Research Open House 2022 by Penn State Stuckeman School

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ROBOTIC 3D PRINTING OF MYCELIUM-BASED BIO-COMPOSITES

Alale Mohseni, Benay Gürsoy

THE LOWER TRAIL IN WILLIAMSBURG

Alec Spangler, Anne Lai, Elliot Kline

MYCOCREATE 2.0: Computational Framework for the Design and Fabrication of Spatial Structures with Mycelium-based Composites

Ali Ghazvinian, Benay Gürsoy, Arman Khalilbeigi, Esmaeil Mottaghi

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TRES COMUNIDADES, UN RÍO: An Ethnobotanical Photography and Data Activism Exhibit in Iquitos Peru

Ali Ghazvinian, Benay Gürsoy, Arman Khalilbeigi, Esmaeil Mottaghi

ADVANCING GENERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS-MARKERS OF EXCELLENCE(AGE-ME): Design Research for the fourth Industrial Revolution Places to Policies . Tools to Technologies . Methods to Markets.

Darla Lindberg, Rahman Azari

FROM SHELTER TO HOME: Transformation Grammar of Housing Units in Irbid Refugee Camp

Dimu Abu-Aridah, Heather Ligler

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WHO DESIGNS THE CAMP? The Spatial Reproduction of Refugee Camps

Dima Abu-Aridah

DETERMINING THE IMPACT IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGY HAS ON SPATIAL VISUALIZATION SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

Eric Mainzer, Jose Duarte, Loukas Kalisperis

INVESTIGATING CANOPY HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS ON BUILDING ENERGY

PERFORMANCE: A Case Study of Seven U.S. Cities

Farsad Hashemi

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DIRECTKNIT: Sample Generation for Machine Learning Models

Farzaneh Oghazian, Felecia Davis, Nathan Brown, Andre West, Jenna DeCandio

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FORM FINDING AND ANALYSIS OF KNITTED TENSIONED STRUCTURES

Farzaneh Oghazian, Sam Moradzadeh, Felecia Davis

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR PRINTABILITY AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF 3D PRINTED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Goncalo Duarte, Jose Pinto Duarte, Ali Memari, Nathan Brown, Juan Pablo Gevaudan, Shadi Nazarian

EXAMINING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE GAP BETWEEN PREDICTED VALUE AND ACTUAL USE

Jie Lie, Lisa D. Iulo, Ute Poerschke

PEM-BASED ENERGY HARVESTING BUILDING ENVELOPES

Jingshi Zhang, Rahman Azari, Ute Poerschke

SENTINEL LANDS: The Geospace of Mine Fires

Pep Avilés, Laia Celma

PLANNING BUILDINGS’ OBSOLESCENCE THROUGH MATERIAL STRATEGY:

Formulating a Timed Decay-Informed Earth Block

Mahan Motalebi, Marcus Shaffer

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR STORMWATER STEWARDSHIP

Mahsa Adib, Hong Wu, Travis Flohr, Stuart Echols, Shannon Cruz

ENHANCING ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING THROUGH PARAMETRIC MODELING

Marayam Aman, Ute Poerschke, Jose Duarte

ADVANCED EXTRUSION SYSTEM FOR CONCRETE 3D PRINTING

Mohamed Sadik, Jose Duarte, Sven Bilen, Timothy Simpson, Nate Watson

MYCELIUM BASED COMPOSITES ASACOUSTIC ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS

Natalie Walter, Benay Gürsoy

ENABLIND SCAFFOLD-FREE 3D PRINTING OF VAULTS AND DOMES AT CONSTRUCTION SCALE USING MULTI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING

Nusrat Tabassum, Jose Duarte, Shadi Nazarian

SEE-SENSE-RESPOND: Exploring Modalities of Augmented Robotic Fabrication for Automation and Beyond

Ö. B. Çapunaman, Benay Gürsoy

THE REVIVER GRAMMAR: Transforming the Historic Center of São Luís through Social Housing

Daniele Paulino, Heather Ligler, Rebecca Napolitano

AUGMENTED REALITY + AI & THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON MASS

Rodney Allen Trice

Hiuwon Lim, Yongyeon Cho, Hye Jeong Park p. 17

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: LSD Project, Behavioral Data Collecting AR Game

DIVERSITY IN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVES: Focuses on Human Figures

Hiuwon Lim, Yongyeon Cho, Hye Jeong Park

VISUALIZING PERSONALITIES TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATIONS IN A SHARED OFFICE ENVIRONMENT

A VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) LEARNING-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN PROCESSES

Sam Moradzadeh, Felecia Davis

DETERMINANTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH A FOCUS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY

Sina Memarian, Lisa Iulo, Rahman Azari, Natash Miles, Kenneth Davis

IMPACT OF VEGETATED INFRASTRUCTURE TO MITIGATE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN BANGLADESH

Tasneem Tariq, Lisa Iulo, Ute Poerschke

MITIGATING URBAN HEAT ISLAND EXPOSURE: A longitudinal, SocioEnvironmental, Time-Series Analysis of Urban Ecosystems

Travis Flohr, Diana Albuja

DEEP LEARNING IN EARLY-STAGE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

Hossein Zargar, Nathan Brown

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

ROBOTIC 3D PRINTING OF MYCELIUM-BASED BIO-COMPOSITES

OBJECTIVES

1. Developing recipes of extrudable mycelium-based materials mixtures.

2. Finding solutions to solve the issues of contamination, growth, warpage, and shrinkage.

3. Providing a methodological workﬂow for the growth and robotic 3D printing of mycelium.

TASK 1: SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTS

- Development of extrudable mycelium-based mixtures with waste cardboard as a substrate

- Tracking the source of contamination through isolating samples from 3D printing mixtures

TASK 2: MESO SCALE EXPERIMENTS

- 3D printing mycelium-based mixtures cultivated with waste cardboard.

FUTURE WORK

- Exploration of the design and fabrication process of self-bonding mycelium tiles.

- Exploration of the design and fabrication process of the MycoPrint as a large-scale prototype.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research is partially funded by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Upjohn Research Initiative 2021. We are grateful for the support and guidance of John Pecchia and Fabricio Vieira.

Mycelium-based bio-composites are lightweight, renewable, and biodegradable and can turn bio-waste into high-end products. Current technology uses molding to form mycelium, limiting its geometric complexity and scale; it is also wasteful if molds aren't reused. A robotic 3D printing approach could be utilized to develop mycelium-based materials, eliminating the requirement for formwork. This reduces waste and allows the production of complicated forms that enable mycelium growth. Integration of six-axis industrial robotic arms into 3D printing can add extra movement and ﬂexibility to the manufacturing process. The integration of the livingness characteristic of mycelium and the shaping potential of the robotic 3D printing technology opens up the possibility of developing living materials with remarkable adaptive features.

USING

Even with a flawless workflow and appropriate sterilization procedures, contaminants can eventually find their way into the mycelium-growing environment. Due to the material's minimal contact with its surroundings during the primary colonization stage, there is little chance that it will get contaminated during the first growing period. Most of the contamination was detected in the latter phases of the mycelium-based material development. The mycelium-based material was sampled in five petri dishes for each experiment. All of the petri dishes were kept in a climate-controlled growth room at Mushroom Research Center. They were observed regularly to record every change.

Alale Mohseni Benay Gürsoy

Project History

The Lower Trail in Williamsburg

This Hamer Centerfor Community Design-supported project began in spring 2021 as “Creative and Community-Focused Analysis for Trail Design: 2 Miles of the Lower Trail in Williamsburg, PA.” The proposal followed conversations between Williamsburg Borough community leaders and Ilona Ballriech, program manager of the Sustainable Communities Collaborative (SCC) at Penn State’s Sustainability Institute.

Williamsburg is located at the midpoint of the Lower Trail, a popular Rails to Trails route that overlaps with Pennsylvania’s Mid State Trail as well as the ﬁve-state 9/11 National Memorial Trail, currently in development. Local leaders and stakeholders are aware of other small, post-industrial towns that have used their connections to regional trail systems to revitalize their economies. They looked to Ilona and Penn State, along with regional planning groups, to help identify opportunities. This project coincides with existing e orts by several di erent actors at di erent scales to promote Williamsburg as a “trail town,” including the acquisition by the Borough of a 50-acre parcel of former industrial land just upriver from the historic downtown. The priorities of the project became: Gather and synthesize existing data, planning e orts, ideas, and opinions about developments related to the Lower Trail and Juliata River Frankstown Branch in Williamsburg.

Make connections with and among individuals and institutions involved in such activities (this is one of the missions of the SCC, which is supporting the project). Compile information and analysis into a format that can be easily accessed and used by stakeholders .

• Identify and support spin-o projects and partnerships.

Outcomes

360˚ Photography Using equipment and processing from Penn State’s Center for Immersive Environments (CIE), Alec Spangler generated a series of 360-degree photographs along the 1.7 miles of the Lower Trail adjacent to Borough property. This imagery was essential in developing visualizations and conducting analysis of existing conditions. Spangler continues to work with the CIE on developing the imagery into an interactive web tour of the trail for use in planning and community engagement.

Model building activity for Williamsburg’s ﬁrst Day of Service Spangler and Elliott Kline laser-cut over 1,000 chipboard layers from U.S. Geological Survey topographical contours and guided Williamsburg Area Middle School students from April Wheland’s math class in the assembly of a 9-foot, 1/64”=1’ scale model of the Borough • Community Meeting for Williamsburg and the Lower Trail Using the 1/64”=1‘ model and an 8x12-foot graphic plan of existing conditions, Spangler facilitated a community discussion with Borough government and residents and representatives from the Blair County Planning Commission, Explore Altoona, Central PA Rails to Trails, and Allegheny Ridge Corporation about ideas for landscape improvements connected to the trail and river. Partnership with Public Library, Williamsburg Community Farm Show Spangler and Anne Lai created about 550 1/64”=1’ model

Alec Spangler

MycoCreate 2.0

Computational Framework for the Design and Fabrication of Spatial Structures with Mycelium-based Composites

University

MycoCreate 2.0 Pavilion

MycoCreate 2.0 introduces a computational form-finding strategy for compression only, component-based spatial structures fabricated with mycelium-based composites (MBC). These components are cultivated within recyclable paper-based formworks that mycelium started to decompose during growth. MycoCreate 2.0 tapped into the structural aspects of MBC — their lightness, ability to bond during natural growth, and biodegradability. MBC are lightweight, renewable, and biodegradable bio-based materials obtained from mycelium, the root systems of fungi. There is a growing interest in mycelium-based materials from the architecture community, mainly due to their sustainable features. The use of MBC in architectural construction is still experimental but the existing research shows that it can significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and the embodied energy required for construction. It can also decrease the amount of waste that is left at the end of buildings' lifecycles. MBC are biodegrade upon demolishing and they can be cultivated on a wide range of organic agricultural and urban waste. This enables the re-entry of waste materials into a circular economy instead of being discarded as landfill.

System Break-down

A: The mycelium composite, which is the cover for the system and bears the compressive load. During the forming process, this part was covered by 2D-cut and creased bristol boards.

B: The endplates, which are the connectors of adjacent components. During the forming process, they located the bristol shells in place, and were used as an entrance for inserting mycelium paste.

C: The guide straps, which are locating the endplates in place, reinforce the mycelium composite, and act as an inner skeleton for the structure.

