Transitional Microrayon 2016
2014
2015
2012
2013
2010
2011
2008
0
2009
Customer Focused Housing Model for Moscow Alexander Novikov year
-200
%
-400 -600
TM (Transitional Microrayon) is a term I am going to
Group of buildings 200-300 meters
-800
-1000
to customers needs it obtains some of the distinguishing -1200
Microrayon Daily use services: up to 500 from home
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 meters 0
40
mln. of people
35
170
30
160
20
Temporality The durability of the panel houses grew with every designed series and now it is not limited, which means that Micro-
15
5
– 5…7 minutes access 2011
2009
2010
2007
2008
2005
2006
2002
0 year
150 140 130 120 110
10
2004
2005
1999
1993
1987
1981
1975
1969
1963
1957
1951
1945
Demographic Crises
25
year more than housing, it is one continuous process ofthousands inhabitaof people Rayon igration increase What – policy shall Russian governTM is a rethinking of a social housing model, which was Periodic use services: up to 1000 meters 15 minutes from tural increase ment set towards the migrants? home
2
model still doesn’t take into consideration uniqueness of a person by copying standardized housing % of population
100
TM Inhabitants
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
90 80 2040
2045
2050
year
2010
normative” prognosis analytical prognosis
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
year
UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003
Try to limit the influx of migrants. Do not put any administrative barriers and try to use migrants for the good of Russia.
Reduction of population 4
Soviet Microrayon “Microrayon is a complex of apartment buildings and systems of institutions of cultural and community services on the territory adjacent to the highways, but which has no ies, schools, stores of essential goods, gardens and sports Microrayon as a model appeared in a time of a serious
A person with his unique needs was not taken into consideration by the Everyone was supposed to have the same way of living
There are many distinct groups of people with common lifestyles and needs in Moscow, which can be taken as an
This situation has become paradoxical with the fall of the
labor migrants as they seem to be a very vivid example to see the incompatibility of tenant’s needs with the exist-
Temporality
the former Soviet Republics (mostly Tajikistan, Kirgizstan
quickly and cheaply provide citizens who mostly lived in the of urban organization which was based on the provision of Even the historical part of the city was reorganized accord60 years lifespan of an average Soviet citizen a person had to change at least two newly built apartments during his 3
Living conditions Their living conditions, a key factor for this research, can be struction sites, in the basements of the apartment buildings
“There are different population projections for Russia in the next 50 years made by the UN, Rosstat, various research centers, the U.S. Census Bureau. Some of these predictions are presented here. Although the exact trajectory of the future population dynamics are different, all the forecasts more optimistic and less optimistic are predicting quite rapid decline of the population until 2050.” 4
“Russia has entered a stage of demographic development which is more or less typical for all developed countries, when there is no great hope that the growth will ever resume.” 4 One of the main problems this crisis will lead to is the economic growth slowdown and one of the solutions to deal this very moment there was no clear strategy in migration 5
Rayon
Group of Buildings Microrayon Today
Microrayon
The housIt has moved from social to
construction principles has been kept from the Soviet times, Strictly organized services model was replaced by the selfThere were certain improvements on the interior design But it doesn’t have the effect that has been achieved by the Soviet Microrayon, which highly raised the quality of life of
Model of the structure of public service in Rayon 2
64
65
2016
Reduction of working-age population The period of the reduction of the working-age population is considered a demographic crises and started long time ago…The period of the reduction of the number of workingage population (women 16 to 55 and men 16 to 60 years) will be very fast . The estimated decline is 400-500 thousand per year in the near future and up to 1 million per year in years to come. 4 “This is a huge reduction, and it will last very long. By 2015 it will reach a peak, then it will become smaller and smaller, but still does not stop in 2025. By this time the total loss of potential workers will be more than 15 million people.” 4
-1200 thousands of people
15 10 5 0 2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
normative” prognosis analytical prognosis Migrants and their descendants in the population of Russia in the analytical and normative versions of a probabilistic forecast, the median value in% 4 Migrants may exceed a quarter or even a third of the total population.
