Underground Museum Ekaterina Varionchik The metro network was not only designed to solve transportation issues but also to develop the public space as a space of self representation of the country. The metro has become a museum, an underground museum that presents the daily life of the city in a cultural sense.
How is the metro perceived today? What are the priorities of the Moscow metro? There is no doubt that the metro's main function is transport, as it has 2.4 billion passengers per year. The second feature that everyone notices is the beauty of the metro, which leads one to believe that metro stations and platforms actually form an informal museum. Hosting content and a constantly changing audience of commuters, the Moscow metro is tantamount to the Hermitage. A key part of daily life for Moscow's residents, the metro is integral to the city's urban culture, and in this way it could be said to be an urban museum. Although the content remains within the stations regardless of their location, most cultural events and institutions in metro are located in the stations located in the center of the city. The stations on the periphery remain untouched by adornment or special events. In this project, I propose models for content development for newly built and existing stations. And after studying two stations located on the outer edge of Moscow, I created a proposal that includes social engagement, involves local citizens and adds another layer of value to the metro.
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Moscow’s expansion, transportation problems and traffic jams are probably the most disputable issues in Moscow and even the Moscow region. Metro is the main transportation system in Moscow; it provides 56% of the entire public transportation capacity. The Moscow metro is also often considered one of the most beautiful and fast1 transportation systems in the world. Nevertheless, the transportation function was not the only priority during the Moscow metro construction; it also had great ideological significance.
The question is: what are the priorities of the metro today?
Image source: Dushkina Natalya.Aleksey
The metro is not just a part of the city's infrastructure, but it is also a public space, a potential home for different types of content. It is a system that can be changed to acquire added value in order to become a living museum. An urban museum is a museum that presents the daily life of the city in a cultural sense.
Nikolaevich Dushkin. Architecture of 1930-1950 years.Moscow:A-fond,2004.
First, I would like to analyze the primary reasons for the metro's construction. Actually, there were two of them – transportation and ideology. The population of Moscow was intensively increasing at the time. Four million people were living in Moscow by 1930, and the population kept growing due to an intensive urbanization process. As a result, the existing transportation system needed radical transformation. In European cities such as Berlin, London and Paris, subway systems appeared earlier. In Paris, the subway system was created in 1900, when its population numbered 2.7 million people.2 Berlin's transportation system was formed in 1902, when there were 2.5 million people living in the city,3 while London's system was created in1863, when the city's population numbered 2.8 million.4 That means that there was a dramatic demand for a transportation system in Moscow in the late 1920s. The second reason for the metro's creation was ideological. The basic idea was to demonstrate the advantages of the Soviet project to the rest of the world through the creation of the best and most beautiful metro in the world in the capital of USSR. It also aimed to indoctrinate Soviet people with visual propaganda. Metro became not just transportation infrastructure but also an “underground palace” for the working class5. The whole history of metro construction is connected to foreign experience.6 Examples in the three main European capitals--London, Paris and Berlin--were taken into consideration while developing the Moscow metro. Russian specialists went to Europe to study technoloexamples gies, and European and American specialists were invited to work on the Moscow project.