Contributions

The design, development, and fabrication of MycoCreate 2.0 Pavilion was intended to address three major challenges of working with mycelium-based composites in the construction industry:

1) Development of a form-ﬁnding strategy for the funicular and component-based forms that can compensate for the mechanical weakness of the material; 2) Development of an a ordable and sustainable fabrication strategy that produces less waste and enables the use of recyclable formwork materials instead of non-organic plastics; 3) Easing the breathing and the compaction needs for complex formwork shapes. Two strategies to address the environmental challenges posed by the building industry can be to improve material e ciency and shift to alternative materials with potentially less harmful e ects. While computational design and digital fabrication strategies enable the fabrication of unique parts without added e ort, sustainable biomaterials — such as mycelium-based composites — can minimize the unnecessary circulation of material, bring local solutions to construction sites, and limit the dependency on factories. MycoCreate 2.0 is an experimental structure that taps into these strategies. The computational formﬁnding strategy employed in MycoCreate 2.0 enables optimization of the structural form and using the materials e ciently. With MycoCreate 2.0, we introduced an a ordable and sustainable way to design and fabricate complex component-based structures with mycelium-based composites while conforming to the needs of living mycelium and reducing formwork waste.

MycoCreate 2.0 Pavilion at the UVA Biomaterials Building Exposition, Spring 2022 (Image Credit: David Alf)

Breakdown

Ali Ghazvinian Benay Gürsoy Arman Khalilbeigi Esmaeil Mottaghi

The MycoCreate Team: Research and Design Team: Ali Ghazvinian, Benay Gürsoy, Arman Khalilbeigi, Esmaeil Mottaghi Penn State Students: Alale Mohseni, Andrew Kuka, Alexandros Naylor, Blanche Tarabrella, Brad Feitl, Hakan Toykoc, Chris Castiglia, Kate Loftus, Katie Bair, Natalie Walter, Kristine Luther, Niousha Keyvani, Paniz Farrokhsiar, Quaid Spicher, Parachi Masown, Rachel Justice, Seyed Hossein Zargar Penn State Faculty and Sta : John Pecchia, Jamie Heilman, Fabricio Vieira Rocha, Kimberly Paley, Edward Kaiser, Scott DiLoreto

of Virginia Collaborators: Dina Lou, Mellisa Goldman, Trevor Kemp Photographers: Arian Saeedfar, David Alf

TRES COMUNIDADES, UN RÍO:

AN ETHNOBOTANICAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND DATA ACTIVISM EXHIBIT

IN IQUITOS PERU

Research Team: Blga. Alexandra Jhonston Vela, Bach. Antr. Andrea Linares Guimet, Blgo. Carlo Tapia del Aguila, Blgo. Christian Ampudia Gatty, Est. Arq. Christina Flores, Bach. Antr. Claudia Moscoso Villena, Ing. Claudia Rios, Blgo. Edwing Olortegui Ramos, Blga. Estrella Miah Velasquez Ruiz, Bach. Antr. Evita Vera Gonzales, Blgo. Francisco Javier Farroñay Pacaya, Bach. Antr. Iris Del Aguila Yahuarcani, Bach. Antr. Jasmina Oroche Santillan, Arq. Jorge A. Alarcón, Ph.D. Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Leann Andrews, Blgo. Lindher Watson Villacorta Mora, Bach. Antr. Mishell Coral Ramirez, Arq. Rebecca Bachman, Adm. Roopa Sriram, Blga. Susana Cubas Poclin, Ph.D. Ursula Valdez, Blga. Xiomara Valdivia Zavaleta. Photography: Gemina Garland-Lewis; Aerial Images: Kevin Mauro Rodríguez Arce; Data Graphics: Christina Flores and Rebecca Bachman; Community Drawings: residents of Claverito, Bajo Belén y Nuevo Belén. With special gratitude to the Communities of Claverito, Bajo Belén, and Nuevo Belén.

Sponsored by EarthLab and the Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas Biomédicas y Medioambientales

CONTEXT

In the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest, people have been living on or near the river floodplains for thousands of years and have developed unique cultures symbiotic with the dynamic river and rich biodiversity of plants and animals. Hundreds of thousands of people have migrated from the jungle to the city of Iquitos to escape hardship from over-extraction of the Amazon's resources and to seek opportunities. Migrants carry traditional lifestyles with them, creating unique floating and stilted communities in the city's floodplain edges. Studies have found that their generational knowledge of floodplain agriculture, amphibious housing, and close community structures provide cultural, economic and ecosystem services to the whole city. However, this mass migration has also overextended housing, development, and services, causing adversity in these communities. The regional government proposes relocation of these residents to new developments in the highlands as an attempt to address these challenges, however their unique riverine culture is under threat as well as the sensitive white sand rainforest ecosystem that new developments are replacing.

THE EXHIBIT

This exhibit is the result of a multi-year research project that aims to tell stories of human and environmental health, connections to nature, and strength of community in two ﬂoodplain communities and a highlands relocation community in Iquitos. We o er an interdisciplinary arts and sciences “One Health” perspective through collaboration among researchers from Peru and the United States and 136 residents across the three communities: Claverito, Bajo Belén, and Nuevo Belén. Through a survey, drawings, and a pilot community science program, residents shared their views on their physical and social community, mental well-being, connections to nature, and knowledge of plants and animals. Biologists and community members documented plants, birds, butterﬂies, amphibians, and reptiles to understand urban biodiversity and ecological health alongside community health.

THREE COMMUNITIES, ONE RIVER invites you to explore the stories, data, and images from our time with these communities. Together, these show us that there are multiple ways to successfully live in the jungle, some of which may be particularly beneﬁcial to human and ecological wellbeing, and that connection to nature is essential to the health of the individual, the city, and the environment. Amazon ecosystems, river life, and traditional cultures are under threat. In order to support a thriving human population and healthy urban ecosystem, care and consideration for these connections must be taken into account as the city continues to grow.

culture, rooted in our ancestors, I am hopeful that this exhibition will successfully [spark] a little more consideration of our needs in all aspects.”

resident response

“By reencountering our values, showing our

Christina Flores, M.L.A. student Leann Andrews, Ph.D., Asst. Prof.

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

ADVANCING GENERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS-MARKERS

OF EXCELLENCE(AGE-ME) Design Research for the fourth Industrial Revolution Places to Policies . Tools to Technologies . Methods to Markets

Darla Lindberg Rahman Azari

PROJECT VISION

An interdisciplinary research and design lab within the Hamer Center for Community Design determining systems-wide markers of excellence in environmental health and well-being to support transformational generational aging of the middle market in urban areas.

PRIORITIES & ACCESSMENT

1. Increase community a nity by Penn State students and State College (SC) residents using social media modelled after CitySwipe and energy performance tools, technologies, and interactive education.

2. Inﬂuence climate action and adaptation plans in SC and other university towns experiencing similar growth.

3. Inﬂuence the inclusion of form-based transect design in Climate Action Plans for college towns.

NOVELTY

The contribution of this lab is to be a renowned resource in the determining and development of markers of excellence that have the potential to serve as a guide for new and renovated urban aging developments in future years.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Urban Heat Island: What impact have zoning changes that have been made to allow increased student housing density had on increasing urban heat island (UHI) e ect in college towns across the country? Can parametric modeling tools help drive weather data sourcing to more accurately capture development impacts on climate action plans?

Community Engagement: What urban design features attract community cohesion in university towns with a transient and ascriptive population mix? How can visualization tools and engagement facilitation drive urban design and development initiatives?

Smart + Connected: How might smart technologies designed to assess heat island e ect (HIE) be paired with social tools modelled after, for instance, an app for dating, to inﬂuence and kindle community a nity important in developing a successful climate action and adaptation plan?

FROM SHELTER TO HOME: TRANSFORMATION GRAMMAR OF HOUSING UNITS IN IRBID REFUGEE CAMP

ABSTRACT

This paper presents research on the design challenges in refugee camps where “temporary" shelters often evolve into permanent homes and larger communities. These transformations convey an informal design process, a phenomenon evident in Irbid Camp for Palestinian refugees in Jordan. To study this site and design process in detail, shape rules based on the transformation of 10 individual housing units are developed, with consideration of area and growth limitations inside the refugee camp.

The Irbid Camp Grammar reveals a modular, grid-based logic at play in the incremental and spontaneous design of refugee housing from temporary shelters to permanent homes. This study is one step forward in helping us understand how formalizing this growth logic can contribute to the design of better emergency housing interventions in the future.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

(1) How can shape rules documenting spatial relations and their change over time help designers understand the informal transformation process of housing units in Irbid Camp?

(2) How might the formal interpretation of these design moves help progress the design of emergency housing interventions in the future?

METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY

To analyze and understand the design challenges of emergency housing interventions and their long-term implications, this research studies the transformation of individual refugee housing units in Jordan using shape grammars. More speciﬁcally, the focus is on 10 houses from the Irbid Camp, which is one of the 10 camps for Palestinian refugees in Jordan that has evolved into a permanent community over the last 70 years. The Irbid Camp grammar interprets the transformation of the housing units in abstracted two-dimensional plan and three-dimensional massing representations that convey the major spatial relationships that evolve from one phase of informal development to another.

The case study of this research is Irbid Camp for Palestinian refugees in Jordan, which is in the downtown area of Irbid city, north of Jordan. The camp was set up in 1951 on an area of 0.24 square kilometers.

The housing units selected for the scope of this study belong to key residents and informants who settled in Irbid Camp from the early years of its establishment and performed signiﬁcant transformations in their residential units since then. This base corpus consists of 10 housing units that went through ﬁve phase of transformation.

Dima Abu-Aridah, Heather Ligler

Abu-Aridah D and Ligler H, 2022, “From Shelter to Home: Transformation Grammar of Housing Units in Irbid Refugee Camp.” Presented at SIGraDi 2022 “Critical

WHO DESIGNS THE CAMP? THE SPATIAL REPRODUCTION OF

CAMPS

Research Overview

By the end of 2020, the number of forcibly displaced people reached 82.4 million individuals around the world with refugees composing 26.4 million of this number. Around 4.5 million of the world’s refugee population live in planned and managed camps (UNHCR, 2021). Refugee camps emerge as aid landscapes that are meant to be temporary or transitional emergency settlements, where residents are frequently reduced to ‘bare life,’ isolated from the rest of society, and treated as humanitarian subjects and aid recipients. However, in most cases refugee camps turn out to be long-term or permanent settlements where — between a decade or even multiple generations — refugees are challenged to recreate their life socially and spatially, change those aid spaces into lived spaces, and actively reform their identity. Jansen (2016) argues that camps should not be addressed as isolated entities, human warehouses, or sites of desperation, but as spaces where people can build their social networks, engage in economic life, and form a political body despite the ambiguity of care and control routines.

Based on the experiences of refugees (or “asylum seekers”) in the Zaatari camp in Jordan, this study investigates how refugees recreate their social and spatial life, reforming their integrated physical home and social identity while in the camp. The study also examines the correlation between aspects of self-made transitional housing and the refugees’ social and spatial experiences.

This research project examines the way refugees rearrange their public and private spaces inside the camp after being settled into the camp. Spatial and social self-organization represent the spatial and social (re)production of the built environment in planned refugee camps. The study uses the term (re)production because even though residents are producing spaces anew, they also may be reproducing memories of spaces from the homes they had to leave. More precisely, this project examines both the spatial (re)production and reconﬁguration of the camp’s built environment as residents move into/out of/within the camp, as well as the social interpretation of spatial (re)production. I seek to understand how refugees shape a new way of life in purportedly temporary situations.

