Grand Border(less) Hinterland After a train journey of nearly 6,000 miles from Moscow, the Russian Pacific port of Vladivostok can feel like a different country. The culture and the language are predominantly still Russian, but the strong Asian influence is undeniable. Many local Russian residents also say that the bond to the rest of Russia has been growing weaker, while the ties to Asia have only become stronger since the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
growing power China, and new economies South Korea and Mongolia, Russia has an opportunity for cooperation not only within the Asia-Pacific region, but also within the Northeast Asia region. The rise and fall of the Russian Far East is related to its openness and connection to its neighbours, as the history tells us. As the Russian Far East is facing decline, and as the importance and potential of the Asia-Pacific region emerges, Russian Far East has the potential to develop by taking on a more active role in the Asia-Pacific Network.
Russia became a member of APEC in 1998 after the set-up of transit and natural resource trading with Asia. In the following decade, Russia did not pay much attention to the Asia-Pacific region until 2006, until after the US placed the Asia-Pacific at the top of its foreign policy.
A series of case studies are used here to explore in detail the different aspect and dimension of relations between the Russian Hinterland and Asia-Pacific countries (including the economy, agriculture, energy and so on). The aim is to develop a proposal for cooperation to integrate the Russian Hinterland into a global context.
The Asia-Pacific region is home to 40% of the world’s population, produces 57% of the world’s GDP, and has huge diversity of land, natural resource, culture, and so on. With huge potential from the Northeast Asia, which has the old economic power Japan, the
1890 Disconnecting
1898
1949
1978
1989
1998
2012
1850
1904
1938
1958
1969
1975
2012
CONNECTING
1897 Chinese Eastern Railway 1890 TransSiberian Railway After finished in 1902, The Chinese The construction lasted from 1890 to 1916. A lot of Chinese and Korean participated in it.
Eastern Railway took an important role to support the Far East in Russia-Japan War.
POLICY
MILATARY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Connecting
POLICY MILATARY
1950 Korea War
After the war, Russian occupied the north Manchuria, which cooperated with the Far East and form an economic belt for the international trade of soy beans.
USSR provided China with weapons
1860 Beijing Treaty
1953 Chinese 1st Five-year Plan
Russia Empire occuoied Far East, and keep it open to attract Asian for its development of Far East.
1953-1957. USSR helped China for its 1st Five-years plan with 156 important projects
1850
INFRASTRUCTURE
1904 Russia-Japan War
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
The Far East is one part of Chinese Empire, as the original place of the King, it was only open to Machu.
1940
1950
1937 Forced Migration
1850s The Original Place of Dragon
Due to the Manchukuo, USSR forced Korean to west Asian and Chinese back to China.
The Far East was occupied by Russia Empire
DISCONNECTING
1960
The relations last till present
1970
1960 Termination of Contract USSR distoryed contract with China.
the
1978 Chinese Opening Up
1989 Gorbachev visited China
Chinese government opened the country for economic development.
The normalization of Soviet-China relations started with the border opened 30 years later.
1980
became member APEC
one of The Land Code allow foreigners to lease land for maxuim 49 years.
2000
2012 APEC Summit Asia Pacific countries get involved in the preparation.
2010
1994 Visa-free cancled
2009 Cherkizovsky Market
The visit started the exchange between US and China, making USSR worried a lot.
The visa-free policy for Chinese businessmen and tourist group cancled.
The government closed the Cherkizovsky Market so that a lot of Chinese migrants went back to China.,
1932 Manchukuo 1938 Confliction on the Border
1969 Russia-China Confliction
Soviet Union won the battle
Japan found the Manchukuo
Russia and China have a confliction on the border result in the border got closed.
The lack of grocerries and foods
1975 Baikal Amur Mainline
2009 Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island
USSR begun the construction of BAM and 7 TPKs with $14 billion due to the relations with China.
The Russian bridge to the island got delayed, but Chinese bridge will be finished on time.
Partly result in the collapse of USSR
Timeline of openness of the Russian Far East related to the Asia-Pacific Zone on aspects of policy, military and infrastructure
88
1998 APEC 2001 Foreigner R u s s i a Lease Land
1972 Nixon visited China
1920 Civil War
From 1938 to 1945, a series of confliction took place on the border
1990
Shared with Asia Pacific countries.
