TOWARDS AN EFFICIENT ECONOMY CHE WEI (JACKY) LEE FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.2
A GREEN ECONOMY ZHI JIAN (DAVID) WONG FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.3
CREATING CREATIVE CHRISTCHURCH PRAVEEN KARUNASINGHE FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.4
ADVISORS:
CAMIA YOUNG, CHRIS BARTON
AN ADAPTABLE HOUSING SOLUTION BIRAN HE FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.5
THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY ERICA AUSTIN FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.6
Future Christchurch
V3.0
ALEX HARYOWISENO FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.1
Prototype City
INNOVATION ECONOMY
students
Alexander Haryowiseno Che Wei (Jacky) Lee Zhi Jian (David) Wong Praveen Karunasinghe Biran He Erica Austin
Future Christchurch
V3.0
Prototype City
advisors
Camia Young Chris Barton
Produced by Studio Christchurch http://studiochristchurch.co.nz Future Christchurch course work http://futurechristchurch.wordpress.com FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH V3.0 PROTOTYPE CITY First published June 2013 Christchurch, New Zealand Intellectual Copyright Authors and The University of Auckland School of Architecture and Planning ISBN 978-0-9894723-0-2 This is a non-profit academic publication, self-published and printed online at: http://www.blurb.com/ Editor: Camia Young Graphic Designer: Erica Austin Students: Erica Austin, Alexander Haryowiseno, Biran He, Praveen Karunasinghe, Che Wei (Jacky) Lee, Zhi Jian (David) Wong
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book was made possible through the support of The School of Architecture and Planning at The University of Auckland. We would also like to thank Aurecon for generously funding the production of this book.
5
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i. Introduction ii. Foreword: Matt Coetzee and Shaun Hardcastle 1. Economic Research
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Innovation Economy 1.2 Transportation Economy 1.3 Green Economy 1.4 Creative Economy 1.5 Housing Economy 1.6 Experience Economy
2. Urban Strategies
2.0 Introduction 2.1 Industrial Corridor 2.2. Multi-Modal City 2.3 Zero Carbon Energy Strategy 2.4 Education Intervention 2.5 Infill vs. Sprawl 2.6 De-Cluttering of Events
3. Architectural Systems
3.0 Introduction 3.1 Dynamic Zoning 3.2 Modular Interchanges 3.3 Optimal Ecological Systems 3.4 Distributed Classrooms 3.5 Adaptable Housing 3.6 Transformative Architecture
4. Collaboration 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Team Collaboration 4.2 Public Conversations 4.3 Public Collaborations 4.4 Public Presentations 4.5 NZIA Student Design Awards
7
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
TRANSPORT ECONOMY TOWARDS AN
GREEN ECONOMY GREEN
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
EFFICIENT ECONOMY
ECONOMY
Praveen Karunasinghe
Alex Haryowiseno
?
INNOVATION ECONOMY
INNOVATION ECONOMY INNOVATION Alex Haryowiseno ECONOMY
Erica Austin
Erica Austin EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
Prototype City
Praveen Karunasinghe CREATIVE
CHRISTCHURCH
CHRISTCHURCHBiran He
EXPERIENCE ECONOMY CREATING
8
CREATIVE ECONOMY CREATING
HOUSING ECONOMY HOUSING Biran He ECONOMY
INTRODUCTION
Christchurch is at pivotal time in its history. Now that demolition is almost complete, with 80 percent of the buildings in the central business district carted away as rubble, and some 10,000 houses vanished, Christchurch is a city with plenty of vacant spaces. More than two years on from the devastating earthquakes of September 4th, 2010 and February 22nd, 2011, decisions made now of what to build where and when will come to define the city. It is a time of hope. New building is greeted enthusiastically as signs the recovery is underway. Two parallel approaches to rebuilding are in train. One aims to get the city moving again. Witness the Re-Start container mail, the Transitional Cathedral, the EPIC sanctuary, the Pallet Pavilion, Dance-O-Mat and other Gap Filler community driven projects. The other takes a longer term view involving further demolition and the government acquisition of vast tracts of central city land. The grand plan is encapsulated in the Christchurch Central Development Unit’s Blueprint (CCDU) of July 2012 with its proposed convention centre, sports stadium and “green frame” to redefine the city’s centre.
Both approaches seek to attract investment and bring growth and vitality back to the city. Recognising resources for reconstruction are limited, it is critical to think strategically about what types of construction could attract further investment, and what projects are more likely to act as catalysts for growth than others. The Future Christchurch project brings together a group of six thesis students from The University of Auckland’s School of Architecture and Planning to engage in a collective design project. Through a collaborative process, the project proposes a framework for the development and rebuild of Christchurch. It begins by researching local economies to identify potential catalysts for growth and inform urban strategies and architectural systems. The collaborative process enables a synergy between each of the strategies, recognising that economies intimately coexist, rather than stand alone.
Introduction
9
POPULATION MOVEMENT TOWARDS THE WESTERN SUBURBS
CCDU PLAN: INTENSIFY THE CBD
10
Prototype City
NETWORK OF TOWNS: INTENSIFY SUBURBS
ECONOMIC DRIVERS In August 2011 the City of Christchurch invited a series of international experts in post-disaster planning and reconstruction to present their insights and critique the Christchurch City Council’s newly released Central City Draft Plan. Throughout the presentations there was a consensus about the need for an economic strategy to support Christchurch’s proposed urban plan. There was a sense too, that the draft plan was limited in its scope as it encompassed the Central Business District (CBD), yet neglected to consider the city as a whole. It was from these two critiques that this agenda emerged, and the team set out to research the local economies to find drivers for proposed urban strategies. PROTOTYPE CITY Being ecologically conscious and implementing sustainable measures should be a given, and the means to achieve this is through a sound economic strategy. As we approach an era where fossil fuels are diminishing and climates changing there is a greater urgency to promote and choose lifestyles that are conscious of our environmental impact, which includes making informed choices as to how we live and work collectively. An underlying objective for this thesis group was to design proposals for a city where resources, economy and lifestyle work in balance with one another. Christchurch could be the perfect prototype city leading the way in 21st Century sustainable design for three reasons: first, it has the unique
advantage of abundant water, arable land and a moderate climate conducive to farming. Second, with a population of approximately 370,000 inhabitants, it is large enough to be relevant as a major city but also small enough for technology and infrastructure to be implemented quickly and efficiently. Lastly, because of the massive rebuilding effort following the earthquakes, there is an opportunity to rethink the urban form. Christchurch could capitalise on this opportunity by recognising these inherent traits and become a model city for the 21st Century. URBAN FORM The location for Christchurch’s rebuild was one of the main considerations within the project. A polycentric city model was identified as more resilient, in contrast with the mono-centric model proposed by the CCDU’s Blueprint, which caters to the CBD. The polycentric model of growth has the potential to address the current and emerging economic circumstances in Christchurch. By proposing multi-nodal development, the designs are able to harness the inherent potential of growth in multiple key activity areas of the city. This includes the identified growth of the western suburbs, the initial investments in the CBD, and other infrastructural assets such as the rail corridor. A multi-nodal development concentrating on key areas would create the opportunity for different identities to emerge across the city, which would cultivate confidence and attract a diversity of investors. This is critical for the success of the future reconstruction of Christchurch.
Introduction
11
12
MATT COETZEE
The world is experiencing a series of never-before-seen changes. For the first time in our history more people are living in cities than are not. We are experiencing the undeniable effects of climate change, both in terms of generally warmer conditions, but also a greater frequency of severe natural disasters. The centre of economic activity is shifting away from the traditional markets of Western Europe and the United States to those of Asia - but in many cases the number of urban poor in these now-wealthier countries is increasing. Managing the effects of these changes on the physical, social and economic fabric of our planet is not easy. Shying away from this is, however, not an option, and future generations, for some of us embodied in the children we tuck into bed at night, will judge us harshly if we are unable to develop effective solutions. I am writing this foreword on a plane flying across South Africa, a country I grew up in, and worked extensively in. And I am reminded of the great privilege I have had of spending the last 25 years observing and trying to manage the consequences of these mega-trends, both in this country, in other parts of Africa, in Asia and elsewhere. I have watched African workers struggle through smoke-laden air in Soweto, the consequence of many thousands of wood-fires needed because the supply and distribution of electricity has been poorly planned. Watched families secure the roof of their flimsy corrugated iron home in the slums of Manila in anticipation of yet another typhoon, and recognising the futility of it, sadly. And, more recently, I have been reminded through the effects of the 2011 earthquake
in Christchurch, that the heart-breaking effects of a disaster are not confined to the cities of the developing world. It seems clichĂŠd to say that the solution to these issues lies in mobilising the youthful energy, the unconstrained thinking and the intellectual fearlessness of the next generation of designers and planners, but it is entirely true. In this publication a group of ambitious students present us with some of the most thought-provoking, forward-thinking and engaging solutions to the challenges of our cities, that you will see. They provide answers to questions like how will we provide sufficient, affordable housing stock? How will we minimise the contribution of cities to carbon emissions? How will we leverage the power of social media to manage traffic congestion? And many-many more. It is now for those of us in positions where we can influence decision-making to very carefully examine these ideas and actively seek to further test and implement them. I have little doubt that the quality of the ideas in this book will engage you, as they did me, and I wholeheartedly recommend it to you. Enjoy being challenged! Matt Coetzee Aurecon Global Competency Leader, Urbanisation
Foreword | Matt Coetzee
13
14
SHAUN HARDCASTLE
Working for a large organisation with lots of services and unique individual talents is both invigorating and challenging. One of my roles as the HUBid leader for Aurecon is to manage the integration of disparate services by linking the right resources and team to suit a specific challenge. HUBid is an umbrella for these services with a focus on economics, land use and transport but it can also include many other disciplines. The Future Christchurch team and HUB-id have a similar approach to problem-solving, and the research-based design philosophy exemplified in this book, supports and demonstrates this integrated focus. Not only is the work compelling, but their collaborative approach is inspiring and exemplary of how I believe we should approach complex design problems with cross disciplinary team work. I met this ambitious bunch of students in late August 2012 when they were hosting a series of conversations related to their individual topics. I was invited to attend the Transportation Economy thesis by Jacky Lee, however I arrived early for the Green Economy and was hooked. I ended up staying the whole day and sitting in on every presentation. A light bulb went on, that what these students were achieving is a HUB-id approach to urban rejuvenation. They developed strong arguments for how each of the economies could lend to the regeneration of Christchurch, and at the end showed how these economies overlap and intertwine, coming together to create a whole that exceeds the sum of the parts. I was witnessing something rare, collaboration truly working. The six students prepared their own compelling story, which could be digested in isolation. But the real genius and strength in the approach is realised in the cross-over and
synergy between the six economies. Coming to grips with the depth and quality of the work presented across the six thesis books is rewarding, but time-consuming. This book is a summary of the work for those that want an overview of the process, the outcome and the thought leadership. There is no doubt this book and the work contained in the six separate books is special for many reasons, it is: • Emotional, because its study area is related to the tragic outcomes of the Christchurch earthquakes. • Compelling, because the principles and methods could be applied to any urban area in the World. • Intriguing, because marrying six different economies into an outcome is truly a task not for the faint-hearted. I read a lot in my professional capacity: online news pieces, thought leadership papers, conference papers and books. It’s important in a professional sense to pop your head out of your work and see what’s going on in other related fields. The brave new world of emerging economies coming to the fore that are marginalising commodity is forcing collaboration, creativity and integration. HUB-id is my contribution to managing and framing that thinking. This book is my recommendation to your busy professional life as a must-read if you want to understand what integration and collaboration within HUB-id means. Shaun Hardcastle Global HUB-id Technical Director, Christchurch 2013
Foreword | Shaun Hardcastle
15
Knowledge-Based Society Quality of Life
INNOVATION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING EVENTS
Multi-Modal City Renewable Energy
Eventful City Lifelong Learning
URBAN STRATEGIES
ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Green Zone
18
1.0 ECONOMIC RESEARCH
The purpose of this collective project is to propose development strategies for Christchurch based upon economic research, with the underlying goal of stimulating investment in the city. The project was initiated following two critiques of the Christchurch Central City Draft Plan released in August 2011 by an invited panel of international experts. Two findings stood out; that the plan was limited in scope due to its mandate to only consider the Central Business District (CBD); and that the plan lacked a financial strategy in order for its intentions to be realised. Based on these critiques, the team began research of local economies in order to find drivers for urban strategies that could be applied to the whole city. The Innovation Economy argues for a shift towards a knowledge-based society; the Transportation Economy introduces the notion of moving towards a multi-modal city; the Green Economy proposes a strategy founded on renewable energies; the Creative Economy outlines
the need for investing in education; the Housing Economy expands on the urgency for housing in the city and suggests appropriate typologies; and the Experience Economy points out the importance of events as a way of place-making. While the research was conducted into each economy, it is important to note they do not operate separately, but are highly interconnected. Midway through the project the Christchurch Central Development Unit (CCDU) released the Blueprint to rebuild the CBD, which is also driven by economic considerations. While its strategies offer a different approach, the intention to foster a healthy economy is shared. The CCDU’s Blueprint is a traditional masterplan which assumes a vision for the future based on large scale projects. The difference in the approach advanced by the Future Christchurch team is that it identifies catalysts for investment and suspends designing with an end result in mind.