15
5 0
35 city or country for temporary or permanent from another 30 25 don’t necessarily need comfort but are mostly interested in a better location in the city responding to their daily inter-
20 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Let’s take a look on the life stories of labor migrants in com15 normative” prognosis analytical 10 prognosis 170
2011
0 year
160
2010
150 year
Try to limit the influx of migrants. 0 any administrative barriDo not put 2015 2020 2025 2030 ers and try to2010 use migrants for the normative” prognosis good of Russia.
130 What policy shall Russian govern120 ment set towards the migrants? 110 to the Country 4 Try to limit the influx of migrants. 100 Do not put any administrative barri90 migrants for the ers and try to use good of Russia. 80 year 2010 2015 2020 2025
analytical prognosis
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
year
150 2015 140
2020
2025
2030
2035
130 prognosis normative” 120 analytical prognosis 110
100
5
160
90 80 2035
2040
2045
2050
year
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003
UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003
“... the current population of Russia becomes a minority, which means it will be a new population.” 4
“And this will inevitably lead to a change in the composition of the population of Russia, which will increase the proportion of migrants and their descendants. By mid-century, they may exceed a quarter or even a third of the total population. If we move for another 50 years and see what will happen in 2100, the current population of Russia becomes a minority, which means it will be a new population.” 4
20
mln. of people
5
2010
2009
«People in transition» are the people in a certain lifestage and situation of change of a social position and lifestyle, which is caused by entering a new society and/or a transi% of population These are young professionals starting their career, young people who haven’t decided what to 40 do in future, young people starting their independent
10
2011
2008
2006
2007
2010
2009
2005
2008
include people who might potentially become migrant’s
What policy shall Russian govern15 ment set10towards the migrants?
170
140
2004
2007
2016
2002
2006
2004
2005
100 90 80 70 60 year 50 40 What policy shall 30 Russian%governof population ment set towards the migrants? 40 20 10 35 Try to limit the influx of migrants. 30 Do not put any0 administrative barriers and try to use migrants for the 25 good of Russia. 20
2002
30
20
%
2010
2005
1999
1993
2011
1987
1975
1981
2009
2010
2007
2008
1969
1963
2005
2006
1957
2004
1951
2002
1945
1939
1933
1927
other Soviet republics. This period ended in the mid-1970s, when there were less people leaving Russia than coming What policy shall Russian government set is towards migrants? in from these republics. This whenthethe return of Russian citizens and their children who once left Russia to these Try to limit the influx of migrants. republics has started. Do From that time until thebarribeginning of not put any administrative try to use migrants for the Russia’s the 1990s natural and ers netand migration was positive, good of after Russia.1992 the natural increase population grew rapidly. But became negative. While migration growth maintains, and in some years, especially in 1993-1994., after the collapse of the Soviet Union, was very large, it can’t compensate the natural decline in general, and therefore the population declines.” 4
-1000
year 25
20
2009
100 90 -2500 80 70 60 rate of migration 50 increase rate of natural40increase The components of population change in Russia, 1927-2006, in thousands 4 30 This graph shows the migration gain in relationship with the birth rate and its potential in regulating the20demography of the country. 10 0 “For a long time Russia gave one part of its population year to -2000
35
25
mln. of people
2007
%
2006
2005
1999
1993
1987
1981
1975
% of population -800 40
2005
-1500
Integration and the change of population comyear position of-600 Russia thousands of people
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
2004
-1200
2002
-500 rate of migration increase -1000 rate of natural increase
1969
1963
0year
1957
1951
1945
500
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010 2016
2014
%
-400
1000
2016
1939
2015
-1000 -200
1500
2014
2011
year 4 Reduction of working-age population projected by Rosstat 2007 0
2000
2015
2010
2008
thousands of people -800
2013
-1200
2012
-600
2009
2005
1999
1993
1987
1981
1975
1969
1963
7
66
2009
-400
-1000
n increasethousands of people crease 2500
The government has only started to40 realize the necessity of value brought 35 by migrants and at the same time 30 society changes it’s attitude towards
2008
6
year
100 90 80 year 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
-200
-800
On the 27th of April 2012 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has approved the concept of migration policy until
2008
0
-600
Co-inhabitants For easier interaction and communication with a host community another group of people with common needs and
% of population
2011
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
year
%
-400
temporary residence permit, improvement of the system for obtaining a residence permit and cancelation of the quota mechanism and replacing it with “differentiated mecha-
1957
1951
Problems of integration are not state priorities and there are
-200
“Strategy 2020” (migration policy until 2025) The Federal Migration Service (FMS) has presented a draft of peopleconcept of the state migration policy which aims to attract new workers into the country for permanent residence as
1933 2013
2009
0
2008
Dmitry Medvedev has approved a draft concept of migration policy until 2025 which aims to attract new
December ethnic unrest in Moscow (2010)
67
2
I don’t want to stay in Moscow. I’ll go home in winter and then maybe I will come back for another year.