Research Objectives and Questions

Objective 1 - Examine and describe the spatial and physical (re)production of the built environment in refugee camps (the physical space of the camp)

(1) What spatial appropriation practices do refugees conduct at the shelter and neighborhood levels?

(2) What spatial/physical ‘home’ references/knowledge/experiences do refugees use to reorganize their built environment?

(3) What spatial limitations are forced by managing agencies on refugees’ shelters and neighborhoods?

(4) What kind of spatial reproduction patterns carried out by refugees can be found inside planned refugee camps?

Objective 2 - Investigate the possible social interpretations of the spatial (re)production of refugee camps (the social space of the camp)

(1) How do refugee communities reorganize themselves socially and appropriate aspects of their built environment and why?

(2) What social ‘home’ references/experiences/factors do refugees use to reorganize their social and built environment?

Objective 3 - Determine how refugees’ use of the camps could apply to the improvement of existing camps and planning new camps.

(1) How can this socio-spatial investigation of refugee-led spatial appropriation practices aid in planning and creating alternative solutions/scenarios for existing camps and future refugee-centered camps/refugee settlements?

This study employs an embedded mixed methods research design. The scope of work for this research consists of two main research components/themes: Component (1): The spatial morphological investigation and analysis of the transformation of the camp space (the physical space of the camp). Shape grammar and space syntax methods are used to investigate this component.

ANTICIPATED FINDINGS & CONTRIBUTION

Component (2): The social interpretation of the transformation of the camp space (the social space of the camp). Qualitative research methods including interviews and observations are used to investigate this component.

Field data collection was completed in summer 2022 in which 65 households were interviewed and their shelters were surveyed.

This research will better describe the conditions of protracted refugee camps and identify which elements of the built environment allow refugees an increased sense of self, identity, self-e cacy, and reliance that could lead to successful livelihoods and potentially shorter camp stays prompted by successful emigration from the camp. Not only will this study generate a socio-spatial understanding of the traditional shelter conﬁgurations and re-conﬁgurations, but it will also critically connect the human agency that e ectuates these mechanisms of use and reuse of donated materials. As the camps age, the refugees become co-creators of their social and spatial environment. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals should apply both within these “temporary” camps as well as outside of them. Most importantly Goal No. 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The ﬁeld data collection work during summer 2022 was made possible with the support of the Stuckeman Center for Design Computing (SCDC) and the Alma Heinz and August Louis Pohland Graduate Student Fellowship.

Dima Abu-Aridah

Ph.D. Committee: Rebecca Henn, Jose Duarte, Denise Costanzo, & Esther Obonyo

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

DETERMINING THE IMPACT IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGY HAS ON SPATIAL VISUALIZATION SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

Principal Investigator: Eric Mainzer

Co-Advisor: Jose Duarte

Co-Advisor: Loukas Kalisperis

INTRODUCTION

Recently, we have experienced a renewed interest in the implementation of immersive technology in numerous fields, with many professionals embracing it into their workflows. The learning environments of schools are not exempt from this trend.1 Research suggests that in the race to bring this technology into the classroom, educators might not take the time to question to the extent or whether it is beneficial to do so.2 In "Virtual Reality and Learning: Where Is the Pedagogy?” Chris Fowler writes that technology is often incorrectly used simply as a replacement, without exploring its unique characteristics, stating “one risk with high-fidelity 3D virtual learning environments is that they will be used to create virtual classrooms that ‘feel’ and look like real classrooms but lose the opportunity to create pedagogically new and innovative learning environments.”3 Additionally, Jenkinson observed that “For too long we have developed and lab-tested innovative e-learning tools, which are subsequently inserted into the classroom without an adequate understanding of the context in which the tool is used.”4

Beneficial use of immersive technology in education can be complicated by inadequate delivery, planning, and understanding. If educators are to understand how best to implement this technology, particularly in the field of design education where little research has been done,5 a critical analysis of the strengths, limitations, and pedagogical impact of the technology must occur. This study attempts to better understand the impact virtual reality (VR) has on design education by evaluating its e ect on students’ spatial visualization skills. As directly measuring VR’s impact on design education is not easily quantified, it was necessary to identify a surrogate process to assess. Spatial ability is an inherent component of design education and for that reason, this study used it as a surrogate to be measured when assessing VR’s impact on architecture design education.

RESEARCH EXPERIMENT (IN PROGRESS)

This study seeks to determine the impact VR has as a training tool for improving spatial visualization skills (SVS). Using Gravity Sketch with an HTC Vive headset, researchers seek to better understand how the activity of object visualization and analysis is impacted by the addition of an interactive 3D environment that immerses and embodies the designer.

It is believed that the added immersive aspect of using the HTV Vive headset will improve the designer’s ability to think spatially, particularly then solving mental rotation tasks, thus presenting a novel way to train designers in developing and improving design abilities. Additionally, it is hypothesized that when compared to traditional analog (pencil-paper) training, the added embodiment and ego-centric perspective a orded by VR will improve designers’ SVS development. To test this, an experiment is being completed that compares analog training to VR 3D mental rotation training with a pre-posttest design that uses the Purdue Spatial Visualization Rotation Test and the Revised Vandenberg & Kuse Mental Rotations Test by Michael Peters.

To test if participants can transfer SVS knowledge from a virtual environment to a physical world condition, some participants will be tasked with VR and paper condition training.

1. Tassos A. Mikropoulos and Antonis Natsis, “Educational Virtual Environments: A Ten-Year Review of Empirical Research (1999–2009),” Computers & Education 56, No. 3 (April 2011): 769–80.

2. Chris Fowler, “Virtual Reality and Learning: Where Is the Pedagogy?,” British Journal of Educational Technology 46, No. 2 (March

Joan McComas, Jayne Pivik, and Marc Laﬂamme, “Children’s Transfer of Spatial

121–28; Jodie Jenkinson, “Measuring the E ectiveness of

273–80.

3. Fowler, “Virtual Reality and Learning: Where Is the Pedagogy?,” 416.

4. Jenkinson, “Measuring the E ectiveness of Educational

5. D A Bowman and L F Hodges, “Formalizing the Design, Evaluation, and Application

Languages and Computing 10, No. 1 (1999): 37–53; Mikropoulos and Natsis, “Educational

INVESTIGATING CANOPY HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS ON BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE

A CASE STUDY OF SEVEN U.S. CITIES

An urban agglomeration is typically warmer than its surrounding countryside because of urban heat islands (UHIs). The increase in urban temperatures has a severe impact on building energy uses by increasing cooling energy consumption, while slightly decreasing heating energy demand.

Despite UHIs having been widely studied by the ﬁeld of urban climatology, the building sector is still confronted with the lack of a professional framework for urban microclimate assessment and design implementation. For example, building energy simulations are being carried out mainly by using typical weather data that are assembled from recorded data at a suburban area like an airport station over several years. These weather data do not include the di erences in microclimate between the weather station and the location of a design project.

To ﬁll this gap, a parametric and architect-friendly workﬂow has been developed during my Ph.D. studies to simulate the UHI intensities inside urban canyons under the impacts of physical characteristics of built environments. The generated weather data were then incorporated into EnergyPlus (a building energy modeling simulation tool) to investigate the UHI impacts on the operational energy demand of di erent building typologies such as apartments, o ces, hotels, etc. at a scale of an urban block. The major four steps of my research are illustrated here.

Student: Farzad

Hashemi

Committee: Dr. Ute Poerschke, Prof. Lisa D.

Dr.

Iulo,

Gerald Mills, Dr. Gregory Pavlak, Dr. Loukas Kalisperis

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

DIRECTKNIT: SAMPLE GENERATION FOR MACHINE LEARNING MODELS

WORK IN PROGRESS

This research involves developing physical models to create a dataset for training a machine learning (ML) model that enables the direct manufacturing of knitted tension structures. The models will predict an initial knitting pattern while considering material properties, knitting machine settings, and the tensioning e ect.

The overall vision for this research study is to enhance the application of knitted textile structures for architects, who are not trained as textile designers, to directly manufacture models through ML-based tools that embed knowledge from textile design and behavior in digital design platforms. Recent ML research has shown promise for supporting architectural applications of knitted textiles. However, there is a lack of data available to develop more accurate ML models. Most samples used in previously developed ML models are small and limited to planar pieces of the knitted textiles, and these datasets are not available to the public. In addition, correlation between design/ manufacture variables, overall form, and performance of knitted textile structures is not linear when scaled up. To better understand the behavior of knitted textiles across the scales, the systematic creation of small-to-large pieces of knitted structures is required. Therefore, in this research, we start with a conic knitted shape, which is one of the common forms found in tensile structures. The goal is to manufacture multiple conical models and use them as the primary data for the ML models.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The group is thankful for the support received from Stuckeman Center for Design Computing, Interdisciplinary Grant 2021-2023

This research study comprises ﬁve main steps:

The ﬁrst step is manufacturing three identical samples. At this step we explore the role of tensioning process on the shape and performance of the knitted textiles.

The second step is to knit seven cones of di erent sizes. Variable is the width and length and constants are yarn type, knitting machine settings, and tensioning technique (Figure 1).

The third step is to 3D scan the tensioned models.

The fourth step is to clean, extract, and augment the datasets.

The ﬁfth step is to develop the ML model.

MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

The ML model is drafted for a set of small samples. The process includes 3D scanning the samples, extracting points as data, and generating input and output for the ML model. Figure 2 shows the initial results of the predicted knitting diagrams for a set of testing samples. The inputs are the points from 3D-scanned models and outputs are the unrolled diagrams for knitting the samples. Diagrams are knittable by knitting machines or by hand.

CONTRIBUTIONS

The main contribution of this research is developing large-scale knitted samples that could be used as datasets for developing an ML model. Another contribution is an ML model that could predict the knitting diagrams for a desired ﬁnal shape for a samal-scale knitted samples.

FIGURE 1: SEVEN CONICAL SAMPLES AS DATA FOR THE ML MODEL [LARGE SAMPLES WILL BE KNITTED BY JENNA DECANDIO].

FIGURE 2: PREDICTION RESULTS FOR TEST SAMPLES OF DOUBLE CONICALS BASED ON A TRAINED RANDOM FOREST MODEL.

[SAMLL DOUBLE CONICALS ARE KNITTED BY FARZANEH OGHAZIAN]

Farzaneh Oghazian

Felecia Davis

Nathan Brown

Andre West Jenna DeCandio

FORM FINDING AND ANALYSIS OF KNITTED TENSIONED STRUCTURES

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

This study discusses the form-ﬁnding process of tensile structures and specially knitted tensioned structures, and the performance of di erent plugins in Grasshopper, such as Kangaroo2, K2 Engineering, and Kiwi!3D, is investigated. The goal is to understand the potential of available Grasshopper tools regarding the simulation of the behavior of architectural-knitted tensioned structures. Multi-directionality and ﬂexibility are the main characteristics of knitted textiles, allowing these materials to be used to develop more complex architectural shapes. However, such characteristics make the digital simulation of knitted textiles more challenging. In this research we explore the extent to which the available tools can assist during the design process of knitted tension structures.

KANGAROO2, K2 ENGINEERING & KIWI3D!