Economic Research | Introduction
19
New Zealand’s Position within the OECD
High Work Input and Low Work Output
2000 AUS NZ
140
NZ
AUS
120 110
1975
100
AUS NZ
90
NZ
GRE
SPN
JPN
CND
AUS
AUT
NLD
FRA
AUS
1987
130
Index
+ 25 % - 20 %
+ 20 % + 0%
OECD
+ 20 % + 10 %
NEW ZEALAND’S RANKING WITHIN THE OECD - 50% Average The Organization for Economic Cooperation and OECD Development (OECD) report shows New Prosperity Index Zealand’s economic growth is in decline when compared to the OECD average. Although New Zealand started out well above the OECD average in the 1970’s, its position has declined and currently sits at 22nd out of 33 countries. (Little, S., 2010)
NZ
80 70
[+]
60
+ 50%
[-]
Hours Worked per Capita
50
D
2005
1995
1985
1975
40
[-]
High Work Input and Low Work Output
NZ
GRE
SPN
- 50%
[+]
[-]
JPN
CND
AUS
AUT
NLD
OECD Average Prosperity Index
Hours Worked per Capita
Output per hour worked
The decline in prosperity is caused by the tendency to invest in low output sectors
20
Alex Haryowiseno
[+]
Output per hour worked
The decline in prosperity is caused by the tendency to invest in low output sectors
FRA
+ 50%
[-]
[+]
HIGH WORK INPUT AND LOW WORK OUTPUT New Zealand is ranked well below other countries in terms of its prosperity because it has the tendency to invest in industry sectors Shift withTowards high Knowledge demand in working hours required, while the ratio of work output is relatively low. Based Economy Manufacturing
Knowledge Based
1.1 INNOVATION ECONOMY
ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT
ORGANIZATIONS & POLICIES INNOVATION PROCESS WORKFORCE MARKET ATTRACTION INTERACTION
CONDUCIVE INNOVATION ENVIRONMENT ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT
Christchurch’s manufacturing sector is in a state of decline, which is the primary provider of employment in the city. It has been recorded that the industry has been facing a significant downturn over the past five years, which has already affected more than 5000 jobs. Because of this shift, there is clearly a need to rethink the future employment landscape of the city; one possible solution is to improve the current condition by investing in the growth of high value sectors. This could be comprised of existing knowledge-based industries such as information and communications technology (ICT), which contributes over $200 million to the city’s gross regional product (GRP) and has been growing steadily over the past five years. By providing high value employment, there is the potential to shift the current employment landscape of Christchurch away from low value manufacturing commodities towards producing either high value manufacturing commodities or knowledge-based commodities. The extended benefit of investing in the provision of high paid employment opportunities could also act to fuel the education economy as well as attract investment back to the city.
URBAN DESIGN FACTORS Investing in the innovation economy puts the importance of innovation and knowledge-based commodities at the centre of a nation’s economic growth, alongside traditional primary and secondary commodities.
Economic Research | Innovation Economy
21
utput Graduates (Density p/sqkm)
NLD
FRA
High Impact Workers (Density p/sqkm)
+ 50%
Low Impact Workers (Density p/sqkm) Shift Towards Knowledge Based Economy
[-] Manufacturing
[+]
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Shift Towards KnowledgeKnowledge Based Shift Towards Knowledge Based Economy Based Economy Knowledge Based
Income (Density p/sqkm)
Knowledge Based
Communication Access (Density p/sqkm)
Lo
T
ors
22
Alex Haryowiseno
Revenue per Employee
$400,000
$300,000
Fisher & Paykell $200,000
Christchurch’s ICT Industries
$100,000
Wine Tourism
100,000
200,000
300,000
FTE (Number of Full-Time Employment) 1.3 Million Total
New Zealand workers put in as much as 15% more working hours while generating 20% less returns compared to OECD countries. New Zealand currently generates an average of $29,800 GDP per capita. In order to just maintain this rate (and thus its 22nd position out of 33 countries), New Zealand needs to generate $120,000 from every one of its 1,300,000 full-time employments (FTE). However, New Zealand’s current economic orientation towards primary exports in agriculture and forestry require lowskilled and low-impact employment, which makes this hard to do. Popular industries such as wine and tourism generate only around $100,000 and $80,000 per FTE. In order to prosper in the long term, New Zealand needs to consider other sectors that have the ability to create high-value employment. The key to generating value beyond the current minimum is to invest in sectors which create high impact margins. The science and technology industries, as well as the high value manufacturing and services industries are sectors which present us with this opportunity.
REVENUE GENERATED PER FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT (FTE) (Callaghan, P., 2009)
Economic Research | Innovation Economy
23
Manufacturing
Health Care
Retail Trade
Scientific, Technical Services
ICT
INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT COUNT An analysis of the gross regional product (GRP) per industry values reveal Christchurch’s emerging industries, notably in the health & community services area, as well as the communication services. The health and community services experienced and increase of GRP by 25% in the period between 2000 and 2009, and is currently the second largest employer in Christchurch next to manufacturing. The communications services (ICT) sector is an interesting case of a high growth sector. Although levels of employment remained modest (around 4500 people) in the period of 2010, the industry generated a high amount of GRP in 2009 and shows a significant growth, where
24
Alex Haryowiseno
the GRP grew by almost 50% within a period of 10 years. In 2010 the industry generated over $850 million in revenue, adding up to $190,000 per full-time employment (FTE). The survey of the industry’s engagement with the service export market also shows a strong return, with IT (part of the ICT industry) placing second in terms of income from overseas. The decline in employment of Christchurch’s main industry, as well as the trend in emerging sectors suggests that a shift is taking place which favours the emerging high impact technology industry.
Property & Business
Manufacturing
Communications
Health
Retail Trade
INDUSTRY GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT PROGRESSION An analysis of the employment and GRP per industry in Christchurch shows that the majority of its employment opportunities come from the manufacturing sector. This industry generated the second highest amount of GRP for the city in 2009, second to the property and business services. However the employment count of this industry reveals that it has seen quite a significant decline of around 15% between the period of 2006 and 2009 - a possible cause of this is the increasing value of the NZD between this period (0.59 to 0.75 index), which limits exporter income.
Economic Research | Innovation Economy
25
Proportion of High Skilled Worke
Proportion of High Skilled Workers Graduates Graduates (Density p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm)
Graduates High Impact Workers (Density p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm)
Proportion of High Skilled Workers Proportion of High Skilled Workers Graduates Proportion of High Skilled Workers (Density p/sqkm)
High Impact Workers
High Impact Graduates (Density p/sqkm) Low Impact Workers Workers (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm) (Density (Density p/sqkm)
High Impact Workers Proportion of High Skilled Workers
Knowledge Based
(Density p/sqkm)
Low Impact Workers Graduates High Impact Workers Income (Density p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm) (Density (Density p/sqkm)
Low Impact Workers Proportion of High Skilled Workers (Density p/sqkm)
Knowledge Based
Shift Towards Knowledge Based Economy Knowledge Based
Income High Impact Workers Workers Graduates Low Impact Low Impact Workers Communication Access Low (Density p/sqkm) (Density (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm)
High
Income The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping.
Knowledge Based
Communication Access Low Impact High Impact Workers Workers Income (Density p/sqkm) (Density (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm)
(Density p/sqkm)
Low
High
The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping. Communication Access Low High
Knowledge Based
Income Income Low Impact Workers Communication Access Low (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm) (Density (Density p/sqkm)
(Density p/sqkm) High
The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping.
The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping.
Knowledge Based
Communication Access Income (Density p/sqkm) p/sqkm) (Density
Low
High
PROPORTION OF HIGH SKILLED WORKERS A mapping of the city’s educated workforce was done by drawing various indicators from census data. These indicators comprise of factors such as the availability of tertiary students The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping. and graduates, high impact workers, spread of income, as well as communication access, amongst others. Overlaying this information reveals a linear divide in the urban fabric between the educated Low High Low High workforce in the north and the south. This information is beneficial as an urban planning tool to locate areas of development that would take advantage of Christchurch’s talent.
Communication Access Communication Access (Density p/sqkm) (Density p/sqkm)
The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus data mapping.
The location of high skilled workers is revealed through ansus 26
Alex Haryowiseno
An educated workforce is needed in order to establish a knowledge-based economy. Christchurch has the potential to foster this emerging sector of economic growth, given that it produces a substantial number of graduates from its universities (around 25% of New Zealand’s graduates) and is recorded as having over 10,000 people employed in the field of science and research. These are aspects that are beneficial in creating the initial talent pool needed to support the emerging knowledge-based businesses. By fostering an educated workforce the city could create a synergy with its existing manufacturing sector. The emerging industries in science and technology serve as potentials for development and could increase the amount of technological export products from New Zealand, while the existing manufacturing industries also stand to benefit from improved efficiency as a result.
EPIC INITIATIVE To foster growth towards an economy of innovation, it is important to acknowledge the need to promote existing innovative businesses as well as invest in an educated workforce. At the moment the Enterprise Precinct and Innovation Campus (EPIC) initiative is acting as a catalyst for this shift by gathering displaced high value businesses and attracting them back to the CBD.
Economic Research | Innovation Economy
27
Evolution Evolution of Christchurch of Christchurch Evolution of Christchurch 1785 1st Wave
Water Power Mechanism
1785 1st Wave 1785 Water Power
1845 2nd Wave
Steam Power Railroad
Mechanism 1st Wave Water Power Mechanism
1845 2nd Wave 1845 Steam Power 2ndRailroad Wave
Steam Power Railroad
1874
1874 Walking City1874 Walking City 3.2 Km
3.2 Km Walking City 3.2 Km
6TH WAVE OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY The evolution of transportation technology is directly related to the evolution of the urban fabric. It was the five waves of innovation (water power mechanisation, steam power rail, electricity, petroleum and digital networks) that contributed to societal changes for the last two centuries. While we are already entering the 6th wave of innovation, namely sustainable development,
28
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
1900 3rd Wave
1900 3rd Wave 1900 Electricty
Electricty Internal 3rdInternal Wave Combustion Engine Combustion Engine Electricty Internal Combustion Engine
1950
1950 4th Wave 4th Wave 1950 Petrol ChemicalsPetrol Chemicals Electronics Electronics 4th Wave Petrol Chemicals Electronics
1941
1941 1941
Transit City Transit City 10 Km 10 Km Transit City 10 Km
Christchurch’s urban form still lingers at the 4th wave, the automobile city. It is evident that it is time for Christchurch to move into the next age, which can be informed by integrating information technology to optimise commuting behaviours. The influence on the urban form will be shaped by innovative uses of energy and shared information technologies.