examples b e r l i n l o n d o n p a r i s pr oj ec ts specialists d u b e l i r b a l i n s ky k n o r r e antonovich r o z a n o v mishenkov g e r b k o h o f u t k i n g u s h k o v vishegradsky siemensb a u n i o n experiment transport population m o s c o w kaganovich fast and cheap p a l a c e s masterpiece construction stages pyatiletka 1910
new york p a r i s
METRO HISTORY AND RATES OF CONSTRUCTION hong kong
lubyanka ohotny ryad mayakovskaya baumanskaya izmaylovskaya stalinskaya novokuznezkaya
1930
s
park kulturi oktyabrskaya frunzenskaya sportivnaya universitet dobrininskaya
1940
t
a
l
i
1950malenkov
n
kalujskaya belyaevo ugo zapadnaya tverskaya akademicheskaya pushkinskaya profsouznaya novogireevo pervomayskaya avaiamotornaya schelkovskaya schosse entuziastov pionerskaya suharevskaya novie cheremushki botanichesky sad kolomenskaya kuznezky most kashirskaya planernaya varshavskaya shodnenskaya proletarskaya polejaevskaya ryazansky prospekt begovaya
1960
k h r u s h c h e vb
1970
r
e
z
h
n
polyanka zvetnoy bulvar savelovskaya orehovo borovizkaya teply stan belyaevo tulskaya nagatinskaya nagornaya serpuhovskaya chertanovskaya chehovskaya
mariuno uliza podbelskogo dubrovka altufievo dmitrovskaya bibirevo kojuhovskaya lublino pechatniki krestianskaya zastava
mititno volokolamskaya myakinino slavyansky boulvar anino trubnaya sretensky boulvar mejdunarodnaya vistavochnaya park pobedi strogino
shi pilovskaya zyablikovo novokosino nijnyaya maslovka hodinskoe pole petrovsky park butirskaya fonvizinskaya okrujnaya julebino kotelniki luberezkie polya brateevo seligerskaya verhnie lihobori
1980 1990 2000 2010 andropov gorbachev e v chernenko y e l t s i np u t i nm e d v e d e v
projects specialists experimentfast and cheap utilitarian c o n t e n t construction t u n n e l s s h i e l d stations b u d g e t r a t e s m e t r o gi protrans shumakov architects engineers new model m e t r o technologies bloggers m e t r o m e t r o m e t r o m e t r o m e t r o
2020
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Although all foreign projects per se were rejected, the developers decided to use island platforms as in London and Berlin because they give more opportunities to passengers. At the same time, island platforms are more expensive and require more architectural work than and Paris-style boarding platforms, which are cheaper and more simple in terms of construction. Both types of stations were used, but most of them, namely 147 stations,7 have island platforms. The main resolution on metro was adopted at the June Plenary assembly of the Central Committee of VKP (b) in 1931 and was dedicated to reconstruction and further development of cities. Due to this document, the metro had to become the main transportation system and the top-priority construction site for the whole country8. Although foreign engineers were involved in designing the metro, architecture and design were made exclusively for each station by the best Soviet architects, such as A.Dushkin, B. Vilensky, A. Schusev, V. Schuko, V. Gelfreih, I. Fomin, L. Polyakov and L. Pavlov. The whole process of metro construction was strictly observed and controlled by the government, and metro development was always strictly connected to city planning. It means that maps of metro development were always following the city's master plan. Metro was built and developed over the years at different speeds, with varied beauty, architecture and quality.9 What I faced later is the contradiction between metro as a cultural and ideological monument and metro as a tool of transportation. These two lines or discourses intersected during the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, when the ideological significance vanished to transform into cultural significance. At that time, metro was for the first time considered heritage and included in cultural preservation documents. According to documents from Moscow’s Department of Cultural Heritage,10 only 23% of all metro stations are considered culturally valuable, preserved sites (objects of cultural value or objects of regional value).11 The preservation issue is very important, but the heritage is not always preserved properly. Restoration, time and the necessity to modernize stations has led to destructive changes that are different for each station: escalators and lamps are being changed, and some details like lamp pendants are completely disappearing (as happened at Oktyabrskaya metro station). There are also lots of stories about floor renovation. Restoration of the Mayakovskaya metro station is a good example here as the whole idea and image of the
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MOSCOW AREA WITH METRO STATIONS
STATIONS TIMELINE Images sources: www.metro.ru
STATIONS WITH SPECIFIC CULTURALLY VALUABLE CATEGORIES
based on the register of cultural heritage made by the department of cultural heritage of moscow
stories about restoration made by metrogiprotrans
stories about restoration made by metrogiprotrans
Image source: www.archnadzor.ru
station was destroyed. Dushkin created Mayakovskaya inspired by the airport takeoff runway, so the quantity of transverse joints was minimized in longitudinal light lines to accent the floor dynamics20. This is now gone. Almost the same thing happened with the central line of the station made of “salietti” red marble. Two long tight slabs were placed together to accent the precise axis of the station. The whole structure of that line is lost today because it is now a combination of square slabs with a lot of transverse joints. The main problem is that the visual effects system is lost, and being listed as a culturally valuable object did not prevent the station's architecture from destruction. Metrogiprotrans, the organization responsible for the restoration, believes that changing the escalators and adding new passages will increase the ease of the flow of traffic in the metro station.21 Again, I would like to stress that metro is the main transportation system of the city--and it METRO EXPANSION 2020 145,5 км 67 new stations 1 000 000 000 rub