Mr. Liu (36) A Chinese farmer, living with his wife Masha (21) in Russian Far East, produce vegetables for the citizens of Far East. Source: englishrussia.com
Asia-Pacific Region 01.Vladivostok International Airport
01.Vladivostok Airport
02.Casino
03.Opera House Bridge
03.Opera House
05.Automobile Plant Seaport 04.Bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay
06.Bridge over the Eastern Bosphorus Strait
05.Soller Automobile Plant
07.Shipyard
08.Far East Federal University
10.Wind Power Station
07.Bridge 09.Aquarium
help from foreign countries on funds, technology, workforce attract the foreign countries
APEC 2012 Vladivostok: New ties between the Asia-Pacific countries through key projects of the APEC Summit 2012. Source: ERINA
The US launched the deployment of around 2,500 marines in northern Australia to extend its military cooperation in Asia-Pacific, 2012: With China’s growing influence in the Asia-Pacific and globally, the gravity of the US’s foreign policy shifted towards on the Asia-Pacific region. Source: BBC 2012
South Korea
base: 12 personnel:29,000
Afghanistan
base: 11 personnel:100,000
Philippines
base: not available personnel:182
Tailand
base: not available personnel:162
09.Aquarium
other projects
Japan
base: 17 personnel:40,178
Guam
base: 2 personnel:5,000
Singapore
base: 1 personnel:157
Australia
base: not available personnel:2,500
60% of US Warships in Asia Pacific
Importance of APEC Russia became a member of APEC in 1998, three years after its application. However, the cooperation between Russia and APEC members worked very slowly in the first decade. Russia preferred to adopt a wait-and-see policy, due to a stagnant economy in the Russian Far East, hampered by Moscow’s efforts to launch effective and goal-oriented cooperation with APEC members and a lack of a goal-oriented strategy towards APEC. In September 2012, Vladivostok will host the APEC summit. According to Russian authorities, they hold high expectations for this event with the aim to promote the domestic economy integration into the system of economic ties in the Asia-Pacific Zone. And 90
they regard this as an important driver to accelerate the modernization and innovation-driven economic development, primarily in Siberia and the Far East. At APEC 2012, there will be a new strategy to strengthen ties with the Asia-Pacific region through key projects, including the conference center on Russky Island, new bridges, modernisation of the airport, new shipyards and an auto-mobile plant. All these projects are to be completed as part of the preparation for the event. On one hand, Asian countries provide Russia with their funds, technology and workforce; while on the other hand, some projects are aimed to attract foreigners to the region. Chinese, Japanese and Korean tourists are considered the main target-group for the gambling zone in Vladivostok, for example.
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04.Bridge
Russia-China mi
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06.Shipyard
its to three make brief vis dimir Putin will foreign tour to discuss President Vla two-day his luding the ing inc , dur ues countries tional iss s and interna presidential Afghanistan, bilateral relation ria, Iran and Sy in ns . situatio ursday ov said on Th aide Yury Ushak
08.FEFU
Recent newspaper illustrate that Russia is shifting and growing toward Asia. This is not only to try to strengthen the ties with China on both economy and military, but also to try and deal with the international issues related to Iran and Afghanistan. Source: mailonline, the New York Times, CNN, RiaNovosti, CBCnews, Globalresearch
10. Wind Power Station
20.00% Japan
South Korea
10.00%Japan 20.00% 0.00% 10.00%
61
-10.00% 0.00% 61
China
South Korea
66
66
71
71
76
76
81
81
Mongolia
China
86
Mongolia
91
86
91
96
01
06
11
01 11rate GDP 06 gowth
96
-20.00% -10.00%
Russia China Japan South Korea Mongolia Russia China Japan Korea which oneSouth country Mongolia
-30.00% -20.00% -30.00% Northeast, 100%
the most dynamic area, has more than experiences a high-speed GDP growth. Source: google publicdata 90%
Rest of the World
100% 80% Mongolia’s
Foreign Trade Turnover (Percentage Japan 90% share of total, 1990-2009) Rest ofSouth the World 70% Korea 80% 60%
Japan South Korea
70% 50%
China
60% 40% 50% 30%
China
40% 20% 30% 10% 20% 0% 10% 1990 0% 1990
Russia start of high growth 1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006 Russia 2008
start of high growth 1992
g closer
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Challenges to the Far East The Asian-Pacific region is getting more and more attention because it is home to 40% of the world’s population, 54% of the world’s GDP, and 44% of world trade, which is higher than any other geographical area in the world. And many of the main players in the global economy as well as important emerging powers such as China, South Korea, India and Indonesia are located here. In the last 60 years, Northeast Asia has always been an engine of high-speed economic growth, from Japan to South Korea to China. Mongolia, a landlocked country, is currently growing faster than any other country. It started to trade its rich resources with more countries in 2000, and now is attracting more foreign investments for its development. Russia is the fifth country in this region, and has the opportunity to be the next one to experience high-speed growth. Within Northeast Asia, the land and natural resources of Russia, the workforce, capital and agriculture investment from China, the technology and funds of Japan and South Korea can create a diverse cooperation platform. In which every country can benefit from the diversity.
