Alexander Novikov. Transitional Microrayon

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Transitional Microrayon 2016

2014

2015

2012

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2010

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2008

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2009

Customer Focused Housing Model for Moscow Alexander Novikov year

-200

%

-400 -600

TM (Transitional Microrayon) is a term I am going to

Group of buildings 200-300 meters

-800

-1000

to customers needs it obtains some of the distinguishing -1200

Microrayon Daily use services: up to 500 from home

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 meters 0

40

mln. of people

35

170

30

160

20

Temporality The durability of the panel houses grew with every designed series and now it is not limited, which means that Micro-

15

5

– 5…7 minutes access 2011

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0 year

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Demographic Crises

25

year more than housing, it is one continuous process ofthousands inhabitaof people Rayon igration increase What – policy shall Russian governTM is a rethinking of a social housing model, which was Periodic use services: up to 1000 meters 15 minutes from tural increase ment set towards the migrants? home

2

model still doesn’t take into consideration uniqueness of a person by copying standardized housing % of population

100

TM Inhabitants

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

90 80 2040

2045

2050

year

2010

normative” prognosis analytical prognosis

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

year

UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003

Try to limit the influx of migrants. Do not put any administrative barriers and try to use migrants for the good of Russia.

Reduction of population 4

Soviet Microrayon “Microrayon is a complex of apartment buildings and systems of institutions of cultural and community services on the territory adjacent to the highways, but which has no ies, schools, stores of essential goods, gardens and sports Microrayon as a model appeared in a time of a serious

A person with his unique needs was not taken into consideration by the Everyone was supposed to have the same way of living

There are many distinct groups of people with common lifestyles and needs in Moscow, which can be taken as an

This situation has become paradoxical with the fall of the

labor migrants as they seem to be a very vivid example to see the incompatibility of tenant’s needs with the exist-

Temporality

the former Soviet Republics (mostly Tajikistan, Kirgizstan

quickly and cheaply provide citizens who mostly lived in the of urban organization which was based on the provision of Even the historical part of the city was reorganized accord60 years lifespan of an average Soviet citizen a person had to change at least two newly built apartments during his 3

Living conditions Their living conditions, a key factor for this research, can be struction sites, in the basements of the apartment buildings

“There are different population projections for Russia in the next 50 years made by the UN, Rosstat, various research centers, the U.S. Census Bureau. Some of these predictions are presented here. Although the exact trajectory of the future population dynamics are different, all the forecasts more optimistic and less optimistic are predicting quite rapid decline of the population until 2050.” 4

“Russia has entered a stage of demographic development which is more or less typical for all developed countries, when there is no great hope that the growth will ever resume.” 4 One of the main problems this crisis will lead to is the economic growth slowdown and one of the solutions to deal this very moment there was no clear strategy in migration 5

Rayon

Group of Buildings Microrayon Today

Microrayon

The housIt has moved from social to

construction principles has been kept from the Soviet times, Strictly organized services model was replaced by the selfThere were certain improvements on the interior design But it doesn’t have the effect that has been achieved by the Soviet Microrayon, which highly raised the quality of life of

Model of the structure of public service in Rayon 2

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2016

Reduction of working-age population The period of the reduction of the working-age population is considered a demographic crises and started long time ago…The period of the reduction of the number of workingage population (women 16 to 55 and men 16 to 60 years) will be very fast . The estimated decline is 400-500 thousand per year in the near future and up to 1 million per year in years to come. 4 “This is a huge reduction, and it will last very long. By 2015 it will reach a peak, then it will become smaller and smaller, but still does not stop in 2025. By this time the total loss of potential workers will be more than 15 million people.” 4

-1200 thousands of people

15 10 5 0 2010

2015

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2025

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2035

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2050

normative” prognosis analytical prognosis Migrants and their descendants in the population of Russia in the analytical and normative versions of a probabilistic forecast, the median value in% 4 Migrants may exceed a quarter or even a third of the total population.

15

5 0

35 city or country for temporary or permanent from another 30 25 don’t necessarily need comfort but are mostly interested in a better location in the city responding to their daily inter-

20 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Let’s take a look on the life stories of labor migrants in com15 normative” prognosis analytical 10 prognosis 170

2011

0 year

160

2010

150 year

Try to limit the influx of migrants. 0 any administrative barriDo not put 2015 2020 2025 2030 ers and try to2010 use migrants for the normative” prognosis good of Russia.