Maybe I will stay in Moscow
But I don’t care as long as it is cheap and close to the center. We wanted to live close to our University but it was too expensive.
I livein the basement of the apartment building. It’s very basic but I can stand it because I need money and it’s just temporary.
Constructor
Shop assistant
The only solution is to live in the centre, but it is expensive.
Architect
Street cleaner
Engineer
Student
about another family that was also looking for an apartI’m not going to live here all my life, it is just temporary.
We live there together with another family from We cook at home and never go to cafes, it’s too
-
I don’t know what I’m going to do in future. I like it here now.
Architect salaries and professional level are lower then in Minsk that’s
Work on the construction is dangerous and you always have to be careful because you cannot get medical assis-
Artist
Teacher
It is expensive but we live close to the center and can go to all kind of places.
Journalist
Student It’s very basic and dirty but I can stand it because I need We buy very basic food and out very often because I’m usually tired and I’m afraid of the
But I don’t care as long as it is cheap There are no furniture and basic
home in winter and then maybe I will come back for another
Street cleaner
I knew that our University provides students with hostel only after the second or even third year of studies that’s why I It is usually a problem because you come to a strange city with no place I was
I sometimes go to cafes to eat but most of the time we cook Teacher
-
Engineer
-
I’m not going to live here all my I go to all kind of places in the city:
I Renting an It’s very basic but I can I buy
I live together with another girl in
-
-
I don’t want
I go to all kind of places in the city: museums, galleries, Journalist
I don’t speak Russian Shop assistant
-
And you also have But my friends told me
68
But I have to take care of it and maintenance is usually a
Artist
expensive but we live close to the center and can go to all
I cook at home Sometimes I go to all kind of places in the city: museums, I don’t think I will stay in Mosbut
69
Ghetto Map and Apartments Costs “Comparing the map of the cost of housing, concentrating on estate segregation, and economic migrants settling map showing the potential for segregation and the formation of
Transitional Microrayon
Looking at this picture, we can predict the development scenario of the capital, which is almost inevitable, while maintaining the current urban migration policies and functioning middle class from areas with a bad reputation, which is acThis is a process we are witnessing today. There are certain areas in the process of forming which accumulate social disadvantage and it can gradually become problematic.” 8 “The housing market, which was formed in Moscow over polarization, emphasizing “poor” and “rich” areas. …”Sickle” of the most expensive neighborhoods of the city, stretching from north-west to south-west and covering a wide part of its center, has increased its importance in structuring, whilst assessing the attractiveness of the location.” 8
Settlements of economic migrants stretched along MKAD in the cheapest area of Moscow 8
Apartments Costs. The expensive districts stretched from north-west to south-west of Moscow 9
Looking at this picture, we can predict the development scenario of the capital, which is almost inevitable...
Migrants city attractions The map shows that migrants attractions are proportionally -
TM motion scheme
Transitional Microrayon is a complex of separate temporary apartment buildings inserted into the existing fabric of the city, which together with the existing infrastructure provide a particular customer with a continuous
Fledglings city attractions
areas of the city and includes a system of the temporal positioning
in the central part of the city, where most of their leisure
Services TM together with the existing infrastructure of the city Migrants’ attractions are proportionally spread around the city (cafes, fast foods, constructions, grocery stores, parks, markets).
Fledglings’ attractions are concentrated in the central part of the city (universities, clubs, theatres, restaurants, cafes, fast foods, exhibition halls, grocery stores, parks).