2008
Mongolia started its growth when the foreign trade became diverse in 2000. Source;ERINA
With the advantages and potentials of this cooperation, the Russian Hinterland will have a new challenge. GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND
91
8%
rice economic crops rice economic crops
used:3,200 ha
USED:3,200ha
used:3,200 ha
8% Agriculture in the Far East USED:3,200ha
bean
Labour
Future for Agriculture in Russian Far East bean Labour Seeds Today there are more opportunities for the transforma3,200ha Seeds Tractor tion of the agricultural situation in the Far East, after corn 3,200ha Tractor wheat the successful case of leasing land for agricultural Fertilize corn wheat Fertiliz farming by Chinese and Korean and other international examples in the region. Both the Russian governDONGNIN ment and APEC countries are showing some interest DONGN in cooperation on leasing arable land for the developfruit vegetable ment of Russian agriculture. Russia’s minister for fruit others vegetable From 2001 onwards, the Land Code of the Russia Economic Development is proposing a plan of land of others net income: 100 million RUB/year (2010) Federation permits foreigners to lease land in Russia up to 200,000 hectares with the aim to developing the neta conincome:agriculture 100 million RUB/year for a maximum period of 49 years. Based on of the Far East (2010) with the help of investors versation with an export. In general companies tend from East Asia to discuss in the APEC summit. APEC to lease land for only 5-10 years due to the unstable members include Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand and investment climate. Japan. Russia also hopes that Malaysia, South Korea, and North Korea would be interested in investing in Russia’s Far East agriculture. The arable land and production of the agricultural products in Russian Far East are declining faster ha other areas in Rusthan ever and fasterall:40,000 thanALL:40,000ha in any all:40,000 ha sia. The production of wheat has decreased by 76% ALL:40,000ha in the region, compared to the average decrease of 38% across Russia. Right now, Russia strongly depends on import from across the world; about 85% of wheat and 64% of vegetables today are imported.
Production in East the Far East import production in Far production in Far East import wheat wheat vegetable vegetable meat meat milk
0
milk
0 20
2040 40 60 60 80 80 100% 100% The share of production in the Far East: the region strongly depends on import , especially potatoes and vegetables. Source: euroasia.cass.cn
92
decreasing of agriculture in Russia & Far East decreasing agriculture of agriculture in Russia & Far East Declining Russia Far East Russia
Far East
farm area farm area wheat production wheat production milk production milk production production meat meat production egg production egg production
0
0
20
20
61% 61% 58% 58%
40 40
6060
76% 76% 75% 75%
67% 67% 80 80
Declining agriculture in the Far East and Russia (1990-2003): From 1990 to 2003, the arable land and production of the agricultural products declined faster than other areas because of agriculture reform, decreasnig subsides and depopulation. Source: euroasia.cass.cn
An abandoned collective farm in the Far East: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many collective farms were abandoned. Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai receive around 1% to 2% in foreign investment and are therefore regions with the highest investments in the Russian Far East
100% 100%
A
Huaxin Farm in Mikhaylovka Facing the lack of the available arable lands in China, Chinese companies are heading to Russia’s Far East to lease lands for agriculture (managed by Chinese farmers, using Chinese seeds and tractors).