2012 104 281 616 300 rub
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is still developing and growing with the city. One can say that metro is developing like any museum and also experiencing constant changes. There are going to be new 67 stations by 2020, which means additional an 145 kilometers of track14 and an investment of more than 1 billion rubles15. That means that stations will be build up quite extensively, and the speed of construction is going to be at least two times faster than that in the Soviet period. So where are we going? Will future metro development result in the loss of all its cultural components? Shall we reconsider metro as utilitarian transportation system only? Or is there a way to fill the hardware of the peripheral stations with a new kind of software, and intensively use it as a public space dedicated to public cultural events such as presentations, performances, exhibitions and concerts? Such practices are not so popular nowadays, but they definitely exist. The table below shows some of them. 1990
Cherkashin performance wedding in metro,underground subbotnik
Ploshad revolutsii Krasnie vorota
1994
Ptuc magazine presentation
2006
Photoexhibition by Yury Rost
Vistavochnaya
2006
Conference HERITAGE AT RISK
Kropotkinskaya
2006-2007
Trains “Akvarel” and “Krasnsya strela
2007
Art-group Voina – Prigov’s wake
Circle line
2009
Photoexhibition “Young and famous
Vistavochnaya
2010
Classic music performance
Mayakovskaya
2010
Photoexhibition Moscow-Paris
Vistavochnaya
2010 2010
Exhibition “Chinaware Exhibition dedicated to the 65 Victory Anniversary
Vorobievi gori Park pobedi
2010-2012 2011 2011 2011-2012
Metro concerts and museum nig ht
Kropotkinskaya
Exhibition “Metro that does not exist Theatre dolls exhibition
Vistavochnaya Vorobievi gori
Silver camera” contest-photo exhibition
Park kulturi passage
As can be seen from the table, very few stations are used, and they are rarely used to host public cultural events. At the same time, the potential of such activities is enormous, just like the available space. metro is museum
The Moscow metro is potentially one of the greatest open, living museums in the world.
METRO MUSEUM METRO PEOPLE Image source: http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/ condor213/view/64911/?page=0 Image source: http://www.asergeev.com/ pictures/archives/compress/2011/974/20.htm
time expenditure
Image source: http://active.russia.obnovlenie.ru/the-hermitage-museum/6205/
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5 min in front of the picture 90 min average museum tour
90 sec waiting for the train 23 min average one way journey
And the goal is to make metro an updated museum. Its content has reflected urban life in the Soviet period for a long time, but the times have changed and interactivity is the major new dimension that is missing currently in this urban museum. It is the museum that was transforming throughout this period of time. The design of stations was changing through the years from Culture 2 style to modernism and contemporary architecture16. The architecture is exactly what makes Moscow metro unique and world famous. The process of creating the most beautiful metro lasted until Stalin’s death. Later, in 1955, Khrushev initiated a resolution “On eliminating overabundance in design and construction�, and metro stations became much more austere.17 This process affected the whole country, i.e. Luzhniki stadium, Hotel Leningradskaya, residential building construction, etc. Now, I would like to compare the structures of the metro and the museum. The Hermitage museum based in St. Petersburg was chosen for such a comparison because it is one of the largest museums in Russia and in the world and its history runs back to the middle of the eighteenth century, when it was merely a private collection of Empresses Elizaveta and later Ekaterina. The collections and palaces were claimed as a state museum in 1917. At present, the State Hermitage Museum boasts 3.8 million showpieces, 300 halls and seven buildings18 while metro has
185 stations,12 lines with 305 kilometers of track and around 10,000 trains.1 Metro has 44 times as many employees as the Hermitage (865 employees18 in Hermitage vs. 38,636 metro employees19), and it has a passenger flow that is 1,000 times more than the amount of people visiting Hermitage every year (2.5 million visitors to Hermitage20 vs. 2.4 billion passengers per year in metro21). People usually spend five minutes in front of the masterpiece, and their total stay in the museum averages 90 minutes. Moscow metro passengers spend 90 seconds waiting for a train (and the average one-way journey21 lasts 23 minutes). In terms of structure, it appears that metro is 14 times larger than the Hermitage (the metro occupies a space of around 888,000 sq. m.21 while the Hermitage is 62,324 sq. m.22). The city as the main stakeholder of the metro is also responsible for the public space of the METRO AND HERMITAGE SQUARES 888 000 metro sq meters
62 324 hermitage sq meters
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“CULTURE OF MOSCOW 2012-2016“ STATE PROGRAM“CULTURE OF MOSCOW 2012-2016“ 353
1.14
museums
wad
182
theaters
448
libraries
97 10.7%
117 11.9%
20 2.1%
1.4
M M
M
119 13.4%
M
140
M
M
cinemas
M M
M
100 97 47
83 7.6%
concert organisations
0.12 700 6.7%
100%=10404 people 1540 cultural institutions index = population% / cultural institutions%