Softw
1.2 TRANSPORTATION ECONOMY
Target Problems Target Problems
0
1990
ve
5th Wave
als cs
1990 Digital Networks
Software Technology 5th Wave Digital Networks Software Technology
New Zealand
4TH HIGHEST 4TH HIGHEST Worldwide It was in the 19th Century that the zoned planning system was developed,
PRESENT 6th Wave PRESENT Sustainability
New Zealand
6th WaveRenewable Energy Sustainability Renewable Energy
2012
2012
Automobile City 30 Km Automobile City 30 Km
Decli
which meant cities were Worldwide divided into discrete parts and developed with single uses. While the aim was to improve quality of life, this approach was successful in that0.8 it VEHICLES/PERSON prevented social injustices such as industry being adjacent to housing, but it had other costly consequences on city 0.8 VEHICLES/PERSON developments. The largest and most pervasive is that of urban sprawl, which depends on automobiles to obtain most services. This sort of city development was shaped an era run by cheap oil. A system which 2.5by VEHICLES/HOUSEHOLD seemed to run efficiently then, is now problematic due to the growth 2.5 VEHICLES/HOUSEHOLD Poor Public T of population and private vehicle ownership over the past few decades. Servic Modern cities suffer an endless list of problems because of urban Poor Public Transport sprawl, including loss of productive land, traffic congestion and spiraling Service infrastructure costs among others. WORK JOURNEYS HAVE ONLY A WORK JOURNEYS SINGLE OCCUPANT HAVE ONLY A SINGLE OCCUPANT
95% 95%
EVOLUTION OF CHRISTCHURCH Christchurch, like most cities, has an urban history informed by modes of transport: from walking to public transit to the automobile. Each age enabled the city to form a new style of development, which resulted in a push outwards. This change of city size via change in transport technology is noteworthy in that while each advancement allowed for an expansion of the city, it also made the previous transport technology less effective.
Economic Research | Transportation Economy
29
Target Problems
PRESENT 6th Wave
Decline in Public Transport
New Zealand
4TH HIGHEST Worldwide
Sustainability Renewable Energy
Preference for Personal Vehicle Ownership 0.8 VEHICLES/PERSON
$
$
2.5 VEHICLES/HOUSEHOLD
2012
Automobile City 30 Km
Demand for Road Widening
Poor Public Transport Service
95%
WORK JOURNEYS HAVE ONLY A SINGLE OCCUPANT
Public Transport Patronage drops
TRAVEL-TIME BUDGET AND SIZE OF CITIES The average travel-time budget is around one hour per day, this is also known as the Marchetti constant throughout urban history. The pattern of the travel-time budget is a reoccurring phenomenon and reveals peoples tendencies: the preference of travelling on average is a half an hour for a person’s main journey to and from home. Thus the Marchetti constant dictates that cites can be no more than “one hour wide.”
30
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
DECLINE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT The preference for personal car travel inevitably creates a high demand for road widening, thus putting extra stress on government funding. According to Parliament documents, 80% of total funds are allocated to road and state highways. This leaves only 14% of funds for public transport, which inevitably leads to poor services such as limited routes. The lack of patronage is further compounded by attitudes of public transport being for those who can’t afford a car. All of which contributes to the loss of appeal for public transport by the general public and therefore a high preference for personal car travel. (New Zealand Parliamentary Library, 2006)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS The improvement of public transit services affects travel patterns in a variety of ways, which in turn has consequences for the economy. Vehicles that are removed from traffic via public transit use produce travel time savings for both public transit and highway users. Although these savings may be hard to pinpoint in quantitative terms, they reflect real improvements in mobility and accessibility at a personal, neighbourhood and community level.
The economic impact of transit investments is directly related to the fact that businesses and their employees have limited time and money. Therefore, a well-functioning transit system saves time and reduces travel-related costs. The benefit to businesses can be: fewer resources allocated to logistical costs; with these savings they can invest in a larger workforce; together this means businesses can develop competitive products and services.
Economic Research | Transportation Economy
31
2%
1% 4% 1%
11% 30%
SALE
WEEKLY TIME SPENT TRAVELLING PER PERSON
PERSONAL BUSINESS
17%
EDUCATION
RECREATIONAL
ACCOMPANY SOMEONE
SHOPPING
SOCIAL HOLIDAY
35%
Car DISTANCE TRAVELLED PER PERSON, PER YEAR, BY AGE GROUP (2004 - 2008)
0-4
5-14
15-24
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
Car Passen
75+
Pedestrian Cyclist
MODE OF TRAVEL
Cars are used
(Household Travel Survey)
New Zealand
Christchurch
Decreased Travel time
85% 5th 709 60% 96% of all daily trips
highest rate of vehicle ownership amongst OECD countries
Cars / 1000 persons
of residents drive to work
$
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
F
1/2 LAST LONGER
of them have only a
E
Single occupant Public Transit Investment
32
Increased Busin Lower Price
Decreased Cost of Living
Decreased Congestion
Decreased Transportation Costs
SALE
SHOPPING
65-74
$
SOCIAL HOLIDAY
75+
WORK
Car
Public Transport
Car Passenger
Motorcyclist
Pedestrian
Other Household Travel
Cyclist
Decreased Travel time
Increased Business Productivity Lower Prices and Costs
Decreased Cost of Living
F
1/2 LAST LONGER
$ PRODUCTIVITY
BUSINESS
$
Investment
Vehicle ownership is usually an appropriate indicator for assessing the autodominance of a city. After reviewing the latest household travel survey, it was evident that 85% of all trips are made in private cars and 19 out of 20 cars travelling to work have only a single occupant. Cars facilitate peoples’ need to travel further, faster, and more frequently than ever before. Cars are now comparatively easy to buy with easier access to loans and lowpriced imports. Compared with public transport, cars are often perceived to be substantially more convenient. Free parking within walking distance of Christchurch’s Central Business District or suburban employment areas contributes to perception of low costs. Consequently, vehicle ownership has increased over the past years.
TRANSPORTATION COST
E
Decreased Congestion
Decreased Transportation Costs
Decreased Business Costs
$
The way we travel is affecting our quality of life, infrastructure costs, and the environment. Improved information about sustainable travel choices and travel plans can de-incentivise commuting via personal vehicles. People need to know the benefits and costs in order to make well-informed decision about the way they travel. The design and location of work, education, health, leisure and community facilities can influence the way people travel. The further the distance, the greater the car dependency and energy consumption. Areas not in close proximity to transit corridors are associated with higher usage of personal vehicles. The availability of residential car parking also affects the way people travel. In order to shift Christchurch beyond its reliance on car dependent travel, alternative means of transport must be cost effective and time efficient.
Business Expansion and Attraction
Economic Research | Transportation Economy
33
red 75000
1,500,000
8 185
3 186
8 186
3 187
8 187
3 188
8 188
3 189
8 189
3 190
8 190
3 191
8 191
3 192
8 192
3 193
8 193
3 194
8 194
3 195
8 195
3 196
8 196
3 197
8 197
3 198
300000
6,000,000
Population Trend (Cencus)
NZ Population
Registered Car Trend
1990
1.60
3,000,000
PRESENT 150000
5th Wave
1.50
Cars
Population
New Cars Registered
6th Wave
Digital Networks Technology
Sustainability Renewable Energy
1.40 Software
1.20
0 1986
1
1
1
938
1
1% 4% 1%
2%
11% 30%
225000
WEEKLY TIME SPENT
NewTRAVELLING ZealandPER PERSON
0.8
17%
1991
1996
150000
928
1
1
933
1
938
New Zealand
Wellington
75000 Auckland
2000
943
1
2001 948
1
953
1
2002 958
1
2003 963
1
2004 1
968
973
1
2005 978
1
0.8 VEHICLES/PERSON DISTANCE TRAVELLED 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 2011 PER PERSON, PER YEAR, 0-4 3 3 8 8 3 8 9 198 BY 198AGE19GROUP 199 200 200 (2004 - 2008)
17%
85%
Worldwide
0.4
WEEKLY TIM TRAVELLING P
Cars are u
Canterbury
0
0 2001
3 8 8 3 53 8 8 3 3 8 8 3 73 8 78 3 3 8 8 3 3 8 8 3 3 8 8 3 194 185 194 186 19 186 195 187 196 187 196 188 19 188 19 189 198189 198190 199190 199 191 200 191 200 192
PERSONAL BUSINESS
EDUCATION
35%
1% 4% 1%
11%
4TH HIGHEST
0.6
VEHICLE OWNERSHIP PER HOUSEHOLD
of all daily 5-14
15-24
DISTANCE TR PER PERSON, 35BY AGE G (2004 -
2.5 VEHICLES/HOUSEHOLD 0.8 1.70
2012
Cars are used
0.4 1.40
1986 2000
2001
2002
2003 1991 2004
2005
2006
1996 2007
2008
2009
2010 2001 2011
2000
New Zealand
Christchurch
Cars are u
Canterbury
95%
Auckland 0.2
0
New Zealand
85% 5th 709 60% 85% 96%
Automobile City 0.4 Wellington 30 Km
1.50
1.200
New Zealand 0.6 Canterbury
0.2 1.30
2001
Poor Public Transp Service
0.8
1.60 0.6
Cars
1
933
8 200
0.2
1.30
928
3 200
75000
1,500,000
923
8 199
New Cars Registered
New Cars Registered
1.70
3 199
300000
225000
4,500,000
D
Target Problems 8 198
2%
918
DISTANCE TR PER PERSON, BY AGE G (2004 -
0
0
of all daily trips
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
WORK JOURNEYS Wellington HAVE ONLY A Auckland highest rate of vehicle Cars / 1000 persons ownership amongst SINGLE OCCUPANT OECD countries
2009
2010
of residents drive to work
2011
VEHICLE OWNERSHIP PER CAPITA
VEHICLE OWNERSHIP An effective transportation system is at the crux of an efficient economy. At the moment however, the state of Christchurch’s transport system hinders the economic potential of the city. It is recorded that the city’s ratio of car ownership is placed 4th highest in the world, with 0.8 cars owned per person and 2.5 cars owned per household. Further, 95% of the cars commuting to work are occupied by a single occupant, the driver.
34
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
This ultimately leads to serious traffic inefficiencies and a prevalence of congestion. However, there is potential to take advantage of the existing car culture to lead Christchurch towards a more effective transportation network. A car-sharing app called KiwiGo is introduced in the next chapter which could act as a catalyst for the future implementation of a smart multi-modal transportation system.
of them have of all daily
Single occ
=
There is an emerging shift in patterns of consumption, where individuals are beginning to share resources rather than own them privately. This concept is referred to as collaborative consumption. For example, we all own a home power drill even though on average it is only used twelve to thirteen minutes in its entire lifetime. The question asked is whether there is any reason for owning if what we need is the thing it provides, in this case the hole, not the drill. What’s preferred is to instead, rent the drill, or rent out one’s own drill to others in exchange for money. If in the context of Christchurch we introduced this notion of collaborative consumption, then the three vacant seats in single occupants vehicle could become a commodity, namely car-sharing. The problem is not the number of cars we own, but how we travel that makes a significant difference to the community; the preference is not by choice, but force due to the lack of choice. However, there are innovative solutions that promote car-sharing, while in parallel a more efficient transport strategy could be developed. By looking to new business trends of collaborative consumption, Christchurch could move past its autodependent state into a multi-modal city.