8%
rice economic crops
used:3,200 ha
USED:3,200ha
bean 3,200ha
all:40,000 ha ALL:40,000ha
Labour Seeds Tractor Fertilizer
Agricultural Products
DONGNING
FAR EAST
corn wheat
fruit vegetable others net income: 100 million RUB/year (2010)
rice rice omic crops crops
The Chinese company rented 40,000 hectares of land in Mikhaylovka, but only used 8% of the land. The existing land is not good for agriculture, and needs time to be redeveloped for agricultural purposes. Furthermore, the number of migrants coming in is limited by the migration policy, which resulted in a lack of farmers to work the land. Source: Huaxin Group production in Far East import MIKHAYLOVKA MIKHAYLOVKA wheat
Russia
1.2 1.2 0.840.84
st
6% 76%
1.2 The operating cycle
0.84
Far East
61% Risks 76% 0.092competition At the moment there is a growing 58% between companies from Japan, South Korea and 75% CHINA RUSSIA FAR EAST 67% Malaysia. The unstable policy onLand migration increases Arable (ha) per Capita in 2010 100% 40 60 80 the risk of more Chinese farmers working in the area without proper permits.
The still unstable political environment and high levels of corruptionand inadequate law enforcement increase the risk associated with investing in the Far East. Contracts with a local government or farm can be cancelled anytime, and so the rights of a company are generally not protected well. As Russia will join in WTO soon, the investment climate might become better for more foreign investment in agriculture.
0.092 0.092
5% 75% 80
Capital Income
decreasing of agriculture in Russia & Far East
farm area The Operating Cycle wheat production vegetable The company hires Chinese farmers and buys the milk production beanbean Labour Labour meat Agricultural Agricultural seeds, tractors and fertilizers in Dongning, 90 meatkiloproduction Seeds Seeds milk egg production Products Productswhich is then metres away from Mikhavlovka, trans0 20 40 60 80 100% 0 20 Tractor corncorn Tractor ported to the farm. The agricultural products are sold wheat wheat Fertilizer Fertilizer in the Far East. The Dongning government helps the company to employ local DONGNING DONGNING FARfarmers. FAR EAST EASTThis cycle creates a win-win for both Russia and the Chinese Hinterfruit fruit Capital Capital egetable vegetable land, by linking the arable land in Russia to the town others others Income Income in China.
%
MIKHAYLOVKA
CHINA RUSSIAN FAR EAST CHINA CHINA RUSSIA RUSSIA FARFAR EAST EAST
100% 100%
Arable Land (ha) in2010 2010 Arable Arable Land Land (ha) (ha) perper Capita perCapita Capita in 2010 in
The arable land per capita in Russia, Russian Far East and China 2010: Far East has much more arable land than China per capita. Source: euroasia.cass.cn
The Land Code of the Russia Federation (2001) permits foreigners to lease Russian land for maximum period of 49 years. Durign the last ten years, Korean and Chinese companies have leased land in Russia’s border areas for vegetables and other agricultural production.
GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND
93
In addition to agriculture, others aspects also strongly link Russian hinterland to the hinterland in the Asia-Pacific region, such as economy, energy and environment. With the aim to develop a proposal for cooperation to integrate Russian hinterland into a global context, a series of case studies are used here to examine the potential in detail.
A Grand Hinterland
Tourism Zone Clean Energy Zone Agriculture Zone
Amur River Basin Interstate Energy Grid
0hr with Japan & Korea Economic Belt 0hr with China & Mongolia
Russia shares a land border with China and North Korea, and a sea border with Japan and South Korea, but the distance between them is increased by the difference of infrastructure, policy of migration and distribution of time zone. The potential of the Far East as an Eurasia Land Bridge has not yet been developed. Russian Far East has a huge potential in clean energy, especially hydro-and creates about 68% of the total production in Russia. The energy potential of the Far East, the capital and technological advancement of China and Japan could effectively link to form a broader Northeast Asia energy network. The shared Amur River basin, between Russia, China and Mongolia, calls for international cooperation on the environment following the economic cooperation due to the growing pollution in the region.