130 What policy shall Russian govern120 ment set towards the migrants? 110 to the Country 4 Try to limit the influx of migrants. 100 Do not put any administrative barri90 migrants for the ers and try to use good of Russia. 80 year 2010 2015 2020 2025

analytical prognosis

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

year

150 2015 140

2020

2025

2030

2035

130 prognosis normative” 120 analytical prognosis 110

100

5

160

90 80 2035

2040

2045

2050

year

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003

UN, 2006, lower version HSE, 2007, analytical prognosis HSE, 2007, zero migratio nprognosis Rosstat, 2006, main version HSE, 2007, “normative” prognosis UN, 2006, upper version UN, 2006, medium version U.S. Census Bureau, 2003

“... the current population of Russia becomes a minority, which means it will be a new population.” 4

“And this will inevitably lead to a change in the composition of the population of Russia, which will increase the proportion of migrants and their descendants. By mid-century, they may exceed a quarter or even a third of the total population. If we move for another 50 years and see what will happen in 2100, the current population of Russia becomes a minority, which means it will be a new population.” 4

20

mln. of people

5

2010

2009

«People in transition» are the people in a certain lifestage and situation of change of a social position and lifestyle, which is caused by entering a new society and/or a transi% of population These are young professionals starting their career, young people who haven’t decided what to 40 do in future, young people starting their independent

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include people who might potentially become migrant’s

What policy shall Russian govern15 ment set10towards the migrants?

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140

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2007

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100 90 80 70 60 year 50 40 What policy shall 30 Russian%governof population ment set towards the migrants? 40 20 10 35 Try to limit the influx of migrants. 30 Do not put any0 administrative barriers and try to use migrants for the 25 good of Russia. 20

2002

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20

%

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2005

1999

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2011

1987

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2007

2008

1969

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1927

other Soviet republics. This period ended in the mid-1970s, when there were less people leaving Russia than coming What policy shall Russian government set is towards migrants? in from these republics. This whenthethe return of Russian citizens and their children who once left Russia to these Try to limit the influx of migrants. republics has started. Do From that time until thebarribeginning of not put any administrative try to use migrants for the Russia’s the 1990s natural and ers netand migration was positive, good of after Russia.1992 the natural increase population grew rapidly. But became negative. While migration growth maintains, and in some years, especially in 1993-1994., after the collapse of the Soviet Union, was very large, it can’t compensate the natural decline in general, and therefore the population declines.” 4

-1000

year 25

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2009

100 90 -2500 80 70 60 rate of migration 50 increase rate of natural40increase The components of population change in Russia, 1927-2006, in thousands 4 30 This graph shows the migration gain in relationship with the birth rate and its potential in regulating the20demography of the country. 10 0 “For a long time Russia gave one part of its population year to -2000

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mln. of people

2007

%

2006

2005

1999

1993

1987

1981

1975

% of population -800 40

2005

-1500

Integration and the change of population comyear position of-600 Russia thousands of people

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

2004

-1200

2002

-500 rate of migration increase -1000 rate of natural increase

1969

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0year

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500

2015

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2010 2016

2014

%

-400

1000

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1939

2015

-1000 -200

1500

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2011

year 4 Reduction of working-age population projected by Rosstat 2007 0

2000

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thousands of people -800

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-600

2009

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1993

1987

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7

66

2009

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n increasethousands of people crease 2500

The government has only started to40 realize the necessity of value brought 35 by migrants and at the same time 30 society changes it’s attitude towards

2008

6

year

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-800

On the 27th of April 2012 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has approved the concept of migration policy until

2008

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-600

Co-inhabitants For easier interaction and communication with a host community another group of people with common needs and

% of population

2011

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

year

%

-400

temporary residence permit, improvement of the system for obtaining a residence permit and cancelation of the quota mechanism and replacing it with “differentiated mecha-

1957

1951

Problems of integration are not state priorities and there are

-200

“Strategy 2020” (migration policy until 2025) The Federal Migration Service (FMS) has presented a draft of peopleconcept of the state migration policy which aims to attract new workers into the country for permanent residence as

1933 2013

2009

0

2008

Dmitry Medvedev has approved a draft concept of migration policy until 2025 which aims to attract new

December ethnic unrest in Moscow (2010)

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2


I don’t want to stay in Moscow. I’ll go home in winter and then maybe I will come back for another year.