Economic Research | Transportation Economy
35
Australia’s Green Investments
+ Debunking Conventional Knowledge
=
$2,000,000,000,000 Over the next 5 years
The Global Green Market
China’s Green Investments
$370,000,000,000 Over the next 10 years
Significant Potential Market in Green Technology
$ 4,370,000,000 Over the next 5 years
RE-IMAGING THE RELATIONSHIP A Green Economy is economic development that takes into consideration ecological systems as having economic value. By re-imagining the relationship and placing the society and its economy within an ecological system, we understand that we are dependent on the natural environment’s ecology. This model suggests that no subsystem should be able to expand beyond the capacity of the total system of which it is a part.
250
200
150
100
50
0 33
75%
2004
57 57%
2005
90
2006
43%
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
129 23%
Year
2007
15
20
Global Investments in Re
US$ billion
36
INJECTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY NEEDED The economy, society and ecology are the three pillars of urban development. Conventionally these elements are seen separately but with some interaction. While the economic realm carries more importance in decision making, the communities bear the cost — but its the environment that pays the highest price. This is the conventional view of the economy, where waste and the associated environmental degradation is excluded from the economy. In a Green Economy there is no separation.
1.3 GREEN ECONOMY
Debunking Conventional Knowledge Australia’s Green Investments
+
ng Conventional Knowledge Significant Potential Market in Green Technology
+
Debunking Conventional Knowledge
Australia’s Green Investments
=
The Global Green Market China’s Green Investments
$370,000,000,000 Over the next 10 years
=
Global Investments in Renewable Energy $2,000,000,000,000 Over the next250 5 years
$ 4,37 Over t
32% 211
200
US$ billion
$ 4,370,000,000 Over the next 5 years
250
200
150
100
50
0
33 75%
2004
57 5
2005
Global Invest
US$ billion
Significant Potential Market in Green Technology
0.4%
23% 159
43%
150
he Global Green Market Green Investments
Significant Potential Market in Green Technology
129
57% 100
75%
160
90 57
Percentage share
$2,000,000,000,000 Over the next 5 years
The Global Green Market
China’s Green Investments
$370,000,000,000 Over the next 10 years
A Green Economy is an economic model based on sustainable development. Sustainability is defined here as being able to maintain a steady level of development without exhausting natural resources or causing severe ecological damage. Conventional thinking tends to be that one must choose between a growing economy and a sustainable economy, but this could not be further from the truth. Growth is acceptable if it doesn’t involve exploiting the natural or human resource for the benefit of economic growth at the expense of future generations.
50 33 Economic Research | Green Economy
0
37
ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF TIMBER EXCEED THE PROFITS IN CHINA
THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY (TEEB) In order to design a new plan for the future we need to understand how we evaluate what is of value to a city. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is an organization which brings into light the concept of the value of nature and the nature of value. The key point is that just because something is free it does not mean it is without value. For example, by applying the TEEB principle we can understand the true value of a timber industry in China, and then evaluate the pros and cons in economic terms. The market price of timber is half of the external costs to the country. These external costs range from flooding damage in 1998 to desertification. (TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011)
38
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
HIDDEN COST OF AIR POLLUTION IN CHRISTCHURCH
The TEEB principles can be applied locally to Christchuch’s air quality, where eighty percent of the winter air pollution comes from wood or coal burners and open fires while only ten percent comes from vehicles and ten percent from industry. The hidden economic health costs to Christchurch are estimated to be $168 million per annum. In addition, premature deaths related to air pollution is costing the city 158 lives a year. In today’s economy, Mother Nature does not charge us for the clean air we breathe nor the water we drink. The consequence is we tend to give no value to our eco-system. If we shift towards a Green Economy and include the value of nature, we could in fact save millions of dollars in hidden costs.
PERFECT PROTOTYPE SIZE
CHRISTCHURCH
ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES
There are several strong reasons to support investing in a Green Economy for Christchurch. On the one hand it would enhance the South Island’s “clean and green” image, as well as support the notion of Christchurch as the “Garden City.” Beyond the image of the city, the age of cheap energy is over, and to avoid a major energy crisis, Christchurch needs to plan how to supply growing energy demands with renewable energy sources. Fortunately, Christchurch is abundant with natural resources; fresh water, long solar hours, and, arable land. The geographic location of Christchurch is well positioned to take advantage of its natural resources and create a sustainable energy strategy to support the city. Further, the size of Christchurch makes it a perfect candidate for a prototype city, where it could test a holistic energy strategy. Christchurch has a population of approximately 370,000 inhabitants, which makes it large enough to be relevant as a major city but also small enough for technology and infrastructure to be implemented quickly and efficiently.
OPPORTUNITY IN CRISIS It is estimated that approximately 8000 buildings will have to be demolished in the CBD. The estimated total cost of the earthquakes to the government is $13 billion, and the estimated cost of rebuilding Christchurch’s infrastructure is $2 billion. Additionally, 30,000 homes are in need of serious repair with each exceeding more than $100,000 in damage. (3 News, 2012; Fairfax NZ News, 2011) Christchurch is faced with the largest reconstruction project in New Zealand history, but with this also comes the unique opportunity to reconfigure the urban plan to create a more efficient and sustainable city. Will the people of Christchurch choose to simply rebuild the same way it was before the earthquake, or will they take this opportunity to rebuild for a more sustainable and resilient city that is prepared for the future?
Economic Research | Green Economy
39
Global Investments in Renewable Energy 250
Biofuels - 4%
32%
Renewable total
211 200
75%
Petrol - 27%
Fossil fuel
129
Fossil fuels - 9%
Percentage share
98%
160 159 Biomass
43%
57% 100
Electricity - 35%
Wind energy Geothermal
Electricity Composition
US$ billion
Hydro 0.4%energy
23%
150
Fossil fuels - 9%
1%
1%
Biofuels - 4%
Electricity - 35%
0%
0%
Energy Structure
Energy Structure
90 57
Petrol - 27%
50
on
Year
No Solar / Wind Energy
=?
2008
2009
2010
CHRISTCHURCH ENERGY SOURCES The majority of renewable energy in Christchurch comes from hydro sources, while fossil fuels account for 50% of Christchurch’s energy share. What is evident is that there are almost no traces of solar or wind energy, which are technologies expected to grow in the near future. (Christchurch Agency for Energy, 2012)
40
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
Post-Earthquake Energy Implication RENEWABLE VS. NON-RENEWABLE
1-Jul-2011
2007
1-Jul-2010
2006
1-Jan-2010
1-Jul-2011
$ 4,370,000,000 Over the next 5 years
2005
1-Jul-2009
2004
$
1-Jan-2009
0
Post earthquake
Non-renewable total
1-Jan-2008
Diesel - 25%
1-Jan-2011
33
1-Jul-2008
ogy
Post hquake
Diesel - 25%
Electric Compos
SOLAR
HYDRO
WIND
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
BIOMASS
The energy structure of Christchurch is currently vulnerable, as it is centered on a singular network that provides no back up in the case of emergencies and disasters. A more resilient energy network can be provided using a multi-level structure based on the implementation of renewable technologies. This multi-level structure could also generate energy from new emerging technologies such as, solar and wind energy systems. By doing this, the city could tap into the global market share of green technologies. It has been highlighted that Australia and China are heavily investing in renewable technologies. Even tapping into 1% of this market share, which is equivalent to $4.37 billion over a period of 5 years, could allow for a major boost that could help the city’s economy recover.
TRANSPORTATION
SUGGESTED SOURCES OF ENERGY
Economic Research | Green Economy
41
Global Inves
Debunking Conventional Knowledge
250
200
US$ billion
150
The Global Green Market
100
75%
57
Australia’s Green Investments
China’s Green Investments
+
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
0 2004
$ 4,370,000,000 Over the next 5 years
$2,000,000,000,000 Over the next 5 years
CHINA’S GREEN INVESTMENTS
THE GLOBAL GREEN MARKET New Zealand’s two main trading partners, Australia and China, are both heavily focused on their own renewable energy schemes. Australia is starting to implement a zero carbon blueprint and is estimated to invest approximately $370 billion over the next 10 years, while China is investing 10 trillion Yuan into its clean-tech industries over the next 5 years. (NZ Herald, 2012)
42
33
=
$370,000,000,000 Over the next 10 years AUSTRALIA’S GREEN INVESTMENTS
50
Significant Potential Market in Green Technology
SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL MARKET IN GREEN TECHNOLOGY
200
Global Investments in Renewable Energy 250
Biofuels - 4%
32%
Renewable total
211 200
0.4%
23% 159
43%
150
129
57% 100
75%
160
Percentage share
90 57
New Zealand could take the opportunity in the rebuild of Christchurch to create a self-sustaining prototype city of the future. ThisElectricity would - 35% attract foreign investors and lead to more high value green jobs for New Zealanders. Now is the time to create an energy structure that relies fully on renewable energy. In order for this national change to be successful, Christchurch needs to create the necessary demand in the market. FossilThe fuels - 9% first step for this to happen is to transition Christchurch to become one of the first zero carbon cities in the world.
Petrol - 27%
50 33
Post earthquake
Non-renewable total
Diesel - 25%
2010
4,370,000,000 GLOBAL INVESTMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY There is an increasing trend towards investing in renewable technologies globally. (United Nations er the next 5 years Environment Programme, 2011)
1-Jul-2011
2009
1-Jan-2011
2008
Year
1-Jul-2010
2007
1-Jan-2010
2006
1-Jul-2009
2005
1-Jan-2009
2004
1-Jul-2008
0
1-Jan-2008
US$ billion
Energy Struc
Post-Earthquake Energy Implication
Economic Research | Green Economy
43
Mismatch Between Education And Employment Mismatch Between Education And Employment The Rise of Public Education The Rise of Public Education
Education
Employment
Education
Employment
Successful Education Today
Successful Education Today
7, 40 low a
Little or no att Education
Employment
18% 7, 40
low a
Little or no att Education
MISMATCH BETWEEN EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT Educationalists like Sir Ken Robinson believe that a revolution needs to occur in public education systems. The biggest drawback of the old systems of learning is that conventional education does not prepare students for the demands of creative economies. Furthermore, he suggests that only a limited range of talents and skills is fostered by the traditional curriculum, leaving the vast majority of abilities unrecognised and consequently undeveloped.
44
Praveen Karunasinghe
Employment
His message to the educators of the world is centred around the notion that the old systems of education are insufficient to meet the needs of today. Therefore we need a paradigm shift in learning.
18%
1.4 CREATIVE ECONOMY
The Creative Economy is one where growth of cities and wealth of nations rely on the success of creative and innovative outputs. This is in contrast to the conventional view that attributes economic success to abundance in amenities and proximity to trade networks. This new age economy is what is referred to as the Creative Economy. Where creativity connotes originality, the capacity to rewrite the rules, the ability to defy convention, fresh thinking about common problems and an overall perspective that visualises and imagines future scenarios and solutions. In this way, creativity becomes an instrument that maximises the possible outcomes of a given situation, product or medium. Moreover, creativity specialises in adding value and meaning to the results of human endeavour in any field in which it is applied. TRADITIONAL WORKING CITIZEN
CREATIVE CITIZEN
LIFESTYLE DIAGRAMS The current education systems need to be revolutionised in order for today’s students to become tomorrow’s knowledge workers. Sir Ken Robinson and other educationalists see the limits of education transcending the schools, universities and other educational institutes and he calls for a shift towards a mode that allows for life long learning, a system of continuous learning where the boundaries between education, work, leisure and lifestyle are blurred.