The proposal to integrate the Russian Hinterland into Northeast Asia: Different zones have different potential in agriculture, energy and economy, free movement of people. This works as a key to formulate a network between the Russian Far East hinterland and the hinterland of the Northeast Asia for a more effective cooperation.
The potential richness of the Russian Hinterland including agriculture, transit, economic cooperation, energy, tourism will function as a hub in Northeast Asian, bringing a new future to Russia,and especially to the Russian Far East.
94
Following the opening of the Chinese border in 1988, China has created a series of special economic zones along the Russian-Chinese border: A principle that should be further expanded and would strengthen the region.
16
00
14
00
Murmansk
Kaliningrad
UTC+3 St. Petersburg
Pskov
1200
Arkhangel’sk
Novgorod
Naryan-Mar
UTC+9
Smolensk
UTC+4
Bryansk
Kaluga Orël
Tver
MOSCOW Tula
WIND
Vologda Norislk
Yaroslayl Kostroma Ivanovo Vladimir
Syktyvkar
Salekhard Magadan
Ryazan Nizhniy Novgorod Kirov Belgorod Lipetsk Cheboksary Yoshkar-Ola Tambov Izhevsk Saransk Kazan Voronezh Perm Penza Ul’yanovsk Kursk
1800
UTC+6
2000
12
UTC+8 UTC+7
9
Saratov
Rostov Krasnodar Maykop Stavropol
3
Ufa
Astrakhan
HYDRO
Tyumen
Kurgan Omsk
Tomsk
NalchikGrozny
9
Vladikavkaz
3
Novosibirsk
Kemerovo
SOLAR
Krasnoyarsk
Makhachkala
6
220
0
2400
Barnaul
Gorno-Altaysk
12 9
PetropavlovskKamchatskiy
Yakutsk Khanty-Mansiysk
Yekaterinburg Chelyabisnk
Orenburg
Elista
Cherkessk
12
6
Samara
Volgograd
Abakan
Kyzyl
Blagoveshchensk Irkutsk
Ulan-Ude
Khabarosvsk
Yuzhno-Sakhalisnk
Chita
2600
3
ULAANBAATAR
Vladivostok
interstate power grids
12 9
2000
2200
6
3
0
6
250
500
WIND SPEED
1000 km BEIJING
PYONGYANG
TOKYO
SEOUL
fastest
time zone and physical borders: In order to “thin” the border, it is necessary to reorganised the time zone difference in the region and reduce the time gap with Moscow.
slowest
energy cooperation: With the huge clean energy potential in the Far East include hydro, wind and solar energy, a proposal is made for an interstate power grid, which integrated the energy network in Northeast Asia.
CANADA
Tou
rism
Rou
te
UNITED STATES
Amur River Basin The area with the largest potential of different recreation
CHINA Russky Island
cycling recreation
JAPAN
mountain recreation ski recreation water recreation
SOUTH KOREA
cooperation in ecology, environment and tourism: the Far East and Siberia both have huge natural resources with great potential for the development of tourist industry. With the special recreation-economic zone on Russkiy Island, a tourism network is defined to attract more tourists from the Northeast Asia, and even US and Canada.
special economic hinterland zone: this is an extension to the Special Economic Zones along the border to allow for more effective exchange of goods, services, resources and the development of a good trans-border cooperation within the region.
GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND
95
Network of Difference
|E N H IS GL
|
on r
East Asian Russia
U
East Asian
Siberia Russian Far East
Northeast Asia Far East Siberia Russian Mongolia
China
South Korea
Northeast Asia Mongolia
Japan South Korea
China
Vietnam
Hong Kong
Thailand Vietnam
EN
U MOSCOW
Northeast Asia ASEAN+3
EU27
Customs Union of Belarus, ASEAN Kazakhstan &Russia
US Mexico
NAFTA
Thailand Singapore
U
|J A
INESE | KORE | CH AN
SPAN ISH
N IA ES
INESE | KORE | CH AN
global warming will bring to Russian Far East: around 6 million ha by 21 around 5 million ha by 20
|E N
$ U
N IA ES
40% of World Population with 12 languages
& Education Circle
MOSCOW
US
Agriculture Sphere European Union (EU)
Northeast AsiaNorth American Free Trade NAFTA ASEAN+3 Agreement (NAFTA)
Customs US Union of East AsiaAgriculture Line Belarus, ASEAN Asia-Pacific Kazakhstan Mexico Asia Sphere (Infrastructure, &Russia Southeast Northeast Culture Asia Energy, Environment, Tourism) Network South Culture & EducationAmerica Circle
Agriculture Australia Sphere
EU27
East Asia
US
Southeast Asia
Asia-Pacific Culture Network
Mexico
Association of Southeast World(ASEAN) Asian Nations Economy European Union (EU) Link North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Northeast Asia Customs ASEAN+3 Union of Belarus, ASEAN Kazakhstan &Russia
South America
Australia
EU27
Germany
Australia
|
Agriculture Sphere
Northeast Asia Sphere (Infrastructure, MOSCOW Energy, Environment, Tourism) Russia Culture
World Education Center
Russia
Germany
World Education Center
96
IAN | FRE RUSS NC H
$ U
global warming will bring to Russian Far East: around 6 million ha by 2100 around 5 million ha by 2050
H IS GL
40% of World Population with 12 languages
| SE NE PA
SPAN ISH
The Northeast Asian- Grand Hinterland has a strategic location in the world economic free trade zones, with the EU on the west, ASEAN+3 to the south, NAFTA to the east. The potential of the Grand Hinterland will become a link among each FTZ, and will stimulate the economy of the world.
World Education Center
Malaysia
|
APEC
SSIAN | FREN | RU CH SE |E NE N PA
Philippines
H IS GL
TPP
World Economy Link
Malaysia
Indonesia |J A
South America
$
Singapore
World Economy Link
Japan
Hong Kong Philippines
$ Indonesia
LISH | MALAY | IN ENG DO N
ific e rk
$
Sphere
SPAN ISH
rld th 12 s
$
U
LISH | MALAY | IN ENG DO N
REN CH
Russia
The Grand Hinterland and the integration of Northeast Asia, has a lot of potential for further development and growth on a broader Asia-Pacific scale. To establish a world economy link (based on a diverse exchange - technology, education, agricultural and culture and so on), establishing a strategic location in the world economic free trade zones. Developing a world education centre, linking 40% of the world population and 12 main languages Denmark in the Finland Asia-Pacific, building agricultural and technological Moscow cooperation, and an Asia-Pacific Cultural Network. Belarus UK Poland Denmark Finland Netherlands Moscow France Austria Germany Belarus UKto RussianPoland Kazakhstan global warming will bring Far East: Spain around 6 million ha by 2100 Italy5 million ha by 2050 Netherlands around France Austria Germany Germany Kazakhstan US Spain Agriculture Italy
World Economy Link
TPP APEC
Asia-Pacific Culture Network ASEAN +3 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP) Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia ASEAN +3 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP)
Potential Connection Country with More than One Network Potential Connection Country with More than
Beyond the Similarities In addition to cooperation, cultural diversity, languages, population, the size of the country, and quality of education facilities and capital in the Asia-Pacific region creates an expanded potentials for the cooperation. The Russian Hinterland is never isolated. It is a shared hinterland in the global context, with global potential. Special thanks to Michael Schindhelm, Irina Trocuk and Jiang Jun.
r East
Alaska
Alaska
ea
Canada
Canada
USA
$
USA
Japan
$
U
U
Mexico Hawaii Mexico Hawaii
Peru
Peru
stralia
Chile
Chile New Zealand
References Author Unknown, “Agricultural production status of the Russian Far East.” IRECASS. December 12, 2008, Accessed June 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/qtWkU.