As part of this research, we explored free tools available in Grasshopper and Rhino. In these tools, we were speciﬁcally interested in the type of the initial shape someone should input for the form ﬁnding and if the tools support the structural analysis.

For example, in working with Rhino Membrane and K2 Engineering, the initial shape is a mesh and in order to get a proper result, the anchor points should be extracted from the initial mesh and should also meet the ﬁnal position of the anchors. It is the same for the Kiwi!3D, but the only di erence is that here the input is a polysurface and segmentation can be done through manipulating control points. Kangaroo 2 is one of the most ﬂexible tools in this regard.

Since distribution of stitches in ﬁnal form and initial mesh are similar, exact stitch can be called back and manipulated based on the resutls of the structural analysis on form-found mesh.

The main contribution of this study is a process for form-ﬁnding and analysis of knitted tension structures using Kangaroo2, K2Engineering, and Kiwi!3D, emphasizing the material behavior and shape of the knitted model

The group is thankful for the travel support received from Stuckeman Center for Design Computing, 2022.

This project was presented at ACADIA 2022 Hybrids & Haecceities at the University of Pennsylvania Weitzman School of Design in Philadelphia, PA.

FIGURE

FIGURE 3: ANALYSIS WITH K2 ENGINEERING. E MODULUS IS THE VARIABLE, AND COLORS SHOW THE AXIAL FORCE

FIGURE 4: STRESS ANALYSIS WITH KIWI3D! AND ASSOCIATED STITCHES IN INITIAL SHAPE

FIGURE 2: CONICAL KNITTED TENSIONED STRUCTURES

Sam Moradzadeh

Farzaneh Oghazian

Felecia Davis

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR PRINTABILITY AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF 3D PRINTED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

The process of designing concrete structures using 3D printing technology (Figure 1) requires predicting whether a structure will collapse during printing and avoiding failure, either by adapting the toolpath or changing the overall shape of the structure. The goal of this project is to develop a system to aid professionals in the design of structures for 3D concrete printing (3DCP), which is comprised of three components : (i) a generator of solutions and respective toolpath; (ii) a simulator of the structural behavior during printing; and (iii) an optimizer of the overall shape.

FINDINGS/CONTRIBUTIONS

- PARAMETRIC NUMERICAL MODELING OF 3DCP

Results demonstrate the need to assess buildability beyond the fresh state by considering the setting and pre-hardening rate. The buildability of structures with overhangs was shown to largely depend on flexural collapse, impacting the design more than plastic collapse. Toolpath design results showed that an over extrusion level ranging from 10 to 20% improved mechanical performance and minimized anisotropic behavior. The system considered design equations from empirical data to predict structural behavior during printing by addressing failure mechanisms (Figure 3). Plastic collapse was accurately predicted using a Mohr-Coulomb criterion with an accuracy of 82%. A linear elastic analysis considering second order e ects in form of P-Δ e ects predicted elastic buckling response with an of accuracy 89%. A flexural collapse strength criterion based on the modulus of rupture predicted flexural collapse with an accuracy of 93%.

METHODS

The generator is based on two shape grammars. The goal of the first grammar is to generate the overall shape of structures that work under compression, such as walls, vaults, and domes. The rules of this grammar were developed after analysis of the surveyed historic structures. The goal of the second grammar is to generate appropriate toolpaths. The simulator was developed in Grasshopper using Karamba3D after experimental work developed to determine the early-age behavior of 3DCP, which depends on one or more of the following modes of failure: (i) plastic collapse, (ii) buckling, (iii) flexural collapse. Material properties were determined at several di erent times during the first 24 hours to model the structural behavior of large-scale printed elements, which might require several hours to print. The overall shape optimizer was developed in Grasshopper considering di erent constraints (Figure 2).

- CONSTRAINED STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION FOR 3DCP

The design system was applied to the case study of the design of a cross vault. The cross-vault structure was optimized according to a set of constraints depending on: (i) the printing system, (ii) geometry, and (iii) material deformation, which resulted in a pointed geometry. The optimization also considered early age structural performance each time a new layer was added. A prototype of the cross-vault was successfully printed in the laboratory (Figure 4), thereby validating the approach.

FIGURE 3. EARLY

Constraine

FIGURE 4. CROSS-VAULT

FIGURE 1. DESIGN FOR 3D CONCRETE PRINTING (3DCP).

FIGURE 2. CONSTRAINTS FOR 3DCP STRUCTURES.

Goncalo Duarte

Jose Pinto Duarte

Ali Memari Nathan Brown

Juan Pablo Gevaudan Shadi Nazarian

EXAMINING BUILDING

ENERGY

GAP BETWEEN

VALUE AND ACTUAL USE

This project aims to mitigate the performance gap so as to improve the accurate expression of actual energy consumption in practice by prediction, and, accordingly, promote building energy e ciency in practice.

On average, the di erence (%) reaches 211%, and the predicted value is 2.9 times higher than the actual value. The maximum di erence is as high as 667%, and the maximum ratio is 7.67.

• Compared to the ﬁeld acceptable tolerance range of 10-15%, the accuracy rate of these seven analyzed projects is 0.

HYPOTHESIS

This study hypothesizes that the gap can be reduced through better simulation informed by actual building performance data.

For the traditional simulation engines, the inconsistencies between the simulated and the actual values in the following factors may be the main reasons causing the gap: weather data, areas, window-wall ratio, envelope thermal properties, schedules of heating and cooling systems, setpoint temperature of heating and cooling, capacity and e ciency of HVAC, capacity and schedules of lighting, capacity and schedules of appliances and miscellaneous plugs, heat gains and schedules of occupancy, and the accuracy of inputs.

In addition to using traditional energy simulation engines, state-of-the-art prediction techniques, statistical regressions and machine learning algorithms, are the other worthwhile attempt to make accurate predictions, and, in turn, address the performance gap problem.

Task 1: Quantifying the Performance Gap

Task 2: Determining the Factors Resulting in the Gap and Proposing Suggestions to mitigate the

Task 3: Exploring the Application of State-of-the-Art Prediction Techniques to Building Performance

• A two-story duplex (two attached, identical houses) located in State College, Pennsylvania; ENERGY STAR and Zero Energy Ready Home certiﬁed;

• Designed in 2015, and construction completed in 2018; The two houses are designed the same; Two families have lived in the two houses for four years.

• The performance gap was 27.8% and 23.4% on average for South Home and North Home, which exceeds the acceptable tolerance range of 10-15%. The comparison between the simulated and actual values of 36 energy factors indicates that 18 factors present inconsistency.

• The variance of 18 inconsistent factors demonstrates a complex impact on annual energy use.

• A speciﬁc understanding of performance gap;

• An understanding of reasons for performance gap;

• Improvements for bridging the performance gap;

• A ranking of factors signiﬁcantly resulting in performance gap;

• The application of state-of-the-art techniques in energy performance prediction.

(1) Yield knowledge of the gap between traditional computer-simulated and actual energy use. (2) Inform the size and reasons for the performance gap and suggestions for mitigating this gap. (3) Reveal the relationship between the actual energy use and factors a ecting it. (4) Develop a more accurate energy use prediction model. (5) The established methodology could be extended to other building types.

This work was supported by the Department of Architecture and the Hamer Center for Community Design at Penn State. I would like to acknowledge and give my warmest thanks to my supervisors and committee members, Dr. Jose Duarte, Prof. Corey Gri n, and Dr. Guido Cervone. Their guidance and advice carried me through all the stages of this project. I would also like to thank Envinity, Inc., State College Community Land Trust , and the homeowners of GreenBuild Homes for supporting this study.

The two houses demonstrated good thermal and moisture conditions. No major thermal bridges, leakage, or moisture issues were found.

Author: Jie Li Advisor: Lisa D. Iulo Advisor: Ute Poerschke

SCHOOL op en house 2022

PEM-BASED ENERGY HARVESTING BUILDING ENVELOPES

Building envelopes are important elements in buildings because they separate the indoors and the outdoors to maintain interior comfortability for occupancy. In addition to using high-performance building envelopes to save energy, integrating energy generation technologies into building envelopes could be a more e cient way to reduce energy consumption.

Consumption and Building Carbon

U.S. Energy Consumption by End-use Sector, 2021. Building energy accounts for 39% of total energy consumption.

Global Energy and Process Emissions from Buildings, including Embodied Emissions from New Constructions, 2021

Building envelopes play an important role in saving energy and avoid carbon emissions.

Many available energy generation technologies have not been used in buildings.

How to integrate regenerative fuel cell on building envelopes?

The combination of regenerative cells and carbon capture can be used in buildings (1) to produce energy from renewable sources such as water and sunlight

The goal of this project is to propose a building envelope system that can produce energy locally from renewable sources.

Choose a building as case study, and do system energy simulation.

PV supplys PEM with

and oxygen.

(1) identify the most suitable regenerative cells technologies for building envelope. (2) elaborate the design guideline for integrating the technology on building envelopes.

Task

Jingshi Zhang Rahman Azari Ute Poerschke

SENTINEL LANDS The Geospace of Mine Fires

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Our work explores the long-term spatial and ecological consequences of extraction economies and their impact on climate change and the built environment by examining the events that occurred in Centralia, Columbia County, Pennsylvania. In 1962, cleanup activities at a landfill caused the Buck Mountain anthracite vein under the town of Centralia to catch fire. Attempts to stop the fire during the first decades afterward were botched by a host of political and technical miscalculations.

As a result, the former anthracite mine continues to burn, nearly 60 years later. The state of Pennsylvania claimed the town under eminent domain in 1992, and most of the inhabitants were relocated using state and federal funds. Today, only three houses, a municipal building, and three cemeteries remain. These catastrophic events are not unique to Centralia. In fact, in the same year, 1962, more than 200 similar accidents were reported by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Although coal mine ﬁres are a constant in human history, the number and impact of them has increased signiﬁcantly since the industrialization of nations, when development based on extraction economies achieved a global scale.

These practices continue at an unprecedented rate, depleting finite resources and their surrounding ecologies in ways we are only now beginning to understand. As hundreds of obscured coal seam fires continue burning worldwide (the Jahria coalfield in Jharkhand, India, has been burning since 1916), their geo-environmental impact will long be felt.

We departed from the cylinder as a formal metaphor for the relationship that our culture of extraction has established with nature. Stratigraphic columns, geological cores, boreholes, safety lamps, smokestacks, etc., stand as the structural, material, and symbolic media in that relation. The series of objects, images, models, experiments, and historical documents that we are working with address the environmental, cultural, and social consequences of past and present modes of industrial extraction and present a series of critical spaces emerging at the intersection of geohistory, geobiology, and biopolitics in cylindrical form. The result is a column that takes the form of a dysfunctional safety lamp to visualize the gas and soil data collected since 1962 and that we studied in researching this project. A ﬁrst prototype of that column was fabricated in the fall of 2021 and exhibited at the Rouse Gallery, Stuckeman Family Building in the winter of 2022.

Sentinel Lands

Curators: Pep Avilés, Laia Celma, Cynthia White (ADRI, Microbiome Center).

Design: Laia Celma, Pep Avilés, Xi Jin, Can Sucuoğlu (SAVI, Pratt Institute).

Collaborators: Brad Feitl, Audrey Buck, Aleah Davis, Miranda Esposito, Daniel Lopatka.