Maybe I will stay in Moscow

But I don’t care as long as it is cheap and close to the center. We wanted to live close to our University but it was too expensive.

I livein the basement of the apartment building. It’s very basic but I can stand it because I need money and it’s just temporary.

Constructor

Shop assistant

The only solution is to live in the centre, but it is expensive.

Architect

Street cleaner

Engineer

Student

about another family that was also looking for an apartI’m not going to live here all my life, it is just temporary.

We live there together with another family from We cook at home and never go to cafes, it’s too

-

I don’t know what I’m going to do in future. I like it here now.

Architect salaries and professional level are lower then in Minsk that’s

Work on the construction is dangerous and you always have to be careful because you cannot get medical assis-

Artist

Teacher

It is expensive but we live close to the center and can go to all kind of places.

Journalist

Student It’s very basic and dirty but I can stand it because I need We buy very basic food and out very often because I’m usually tired and I’m afraid of the

But I don’t care as long as it is cheap There are no furniture and basic

home in winter and then maybe I will come back for another

Street cleaner

I knew that our University provides students with hostel only after the second or even third year of studies that’s why I It is usually a problem because you come to a strange city with no place I was

I sometimes go to cafes to eat but most of the time we cook Teacher

-

Engineer

-

I’m not going to live here all my I go to all kind of places in the city:

I Renting an It’s very basic but I can I buy

I live together with another girl in

-

-

I don’t want

I go to all kind of places in the city: museums, galleries, Journalist

I don’t speak Russian Shop assistant

-

And you also have But my friends told me

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But I have to take care of it and maintenance is usually a

Artist

expensive but we live close to the center and can go to all

I cook at home Sometimes I go to all kind of places in the city: museums, I don’t think I will stay in Mosbut

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Ghetto Map and Apartments Costs “Comparing the map of the cost of housing, concentrating on estate segregation, and economic migrants settling map showing the potential for segregation and the formation of

Transitional Microrayon

Looking at this picture, we can predict the development scenario of the capital, which is almost inevitable, while maintaining the current urban migration policies and functioning middle class from areas with a bad reputation, which is acThis is a process we are witnessing today. There are certain areas in the process of forming which accumulate social disadvantage and it can gradually become problematic.” 8 “The housing market, which was formed in Moscow over polarization, emphasizing “poor” and “rich” areas. …”Sickle” of the most expensive neighborhoods of the city, stretching from north-west to south-west and covering a wide part of its center, has increased its importance in structuring, whilst assessing the attractiveness of the location.” 8

Settlements of economic migrants stretched along MKAD in the cheapest area of Moscow 8

Apartments Costs. The expensive districts stretched from north-west to south-west of Moscow 9

Looking at this picture, we can predict the development scenario of the capital, which is almost inevitable...

Migrants city attractions The map shows that migrants attractions are proportionally -

TM motion scheme

Transitional Microrayon is a complex of separate temporary apartment buildings inserted into the existing fabric of the city, which together with the existing infrastructure provide a particular customer with a continuous

Fledglings city attractions

areas of the city and includes a system of the temporal positioning

in the central part of the city, where most of their leisure

Services TM together with the existing infrastructure of the city Migrants’ attractions are proportionally spread around the city (cafes, fast foods, constructions, grocery stores, parks, markets).

Fledglings’ attractions are concentrated in the central part of the city (universities, clubs, theatres, restaurants, cafes, fast foods, exhibition halls, grocery stores, parks).