New Zealand
Author Unknown, “Feasibility Study Report of Huaxin Farm.” Huaxin Group. March 10, 2010, Accessed June 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/QULZ6 Author Unknown, “Russia offers to lease land in the Far East to APEC countries.” Russia & India Report. January 30, 2012, Accessed Jun. 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/rH7NZ Borodko, A. (chief editor). National Atlas of Russia (digital version). Moscow: “Roskartographiya”, 2006. Saito, Daisuke, “The Preparations for APEC and the Situation for the Participation of Foreign Capital.” ERINA Report 104 (2012). 27-38. http://goo.gl/rDfQV.
Land
Connection
ith More than ork
Population
$
U
Funds
Land Population
Natural Resource University Technology
Natural Resource
U
University
GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND
97
Hinterland Cases
G8 summit St.Petersburg
Higher School of Folk Crafts
Sale-supply cooperative
Kolkhoz Gorinskoe
Palekh miniature
Consultancy center
Khohloma
Arakcheev’s military settlement
Novoe Pikalevo
Belomorkanal
Ugorsky project
Prirazlomnoye oil field
Milk farm
Kamouflazh Byta
Andreevka
Outgoing Contamination
BRIC summit
Peat extraction
LavkaLavka
St.Petersburg
Derevenskaya Gornitsa Belgorod Region - House of culture
Kolkhoz Frunze Belgorod Region - Continuous success during and after Soviet regime
Olonets, Karelia - Farmer cooperation
Leningrad Region
Novoselitsy, Novgorod Region - Utopian community
Yaroslavl Region - Priest as a head of kolhoz
- Proposal to reconstruct the canal
Palekh, Ivanovo Oblast
Kostroma Region
Pechora Sea - Battle for Arctic - Oil development
Kaluga Region - Art as a development tool
Transformation of Nature
Science town
steppe and forest regions of Russia - Stalin’s Nature transformation plan
98
Nizjni Tagil, Sverdlovsk region
Kolkhoz “Shukty”
Aral Sea
- Environmental disaster
Dagestan - Successful kolkhoz
Pushchino, Moscow Region
Ilino-Zaborskoe, N.Novgorod Region - Profitable animal breeding
N.Novgorod - Founder of school for young farmers
Sochi
Kolkhoz Verblud
Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod Region
Partner’s counsil foundation
Nikola-Lenivets
2014 Winter Olympics
Rostov Region - One of the first kolkhozes, introduction of mechanization in cooperation with the US
Semenov - Agricultural development
AKKOR
Moscow - Social organization working on the Federal level
Gzhel porcelan Gzhel, Moscow Region
Yury Luzhkov’s project Moscow - Governmental support of folk arts
Okhansky area, Perm region - Regeneration of the village
Ekaterinburg
Chelyabinsk
Shatura, Moscow Region
Moscow - Farmers cooperative
UTOPIA RISE OF NATURE WARMING RUSSIA RUSSIAN ARRIÈRE-GARDE
Survival of the fittest
RURAL DEVELOPERS
Yamal-Nenets AO - Conflicts within ethnic-economical system and impact of global warming
Nadym
Yamal region - Gas mono-city
ALROSA
Sakha (Yakutia) - Diamond powered economy
DEPENDENCIES BRICX GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND
Permafrost melting
Yakutsk - Advantages and threats of melting permafrost
Growing Unpredictabilities: The Rise of Nature
Amur River Basin
- River shared by China and Russia
Lena River
Hydro power plants
Culture activities
Angara - New plant construction
Khavarovsk Krai - International cultural exchage
NKO “Zeleniy dom” Khabarovsk - Self-governing institutions, financed by U.S. sources
Heihe
Krasnoyarsk Krai - Religious community
APEC Summit Vladivostok
Huazin farm
Mikhailovka, Primorsky Krai - Chinese agricultural enterprise in Russia
Village Nagornoe, Primorsky Krai - Self-governing programs
“Green Corner”
border with Blagoveshensk - Russians living in China
Ecovillage “Tiberkul”
NKO “Pervotsvet”
Vladivostok - Second hand car market
Hunchun Border crossing Primorsky Krai - Strategic international project
Far Eastern Federal University Russky Island, Vladivostok
Far East Wind Power Plant Russky Island, Vladivostok
“Sportivnaya” Vladivostok - Chinese market
INTRODUCTION
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