Location is a combination of customers’ needs and an attempt to recreate the vanishing social homogeneity of the
system of services is developed in a way that services necessary for TM customer missing in the existing infrastructure have to be added with the TM services of services is based on the service radiuses where all the
Temporality
always a group of buildings located within a service radius
hardly accessible for renting TM temporarily uses the unallocated land of the city as a part of a State Program (see
Cadastre Map Access to Land Renting land in Moscow is complicated and today has be-
Customer The needs of «People in transition» and their lifestyle form
OTHER MIGRANTS YOUNG
organize land auctions where a renting contract can be There were only eight land auctions for the construction of buildings with a total area of only 46,000 square meters and four land auctions by Housing Development Fund (RZHS) in 2011. 10 Another opportunity was buying a
from the interaction with society to daily needs are taken into consideration and form an activity cycle which has
PROFESSIONALS
MIGRANTS
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
SERVICES
MICRORAYON
The composition of tenants depends on the interests of cer-
MICRORAYON
The cadastre map shows areas of Moscow, which have no 11
That is an unallocated land, which is under 10 This land can potentially be used
Intersection of Interests area around the historical part of the city (outside the Gar-
Cadastre Map showing the unallocated land (white), which can potentially be used for housing. 11
“HIPSTERS”
The intersections of migrants and the historical part of the city and the Third Transport Ring.
“HIPSTERS” YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
MIGRANTS
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
the city is an area of a very dense built-up environment with a very small amount of unused land, which makes construc-
70
SERVICES
RESIDENTIAL AREA FORMER INDUSTRIAL AREA The compositions of tenants
YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
STUDENTS MIGRANTS
OTHER MIGRANTS YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
STUDENTS MIGRANTS
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
SERVICES
CITY CENTER
CITY CENTER
SERVICES
RESIDENTIAL AREA
RESIDENTIAL AREA
71
Customer experience is divided into three main stages: entering, living and exiting
Structure
Entering stage working status, provide him with a job and choose an apartment in TM Living stage is supposed to provide him with all necessary services for working and living in Exiting stage supposed to help him to start his life outside the TM Exit strategy Livivng in TM Program Manager - chooses sites according to clients demand (construction companies)
Co-investors (developers and construction companies) These are temporary structures on the construction site or self-organized temporary dwellings inside the constructed TM will be supported by two State programs: Housing for Migrants State Program / FMS Moscow
TM is a way for construction comTM
-
The aim is to provide migrants with good living and working Unused Land Activation State Program / Department of Land Resources The aim is to bring the potentially valuable and unused land discovering of the potential of the unused land and brining identify the land which is not used, not being rented and has given for a temporary use to
according to
be given back to the department on the expiration of this pe-
(the duration of a construction in Moscow is two years in
is a skeletal organization, linking the operations of members into one common system to provide ized in a way that a process or a group of processes is controlled by one person, a process manager Process managers work in team to form a bigger process, a cycle that goes from design to transfer Process managers are young and active people possessing certain skills, which allow them to collaborate with one another easily
cally move to another one with a different lifestyle where
- develops technical assignment on the quantity and composition of tenants - writes a brief - deals with the Department of Land Resources Design Manager - hires a design company - controls it - approves the documentation with the authorities - chooses a company for module production - controls the production of modules - chooses a construction company - controls the construction process Services Manager - chooses companies for every building according to brief
activity cycle of a migrant in TM
- controls them - chooses managers for built-in services (apartment / roommate exchange and labor exchange) - controls them - chooses a maintenance company - controls the process - chooses a cleaning and security company - controls them - hires the housing managers - controls them
activity cycle
- helps customer on the enter/live/exit stages in TM Transfer Manager - chooses a transferring company - controls it
Transfer
Migration
Maintenance and Housing
Services
Construction
Design
Program
dark corridors of bureaucracy
72
73
Value Adds provided to the TM inhabitants, was made according to the analyses of the problems they face in the existing hous-