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M MM M MM M M MM M M MM M M M MM MM MM M M M M M M M MM MM M MM M M M MM M M M M MM M M M M M M MM M M M M M M M MM M M M M M M M M M M M
136 10.1%
M
M M M M
M M
M
M M M
M M
M
M M M
11.4% 65
M
M
M
1.69 sead
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M M
ead
M
M
M
1.66
M
M
M
M
M M
M M
MM
M
M M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
93.3% of population use 55% of cultural institutions
nead
M
M
M M
exhibition space
1.57
M
M
M
M
cultural centers
M
M
M
M
nwad
M M
M M
1.77
M
M
nad
M M M
M
M M M
100 10.8%
M M M
106 15.3%
2.2 sad
2.7 swad
metro, which is why it is important to look into the concept of the culture of Moscow in order to understand how it is reflected in the metro. Following the program “Culture of Moscow 2012-2016”, which was created by the Moscow City Government and the Department of Cultural Heritage, the majority of cultural institutions today is situated in the central part of the city, where 6.7% of the entire Moscow population lives.23 That means that the other 93.3% uses only 55% of cultural institutions.24 Nowadays, metro is used not only as a transportation system, but also as a static museum with guided tours for foreigners and locals.25 And this is the first step to adding value to metro because its space can be used in a more broad and diverse way. Something has been already done and events such as the 1990 Cherkashini performance “Wedding in the metro", the 1990 “Underground subbotnik” at Ploshad revolutsii, the 2010 Concert at Mayakovskaya, museum nights in 2010-12 and exhibitions at Vorobyevy Gory and Vystavochnaya are inspiring examples of such activities. At the same time, such events are still few and happen in three or four locations. There are 61 stations with pillars, 92 with columns and 32 single-vaulted stations. They all have passenger flows connected to their geographical location. That means that pillar stations are mostly situated in the city center because their construction allow them bear a huge amount of ground. These stations are usually of deep stratification.26 As to the other two types, they are usually situated in the periphery of the city, and they are shallow and more people go through them, accordingly. Both the metro and the museum combine different forms of content. For the museum, this content includes permanent exhibitions, performances, temporary exhibitions and installations, technical services (including a library, laboratories and Wi-Fi) and tools for social engagement. Whereas metro worldwide has stations as its main masterpieces, remarkable for their interior design. However, there are also audio and visual performances, installations, rare temporary exhibitions (as well as internet service). It may appear as though the typology of content is quite similar, and this is in a way correct, but the content and the events themselves are completely different in terms of messages to the public. 82
Our planet now has 9,384 metro stations, and only 24 stations in 13 cities display archaeological artifacts found during metro construction; 18 different exclusive typefaces are in use by metro operators. Globally, there are 30 dedicated metro museums and only 12 guided tours awaiting tourists.27 What I mean to say is that museums do usually have a specific program while metro performances are spontaneous and dedicated to the most vital problems of the society or country (in most cases). The Moscow metro has or is planning to have all types of activities and content. Unfortunately, these events happen mostly in the city center, which means that there is a huge concentration of heritage and content there. By contrast, I think decentralization would be useful. I have created two scenarios for metro development. One of them would deal with the existing metro stations that were built from the 1950s through to the 1980s, and the other is a perspective scenario of what should be done with the 67 new stations that are to appear by 2020. First, I will begin with the first part, which concerns content for the metro stations built from the 1950s through to the 1980s. I would like to come up with the project of introducing more content to the non-central train stations. These train stations on the periphery should become social attractions, so that similar proposals can be developed for other stations depending on their location. I used the following criteria to choose the stations: 1) the stations should be located in a residential area, more or less peripheral and near MKAD; 2) an index of correlation between the number of cultural institutions and area population should be average. I chose the East Administrative District (EAD), as I formulate a typical solution for the place and metro. First, it is necessary to connect underground spaces with the city area. Areas that have a lot of cultural institutions do not need any culture inside the metro while areas that have no cultural institutions need to improve the situation before creating anything underground. And in the areas with an average index, residents are more or less prepared for the fact that something could appear at the stations. IZMAILOVO CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
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Within the EAD, the Izmailovo, North Izmailovo and East Izmailovo districts were chosen. I also chose two periphery stations for the district where some kind of content could be developed. The dark blue line (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line) goes through this area, and it has an approximately average passenger flow compared to the other lines. The table shows stations situated in two of the three districts mentioned (East Izmailovo has no metro stations).28 year
station name
district