Economic Research | Creative Economy
45
THE EDUCATION CYCLE OF A MANUFACTURING ECONOMY During the inception of public education in the industrial revolution, students were expected to memorise and repeat information through rote learning. The desired outcome was to train the factory worker, one who was capable of learning and repeating tasks. However what drives successful economies today is no longer an abundance of factory labour. Today’s knowledge economies demand creative thinkers, Apple, Samsung, Google and New Zealand’s own Fisher and Pykel Healthcare are globally influential companies. These companies are driven by highly educated innovators, inventors and creatives. Unfortunately, while the profile of employees has changed since the industrial revolution, education for the large part has not.
46
Praveen Karunasinghe
School Leavers Today
Work Output Efficiency Vs. Work Value
500
500
500
500
500 50 0
500 50 0
18, 874 higher achievers 31, 171 mediocre achievers
7, 409 low achievers Little or no attainment
18%
Hours worked per capita % of OECD average
Ne w
Ze al an d
US A Ire la nd Ge rm an Be y lg iu m Fr an ce
Tu rk ey Sp ai n Ja pa n Ic ela nd Ca na d Au a st ra li En a gl an d Fin la nd
school leavers in 2006 there were:
500
57, 454
500
0
0
50
50
Out of all
500
500
500
500
There is a global trend to transition from relying on low value manufacture based jobs to high value, creativity and innovation-based outputs. This stream of economic growth requires a large proportion of highly skilled knowledge-based workers known as the “creative class”. However, the economic research points out that the education system falls short of 130 these high value, creatively demanding jobs. It is preparing students for recorded that only 28% of New Zealand’s high school graduates gain direct 120 entry into tertiary institutions. In order to generate highly skilled workers, 110 an education-based intervention is necessary. 100 90 80
School level qualified without u.e
54%
University entrance or higher
28%
70
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Value of work per hour as a % of OECD average
SCHOOL LEAVERS TODAY Out of all 57,454 New Zealand school leavers in 2006, only 28% attained direct entrance to tertiary education. The majority (54%) finish school with basic qualifications only. This leaves almost 20% with no qualification. (Dalgety. et al 2008)
Economic Research | Creative Economy
47
%citizens with higher level qualifications
70%
Global Comparisons
63.1
60% 49.8
50%
49
48.5
OECD Countries And Higher Level Qualification Rates 47.6
47.3
45
40%
43.4
42.9
42.6
39.9
38.9
38.8
38.7
36.5
35
34.9
34.9
32.4
31.4
30.6
30%
29.4 23.4
17.7
10% 0
d an el Ic
A
lia tra s u
l Po
d an
n Fi
nd la
w Ne
nd la a Ze
nm De
k ar N
nd rla he et
s
l ia ay nd en ga ak la rw ed rtu ov Ire No Sw Po Sl
n nd pa la Ja er ti z Sw
OECD countries
Uk
A US ch Cz
bl
pu Re
ic
da na Ca
ly Ita
n ai Sp
lg Be
m
iu
n Hu
ry ga
Comparison of Work Opportunities Country of 4million
Other OECD countries of tens and even hundreds of millions
GLOBAL COMPARISONS In the comparison of the proportion of 25 to 65 year-old citizens holding tertiary-level qualifications, New Zealand is ranked 5th among the OECD countries. Above us is Australia, but perhaps more interestingly, far lower than New Zealand are the US and UK. (OECD, 2011)
vs.
48
22.1
20%
Praveen Karunasinghe
rm Ge
y an
ria st
Au
ce ee Gr
%c %ci
10% 10% 0 0
NeNe
%citizens with higher level qualifications
4, 148
70%
G G
R ch ch Cz Cz
OECD countries OECD countries
5th
ato
Otago
Global Comparisons
Country of of 4million Country 4million
63.1
60% 49.8
50%
49
48.5
High Sk
Other OECD countries of of tens and even hundreds of of millions Other OECD countries tens and even hundreds millions
Immigration
OECD Countries And Higher Level Qualification Rates 47.6
47.3
45
43.4
40% 30% 20%
42.9
42.6
39.9
vs. vs.
38.9
38.8
38.7
36.5
35
34.9
34.9
32.4
31.4
30.6
29.4 23.4
22.1 17.7
10% 0
h
d an el Ic
A
lia tra us
l Po
d an
n Fi
nd la
w Ne
d an al Ze
nm De
k ar N
nd rla he et
s
l ia ay nd en ga ak la rw ed rtu ov Ire No Sw Po Sl
n nd pa la Ja er itz w S
OECD countries
Uk
A US ch Cz
bl
pu Re
ic
da na Ca
ly Ita
n ai Sp
lg Be
m
iu
n Hu
ry ga
rm Ge
y an
ria st
Au
ce ee Gr
Significant inflow of 3 (and children)
Emigration
Comparison of Work Opportunities Country of 4million
vs.
Numerically many opportunities forfor Numerically many opportunities high skill investment and work high skill investment and work
degree
Significant outflow of Austra
In this globalised age, prospects for the educated are relatively minor in New Zealand when compared to the rest of the world. Therefore, there is a significant outflow of educated workers
15, 000 10, 000 5, 000 0 -5, 000
from the country, contributing to the “brain drain.” To overcome this obstacle for economic -15, 000growth, -20,2009 000 Sir Paul Callaghan his opening address to the McGuinness institute in March that: Numerically manysuggested opportunitiesinfor high investment andsize-based work “We need toskill overcome our disadvantages by having an even greater proportion of highly educated and skilled workers.” Despite the acknowledgement of education as an economic driver by one of the New Zealand’s foremost advocates of science and innovation, little has changed. New Zealand continues to be heavily reliant on primary industry. Meanwhile, our education rates are among the only three countries in the OECD that have experienced negative growth over the past thirty years.
Economic Research | Creative Economy
1978
-10, 000
49
1980
COMPARISON OF WORK OPPORTUNITIES New Zealand students are fortunate as a large proportion of their education is funded by the taxpayer. Through the government, the taxpayer treats the Numerically few opportunities for student as an investment. Similar to skill investment andto work any investment, the goal is for thehigh investor (taxpayer) see return on investment. This return will be in the form of their productive outputs as a worker within the country as well as taxes over his or her lifetime. However when these educated minds leave the country, not only are they taking away potential productivity, but they also break an implicit contract with the taxpayer.
20, 000
1974
16, 756
1976
2006
1972
2005
Numerically few opportunities forfor Numerically few opportunities high skill investment and work high skill investment and work
Other OECD countries of tens and even hundreds of millions
age based net migration per annum
004
y c y Uk Uk USA SAubli blic nadaada Ital Italy painpain giumium gar gary anyany striastria eeceece U ep pu Ca an S S el lg un n rm rm Au u Gr re e u e e A e G B C H H R B
Comparison ComparisonofofWork WorkOpportunities Opportunities
Composition
93
l d d i a a nd d nd d l li a n a n nd d ark rk nds ds nd nd ay ay ga gal en en kia ia an an nd nd an n el ela tratra Pol ola inl inla la lan nm nma rla rlan Irelarela orworw ortu rtu wed ed ova vak JapJap erla rla c I Ic s s N N P Po S Sw Sl lo P F F ea a De e he e I itz itze S D et eth Z e Au Au Sw Sw N N w wZ
ns ns
Immigration Immigration
Qualification Rates Qualification Rates 34.9
34.9
34.9
32.4
31.4
32.4
30.6
31.4
29.4
30.6
29.4
23.4
22.1
23.4
22.1
Hi NZ Hi NZ
17.7
Hi NZ Hi NZ
Region Region
High Skilled Migration Patterns
Significant inflow of 30-49 year olds (and inflow children) from Asia Significant of 30-49 year olds
Inflow of 30-49 year olds (and children) fromyear the olds world* Inflow of 30-49 (and children)
Skills Distribution
(and children) from Asia
Immigration
Emigration Emigration Higher level qualified
Christchurch E
Non qualified 64%64%
nities nities
from the world*
KeyKey
Gr Gr ee ee ce ce
Hu Hu ng ng ar ar y y Ge Ge rm rm an an y y Au Au st st ria ria
Sp Sp ai ai n n Be Be lg lg iu iu m m
Ita Ita ly ly
Ca Ca na na da da
17.7
CD countries of tens and even hundreds of millions
CD countries of tens and even hundreds of millions
Hi NZ
Departures Departures Arrivals Arrivals
34.9
35
Bye NZ Bye NZ
47%
Hi NZ
44%
Bye NZ Bye NZ
53%
56%56%
35
Cz Cz U U ch ch S S Re ReA A pu pu bl bl ic ic
10, 000
-15, 000
2005 2010
year of -ve growth
20
60 50 40
35%
27%
25%
28%
20
22%
Construction
Manufacturing
20102010
Mining
20082008
20062006
20042004
Hi Ski Hi Ski
70
New Zealand
23%
-40
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
0
-30
Transport, Postal and Warehousing
10
20022002
40
20002000
19961996
50
% Composition 19981998
19941994
30%
25%
22%
25%
19%
28%
45%
59%59%
Key
30
0
*excluding Australia
37%
52%52%
% Composition
44%
17%
23% 19921992
19901990
19881988
19861986
60
30
Praveen Karunasinghe
40
-10
Small general outflow to the world*
52%
-5, 000
70
20
0
50
50%50%
Population
Departures Arrivals
Population
28%
21%
19% 19821982
19841984
19801980
19781978
Auckland
5, 000
-10, 000
50
10
0
30
24-30 year olds 30-50 year olds Under 14 year olds
15, 000
*excluding Australia
24-30 year olds 30-50 year olds 24-30 year olds Under 14 year olds 30-50 year olds Under 14 year olds
-20
-20, -15, 000 000 -20, 000
10
10 0
% Composition
20, 000
28%
-5, 000 0 -10, 000 -5, 000 -15, 000 -10, 000
56%
64%
20
51%
based net migration per annum
Significant outflow of 20-30 year olds to Australia
Departures Arrivals
30
50%
HIGH SKILLED MIGRATION PATTERNS high skill investment and work Although we gain a significant number of skilled middle-aged immigrants, particularly from Asia, we still lose a significant portion of our young graduates, mainly to Australia. This has been an expanding crisis made worse by the strengthening Australian economy.
40
59%
Bye NZ
50
19741974
Numerically many opportunities for high skill investment and work Numerically many opportunities for Bye NZ
60
15, 000 000 20, 10, 000 15, 000
5, 000 10, 000 0 5, 000
se
70 Small general outflow to the *excluding world*Australia
Christchurch
20, 000
low skill employment
Small general outflow to the world*
Australia
19761976
Emigration
Population
Key
Significant outflow of 20-30 year olds to Australia Significant outflow of 20-30 year olds to
19721972
Inflow of 30-49 year olds (and children) from the world*
age based age based net migration net migration per annum per annum
Significant inflow of 30-49 year olds (and children) from Asia
Departures Arrivals
Regional Comparison of Skill Levels
51%51%
Uk Uk
6.5
Higher le
Arts and Recreation Services
6.5
Higher le
diminishing demand for low
MORE MORE PAY!!! JOBS! N
atterns Skills Distribution Higher level qualified
Christchurch Employment Composition
Non qualified
28% 200
28% low skill
Population
24-30 year olds 30-50 year olds Under 14 year olds
60 50 40 30
35%
27%
25%
28%
22%
23%
37%
52%
51%
20 10
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
1998
2000
0
High Skilled
Semi Skilled
% Composition
70
New Zealand
diminishing demand for low skill labour
JOBS MORE MORE BACK ! PAY!!! JOBS NOW!!