Consultants: Benjamin Bishop (Computer Sciences, University of Scranton), Mary Ann Victoria Bruns (Soil Microbiology, Penn State), Kenneth Davis (Atmospheric Sciences, Penn State), David Dekok (Independent Journalist, PA), Aletta Filippidou (Geophysical Sciences, Delft), Christopher House (Geomicrobiology, Penn State), Natasha Miles (Atmospheric Sciences, Penn State), Scott Richardson (Atmospheric Sciences, Penn State), Ashley Shade (Microbiology, Michigan State University), Emily Weinert (Biochemistry, Penn State).

Filmmaker: Cynthia White (ADRI)

Graphic Design: Oﬁcina de Disseny (Diego Bustamante, Ariadna Serrahima)

Fabrication: Russ Rogers, glass work, Penn State; Exhibition: Allan Sutley and Steve White, Penn State.

The team would like to thank the contribution of Michigan State University’s researchers Samuel Barnett, John Chodkowski, Keara Grady, and Marco Mechan Llontop; Linda Musser, head of the Earth and Mineral Sciences Library at Penn State; Penn State Earth and Mineral Sciences Museum and Art Galleries Directors Jane Cook and Julianne Snider; Bianca Baier and Don Ne , research scientists at the Global Monitoring Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); and Boyd Kreglow and Tom Lowe from Blaschak Anthracite for lending materials for the show. In addition, Benay Gürsoy Toykoç (Architecture, Penn State), Sekhar Bhattacharyya (Mining Engineering, Penn State), and Estelle Couradeau (Environmental Microbiology, Penn State) provided crucial information in di erent stages of the project.

2019 Oslo Architecture Triennale

Research and Design: Laia Celma, Marc Miller, Miranda Esposito, Pep Avilés.

Mining and Engineering Collaborators: Aletta Filipiddou, Kenneth Davis, Je ery Kohler, Natasha Miles

Video Edition: Sadra Tehrani

Graphic Design: Oﬁcina de Disseny (Diego Bustamante, Ariadna Serrahima)

Model: Buit Taller

Consultants: David Dekok

Photographs: José Hevia

Digital Images: Graph Visual Studio

Copy-Editing: John Wriedt

Image Editor: Xavier Tulleuda Nieto

CENTRALIA SOIL SAMPLES, JANUARY 2022

Pep Avilés Laia Celma

PLANNING BUILDINGS’ OBSOLESCENCE THROUGH MATERIAL STRATEGY:

FORMULATING A TIMED DECAY-INFORMED EARTH BLOCK

Mahan Motalebi Adviser: Marcus Sha er

Committee Members: Benay Gürsoy, Tom

Lauerman

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

The design and appropriation of decay-informed materials can enhance the role of materials as entities that engage with the environment beyond the ﬁxed boundaries of a building or structure through contributions such as returning materials to their source and extracting contaminations from the soil. This could lead to designs that better suit the site-speciﬁc ecologies and also to an approach in architecture that focuses on temporality and ephemerality of buildings made out of earth-based materials.

The primary objective of the research is to utilize and optimize the destructive e ects of salt-induced decay in order to plan obsolescence and deterioration into earthen structures. This was approached with an experimental research method in which the planned obsolescence and timed decay were explored through material exploration and sampling at the scale of building blocks. To do so, multiple factors related to durability of earth blocks (methods of making earth blocks, firing, firing temperature, firing duration, density, additives, etc.) were explored. Prototyping decay-informed earth blocks can contribute to addressing contemporary challenges of the impacts of architecture in the built and natural environments. This enhances the way architecture and building materials engage with their surroundings and the environment.

The acknowledgment of the ecological process of decay and materials change, exchange, and transformation in the process of decay can reﬁne the existing perceptions of architecture and its relationship with the environment. Incorporating decay into the design process acknowledges that materials are part of a dynamic lifecycle that blurs the existing boundaries between man-made (artifacts) and the natural environment leading to new ways of inhabiting space. The redeﬁnition of the linear lifecycle of materials as a circular lifecycle could address global environmental damage as a result of excessive material extraction and demolition waste left behind on building sites.

CASE STUDY AND MATERIAL EXPLORATION

Pigeon Towers could be deﬁned as a symbol of an architecture that belongs to the ecosystem and the environment designed for non-human inhabitants. Studying Iranian pigeon towers and their context as an archetype sets a foundation for the investigation of planned obsolescence and salt-induced decay in earth blocks.

IMMERSION TEST OF SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT FIRING DURATIONS. THE DURABILITY SAMPLES (WITH 15 MINUTES, 30 MINUTES, 45 MINUTES AND 60 MINUTES OF FIRING DURATION) AND THE WAY THE DETERIORATION HAPPENS IN EACH OF THEM WAS OBSERVED AFTER THREE IMMERSION SETS.

A BLOCK WAS PROTOTYPED BASED ON THE FINDINGS FROM THE STUDIED SAMPLES AND PREVIOUS EXPLORATIONS.

THE DEVISED DEPRESSION IN THE CENTER OF THE BLOCK MAKES THE BLOCK TO SIT ON ITS EDGES. THIS ACCELERATES THE DETERIORATION OF THE BLOCK AND THE STRUCTURE MADE OUT OF IT AS THE EDGES ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DETERIORATION.

OBSERVING THE DETERIORATION OF A BLOCK (FIRED FOR 30 MINUTES) MADE OUT OF EQUAL PARTS OF DIRT AND SALT + HYDROGELS AFTER ONE HOUR OF BEING SUBMERGED IN 50% SALT + 50% WATER SOLUTION.

THE DEPRESSION ALSO FACILITATES THE FIRING PROCESS OF THE BLOCK AS

STUDYING TEXTURES AND THE WAY FIRING TECHNIQUES AND DURATION AFFECTS BLOCKS MADE OUT OF SALT AND DIRT. THE DIFFERENCE IN TEXTURE

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

Environmental Education for Stormwater Stewardship

Education for green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is critical for enhancing the public’s knowledge regarding the structure and benefits of GSI facilities, which increases public support, management, and stewardship of present and future GSI initiatives. However, practitioners are often not trained in environmental education and, therefore, likely lack skills in constructing educational modules that e ectively convey GSI knowledge while addressing residents’ specific concerns. Additionally, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding studies that assess existing educational modules’ ability to increase the public’s understanding and encourage behavioral change for GSI adoption.

Concerning the gaps in the literature, this study aims to answer the following overarching questions:

RQ1. What constitutes a successful educational module for GSI?

RQ2. What are the strongest predictors of GSI behavior change?

METHODS

This study utilizes a mixed research method to explore what constitutes a successful educational module for GSI in Pittsburgh, PA. First, we selected two community-engaged GSI projects and appllied the North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE) Guidelines for Excellence framework to unpack and evaluate the education and outreach modules structure.

Second, we interviewed project managers and public education administrators who created the modules to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and best practices of the applied modules. Additionally, we surveyed the participants of the engagement activities to understand the e ectiveness of the applied techniques in changing the public’s knowledge and behavior towards GSI. The study will help understand the successes and underachievements of the assessed educational materials and inform how educational modalities, learning materials, and knowledge transfer techniques can be enhanced in the future to encourage behavioral change for GSI adoption.

STUDY AREA AND CASE STUDIES

Through interviews with project managers primarily from Pennsylvania Environmental Council, 3 Rivers Wet Weather, and Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA), two projects — Four Mile Run and Negley Run — are selected for the purpose of this research. According to the Pittsburgh Water Authorities, each of these projects involved extensive education and was an excellent example of community outreach and engagement. The outcomes of the two projects, however, are signiﬁcantly di erent, with one being built successfully with community support and the other lagging behind and being opposed by the community. This di erence o ers the chance to investigate if variations in education and outreach have an impact on the progress of these projects, and if not, what other contextual factors might have an impact on the outcomes.

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

1. There is a substantial di erence between the applied educational material applied for both projects.

2. The emphasis on skills building, action orientation, and instructional soundness are the weakest guidelines for the Four Mile Run project.

3. Emphasis on skills nuilding is the weakest guideline for the Negley Run project.

4. Future educational initiatives for GSI need further emphasis on action-oriented, skill-based, and hands-on educational activities.

Figure 3: Selected projects with their located neighborhood and associated Social Vulnerability Index

(Map layers adapted from PWSA GSI projects GIS layer, Pittsburgh American Community Survey [ACS] neighborhood map, and ACS social vulnerability data)

Mahsa Adib Dr. Hong Wu Dr. Travis Flohr

Dr. Stuart Echols

Dr. Shannon Cruz

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

Enhancing Energy Performance of SingleFamily Housing through Parametric Modeling

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Pakistan has faced an energy crisis for the past two decades with daily power outages across the country. Residential buildings are the biggest consumers of energy, being responsible for producing half a million tons of carbon emissions.

Islamabad is the fastest growing city in the country where single family homes are the most prevalent house type, consuming excessive energy to achieve thermal comfort.

HYPOTHESIS

This study hypothesizes that it is necessary to adopt energy-e cient building practices in the design of single-family housing to reduce the energy demand; and that this can be achieved by manipulating the building envelope and ﬂoorplan to overcome climate constraints.

METHODS

This study focuses on improving energy e ciency of the two most prevalent single-family house types in Islamabad: row houses and detached houses, whose areas range from 167 sq. meter (1,800 sq. ft.) to 418 sq. meter (4,500 sq. ft.).

A shape grammar for the ﬂoor plan and the façade is developed to create a parametric model of the two house types using Rhino and Grasshopper.

The energy simulation software is used to estimate the energy performance of instances of the types. Then multi-objective optimization is carried out to identify optimized solutions to improve thermal comfort and daylighting, while reducing energy loads.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The use of proposed methods will permit us to understand the tradeo s between various design alternatives. It will also allow us to determine the extent to which energy performance can be improved within the existing house types and/or identify changes in envelope design and ﬂoor layout so that the dwellings can achieve adequate thermal comfort and daylighting levels while optimally using energy. The ﬁnal outcome is a series of guidelines for the design of houses considering the climate and energy contexts of Islamabad.

Maryam Aman Prof. Ute Poerschke

Prof. José P. Duarte

ADVANCED EXTRUSION SYSTEM FOR CONCRETE 3D PRINTING

METHODS

The above problems exist due to the absence of in-line mechanisms that actively control the extrusion process. This research aims to design and test mechanical solutions that address the current limitations. The problems have been categorized into three groups and a mechanical solution is being designed and tested for each group of problems, as follows:

1. ROTATION NOZZLE

(Problem targeted: P5)

This mechanism enables the use of a non-circular nozzle using tangential positioning with respect to the toolpath as shown in Fig 1.

As part of preliminary testing, hollow cylinders and cubes were printed using six di erent nozzle configurations. Upon visual inspection, it is evident that a square or rectangle nozzle produces near-flat surfaces, thus minimizing the layered appearance and decreasing the finishing operations on the 3D-printed structure. The e ect of layer geometries, surface finish, and bonding area on the strength of printed structures need to be studied.

Although innovations in concrete 3D printing (C3DP) are progressing at a rapid pace, the current printing systems lack complete control over the extrusion process. Some of the important concerns are:

P1) Low open time of wet concrete.

P2) Inability to modify material properties during deposition.

P3) Lack of precise extrusion rate control.

P4) Printing concrete containing aggregates.

P5) High ﬁnishing cost due to layered appearance.