station construction type
daily passenger flow
1963
SchelkovSkaya
North Izmaylovo
column station
104 300
1961
PervomaySkaya
Izmaylovo
column station
57 800
1961
IzmaylovSkaya
Izmaylovo
open above-ground column
32 500
1954
PervomaySkaya
Izmaylovo
single vaulted station
-
Izmaylovo
column station
51 450
(transformed into trains` depot)
1944
PartIzaNSkaya (cultural heritage of regional value)
The Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line connects different types of industrial and post-industrial areas. On the one hand, there is Vinzavod, Artplay, Arma, Project Fabrika and Electrozavod, which are situated not far from the center. On the other hand, there are industrial towns situated to the east of Moscow (Balashiha, Schelkovo and others). Meanwhile, Izmailovo itself is almost purely residential, with a population of 266,150.29 The Partizanskaya metro station has a flow of 51,450 passengers per day and is listed as a site of cultural heritage of regional value. As such, it is necessary to add cultural events and content that would not disturb the station itself. The most interesting thing is that the station has three tracks, but only two of them are in a constant use--this fact provides numerous opportunities. The new Izmailovo Kremlin and Hotel Izmailovo are situated near the station, which means that there are a lot of tourists in the area. It also has Izmailovo center of crafts and textile manufacture. Likewise, the only souvenir market in town is situated near the hotel and the station. There are several theaters in the district (including the Gesture Theater, which has a rather unique Soviet heritage, and the Theatre of Shadows, whose audience is mostly children). The area around the Pervomayskaya metro station is mostly residential, and the neighborhood was built in the 1950s following the master plan for 1945-57. The area has a lot of infrastructure around residential buildings: schools, shops, kindergartens, leisure areas, libraries, art and music schools near the station. Pervomayskaya`s average daily passenger flow is 57,800 people. Below are two cultural programs to develop the metro stations and endow them with more cultural value. For Partizanskaya, the following program is suggested: PARTIZANSKAYA
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1. Theatre performances near the dull wall by the aforementioned local theatres in the evenings. 2. Short movies about the history of the district, the new Kremlin and former Cherkizovsky market at the side walls of the station during the day. 3. Monthly concerts of contemporary rock and electronic music (like Teslaboy and Motorama); contemporary dance performances near the dull wall at night; classical music or contemporary academic music concerts near the dull wall at night. 4. Live talk shows with the participation of celebrities or the involvement of local or city politicians near the dull wall at night. 5. Poetry readings at night. 6. A weekend museum train on the third track, which can be easily accessed from both platforms. This train can host exhibitions and performances made by students of local or not so local music and art schools as well as exhibitions of crafts and products from the Izmailovskaya manufactory. 7. Other types of exhibitions can be put on by famous artists and curators or by local galleries and artists, i.e. the station can be easily used as one of the spaces for the Moscow art biennale and or for projects by young artists. Projects can be connected with the Izmailovsky Park and Sirenevyi Boulevard. Moreover, a social component could easily be added: such projects can include stories or photographs by locals or visiting tourists. For Pervomayskaya, the following program is suggested: 1. Installation of special boxes that allow for the return books to local libraries in the metro hall. 2. Portraits or posters of the area's inhabitants or even metro workers (this metro line was the second to be constructed, so it has quite a history) on the side walls. 3. Part of the walls' tiling can be substituted by tiles with pictures. Local artists can work on the pictures, adding contemporary art. Such compositions can be changed twice a month, as changing tiles does not require a lot of time. 4. Exhibitions involving local photographers whose pictures can be put on the columns are a way to make people pay attention to what is happening around them. PERVOMAYSKAYA
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5. Interactive screens installed at the station could allow people to answer questions about the district and leave their ideas for improvements. 6. Involving people that use the metro every day to find fellow passengers to speak on specific topics. The project can connect people on the web, giving them an opportunity to get acquainted before their journey, to choose the topic and the route. Moreover, this initiative would help locals to connect to each other and collaborate on different initiatives outside the metro. 7. Another tool for social engagement is interactive art projects. The initiator gives a person a sheet of paper where the following phrases are written: “Draw something then pass it along”, “I want that …”, etc. Then these sheets would be put into special boxes, and the selected results will be published on the website and become the content of an exposition at Pervomayskaya lasting several days. 8. For both metro stations, Wi-Fi coverage and the distribution of magazines containing the districts’ news would be helpful. Other types of activities could also be developed for the 67 new stations that are already in construction. But, for now, I perceive them as an outlook for the future, as the second step that should be developed. Moscow should start with the first scenario.