1976
Work
500 50 0
Tu d rk ey Sp ai n
an
Ze al
Education and Training
Other Services
Wholesale Trade
Ne w Hours worked per capita % of OECD average
*excluding Australia
Information Media and Telecommunications
eneral outflow to the world*
Financial and Insurance Services
0
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
10
Accommodation and Food Services
30%
25%
22%
25%
19%
28%
45%
59%
50%
20
Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services
30
Public Administration and Safety
40
50
year of -ve growth
Administrative and Support Services
50
% Composition
60
100
0
0
70
Auckland
2005 2010
Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services
44%
23%
17%
28%
10
high skill
150
500
Bye NZ
21%
19%
28%
56%
64%
20
Construction
30
Arts and Recreation Services
40
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
50
Transport, Postal and Warehousing
60
Mining
Christchurch
% Composition
70
semi skilled employment
Christchurch tertiary students, yet its employment has the second highest number of employment population has a lower proportion of highly skilled workers when compared to the country as a whole. This is because the high skill departures from Christchurch outweigh the arrivals by 8%. By comparison, Auckland gains 50 % Growth over the last decade 40 9% inKeyhighly skilled workers. This net loss in Christchurch is largely due to 30 the region’s heavy reliance on primary industry for employment and the 20 10 subsequent lack of high skill work opportunity. Therefore, many of the young skilled workers leave Christchurch in search of more opportunities in -10 -20 places like Auckland or Australia. Data gathered following the earthquakes -30 shows that this phenomenon has been exacerbated. This leaves the city -40 composed of 44% low skill workers and a mere 28% engaged in high skill work. Manufacturing
Departures Arrivals
Population
Arrivals
Departures
Population
Departures Arrivals
Key
Regional Comparison of Skill Levels
Retail Trade
Hi NZ
44%
53%
Health Care and Social Assistance
47%
% of OECD average of GDP per capita
12th/3
0-49 year olds (and children) from the world*
1996
Nationa
130 120 110 100 90 80 70 70
80
Low Skilled
REGIONAL COMPARISON OF SKILL LEVELS
Economic Research | Creative Economy
51
School Leavers Today
Work Output Efficiency Vs. Work Value
500
500
500
500
500 50 0
500 50 0
Ireland Spain
School level qualified without u.e
1986
54%
year
1996
US A Ire la nd Ge rm an Be y lg iu m Fr an ce
Tu rk ey Sp ai n Ja pa n Ic ela nd Ca na d Au a st ra li En a gl an d Fin la nd
Ze al an d Ne w
130
University entrance or higher
New Zealand
Hours worked per capita % of OECD average
% of OECD average of GDP per capita
Australia
England
31, 171 mediocre achievers
1976
500
18, 874 USA higher achievers
150
18%
500
22nd/33 OECD countries
Norway
Little or no attainment
500
500
12th/33 OECD countries
50
0
200
7, 409 low achievers
50
school leavers in 2006 there were:
GDP in OECD Countries Over Time
100
500
0
57, 454
50
Out of all
500
National Economic Performance
120 110 100 90 80 70
2006
28%
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Value of work per hour as a % of OECD average
GDP IN OECD COUNTRIES OVER TIME
VALUE OF WORK PER HOUR AS A % OF OECD AVERAGE
Work Output Efficiency vs. Work Value
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
NATIONAL ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE New Zealand was once highly ranked among the OECD countries in terms of the gross domestic product per capita. In 1976, the country was ranked 12th out of 33 OECD countries, but had fallen to 22nd by the year 2006. (OECD, 2011)
500
500 500 50 0
500 50 0
Ne w
Tu rk ey Sp ai n Ja pa n Ic el an Ca d na d Au a st ra l En ia gl an Fi d nl an d US A Ire la n Ge d rm a Be ny lg iu m Fr an ce
Ze al an d
0
0
50
50
52
130Praveen Karunasinghe
WORK OUTPUT EFFICIENCY VS. WORK VALUE While New Zealand chooses to engage in laborious low pay work, depending on farming and agriculture, other countries have invested in higher value industries. (OECD, 2011)
Christchurch Employment Composition
National Economic Performance in OECD Countries Over Time Significant patterns can beGDP observed when looking more closely at the composition 200 of Christchurch’s employment sectors. When comparing 12 /33 countries 22 /33 OECD countries the percentage growth ofOECD these sectors over the last decade, the most significant shrinkages happened to industries categorised asNorway low skill USA22% and employment 150 sectors. Agriculture and forestry have shrunk by Australia manufacturing by 11% in the last ten years. Unfortunately, these sectors England have the highest numbers of employees, as 44% of the Christchurch 100 workforce is engaged in low skill labour. What this means is Ireland diminishing demand for low skill labour, and subsequently job cuts and Spain lower pay Zealand for a large number of residents and workers. If New ZealandNew wants to 50 be an internationally competitive country, it needs to change from a 1996 2006 manufacturing-based1976 society into1986 a knowledge-based society, which comes year down to a fundamental change in education.
28% 44%
28% low skill employment
semi skilled employment
high skill employment
Work Output Efficiency vs. Work Value
50 40 30
% Growth over the last decade
Key 2005 2010
nd
% of OECD average of GDP per capita
th
year of -ve growth
20 10 500
500
500
500
500 50 0
0
0
50
50
500 50 0
500
500
500
500
EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION
-20
500
500
0
-10 CHRISTCHURCH -30
Tu rk ey Sp ai n Ja pa n Ic el an Ca d na d Au a st ra l En ia gl an Fi d nl an d US A Ire la n Ge d rm a Be ny lg iu m Fr an ce
Ze al an d Ne w orked per capita OECD average
Education and Training
Other Services
Information Media and Telecommunications
Financial and Insurance Services
Accommodation and Food Services
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Wholesale Trade
Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services
Retail Trade
Health Care and Social Assistance
Administrative and Support Services
Public Administration and Safety
Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services
Construction
Arts and Recreation Services
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Transport, Postal and Warehousing
Mining
Manufacturing
-40
130 120 110 100
Economic Research | Creative Economy
53
Christchurch Dwelling Type 2006
Christchurch Dwelling Type 2006
4%
4%
22%
22% Separate House Two or more Flats or Houses Joined Together Separate House Private Dwelling Not Two or more Flats or Further Defined Houses Joined Together Others Private Dwelling Not Further Defined Others
74%
74%
CHRISTCHURCH HOUSING TYPES In 2006, there was a total of 134,718 privately occupied dwellings in Christchurch. Since 1986 there has been an additional 31,035 occupied private dwellings, equating to a 30% growth. The single detached typology continues to be the dominant dwelling type in the city at 74%. Multiunit dwellings are the second most popular option at 29,895. However, between 1986 and 2006, the number of private dwellings that were “two or more flats or houses joined together� increased by only 4,260, an increase of 16.6%. This suggests Christchurch has a strong preference for the separate house typology, which needs to change if the City Council wants to implement its new plans for higher density housing in the city centre. (Statistics New Zealand Data Set, 2006)
Household Growth by Region 2010-2019
17%
Household Growth by Region 2010-2019
Auckland Canterbury
17%
7%
46% 7%
46%
9%
Biran He
Waikato Wellington Bay of Plenty
Rest of N.Z
9%
12% 12%
54
Wellington
Canterbury
Waikato Bay of Plenty
9%
9%
Auckland
Rest of N.Z
HOUSEHOLD GROWTH BY REGION 2010-2019 Main urban areas like Auckland and Christchurch have heavy demands with respect to housing. Auckland alone accounts for around 46% of the total national demand growth over the next decade; it will need around 100,000 additional dwellings. Canterbury is the second highest on demand, with 12% of the national total. In the next 10 years 26,000 additional dwellings will be needed, or about 2,700 per year. (New Zealand Medium Population Projection, 2009)
1.5 HOUSING ECONOMY
Ashburton
Population: 30,100 Households: 10,821 Total Area: 6,187 km² Christchurch
Christchurch’s housing stock suffered due to the earthquakes in 2010/2011. An estimated 6000 homes will be demolished in the residential red zone. In addition, 350 hectares of land sustained damaged in the whole of Christchurch. With projections of 36,000 workers expected to move into the city for the rebuild by the end of 2013, there is a very real and urgent housing crisis. According to the Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy (GCUDS, 2007), Christchurch City’s population is expected to grow by more than 70,000 people by the year 2041, which would mean an estimated 40,600 additional dwellings will be needed.
“…we need a total of another three Ashburtons inside Christchurch by the end of next year.”
Commerce Chief Executive Peter Townsend
CHRISTCHURCH HOUSING CRISIS The loss of housing added to the current housing demand means an area equivalent to three Ashburtons will be needed to cope with the projected housing demand.
Economic Research | Housing Economy
55
60% urban renewal (Christchurch Central City and inner suburbs)
less than 1500 hectares (uses 40% less land than Sprawl)
Public infrastructure cost for new housing
SPRAWLING CITY VS. A COMPACT CITY There are two housing options: to develop the fringe land, and create new subdivisions; or infill within the urban boundary and build higher density housing. Each option has advantages and $580 Million $430 Million disadvantages. Creating subdivisions on the fringe lands can cause significant infrastructure costs for roads and footpaths, water supply, electricity, and sewerage. So it is important to ensure infrastructure is in the right place, with the right capacities and at an affordable cost. A cost
Source: GCUDS, 2007
56
Biran He
79% new subdivisions (Spread across districts in towns and rural subdivisions)
INTENSIFICATION
40% new subdivisions (Around edge of towns and Christchurch )
21% urban renewal (Christchurch inner suburbs)
60% urban renewal (Christchurch Central City and inner suburbs)
SPRAWL
INTENSIFICATION
79% new subdivisions (Spread across districts in towns and rural subdivisions) 21% hectares urban renewal 3846 (Christchurch inner suburbs)
$580 Million
40% new subdivisions (Around edge of towns and Christchurch ) 60% urban renewal less than 1500 hectares (Christchurch Central City (uses 40% less land than Sprawl) and inner suburbs)
$430 Million
Source: GCUDS, 2007
3846 hectares
less than 1500 hectares (uses 40% less land than Sprawl)
Public infrastructure cost for new housing
Land for 50,000 new houses
3846 hectares
Land for 50,000 new houses
Public New infrastructure Housing cost forType new/housing Choice
21% urban renewal (Christchurch inner suburbs)
40% new subdivisions (Around edge of towns and Christchurch )
Land forLocation 50,000 for new houses new housing
79% new subdivisions (Spread across districts in towns and rural subdivisions)
INTENSIFICATION
New Housing Type / Choice
Location for new housing
SPRAWL
New Housing Type / Choice
Location for new housing
SPRAWL
analysis completed in 2011 by the Greater Canterbury Urban Development Strategy (GCUDS) partnership shows a compact city will cost $150 million less on public infrastructure than a $580 Million $430 Million sprawling one. The GCUDS partnership proposes to intensify the city, controlling sprawl at the urban fringe. The plan aims to change the intensification versus greenfield development ratio from 25:75, to 60:40 by 2041. (GCUDS, 2007)
Source: GCUDS, 2007
Economic Argument
$$$
INNER CITY $
CITY FRINGE $$
$$
SUBURBS
$$$
RURAL $
Housing Types Single Occupancy
ECONOMIC ARGUMENT The suburban lifestyle gives people a false sense of affordability and comes with undisclosed hidden costs. When comparing the costs of living in the fringe suburbs with living in the city, it is estimated that one can save: $6,448 by biking to work per year, 156 hours sitting in the car per year, and 1.3 tones of CO2 emissions per year.
Couples without children
?