Migrants-Fledglings This list of value adds for TM inhabitants shows the inter-
Value Adds for All
2
Value Adds for Migrants
R500
3
4
1
5
Location in Miscow
- labor exchange - safety / security - registration and FMS services
Value Adds for Migrants Location
6
- close to work
7
Affordable Services
- labor exchange - safety / security - registration and FMS services
- affordable apartments - no deposit - food Temporality cafesmove in / out process -- easy -- shops move in / out at any time - maintenance
- close to work
Affordable Services
- internet - sport facilities
Choice Flexibility Value and Adds for Fledglings
Affordable Services Apartment and - affordable apartments -Roommate no deposit Database
- food easy to find / exchange an apartment - cafes easy to find / exchange a roommate - shops Choice and Flexibility - maintenance - place to cook Apartment - rooms different and in shape -Roommate opportunity to rent many apartments Database at a time - easy to find / exchange an apartment -- rooms one person a roommate easy tofor find / exchange - rooms for bigger groups
Location university(5) university(5) club(3) club(3) theatre(9) theatre(9) museum(11) museum(11) cinema(1) cinema(1) office office center(21) center(21) restaurant(53) restaurant(53) cafe/fast cafe/fast food(15) food(15) construction(4) construction(4) park(6) park(6) metro(5) metro(5)
Value Adds for Fledglings
- easy move in / out process - move in / out at any time
Affordable Services Value Adds for All
Affordable Services
R1000
Temporality
Choice and Flexibility Location - place to cook
-- close metro in shape roomstodifferent - opportunity to rent many apartments Risks Insurance at a timecontract - official - rooms for one person Furniture and Equipment - rooms for bigger groups
Location
- workshop - freedom to use apartment and space around the building in a way you want (organize parties, exhibitions, picnics, …) Affordable Services -- rooms internetbig enough to invite friends and make parties -- rooms not only for sleeping (eating, cooking, making parties, sport facilities working) Choice andinFlexibility - rooms different shape - workshop place to work (cabinet) - freedom to use apartment and space around the building Location in a way you want (organize parties, exhibitions, picnics, …) -- opportunity to customize and makeand it hip rooms big enough to invite friends make parties close to not parks, clubs, … cooking, making parties, - rooms onlymuseums, for sleeping (eating, -working) close to the center -- close University roomstodifferent in shape - place to workand (cabinet) Furniture Equipment -Location good and practical furniture - opportunity to customize and make it hip close to parks, museums, clubs, … - close to the center - close to University
Furniture and Equipment - good and practical furniture
- close to metro
Risks Insurance - official contract
lack in the infrastructure was formed on the basis of social sites for
Furniture and Equipment
TM inhabitants will use the existing
Value Adds for TM Inhabitants: Site 1
Site 3
Site 4
Location
APARTMENTS SHOP FOOD STORE MANUFACTURED GOODS STORE
Site 5,6,7
Site 1
- close to the center -Value close to University Adds - close to work ants: - close to metro
APARTMENTS
Existing Infrastructure Services -Location clubs
BAKERY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE LABOR EXCHANGE TM OFFICE
Site 2 APARTMENTS FOOD STORE
APARTMENTS APARTMENTS
CAFE
CLOTHING STORE FOR CHILDREN WATCH REPAIR PET-SHOP BAKERY
OPEN CINEMA
SPORT GROUNDS
for TM Inhabit-
-- theatres close to the center -- museums close to University -- cinema close to work -- restaurants close to metro - cafe/fast foods Existing Infrastructure - parks - clubs - theatres - museums - cinema - restaurants - cafe/fast foods - parks
Services
MANUFACTURED GOODS STORE
TM inhabitants-Locals This list explains how TM inhabitants the positioning of TM TM inhabitants will use
Value Adds for All (provided by TM) Affordable Services and Shops -Value food storesAdds for All -(provided cafes by TM)
- shops - sport facilities -Affordable tennis Services and - fitness club Shops - sports club - food stores bakery - cafes watch and clock repair workshop - shops pet-shop - sport facilities cinema - tennis children’s clothing store - fitness club time room rent for workquick short -shops, sportsmeeting club rooms, … . - bakery - watch and clock repair workshop (neighborhood tenants needs where defined on the basis - pet-shop of the social survey information) - cinema - children’s clothing store - quick short time room rent for workshops, meeting rooms, … .
Value Adds for Neighborhood Tenants
Value Adds for Neighborhood Tenants
(neighborhood tenants needs where defined on the basis of the social survey information)
APARTMENTS MAINTANACE CAFE BAKERY
Site 3
74
Site 4
Site 5,6,7
Value adds for TM inhabitants and locals
75
I can see my university from here.
I can see the Kremlin from my window
I go to that cafe quite often. It is so cheap. I rent a workshop here.
I like it. They show movies every weekend.
76
77