2. ADMIXTURE MIXER

(Problems targeted: P1, P2)

Since the use of fast-setting concrete is di cult and risky, a slow-setting mixture needs to be pumped and hardened just when it is being deposited. The mechanism shown in Fig 5. is an active mixer, inspired from food and chemical industries, that mixes incoming concrete with admixtures. This can help to increase the open time of wet concrete and reduce premature setting and clogging of pumps. The e ect of various admixtures on the strengths of printed structures need to be studied in the future.

3. EXTRUDER AT NOZZLE

(Problems targeted: P3, P4)

The direct use of a pump as an extrusion device has a very slow response due to the large distance between the pump and nozzle, thus making it di cult to start/stop the extrusion or control the extrusion rate according to the toolpath. A feasible solution would be to have an extruder near the deposition head of the printer, so that the response can be much faster at enabling precise control of ﬂow rates, similar to an fused-deposition modeling (FDM) setup. It can also be possible to print layers with varying widths and heights, with on-demand start/stop control.

FUTURE TASKS AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The primary outcome of this research will be a modular extrusion system consisting of the three subsystems that provides extensive control over the printing process, while minimising the before-mentioned problems. A software that connects these subsystems with the XYZ motion system needs to be developed. Studies such as i) The e ect of layer geometries on strength of structures, ii) The e ect of admixtures on properties of printed layers, iii) Toolpaths with varying layer dimensions, iv) 3D printing of functionally graded materials, will be performed.

FIG 3. 6 TYPES OF NOZZLES USED FOR PRELIMINARY TESTING

FIG 4. CIRCULAR NOZZLE WITH NO TANGENTIAL CONTROL (LEFT), RECTANGLE NOZZLE WITH TANGENTIAL CONTROL (RIGHT), RECTANGLE NOZZLE GIVES FLATTER SURFACES

FIG 5. CAD MODEL OF ADMIXTURE MIXER

Mohamed Sadik

Prof. Jose Duarte

Prof. Sven Bilen

Prof. Timothy Simpson Nate Watson

MYCELIUM-BASED COMPOSITES AS ACOUSTIC ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS

OBJECTIVE

The use of biodegradable materials as building components can: 1.) decrease the amount of construction and demolition waste generated; 2.) eliminate the reliance on fossil fuels during material manufacturing; and 3.) reduce the embodied carbon required for construction. This research analyzes the potentials of mycelium-based composites, a biodegradable material derived from fungus, as architectural acoustic components as an alternative conventional, synthetic sound absorbing materials. The research has two main tracks: material to performance and form to performance.

TRACK 1: MATERIAL TO PERFORMANCE

To cultivate mycelium-based composite samples and assess their acoustic absorption, mechanical properties (compression, bending, tension), and morphological characteristics (pore size, porosity, density).

MYCELIUM BASED COMPOSITES

Mycelium-based composites are novel materials that result when mycelium, the vegetative root of fungi, is grown on organic substrate materials.

These materials result when fungal growth is stopped during colonization of an organic substrate (e.g. hemp, sawdust, straw), and a resulting compound material of part-mycelium part-substrate is created.

Mycelium-based composites are lightweight, biodegradable, and have the potential to replace petrochemical-based materials in our building systems without the extraction of non-renewable resources.

ACOUSTIC TESTING FOR SOUND ABSORPTION

To test acoustic absorption, samples are assessed using an impedance tube, speciﬁcally the two-microphone transfer-function method. An impedance tube is able to calculate the sound absorption coe cient of a material by sending sound waves at the sample and recording the reﬂected sound waves. Samples were grown using the pleurotus ostreatus fungi species on waste cardboard, paper, and newsprint substrates of varying processing techniques. The results of this study display that cardboard-based mycelium materials perform well acoustically and could successfully be used in acoustic panels.

TRACK 2: FORM TO PERFORMANCE

OBJECTIVE

To design acoustic panels, run computer simulations to optimize the form for acoustic performance, and fabricate full-scale prototypes to test acoustic performance.

WHAT’S NEXT

Using a Rhinoceros3D-based workﬂow integrated with the Grasshopper plugin Pachyderm, we can simulate and compare the acoustic e ects of di erent panels.

Mycelium-based composites allow for a multiplicity of form-making as a sound absorbing material: morphological characteristics and form complement each other to provide reﬂection, di usion, and absorption of sound waves.

The first step is to design acoustic panels using computational design methods. In order to optimize the architectural configurations of acoustic panels, we plan to simulate and predict the acoustic performance of the panels using the Grasshopper plugin Pachyderm. We will then validate the computer simulation data through physical prototyping and field measurments.

ACOUSTIC TILE GENERATION + FABRICATION RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Walter, N., Gürsoy, B. (2022). “A Study on the Sound Absorption Properties of Mycelium-Based Composites Cultivated on Waste Paper-Based Substrates.” Biomimetics, 7(3), 100. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics7030100

Natalie Walter Benay Gürsoy

Enabling sca old-free 3D printing of vaults and domes at construction scale using multi-directional printing

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology is expected to provide solutions to the lack of e ciency, skilled labor, and safety in the construction industry while addressing the shortage of a ordable housing resulting from the increasing world population. Current applications in academia and industry have mainly focused on fabricating wall elements, which do not fulﬁll the potential of this technology, to fully automate the construction process, including enclosures.

Formwork is an essential part of concrete construction that fundamentally inﬂuences labor needs, quality, timeline, and complete expense. In most state-of-the-art studies in 3DCP, the focus has always been on developing di erent strategies to fabricate the formwork rather than developing or improving the existing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for printing them without formwork.

This research intends to take inspiration from the historical structures and combine horizontal, inclined, and radial layering techniques for toolpath design and print them using a multi-directional printing strategy. As the print proceeds, the nozzle will rotate at a di erent angle depending on the layering types, so the overhang angle starts decreasing. Layering techniques to fabricate enclosures for 3DCP have been proposed in previous work but require extensive exploration in the context of the toolpath design, numerical modeling, and fabrication procedures. This proposal forms part larger research project that is aimed at developing a design methodology for enclosures for 3DCP. The goal is to develop a grammar for the decomposition of enclosures and respective toolpath design based on the layering techniques, implement the grammar into an algorithm form complemented by numerical modeling software, and validate the methodology by the large-scale fabrication of a spanning structure.

METHODS

This research will be conducted in four steps: 1.) identifying the spanning structures taking inspiration from the historical structures; 2.) identifying the best combination of layering techniques; 3.) toolpath design for a smooth transition from one layering type to another and developing toolpath generation algorithm; and 4.) designing the test prints for large-scale printing. Multi-directional layering techniques for 3DCP can decrease the current overhang angle from 60 degrees to print more spanning structures without any support material. While 3DCP is still new, decomposition strategies for multi-directional printing to decrease the overhang angle without using formwork should be taken as a ﬁrst step to present this innovation in the construction industry.

FINDINGS

This proposal aims at developing a design methodology that informs designers on the toolpath design, numerical modeling, and fabrication stages of these strategies that allow the fabrication of enclosures with smaller overhangs using multi-directional printing and enhances the use of 3DCP technology to fabricate enclosures. A series of combined simulations and experiments will be conducted to decrease the printing angle of a barrel vault using the inclined layering technique and print in a multi-directional strategy. The experimental testing will inform the printability of spanning structures and provide information on the layering strategies.

Preliminary prototypes were already constructed using a combined layering strategy and decreased the overhang angle to 45 degrees.

FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH, IMAGE CREDIT: NUSRAT TABASSUM

Nusrat Tabassum

José Pinto Duarte

Shadi Nazarian

SEE-SENSE-RESPOND:

EXPLORING MODALITIES OF AUGMENTED ROBOTIC FABRICATION FOR AUTOMATION AND BEYOND

Although robotic arms provide precision and control in the fabrication process, they are limited in sensing the environment and responding to it accordingly. This limitation poses signiﬁcant challenges as robotic tooling operations can only be carried out on surfaces that are known digitally. To address this limitation, we propose a vision-based sensing framework to digitally reconstruct and register the work environment prior to robotic tooling operations, with the goal of enabling tooling operations to be carried out on indeﬁnite surfaces.

ACCURACY + RELIABILITY

In a recent publication, we presented the validation of the proposed framework for accuracy and reliability. Through this validation study, we explored the e ects of surface geometry, camera pose conﬁgurations, and reconstruction resolution on digital reconstruction and registration accuracy. In this experiment, we cut three di erent surface typologies using a robotic hot-wire cutter. These surfaces are then scanned, reconstructed, and registered within the robot coordinate system. By comparing the digital master and the reconstructed geometry, our goal was to extensively test the e ect of various algorithmic and procedural variables on the accuracy and reliability of the resulting digital twin.

Even though the statistical analysis is a reliable measure for assessing the reconstruction accuracy, it is not enough to conclusively determine the proposed workﬂow’s performance in subsequent tooling operations. This is mainly due to the additional errors introduced during tooling operations and the inherent fabrication tolerances each manufacturing approach requires. For this reason, we have also tested the proposed computational framework in three di erent fabrication scenarios using a pen holder, hot knife, and clay extruder, End-of-Arm-Tools. By doing so, our goal was to demonstrate that the proposed workﬂow operates within the tolerance window for a range of architectural robotic fabrication tasks.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Çapunaman, Ö. B., Dong, W., & Gürsoy, B. (2022). A vision-based sensing framework for adaptive robotic tooling of indeﬁnite surfaces. Construction Robotics.

Çapunaman, Ö. B., & Gürsoy, B. (2022). See—Sense—Respond: Adaptive Intelligent Robotic Fabrication Framework for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Architectural Panels. Co-Creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design, 419–426.

RESEARCH

SCHOOL op en house 2022

The Reviver Grammar: transforming the

center of São Luís through social housing

Adaptive reuse is a challenging problem that combines spatial, structural, and architectural requirements, along with current restrictions in design, that is enhanced in buildings with heritage value.

In this scenario, generative design techniques allow us to explore di erent arrangements for a pre-deﬁned problem. Therefore, this work explores the potential of shape grammars in generating solutions for the adaptive reuse of historic buildings.

The historic center of São Luís do Maranhão, located in Brazil, is an outstanding example of the adaptation of the Portuguese architectural style known as Pombalino to the equatorial climate conditions of South America. Included in UNESCO’s list of World Cultural Heritage Sites in 1997, São Luís hosts a diverse and unique urban fabric, harmoniously integrated with its natural setting.

The methodology proposes a framework for adapting buildings into multi-family apartments, considering spatial and structural requirements. It considers the allocation of three types of apartments in the ﬂoor plan: studios, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom. A case study building is selected to facilitate presenting and illustrating this research methodology. The building is located at Rua do Giz, 445, São Luís (Figure 2).

The proposed grammar is titled ‘Reviver,’ a word from Portuguese meaning ‘to revive.’ The name is based on a rehabilitation program that was created in the late 1980s to preserve the city’s heritage identity, and the locals now refer to the neighborhood as such.

The analysis can be divided into three stages. The first stage aims to prepare the initial floor plan configuration for the grammar-based space allocation process. In this stage, the relevant elements for the analysis are di erentiated in the initial floor plan configuration using color to visually distinguish shapes .

The second stage consists of steps for subdividing the design space into smaller areas and classifying these areas according to the original daylight conﬁguration. The third stage concerns the space allocation process, where apartments and connectivity elements (such as corridors and stairs) are allocated in the design space based on the subdivision areas.