scenario for future stations development
Following Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin’s ordinance, the metro should become utilitarian, what is new metro today? cheap and fast in construction infrastructure. In line with this idea, I am also fairly certain that adding some content to the new stations will be useful in terms of creating a more friendly, social and culturally vibrant atmosphere in the city.
METRO CONSTRUCTION SITE
Image source: http://ru-metro.livejournal.com/3570390.html
technologies Image source: Metrostroevez,# 26, 14.07.2006. www.mosmetro.ru
Image source: http://www.theblogbelow.com/2008/07/tbm-tunnel-boring-machines.html
scenario for future stations development what is existing metro today?
Image source: http://abandonedplaces.livejournal.com/2476051.html
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References: 1. http://www.mosmetro.ru/about/ 2. http://www.demographia.com/db-parissecanal.htm 3. http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/kaiserliche_hauptstadt. en.html 4. http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/ 5. How we were building the metro .Moscow: Poligraphkniga, 1935 6. Yliya Starostenko,"The space of metro stations in projects 1900 - 1930 .To the 75 anniversary of the opening of first metro line. Science,studies and experimental design", in Works of MARHI: Materials of theoretical and practical conference 12-16 april 2010 . Moscow.:ArchitectureM, 2010 7. http://no-exit.org/stations 8. http://www.mosmetro.ru/about/history/projects/ 9. Samuil Kravez. Architecture of Moscow metro named after Kaganovich. Moscow: Publishing house of all union academy of architecture, 1939 10. http://old.dkn.mos.ru./registry 11. Federal law N 73 ,25.06.2002 12. Natalya Dushkina. Live of architect Dushkin 1904-1977.Moscow:A-fond,2004 13. http://www.archnadzor.ru/2011/02/02/t-ma-v-kontse-tonnelya/#more-6590/; http:// www.archnadzor.ru/2011/02/06/t-ma-v-kontse-tonnelya-2/#more-6592 (Natalya Samover, Darkness at the end of the tunnel. Darkness at the end of the tunnel-2.) 14. Federal program of the Mosocw city “Development of the transportation system 2012-2016” 15. http://ria.ru/infografika/20120427/636716950.html 16. Vladimir Paperny. Culture two. Moscow:New literary survey ,2011 17 Alexander Zinoviev. Stalin metro.Historical overview. Moscow: Zinoviev A. N.,2011. 18. http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_Ru/02/hm2_3.html 19. http://mosmetro.ru/about/general/numeral/ 20. Hermitage General staff building OMA/AMO, 2003 21. http://mosmetro.ru/about/general/numeral/ 22. http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_Ru/00/hm0_1_1.html 23. Resolution of Moscow government N 431-PP , 20.09.2011 Federal program for Moscow city “Moscow culture 2012-2016” 24. Resolution of Russia Federation government N 186, 3 march 2012 on special purpose federal program “Culture of Russia 2012-2018” 25. http://old.muar.ru/excursions.htm/; http://www.stranatur.ru/ru/Incoming-tours/ Excursions/metro-moscow/ 26. Yury Frolov. Metro stations design. Saint Petersburg; PGUPS, 2011 27. http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrostats.html 28. http://www.metroreklama.ru/stat/p_stream/people_stream02.php?line=3#spravka 29. http://izmaylowo.org/index.php
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