Location is a combination of customers’ needs and an attempt to recreate the vanishing social homogeneity of the

system of services is developed in a way that services necessary for TM customer missing in the existing infrastructure have to be added with the TM services of services is based on the service radiuses where all the

Temporality

always a group of buildings located within a service radius

hardly accessible for renting TM temporarily uses the unallocated land of the city as a part of a State Program (see

Cadastre Map Access to Land Renting land in Moscow is complicated and today has be-

Customer The needs of «People in transition» and their lifestyle form

OTHER MIGRANTS YOUNG

organize land auctions where a renting contract can be There were only eight land auctions for the construction of buildings with a total area of only 46,000 square meters and four land auctions by Housing Development Fund (RZHS) in 2011. 10 Another opportunity was buying a

from the interaction with society to daily needs are taken into consideration and form an activity cycle which has

PROFESSIONALS

MIGRANTS

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

SERVICES

MICRORAYON

The composition of tenants depends on the interests of cer-

MICRORAYON

The cadastre map shows areas of Moscow, which have no 11

That is an unallocated land, which is under 10 This land can potentially be used

Intersection of Interests area around the historical part of the city (outside the Gar-

Cadastre Map showing the unallocated land (white), which can potentially be used for housing. 11

“HIPSTERS”

The intersections of migrants and the historical part of the city and the Third Transport Ring.

“HIPSTERS” YOUNG PROFESSIONALS

MIGRANTS

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

the city is an area of a very dense built-up environment with a very small amount of unused land, which makes construc-

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SERVICES

RESIDENTIAL AREA FORMER INDUSTRIAL AREA The compositions of tenants

YOUNG PROFESSIONALS

STUDENTS MIGRANTS

OTHER MIGRANTS YOUNG PROFESSIONALS

STUDENTS MIGRANTS

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

SERVICES

CITY CENTER

CITY CENTER

SERVICES

RESIDENTIAL AREA

RESIDENTIAL AREA

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Customer experience is divided into three main stages: entering, living and exiting

Structure

Entering stage working status, provide him with a job and choose an apartment in TM Living stage is supposed to provide him with all necessary services for working and living in Exiting stage supposed to help him to start his life outside the TM Exit strategy Livivng in TM Program Manager - chooses sites according to clients demand (construction companies)

Co-investors (developers and construction companies) These are temporary structures on the construction site or self-organized temporary dwellings inside the constructed TM will be supported by two State programs: Housing for Migrants State Program / FMS Moscow

TM is a way for construction comTM

-

The aim is to provide migrants with good living and working Unused Land Activation State Program / Department of Land Resources The aim is to bring the potentially valuable and unused land discovering of the potential of the unused land and brining identify the land which is not used, not being rented and has given for a temporary use to

according to

be given back to the department on the expiration of this pe-

(the duration of a construction in Moscow is two years in

is a skeletal organization, linking the operations of members into one common system to provide ized in a way that a process or a group of processes is controlled by one person, a process manager Process managers work in team to form a bigger process, a cycle that goes from design to transfer Process managers are young and active people possessing certain skills, which allow them to collaborate with one another easily

cally move to another one with a different lifestyle where

- develops technical assignment on the quantity and composition of tenants - writes a brief - deals with the Department of Land Resources Design Manager - hires a design company - controls it - approves the documentation with the authorities - chooses a company for module production - controls the production of modules - chooses a construction company - controls the construction process Services Manager - chooses companies for every building according to brief

activity cycle of a migrant in TM

- controls them - chooses managers for built-in services (apartment / roommate exchange and labor exchange) - controls them - chooses a maintenance company - controls the process - chooses a cleaning and security company - controls them - hires the housing managers - controls them

activity cycle

- helps customer on the enter/live/exit stages in TM Transfer Manager - chooses a transferring company - controls it

Transfer

Migration

Maintenance and Housing

Services

Construction

Design

Program

dark corridors of bureaucracy

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Value Adds provided to the TM inhabitants, was made according to the analyses of the problems they face in the existing hous-

Migrants-Fledglings This list of value adds for TM inhabitants shows the inter-

Value Adds for All

2

Value Adds for Migrants

R500

3

4

1

5

Location in Miscow

- labor exchange - safety / security - registration and FMS services

Value Adds for Migrants Location

6

- close to work

7

Affordable Services

- labor exchange - safety / security - registration and FMS services

- affordable apartments - no deposit - food Temporality cafesmove in / out process -- easy -- shops move in / out at any time - maintenance

- close to work

Affordable Services

- internet - sport facilities

Choice Flexibility Value and Adds for Fledglings

Affordable Services Apartment and - affordable apartments -Roommate no deposit Database