Daniele Paulino

Ligler

Napolitano

Figure 1. The Luso-Brazilian architecture: a) Sobrado’s typical facade; b) Portuguese tiles, used in the façade for impermeability and thermal protection; c) window details in external patio region; d) frontal walls composed by Santo André Cross (wood truss) and masonry.

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

AUGMENTED REALITY + AI & THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON MASS SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

RODNEY ALLEN TRICE

Exploring the impact of the fourth wave of technology to reverse or mend the adverse e ects of the third wave using the arts.

ANGEL’S PROJECT - COMMUNITY & YOUNG MINORITY CONNECTING AR TECH THROUGH ART

Our goal is to use augmented reality to build stronger bonds between underserved communities in the Pittsburgh area. Through 12 empty churches in these neighborhoods needing stronger voices in the Greater Pittsburgh area, we are creating a large-scale experiential design to include younger generations, connecting them to technology while building stronger connective communites. Local artists will participate through 3D scanning along with historians to develop a greater awareness of the areas’ diversity and its importance for everyone going forward.

LATEST UPDATES: Project is searching for partners and funding. Search is going well. www.reﬁtordie.com/futurework/angels-project

L.S.D. PROJECT- BEHAVIORAL DATA COLLECTING AR GAME

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DESIGNING THE 4 LEVELS OF SPORE METAMORPHOSIS (EGG, LARVA, PUPA & ADULT)

The LSD PROJECT has dramatically advanced and expanded from its launch. Currently it has become a fully realized augmented reality game similar to Pokémon Go. Psychologist Karen Gasper, Ph.D. and I realized a longer uninterrupted experience for the user (a fully designed and realized game) could give us much better behavioral data. The di erence with this data collection project is that the data is never sold and is only made available to the user in the form of personal analytics about them. Social media and many data collecting agencies, however, use their information as well as where they rank in the larger pool of all participants. Our objective is to begin to determine where the greatest polarizing e ects are happening in information distribution and data collection to reduce the powerful e ects of social media algorithms by democracizing the data and educating the users about how their data is collected, how it is used, and how they can better build resilience against the curent manipulative practices of the third wave of technology. Knowledge is power, so we say; we will see. LATEST UPDATES: We are now actually building ﬁrst assets and a “tap-to-place” code/project to start actual interation building. www.reﬁtordie.com/futurework/lsd

NYC SUBWAY ENTRANCE AR POP-UPS LAUNCH THE GAME ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

BEST MORAL BEHAVIORAL DATA COLLECTING POINTS OF GAME IDENTIFIED AFTER DISCUSSIONS WITH PSYCHOLOGIST, DR.KARAN GASPER

op en house 2022

Diversity in Digital Architectural Perspectives: Focuses on Human Figures

Huiwon Lim, Assistant Professor in the Department of Graphic Design at Penn State

Yongyeon Cho, Assistant Professor in the Interior Design Department at Iowa State University

Hye Jeong Park, Assistant Professor in the Graphic Design Program at University of Northern Colorado

Abstract Methods

Recent articles have addressed how human ﬁgures in architectural perspectives play an essential role in evoking viewers' empathy and representing diversity, equity, and inclusion in design. Although inclusivity in architectural design is vital for successful design and communication, this study found the types of human ﬁgures placed in renderings and how the rendering style expresses diversity in age, skin color, disability, gender, etc.

This study conducted a content analysis with 138 visual images collected from a professional architectural competition organizer. The images were analyzed to investigate how diverse human ﬁgures have been used in rending design outcomes.

As results of descriptive statistical analysis, the top rank of the perceived race was “Not identifiable.” Males were a greater percentage in the perceived gender category than females. As for perceived age, adults aged 20 to 60 were mostly identified. “Not identifiable” was dominant in the perceived disability of people.

The current research confirmed that although various expressions existed to present diversity of human figures, designers' graphic expressions of human figures di ered from the project types and the rendering style. The expression of some races, ages, and disabilities still needed to improve in the architectural and interior design renderings.

A mixed method was used for this research. We conducted a content analysis of visual images as a qualitative study and examined a statistical analysis of the collected data as a quantitative study to identify the correlation between perspectives and the expression of diversity in human figures. The research used the projects uploaded to Buildner, a leading architecture competitions platform, as a search database. This research analyzed 10 out of 78 competitions that was designated no site, small or middle size, and residential, educational, commercial, public, medical, or interior competition. This research selected 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and BB awards, including BB Student award and BB Green award from the competitions. Thus, a total of 40 design projects were subjected to content analysis of visual images. Through the content analysis, a total of 599 human figures were found. First, the three researchers analyzed the images individually, then integrated data and analyzed each human figure through discussion. The research analyzed the human figure's perceived race, perceived gender, perceived age group, and perceived disability. The research conducted a descriptive analysis of the collected data through Microsoft. We also used IBM SPSS statistic 27 for statistical analysis.

Results

According to the results of descriptive analysis, there were an average of 3.63 perspectives per project, and we found 4.32 human figures per perspective. The rendering scope showed that the exterior perspective was the majority with 59.56%, perspective view style showed that photorealistic rendering style was the majority with 79.41%, and entourage style showed that photorealistic style was the majority with 69.85%. The perceived race was Not identifiable 50.08%, Caucasian - 31.66%, African American - 4.02%, Latino or Hispanic - 2.51%, and Asian or Pacific islander - 11.73%. The perceived gender was Not identifiable - 13.23%, Female - 38.86%, and Male - 47.91%. The perceived age was Not identifiable - 4.19%, Kids 0-10 years - 11.06%, Youth 10-20 years - 4.69%, Adults 20-60 years - 75.88%, and Old adults - 4.19%. The perceived disability was Not identifiable - 98.32%, Wheelchair user - 0.67%, Cane user - 0.50%, and Stroller user - 0.50%. According to the statistical analysis, T-test, the statistical di erence between the style of entourages and the perceived race was identified. The statistical di erence between the designer's country and the perceived race was also identified. There was a correlation between the rendering style and the entourage style.

Figure 1. The content analysis process of the visual images. (above) Human Figure numbers were added to analyze (17), (below) Excel spreadsheet to analyze each numbered human ﬁgure by the three researchers.

Carag, 2018

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

VISUALIZING PERSONALITIES TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATIONS IN A SHARED OFFICE ENVIRONMENT

Research Overview

CoPort is a hypothetical shared o ce brand that is located around the world; thus, CoPort supports a ﬂexible workspace where members can visit wherever they need. CoPort provides space and services to people who are freelancers, run small companies, and are looking for business partners. To support CoPort members’ successful communication and build a unique culture of CoPort, we provide a “Welcome on board” kit. A Blue Bontainer, instructions on how to set up the display of the Blue Container, Port Pass (membership card), and an individual’s business card will be included.

More specifically, the Blue Container is a multi-purpose device that can serve as a power bank, digital signage, and nameplate. CoPort members can bring the Blue Container anywhere to charge their devices, indicate their workspace, and present their personal identity, including their name, business size, business area, position, personality, role with visual elements (e.g., color, pattern), and their daily, life, or business motto. The most significant benefit of the Blue Container is to provide a flexible work environment. Members can move around the space easily without seeking out a power outlet. In addition, information on the display can be a starting point of conversation to make personal and business relationships at CoPort. When members leave CoPort, they should return the Blue Container for sustainable reuse.

Accordingly, CoPort provides creative design solutions to support small-sized businesses in terms of enhancing communication, sharing and exchanging experiences and knowledge, and building new networks following the pandemic.

Visual Solutions

Huiwon Lim, Assistant Professor in the Department of Graphic Design at Penn State Yongyeon Cho, Assistant Professor in the Interior Design Department at Iowa State University

Hye Jeong Park, Assistant Professor in the Graphic Design Program at University of Northern Colorado

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

A Virtual Reality (VR) learning-based framework for design processes

This research investigates the utilization of virtual reality (VR) medium on students' understanding, visualizing, and identifying structural and material behavior. The study focuses speciﬁcally on tensile structure systems and in the context of design studios because this broad topic, which ranges from textile characteristics to the erection of ﬂexible structural elements, can be overwhelming for students. Due to the inherent complexity of tensile structures, it is di cult for students to grasp the principles and objectives of the design studio.

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

One challenge for students is anticipating the behavior of tensile structures and their form-finding process from the initial shape to the final state. Consideration of material properties, internal and exterior stresses, and structural performance at the architectural scale all aggravate to this di culty. The second challenge is to provide an intuitive embodied sense of immersion for students throughout the learning process for complex arrangements of structural elements. Using physical models is not the most e ective strategy for (lightweight) tensile design studios because material behavior in tensile structures is very sensitive to scale. Due to these factors, the spatial ability of students to recognize and comprehend system behavior is significantly restricted.

STEPS

This research employs a mixed-methods strategy that combines qualitative and quantitative assessment techniques. Field notes will be used throughout the observation of students interacting with VR models and the instructor facilitating the process. These observations will examine how the models impact students' ability to perceive or recognize tensile structure concepts. Moreover, surveys and interviews will assess student and teacher perceptions of the VR tools.

OBJECTIVES

• Develop a digital and immersive environment and a computational methodology for analyzing, structuring, and presenting architectural information on lightweight tensioned textile structures.

• Develop a taxonomy for classifying the components and aspects describing this architecture system (Frei Otto’s projects as a case study).

THE

CONTRIBUTIONS

The signiﬁcance of the current research study lies in its focus on the e cacy of employing immersive technologies in studio environments with spatial frameworks, as well as the usefulness of redesigning traditional learning materials into VR in order to assist students with less visuospatial skills. Implementing new mediums with instructional approaches could build a richer, more fulﬁlling learning environment, which can increase the learning performance of students with diverse cognitive styles (for example, learning styles and spatial abilities).

This thesis research will use VR to improve students' attention to spatial arrangement and stimulate their spatial ability by utilizing a new medium. Doing so would fundamentally alter the design process and architectural modeling in the virtual environment.

Sam Moradzadeh Felecia Davis

DETERMINANTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH A FOCUS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Air quality is a critical public health concern in the 21st century, especially in industrial cities and highly polluted areas. The ongoing air quality issue is a global problem that is challenging governments, health systems, and communities. Indoor and outdoor air pollution and exposure to gaseous pollutants (ex. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter [PM], volatile organic compounds, etc.) have been linked to a variety of negative health consequences. In highly polluted industrial cities in the United States, such as Pittsburgh, air pollution is responsible for 83% of reported air pollutants due to industrial facilities near the city. Over the last decades, a wide range of studies have looked to build a picture of indoor air quality (IAQ) and have begun to identify key drivers a ecting indoor air quality. Results show a correlation between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Additionally, indoor air pollution sources might sometimes make the indoor air quality much worse than the outdoor air quality.

The primary objective of this study is to assess both the relationship of outdoor air quality on IAQ and the impact of human behavior on IAQ in residential buildings. This process consisted of both research and field study components. The research section includes a comprehensive literature review on indoor air quality and research methods development. The field study involved a measurement process in residential buildings that was divided into two di erent parts of qualitative and quantitative data. In support of the objectives, five research questions were formulated:

1. What is the relationship between indoor and outdoor air quality levels in residential buildings?

2. What is the correlation between indoor and outdoor air quality variables?

3. How does human behavior (like cooking) impact indoor air quality?

4. How much is the cooking spike and the decay rate of particulates a ecting IAQ?

Answers to these research questions will be used to suggest mittigation measures to improve IAQ for residential buildings.