Couples with children
Elderly Couples (Empty Nesters)
Economic Research | Housing Economy
57
Share of Projected Growth in Regio
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
-10.0%
New Zealand
Christchurch
Auckland
-20.0%
Couple
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
50.0%
40.0%
40.0%
40.0%
40.0% 40.0% 40.0%
40.0%
30.0%
30.0%
20.0%
20.0%
20.0%
10.0%
10.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
-10.0%
-10.0%
-10.0%
-20.0%
-20.0%
-20.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
30.0%
30.0% 30.0% 30.0%
20.0% 20.0% 20.0%
10.0% 10.0% 10.0%
0.0%0.0% 0.0%
-10.0% -10.0% -10.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
60.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
60.0% 60.0% 60.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
60.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
60.0%
Share of Projected Growth in Region, 2006-2031
60.0%
58
Biran He
Two Parent
Single Person
Other Multi-Person
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
-10.0%
Christchurch Zealand Christchurch Christchurch New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Auckland New Zealand Auckland Auckland Christchurch AucklandNew -20.0% -20.0% -20.0%
Couple
Auckland New Zealand
-20.0%
CHANGING HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION 2006-2031 Projected demographic data from Statistics New Zealand indicates changing housing needs. By 2041 Christchurch will see more single person households, families will likely become smaller, and there will be more couples without children and an increase in “empty-nesters”. (Statistics New Zealand Data Set, 2006)
One Parent
Couple One Couple Parent One Two Couple Parent Parent Couple One ParentOne Couple Parent Two Parent Couple One Two Parent Parent Single One Person Parent Two Single Parent Person Other Two Parent Single Multi-Person Other Person Single Multi-Person Person Other Multi-Person Other Multi-Person
T S
Christchurch Quick Facts 2006 Population
348,435
2041 Population
422,100
Population growth from 2006 - 2041
73,665
Average annual growth rate
0.85%
New housing units needed to accomodate influx of workers
20,000+
New housing units needed to accomodate population growth
40,600
New housing units break down by type
74% Separate House 22% Two or more Flats/Units Joined 4% Others/ Not Defined
Average number of new housing units constructed per year
1000 aprox.
The make-up of society is changing, and that change will have a long-term effect on the way people live. This shift is evident around the developed world with populations aging and few couples having large families. In the coming years, it is predicted that only a quarter of households will include children, while a third will contain just one person. This global trend is emerging in Christchurch. The last Census highlights the shift: a quarter of the houses are occupied by one person, while over a third contain two, with the number of people per house predicted to reduce from 2.5 (2006) to 2,2 (2041). Yet despite the fact that nearly 60% of all households are made up of one or two people, Christchurch’s housing stock continues to be dominated by large, stand-alone homes, two-thirds of which have three or more bedrooms. This mismatch between smaller households and the large sized average Christchurch house — coupled with the increasing costs of construction materials, financing and home maintenance — is leading to a significant imbalance in supply and demand.
CHRISTCHURCH DEMOGRAPHICS AND HOUSING TYPE Market research shows that there are limited choices for home buyers in Christchurch, where single detached housing comprises 74%, of the market and multi-unit housing types account for 22%; there is a huge opportunity for the city to consider new housing typologies as it lays plans for its rebuild. (Statistics New Zealand Data Set, 2006)
Economic Research | Housing Economy
59
EDUCATION
HOUSING PRICES House pricesHOUSING and rentalPRICES rates continue
EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT A huge influx of workers are
to increase as the availability of houses
support the rebuilding of Christchurch.
expected to
R FO LE SA
EDUCATION STANDARD OF LIVING STANDARD OFthe LIVING EDUCATION A large number of students have already left Due to lack of adequate the city and enrolled elsewhere around the
MIGRATION
MIGRATION With a limited amount of housing and high housing
option after the earthquakes, many people
price tags, Christchurch is finding it hard to
With that a limited amount Due to amount of of students AThe huge of workersposes are a Large lack influx of accommodation big country. The lack rental properties andthearelack incomingofmigrants. It is also hard to livingofinadequate sub-standard houses are attract housing andresidents; a highthose who cannot afford a after houses the that have inflated alreadyrental left the city and thehousing re-building rates continue to prices increase The effect of increased housing arising expected problem for for the the workers and their families prices leaves incoming option damaged. Further, are stillstock in retain price tags, Christchuch earthquakes, many people enrolled else-where around Christchurch. TheThis lackwillof cause as theshortages availability houses from severe could of have negative of moving into the city. students with little choice but to leave. new house afteristheir pay-out are leaving decent condition will have to accommodate finding it tohard to seeking attractaccommodation and work in people sub-standard the country. The lack of rental are livingmore a big decrease, setting off a long repercussions for economic growth and accommodation reluctance among theposes workforce to migrate the city in the short-term, leading incoming migrants. It isChristchurch also are damaged. properties and inflated rental houses that chain of events. problem for the living standards. to Christchurch for workers work. It isand estimated elsewhere. has already lost overcrowding issues. Unaffordable high rents that there will be around into 36,000 8,900 people due to the earthquakes; if no contributethat to this areproblem. still hard prices leaves the incoming Often the houses their families moving theworkers to retain usual heading This towards will Christchurch for students the to solve the housing problem, with little choice but in decent condition will have residents; thoseaction cause The effect of increased city. whois taken cannot rebuild in the next among 10-15 years. That will be very to accommodated for more afford a new it house to leave. theequates housing prices arising from reluctance afterdifficult to attract people to roughly 15,000 households. back to the city. people in the short-term, their pay-out are to new migrate and severe shortages could workforce leaving the “Students are finding no leading to overcrowding city seeking accommodation have negative repercus- work. accommodation, creating issues.. Unaffordable high and work elsewhere. sions for economic growth It is estimated that there will another reason to bypass rents contribute to this and living standards. for their problem. be SHORTAGE around 36,000 workers Christchurch We have already seen a loss THE “DOMINO EFFECT” OF THE HOUSING heading towards education for the next few of 8900 people from Christchurch for the rebuild years.” - Peter Townsend, Christchurch City due to the in the next 10-15 years. That Christchurch Chamber of earthquake. If no action is equates to roughly 15,000 Commerce Chief Executive taken to solve the housing new households. problem, it will be very difficult to attract people back into the city. House rental decrease, settingprices off a longand chain of events.
THE DOMINO EFFECT OF THE HOUSING SHORTAGE 60
Biran He
HOUSING SHORTAGE
DEMOGRAPHICS
WHERE? EXISTING HOUSING STOCK
NOW
FUTURE
Red Zone : 6, 000+ homes demolished
2013 influx of 36,000 workers
350 hectares of damaged land
Population growth: 40,593 houses needed by 2041
WHAT IS MISSING? WHAT TYPE?
FUTURE DEMAND
Demographics
Housing supply
Housing Mind Map
Mind map of the housing economic argument, and how it leads to the urban strategy.
74% Single detached
22% Multi-units
More choices of housing type
HOUSING CONDITION Christchurch will require even more dwellings in the future, because the population is increasing, while the average household size is decreasing. A solution to address the unprecedented demand for housing is to offer an alternative to the single detached house by building denser housing types in the city. This would offer choice at the same time addressing the current changing demographics. It is clear the single detached housing type from the 1960s no longer meets the demographic demand, and the hidden costs are taxing the economy and individual income.
Economic Research | Housing Economy
61
rience Production Expe
CONSUMER
EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
TOURISM ECONOMY (Tourist and Visitors)
Pr o s
u m p t i o n a n d C o c re
EXPERIENCE, TOURISM AND SYMBOLIC ECONOMY The Experience Economy recognizes that the Tourism Economy can not satisfy today’s consumers. This implies that consumers are now looking for experiences in addition to the existing services provided by the Tourism Economy. In order to create a successful Experience Economy, a combination of the Tourism Economy and what is referred to as the Symbolic Economy need to work together. The Symbolic Economy is the process through which wealth is created from cultural activities including: art, music, dance, crafts, museums, exhibitions, sports and creative design in various fields.
62
Erica Austin
PRODUCER
SYMBOLIC ECONOMY (Cultural Activities/ Events)
a ti o
n
1.6 EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
NZ Tourism Share of GDP
Established and Emerging Art Init Christchurch Art Gallery COCA
The New Zealand Institute of Economic Research report (NZIER, 2011) statesofthat River Arts tourism accounts for 8.7% of New Zealand’s national GDP and 9.6% of employment. Revenue from international tourism was $9.5 billion in the year to March 2010, even larger than the most important commodity export, dairy ($8.9b). It also contributes significantly to many of the subindustries, such as transport, accommodation, cafés, restaurants, and retail.
10.2%
8.4%
8.7%
8.6%
8.8%
9.2% 8.9%
8.8%
9.1%
9.0%
9.2%
9.5%
9.2% 9.1%
GDP %%ofof GDP
9.4%
9.6%
9.6%
9.9%
9.8%
9.7%
9.9%
10.0%
8.2% Mar-09
Mar-07
Mar-05
Mar-03
Mar-01
Mar-99
8.0%
New Zealand Tourism Share of the GDP
Events add personality to a city’s identity and attract tourism while at the same time increasing the quality of life for residents. The Experience Economy can be a catalyst for attracting capital and private investments back into the city, while also creating Canterbury Museum employment opportunities. Bridge of Secondary sectors such as hospitality, food services and Remembrance retail shops Arts Centre would also benefit, which would lead to the city’s revitalisation. Re:START ArtBOX
Art Initiatives Established
NEW ZEALAND TOURISM The tourism sector in New Zealand was at its peak around 2001 to 2003. Since then, the tourism share of the GDP has gradually decreased to 8.7% in 2010. This is a reflection of the stronger growth in other sectors as well as reduced tourism spending in recent years following the global financial crisis. (Statistics NZ, NZIER, 2011)
Emerging
0
200m
N
CPIT
Economic Research | Experience Economy
63
ation Composition
5, 893
4, 148
%citizens with higher level qualifications
Hi 70% 60%
5th
Waikato
Otago
49.8
50%
49
48.5
Immigra
OECD Countries And Higher Level Qualification Rates 47.6
47.3
45
40%
43.4
42.9
42.6
39.9
38.9
38.8
38.7
36.5
35
34.9
34.9
32.4
31.4
30.6
30%
29.4 23.4
22.1
20%
17.7
10% 0
4th
Global Comparisons
63.1
d an el Ic
s Au
lia tra
l Po
d an
n Fi
nd la
w Ne
d an al Ze
s k ar nd rla nm he De t Ne
l ia ay nd en ga ak la rw ed rtu ov Ire No Sw Po Sl
n nd pa la Ja er itz w S
OECD countries
Uk
A US ch Cz
bl
pu Re
ic
da na Ca
ly Ita
n ai Sp
lg Be
m
iu
n Hu
ry ga
rm Ge
y an
ria st
Au
ce ee Gr
Significan (an
Emigra
Comparison of Work Opportunities Country of 4million
vs.
2006
a
degree
82
16, 756
Significan
1%
Numerically few opportunities for
high skill investment and work CITY WITH EVENTS VS. EVENTFUL CITY To become an eventful city, a mere staging of single events is insufficient. An eventful city requires a multiplicity of events with a range of programmes. The distinction between a city with events and an eventful city depends upon a distinctive programme of quality events and festivals to build the city’s image. This in turn stimulates community participation and encourages tourism.
28%
64
Erica Austin
Numerically many opportunities for high skill investment and work
Further, the awareness of cultural expressions through-event making offers the city an opportunity to create its own unique identity in the consumer age. The critical question then arises: how does a city shape events and how do these events in turn shape the city? A holistic approach to organising an events programme effectively is needed in order to become an eventful city.
