no
markets no
no
Magazines Adver5seme 1,4 m results 1,1 m results nts in the through the through the Internet Internet Internet
8,8 m results through the Internet
no
no
Accessibility easy
depends on species criminal responsibility -‐ from 6 months
easy
easy
administra.ve liability -‐ fine appr. 50 $ or 10 % of income
administra.ve liability -‐ fine appr. 50-‐60$
Liability
depends on species no liability administra.ve for using sex liability -‐services -‐ fine appr. 100-‐125 $
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Hypothesis 2. Red-‐light districts exist in Moscow
Pros5tu5on spa5al econometric demand model
PD = 380.04 + 0,03 × A – 2,08 × B + 3,64 × C where PD = ProsGtuGon Demand A = Local Budget Income B = Amount of internaGonal immigrants C = Amount of Subway staGons per district
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Pros5tu5on spa5al econometric demand Tverskoy Bibirevo (3568) -‐2,2% model (4289) – MiGno (3036) -‐1,8%
Akademichesky (4056) -‐2,5% Total amount of requests for pros0tutes per month: 167 904
2,6% Aeroport (2732) – 1,7% Tagansky (2214)-‐ 1,4% Arbat (526) – 0,3% Basmanny (3831) – 2,4%
Novogireevo (5458) -‐3,4% 10
Pros5tu5on spa5al econometric supply model
PS = 0,352 × E + 0,380 × F where PS = ProsGtuGon supply, E = Amount of subway staGons per district F = Amount of night clubs per district
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Pros5tu5on spa5al econometric supply Bibirevo (262) -‐1,7% model Mi5no (262) -‐0,6%
Akademichesky (931) -‐2,1% Total amount of individual pros.tutes: 15 712
Novogireevo (388) -‐2,5%
Tverskoy (893) – 5,8% Presnenskiy (767) – 4,9% Aeroport (628) – 4,2% Tagansky (610)-‐ 4% Arbat (587) – 3,9% Basmanny (363) – 2,4% 12
Individual pros5tutes market within Moscow districts: bars and clubs Tverskoy Amount of clubs per district (58) – 11% Tagansky (21)-‐ 4% Mi5no (19) -‐3,6%
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Total amount of clubs and bars in Moscow : 527
Arbat (15) -‐ 2% Basmanny (45) –9% Presnensky (21) – 4%
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Moscow red-‐light districts today: clusters Bibirevo (3568) -‐2,2% Tverskoy (4289) – 2,6% Aeroport (2732) – 1,7% Tagansky (2214)-‐ 1,4% Arbat (587) -‐ 4% Basmanny (3831) – 2,4%
Mi5no (3036) -‐1,8%
Akademichesky (4056) -‐2,5% Total amount of requests for pros.tutes per month: 167 904
Novogireevo (5458) -‐3,4% 14
Key factors explaining supply and demand Supply & demand for sex services within different Moscow areas depend on*: -‐ Municipal budget size (+) -‐ Number of bars and clubs in the district (+) -‐ Closeness to subway staGons (+) -‐ Number of people living in the districts (+) -‐ Number of immigrants living in the district (-‐) * «Sign» in parenthesis shows whether it is direct (+) or inverse (-‐) correla.on
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Key findings of econometric analysis Hypothesis №2: «Red light districts exist in Moscow» was confirmed – there are unofficial clusters of sex services in Moscow. Most part of these clusters are in the city center (where numbers of clubs and bars are high) and in the most populated «dormitory» districts are MiGno, Bibirevo, Novogireevo and Akademicheskiy (where local budget income and amount of subway staGons are high) (+) The richer a district, the more pros5tutes are located here (+) The more bars and clubs in the district, the more is the supply of prosGtutes (+) The more subway staGons the more the supply and demand of prosGtutes (+) The nearer subway sta5ons are to the districts the higher are both supply and demand for sex-‐services (+) The higher the density, the higher is the supply of pros5tutes (-‐) The higher is the amount of immigrants living in the district, the lower is the supply of pros5tutes * «Sign» in parenthesis shows whether it is direct (+) or inverse (-‐) correla.on
Hypothesis 3. Sex industry is unavoidable. So what do you do with this?
Sex industry has a long history in Moscow
• The lady in a picture is a high class prosGtute in imperial Russia. • The vacant place in the carriage near the woman always meant "invitaGon". • Decent women couldn't go without maintenance.
• The lady on a photo is a street russian prosGtute in 90-‐s. She worked on Tverskaya street (center of Moscow).
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Red-‐light district in Moscow before 1917: «House with pregnant carya5ds» Per. Bolshoy Golovin, 22
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Red-‐light district in Moscow before 1917 revolu5on: Pereulok Bolshoy Golovin, 22 It is considered that this building in the 19th century was a brothel, and «pregnant caryaGds» according to a strange logic had to alract clients
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Moscow red-‐light districts in 1990-‐s • Tverskaya • Lubyanka • Novyy Arbat • • • • • • • • •
Belorusskaya Rijskaya Kurskaya Kievskaya Paveletskaya Taganskaya Leningradskyy Railway St. Kazanskyy Railway St. Sadovoye Koltso
Source: hHp://www.x-‐libri.ru/elib/mxmvs000/00000006.htm
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Red light districts are oEen centrally located and play important economic role Germany
Czech Republic
France
Netherlan ds
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Generally, Russians are tolerant to the idea of legalizing pros5tu5on In our country conversa0ons on pros0tu0on legaliza0on were more than once had with reference to experience of such countries, as Germany and the Netherlands.
17%
34%
48%
I suppose, it is necessary to formalize the ProsGtuGon I suppose, that it is not neccesary to formalize the ProsGtuGon I don’t know/no answer 23
Source: Own internet survey
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If we create a red-‐light district in Moscow, where can it be situated? ECONOMETRIC FACTORS Centrally located due to -‐ Large amount of clubs and bars per district -‐ Many wealthy districts in the center of Moscow INTERNATIONAL FACTORS (EXPERIENCE) -‐ According to our research red light districts are usually located in the center (Germany, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Netherlands) HISTORICAL FACTORS -‐ Sex industry was historically located in the center not only in Moscow but also in other European ciGes
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Possible loca5on of red-‐light district in Moscow Tverskoye d.(4289) -‐2,6% s. ( 893) – 5,8%
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Meshchanskoye d.(1782) -‐1,1% s. ( 370) -‐2,4%
-‐Total amount of requests for pros.tutes per month: 167 904 -‐Total amount of individual pros.tutes: 15 712 25
Pros and cons of legalizing Compara5ve study shows that legaliza5on of pros5tu5on increases: -‐ number of tourists -‐ city budget income (the Netherlands earns around $1,2 bn annually in taxes) -‐ sex workers protecGon -‐ illegal immigraGon (share of sex workers with foreign origin is 80% in the Netherlands, 85% in Germany); -‐ # of vicGms of sex trafficking (80% of women in the brothels in the Netherlands are trafficked from other countries against 70 % in 1994 before legalizaGon); -‐ crime rate (sexual harassment, sexual exploitaGon, rape rate), drugs and alcohol trade Legaliza5on does not significantly influence spread of sexually transmiked diseases (HIV, syphilis, etc.) Addi5onal result (related to city environment): in most ciGes red light districts have central loca0on (usually in historical center 26
General conclusions: pros5tu5on in Moscow Based on the research results there is beker for Moscow not to legalize pros5tu5on currently Although research should conGnue, considering economic, spaGal, social, gender, moral and other factors Scotland Yard Commissioner’s statement as a conclusion: «You've got to be careful about legalizing things just because you don't think what you are doing is successful» 27