MEASUREMENT PROCESS

The goal of this task is to gather raw IAQ data from the existing conditions of the residential buildings in partnership with ROCIS group in Pittsburgh. Data collection encompasses two steps, qualitative and quantitative evaluation. First, the existing IAQ condition for the selected building will be characterized using qualitative and quantitative data. For the quantitative part, the residents of the selected building will be provided with measuring tools, and they will be instructed on how to use the tools and have continuous measurement and data recording within one month of study time for each house. Four weeks of continuous 24 hour/day air monitoring will be conducted to assess the variation in pollution levels during the days. The equipment consists of a Dylos DC1100 air quality monitor with two size ranges — small 2.5 µm and 5 µm — that records the data at 1-minute intervals, carbon dioxide, radon, and carbon monoxide. The collected data will be used to perform a statistical analysis to understand the correlation between indoor and outdoor air pollution and the impact of human behavior (cooking, window operation, etc.) on indoor pollution levels (Fig. 8). The following photos show the measuring procedure for a representative sample (Fig. 2-7).

The qualitative data was a participants survey that was administered by the Survey Monkey platform and included questions on home characteristics, outdoor and indoor condition, and human behaviors (Table. 1).

Lisa Iulo

Azari

Natasha Miles Associate Professor, Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

Kenneth Davis Professor, Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

Figure 5. Kitchen and living room PM & Radon equipment (c)

Figure 4. Outdoor PM2.5 & PM5 equipment (a)

Figure 6. Bedroom PM & CO2 equipment (d)

Figure

IMPACT OF VEGETATED INFRASTRUCTURE TO MITIGATE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN BANGLADESH

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Climate change has a strong negative impact on Bangladesh, though this country has an insigniﬁcant carbon footprint. With rapid urbanization, Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh, is progressively falling short of sustaining outdoor life due to urban heat island (UHI) e ect, which is one of the most documented phenomena of urban climate change. The urban temperature inside and around Dhaka is about 2.5°C to 7.5°C higher than its surrounding rural temperature and it is found to be highest during the afternoon and nighttime hours. This leads to an increased demand for urban energy resources for cooling and decreased quality of life for the residents of the city. A comfortable outdoor temperature can also lead to a comfortable indoor environment, which reduces the energy load of the city. Therefore, this thesis investigates the impact of adding vegetated infrastructure in the city to reduce the heat island e ect in the context of Dhaka.

Keywords: UHI e ect, mitigation, vegetated infrastructure, ENVI-met simulation, comfort

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What will be the urban microclimatic conditions of Purbachal, a rapidly developing area of Dhaka, after the completion of development as per the current master plan?

2. How can the addition of vegetated infrastructure in the current plan aid to mitigate UHI e ect in Dhaka? Which type of interventions work most e ectively to reduce the UHI e ect?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is supported by the Penn State Department of Architecture. Software and equipment for this study is provided by Ecology plus Design (E+D) and the Hamer Center for Community Design. My sincere gratitude and warm regards to Lisa Domenica Iulo, Rahman Azari, and Ute Poerschke for their constant guidance and inspiration.

METHODOLODY

For this study, Purbachal, a developing residential area of Dhaka was selected and through ENVI-met software simulation, the impact of adding vegetated infrastructures on the outdoor air temperature and relative humidity was observed by adding vegetated infrastructures on three levels: at street level, on green roofs, and in green walls on the buildings. It analyzes which type of intervention can reduce the UHI e ect and to what extent.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the ﬁndings, recommendations have been generated for the tropical city, where urban spaces will be comfortable. For example, the intervention with urban trees and grass is most e ective in mitigating the UHI e ect as it reduces the mean air temperature most e ciently during both day and night times as compared to green roofs and green facades.

Tasneem Tariq

Advisor: Lisa Domenica Iulo

Advisor: Ute Poerschke

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

Mitigating urban heat island exposure: a longitudinal, socio-environmental, time-series analysis of urban ecosystems

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

The purpose of this research project is threefold. First, to document the changes in Baltimore, Maryland’s urban habitats and socio-economic and demographics through time. Second, develop explanatory factors for the longitudinal change in Baltimore’s urban heat island through land surface temperature. Third, to evaluate the degree to which changes create environmental injustices.

Currently, the United States and much of the world are rapidly urbanizing. Huang et al. (2019) project that urban land areas will expand by 0.6-1.3 million km2 through 2050, increasing 78% to 171% over the 2015 urban footprint. Research has repeatedly shown that current urban development morphologies and material compositions have artificially elevated urban land surface and air temperatures – known as the urban heat island e ect (UHI). UHIs are urban patches that contain elevated temperatures. UHI researchers have documented daytime temperatures are 0.5 to 3.9 °C (1–7 °F) higher than temperatures in outlying areas, and nighttime temperatures are about 1.1 to 2.8 °C (2-5 °F) higher (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). This temperature di erence is due to using heat-absorbing materials in urban construction and the loss of vegetative shade and transpiration. As a result, the UHI has become one of the most significant urban sustainability problems as it negatively impacts various urban health, social, economic, infrastructure, and environmental systems. We note that these heat patterns are not equitability distributed. Historically redlined and lower-income minority neighborhoods often face significantly hotter temperatures and have less vegetation or other cooling mitigation.

While research has shown that urban trees and green spaces can cool UHI=, green spaces are rarely disentangled. We speciﬁcally explore the relationship between plant urban ecosystems — such as forests, orchards, wood wetlands, emergent wetlands, agriculture, grass and herbaceous, shrubs, and water — and UHI.

REFERENCES

Huang, K., Li, X., Liu, X., & Seto, K. C. (2019). Projecting global urban land expansion and heat island intensiﬁcation through 2050. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4b71

United States Environmental Protection Agency, O. (2014, February 28). Heat Island E ect [Collections and Lists]. https://www.epa.gov/heatislands

Assistant Professor Department of Landscape Architecture SCDC, E+D, and GEO4ECO

METHODS

We employed spatial descriptive, correlation, and regressions analyses to determine the interactions between social, ecological, and land surface temperatures using r.

Data included 1-meter landcover data provided by the city of Baltimore, Land surface temperature data compiled using Google Earth Engine Landsat Series, and the Center for Disease Control’s social vulnerability index.

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

1) Existing tree canopy patches in Baltimore are adjacent to each other and not scattered over the city.

2) Vulnerable populations are exposed to higher temperatures and lower urban tree area.

landcover and urban ecosystem map.

Source: IAN ROUND, JAZMIN CONNER, JERMAINE ROWLEY AND SANDY BANISKY

Travis Flohr, Ph.D.

Diana Albuja Ph.D. Student Department of Ecology E+D and GEO4ECO

Deep learning in early-stage structural performance prediction

Complete title: Deep learning in early-stage structural performance prediction: assessing morphological parameters for buildings

Keywords: performance prediction, artiﬁcial neural networks, deep learning, design space exploration, surrogate modelling, interactive structural design.

Research Overview

This research develops artiﬁcial neural networks that achieve early-state structural design feedback, while carefully considering which morphological parameters in buildings can be used to accurately predict structural performance metrics. First, a parametric structural analysis model of a tall timber building was used to obtain a synthetic dataset linking geometric parameters such as height, aspect ratio, notches, tapers, and core location to the simulated material quantities and embodied carbon of the building. Next, additional synthetic parameters related to the massing and framing geometry were extracted for each design in the dataset. This information would be available for many conceptual building designs stored in digital form, regardless of the underlying structure of the parametric model used to generate the original dataset.

In the ﬁnal step, an extensive comparison of deep learning neural networks trained on these di erent categories of architectural data is done, showing which categories of predictors lead to the most accurate models, as well as other important neural network characteristics and factors for structural design prediction. Despite some error and based on relationships between di erent types of design data and the accuracy and feasibility of (AI)-based performance preditions, it is possible to achieve reasonable prediction accuracy for structural performance based on only geometric parameters of a new building shape.

Design Space Exploration & Machine Learning

Di erent input variables were extracted from parametric building geometries based on the massing and framing of the conceptual building. Five hundred neural network architectures with specific characteristics were trained and tested for predicting embodied carbon using di erent combinations of variables, and the e ect of inputs on the prediction accuracy was determined. While recalibrating main- and hyper-parameters plays a significant role in training a prediction network, it is possible to reach an acceptable prediction model using only basic massing data instead of high-resolution information, which needs significantly more computation cost or designer e ort to create or extract.

Hossein Zargar Nathan Brown Text Article

Research Open House 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE LOWER TRAIL IN WILLIAMSBURG

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

ROBOTIC 3D PRINTING OF MYCELIUM-BASED BIO-COMPOSITES

OBJECTIVES

TASK 1: SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTS

TASK 2: MESO SCALE EXPERIMENTS

FUTURE WORK

Project History

The Lower Trail in Williamsburg

MycoCreate 2.0

Computational Framework for the Design and Fabrication of Spatial Structures with Mycelium-based Composites

MycoCreate 2.0 Pavilion

System Break-down

Contributions

TRES COMUNIDADES, UN RÍO:

AN ETHNOBOTANICAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND DATA ACTIVISM EXHIBIT

IN IQUITOS PERU

CONTEXT

THE EXHIBIT

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

ADVANCING GENERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS-MARKERS

PROJECT VISION

PRIORITIES & ACCESSMENT

NOVELTY

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

FROM SHELTER TO HOME: TRANSFORMATION GRAMMAR OF HOUSING UNITS IN IRBID REFUGEE CAMP

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

WHO DESIGNS THE CAMP? THE SPATIAL REPRODUCTION OF

CAMPS

Research Overview

Research Objectives and Questions

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

DETERMINING THE IMPACT IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGY HAS ON SPATIAL VISUALIZATION SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH EXPERIMENT (IN PROGRESS)

INVESTIGATING CANOPY HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS ON BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE

A CASE STUDY OF SEVEN U.S. CITIES

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

DIRECTKNIT: SAMPLE GENERATION FOR MACHINE LEARNING MODELS

WORK IN PROGRESS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

CONTRIBUTIONS

FORM FINDING AND ANALYSIS OF KNITTED TENSIONED STRUCTURES

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

KANGAROO2, K2 ENGINEERING & KIWI3D!

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR PRINTABILITY AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF 3D PRINTED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

FINDINGS/CONTRIBUTIONS

- PARAMETRIC NUMERICAL MODELING OF 3DCP

METHODS

- CONSTRAINED STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION FOR 3DCP

EXAMINING BUILDING

ENERGY

GAP BETWEEN

VALUE AND ACTUAL USE

SCHOOL op en house 2022

PEM-BASED ENERGY HARVESTING BUILDING ENVELOPES

Consumption and Building Carbon

SENTINEL LANDS The Geospace of Mine Fires

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

PLANNING BUILDINGS’ OBSOLESCENCE THROUGH MATERIAL STRATEGY:

FORMULATING A TIMED DECAY-INFORMED EARTH BLOCK

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

CASE STUDY AND MATERIAL EXPLORATION

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

Environmental Education for Stormwater Stewardship

METHODS

STUDY AREA AND CASE STUDIES

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

RESEARCH STUCKEMAN SCHOOL op en house 2022

Enhancing Energy Performance of SingleFamily Housing through Parametric Modeling

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

HYPOTHESIS

METHODS

EXPECTED OUTCOMES