- food easy to find / exchange an apartment - cafes easy to find / exchange a roommate - shops Choice and Flexibility - maintenance - place to cook Apartment - rooms different and in shape -Roommate opportunity to rent many apartments Database at a time - easy to find / exchange an apartment -- rooms one person a roommate easy tofor find / exchange - rooms for bigger groups

Location university(5) university(5) club(3) club(3) theatre(9) theatre(9) museum(11) museum(11) cinema(1) cinema(1) office office center(21) center(21) restaurant(53) restaurant(53) cafe/fast cafe/fast food(15) food(15) construction(4) construction(4) park(6) park(6) metro(5) metro(5)

Value Adds for Fledglings

- easy move in / out process - move in / out at any time

Affordable Services Value Adds for All

Affordable Services

R1000

Temporality

Choice and Flexibility Location - place to cook

-- close metro in shape roomstodifferent - opportunity to rent many apartments Risks Insurance at a timecontract - official - rooms for one person Furniture and Equipment - rooms for bigger groups

Location

- workshop - freedom to use apartment and space around the building in a way you want (organize parties, exhibitions, picnics, …) Affordable Services -- rooms internetbig enough to invite friends and make parties -- rooms not only for sleeping (eating, cooking, making parties, sport facilities working) Choice andinFlexibility - rooms different shape - workshop place to work (cabinet) - freedom to use apartment and space around the building Location in a way you want (organize parties, exhibitions, picnics, …) -- opportunity to customize and makeand it hip rooms big enough to invite friends make parties close to not parks, clubs, … cooking, making parties, - rooms onlymuseums, for sleeping (eating, -working) close to the center -- close University roomstodifferent in shape - place to workand (cabinet) Furniture Equipment -Location good and practical furniture - opportunity to customize and make it hip close to parks, museums, clubs, … - close to the center - close to University

Furniture and Equipment - good and practical furniture

- close to metro

Risks Insurance - official contract

lack in the infrastructure was formed on the basis of social sites for

Furniture and Equipment

TM inhabitants will use the existing

Value Adds for TM Inhabitants: Site 1

Site 3

Site 4

Location

APARTMENTS SHOP FOOD STORE MANUFACTURED GOODS STORE

Site 5,6,7

Site 1

- close to the center -Value close to University Adds - close to work ants: - close to metro

APARTMENTS

Existing Infrastructure Services -Location clubs

BAKERY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE LABOR EXCHANGE TM OFFICE

Site 2 APARTMENTS FOOD STORE

APARTMENTS APARTMENTS

CAFE

CLOTHING STORE FOR CHILDREN WATCH REPAIR PET-SHOP BAKERY

OPEN CINEMA

SPORT GROUNDS

for TM Inhabit-

-- theatres close to the center -- museums close to University -- cinema close to work -- restaurants close to metro - cafe/fast foods Existing Infrastructure - parks - clubs - theatres - museums - cinema - restaurants - cafe/fast foods - parks

Services

MANUFACTURED GOODS STORE

TM inhabitants-Locals This list explains how TM inhabitants the positioning of TM TM inhabitants will use

Value Adds for All (provided by TM) Affordable Services and Shops -Value food storesAdds for All -(provided cafes by TM)

- shops - sport facilities -Affordable tennis Services and - fitness club Shops - sports club - food stores bakery - cafes watch and clock repair workshop - shops pet-shop - sport facilities cinema - tennis children’s clothing store - fitness club time room rent for workquick short -shops, sportsmeeting club rooms, … . - bakery - watch and clock repair workshop (neighborhood tenants needs where defined on the basis - pet-shop of the social survey information) - cinema - children’s clothing store - quick short time room rent for workshops, meeting rooms, … .

Value Adds for Neighborhood Tenants

Value Adds for Neighborhood Tenants

(neighborhood tenants needs where defined on the basis of the social survey information)

APARTMENTS MAINTANACE CAFE BAKERY

Site 3

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Site 4

Site 5,6,7

Value adds for TM inhabitants and locals

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I can see my university from here.

I can see the Kremlin from my window

I go to that cafe quite often. It is so cheap. I rent a workshop here.

I like it. They show movies every weekend.

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