20, 000 15, 000 10, 000 5, 000 0 -5, 000 -10, 000 -15, 000 -20, 000 1974
2005
1972
2004
age based net migration per annum
2003
Other OECD countries of tens and even hundreds of millions
Cities often turn to using architecture to regenerate their urban fabric and improve economic conditions. The famous Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao by Frank O. Gehry has generated a ripple effect in other cities around the world. Despite attempts to imitate the “Bilbao Effect” elsewhere in the world, very few new museums or galleries outside capital cities have succeeded in attracting the same number of visitors. Such projects have fallen short of creating Bilbao-like images, where tourists flock by the thousands bringing with them healthy revenue. And the unfortunate consequence of building numerous hopeful arts centers is that they can become heavy tax burdens for their local communities — ultimately working in reverse of its intention to generate revenue. While events are vital to a city’s economy, an alternative approach for Christchurch is possible, where instead of supporting large expensive event centres, the city could support existing and emerging grassroots initiatives and allow for a distribution of events throughout the city, making Christchurch an eventful city. This in turn could lead to a desirable quality of life, which could act as a point of attraction for tourism, new residents and future investments. PROMOTING CHRISTCHURCH AS AN EVENTFUL CITY The Christchurch City Council (CCC) is by far the biggest single source of funding for events and festivals in the city, spending in the order of $2.5M to $3M per annum. The Events Strategy, established in 2007, has identified strategic issues to be addressed: • There are few events that attract a significant number of visitors to the city. • More visitor and participation-oriented events are needed. • At least one or two new major events are needed for autumn, winter and spring. • Christchurch had one of the best mix of venues for events/festivals in the country prior to the earthquakes; better use could be made of these by investing in remaining venues and attracting new events venues. (Christchurch City Council, 2011)
Economic Research | Experience Economy
65
Christchurch Art Gallery COCA
Established and Emerging Art Initiatives NZ Tourism Share of GDP Christchurch Art Gallery COCA
10.2%
Established 0
N
200m
9.7%
9.6%
8.7%
8.9%
9.2%
9.1%
Vacant Site
EPIC
Vacant S
Re:START
Bridge of Remembrance
8.0% Re:START
ArtBOX
ArtBOX
2.5
5
Red ZonC
kilometres
EPIC
Vacant Sites Vacant Sites Red Zone
CPIT
Art Initiatives
Established 0
200m
N
LINKING ESTABLISHED AND EMERGING INITIATIVES The River of Arts aims to use events to help rediscover the city and offer the wider community the chance to participate in the regeneration of Christchurch. The idea of the River of Arts is based on a series of interconnected arts-based initiatives integrated into the city’s urban fabric. Both established and emerging art initiatives would collaborate to coordinate an events strategy driven by the arts community and related industries and businesses in Christchurch. (Arts Voice Christchurch, 2011)
Erica Austin
Arts & Craft Studio Assistance
0
8.2%
2.5 kilometres
Mar-07
Art Initiatives
8.4%
Mar-05
Arts Centre
0
8.6%
Mar-03
Canterbury Museum
Mar-09
8.8%
8.7%
(Arts Voice Christchurch, 2011)
8.8%
Bridge of Remembrance
River of Arts Arts & Craft Studio Assistance
9.2%
9.0%
Arts Centre RIVER OF ARTS CONCEPT IMAGE
9.5%
9.2% 9.1%
Canterbury Museum
Mar-99
% of GDP
9.4%
Mar-01
8.7%
9.6%
9.9%
9.9%
9.8%
66
Isaac Theatre Royal LUXCity
10.0%
Mar-09
River of Arts
Emerging
Isaac Theatre Royal LUXCity
8.8%
River of Arts
Emerging Art Initiatives
Em Estab
CPIT
Established Emerging
0
200m
ESTABLISHED ARTS ORGANISATIONS
In a Symbolic Economy the various arts initiatives are the producers and the tourists and visitors are the consumers who experience the events they produce. The River of Arts concept proposes connections be established between the various arts organisations such as Centre of Contemporary Art (COCA), Christchurch Symphony Orchestra and the emerging art initiatives like Gap Filler, Life in Vacant Spaces (LiVS) and the Art Box. This could build up communities around the events, and support a shift toward creating an eventful city shaped by the creative class and the public. The emergence of pop-up events can be a way to test ideas and to encourage a fresh, uncompromised look at the potential of a place. By working with local residents and creative arts industries, these projects can start to re-activate vacant sites during the restoration and reconstruction phase. Building on the River of Arts initiative, the Experience Economy can be used to revitalise the central city and extend into the surrounding suburbs. Further, the notion of Experience Shopping can start to develop outside tourism zones and less familiar areas can cater for the demands of other segments of the visitor population.
EMERGING ARTS INITIATIVES
Economic Research | Experience Economy
67
Knowledge-Based Society
Multi-Modal City
Quality of Life
Renewable Energy
INNOVATION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING EVENTS
ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Eventful City Lifelong Learning
ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
URBAN STRATEGIES
Green Zone
70
2.0 URBAN STRATEGIES
Inherent in the development of the work was the ambition to develop an appropriate strategy for Christchurch, one that paves the way for its future. This requires understanding what makes Christchurch unique, while at the same time reflecting on 20th Century planning - to learn from it and develop a 21st Century approach. Cities, like nature, evolve and adapt to changing trends, technologies and economies. In the late 20th Century it was common for large areas of cities to be developed as new financial centres, like Canary Wharf in London or La DĂŠfense in Paris, but once completed they lacked the character and qualities the older parts of these European cities offered. Such developments were 15-20 year-long construction projects, and were conceived of as large-scale modern developments with a fixed end result. Because of the way these projects were designed, they were unable to adapt to change in an organic, responsive way as is evident in older areas of European cities. Once completed these large developments often felt static and lacked character, which was certainly not the intention upon conception. Further, due to the current exponential rate of innovation, the future is rather unpredictable. For these reasons, the proposals aim to anticipate the inevitable nature of change and its inherent unpredictability. To do this, each urban strategy is approaching planning not from an end result but rather from a starting point.
In the Industrial Corridor, Alex Haryowiseno recognises that Christchurch is undergoing a typical evolution where low value manufacturing is being replaced by high value manufacturing. Alex develops a strategy that promotes dynamic zoning, accommodates mixed-use developments and responds to changing demands. Che Wei (Jacky) Lee proposes to transition Christchurch from a city congested with single occupant vehicles towards a Multi-Modal City that can efficiently move people and goods. Zhi Jian (David) Wong also proposes a transition — in this case from a fossil fuel-dependent economy towards a renewable energy-based economy. His research advances a Zero Carbon Energy Strategy for Christchurch. In the Infill vs. Sprawl chapter, Biran He argues for the development of inner city housing by showing there is a demand driven by demographic shifts and that such development can be cheaper than living on the city fringes. In the Education Intervention Praveen Karunasinghe argues there is an opportunity and urgency to make a change in the approach to education given the inherent links between low decile schools, low paying jobs and low skill employment. Erica Austin builds on the River of Arts initiative by suggesting a network of vacant sites be linked to create an infrastructure to support an eventful economy.
Urban Strategies | Introduction
71
BARRIER
72
Alex Haryowiseno
EPIC - CATALYST FOR GROWTH ALONG THE CORRIDOR
2.1 INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR
ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT
ORGANIZATIONS & POLICIES INNOVATION PROCESS WORKFORCE MARKET ATTRACTION INTERACTION
CONDUCIVE INNOVATION ENVIRONMENT ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT
URBAN DESIGN FACTORS
The economic research outlines the role of the knowledge-based industries as one of the keys to regenerating the city’s economy. A mapping of Christchurch’s census data points towards a linear divide within the urban fabric. This linear divide can be traced back to the location of the city’s historic freight line, as well as the declining manufacturing industries. It is the aim of this urban strategy to transition the declining manufacturing corridor into a high value businesses. The provision of workspaces and the quality of life necessary in order to attract and retain educated workers is one of the main factors that will determine the success of this shift towards an Innovation Economy. As previously mentioned, the EPIC initiative acts as a seed for this shift to occur, by clustering displaced high-value businesses in one area. This initial development could potentially act as a catalyst throughout the industrial corridor and create a synergy with the existing manufacturing facilities. The further attraction and retention of the necessary critical mass depends on the business and lifestyle ecosystem. A successful Innovation Economy relies on a strong relationship with other aspects of the economy, such as the notion of achieving an eventful city, as explored by Erica Austin in the Experience Economy; and the notion of life-long learning through the provision of new learning spaces as proposed by Praveen Karunasinghe in the Creative Economy. The synergy between the different economies is critical and is already emerging in Christchurch with initiatives such as EPIC, Arts Circus and the Unlimited School. It is through investing in these types of initiatives that Christchurch can attract local and international talent and businesses that will ultimately drive the Innovation Economy.
Urban Strategies | Industrial Corridor
73
AIRPORT
CBD
Redevelopment of Industrial Corridor
- CATALYST FOR GROWTH LONG THE CORRIDOR
GREEN ZONE
Innovation Precinct
INNOVATION PRECINCT
The innovation precinct acts as an anchor REDEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR The decline in manufacturing-based employment, which makes up the majority of Christchurch’s workforce, provides the city with an opportunity to think about how existing assets can be used to help the transition towards an economy based on knowledge and innovation. The city’s rail corridor has dictated the way manufacturing facilities populate the city’s urban fabric. At the
74
Alex Haryowiseno
moment, however, it acts as barrier which severs the connection between the north-western and southern suburbs, which is where the educated workforce reside. Addressing this condition through the active revitalisation of this corridor could provide the opportunity for high value businesses to grow.
HORNBY 5000 m2
WIGRAM/SOCKBURN
MIDDLETON
RICCARTON SOUTH
ADDINGTON
0.5
4865 m2
Industrial Land Plot Progression
0.33
0.27
0.31
3000 m
3088 m2
0.4
0.35
0.3
3340 m2 0.22
2000 m2
0.2 1452 m2
1000 m
1196 m2
2
Industrial Building to Land Plot Ratio
0.38
4000 m2
2
SYDENHAM/CBD
0.1 915 m2
0
LAND PLOT SIZE : LAND PLOT RATIO As one might expect, the average land plot size increases as one moves towards the city’s fringes. This trend shows characteristics that are endemic of urban sprawl. As land availability is exhausted in the central areas of the city, more land is opened up in the fringe areas with increasing land plot sizes. However, what is interesting is that there is an overall decline in the building to land ratio, despite the increasing size of average land titles. In outer industrial zones in Hornby, the building
0
area takes up only around 0.21 of the overall land plot size, which leads to the appearance of residual spaces within these areas. When taking into account the overall size of the city’s industrial zone (approximately 14 sqkm), the current trend would create roughly 7 to 8 sqkm of residual space.
Urban Strategies | Industrial Corridor
75
PICTON
3. Ferrymead
1. Sockburn
ROLLESTON
2. Middleton
CHRISTCHURCH’S INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT NETWORK The current form of Christchurch’s urban fabric is influenced by its nature as a city that relies on the manufacturing sector as a main source of generating Gross Regional Product (GRP) and employment. As a result, investment in rail infrastructure was made early in the city’s history, which to this day still serves the city’s manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Agricultural commodities are brought to Christchurch from around the South Island via the rail network. Along this network, several freight terminals are located for the purpose of
76
Alex Haryowiseno
4. Lyttelton
LINCOLN
loading and unloading goods. The transport network then reaches its final destination at Lyttleton seaport, where the cargo gets shipped to overseas destinations. By making use of the existing infrastructures within this industrial zone, such as the rail network, there is a potential to turn the historic manufacturing corridor into a point of attraction for the development and agglomeration of high value businesses.
AIRPORT
CBD GREEN ZONE
INNOVATION PRECINCT
SEAPORT
CCDU’S PROPOSED INNOVATION PRECINCT
INNOVATION PRECINCT The Innovation Precinct, as identified in the CCDU’s Blueprint (2012), and David Wong’s proposed Green Zone in the western suburbs could catalyse development along the industrial corridor. At the same time these two projects could connect growth in the western suburbs to the CBD through an upgraded rail infrastructure.
Innovation Precinct
M
The innovation precinct acts as an anchor for the redevelopment.
M
Urban Strategies | Industrial Corridor
77
PROGRAM PHASES The EPIC business incubator is the first phase of development in the Innovation Precinct (CCDU Blueprint 2012), and is a vital catalyst for high value business growth. The central location of the precinct serves as an attraction between the northern and southern parts of the city, where the critical mass live. This second phase, the Innovation Precinct itself, will harness the momentum
78
Alex Haryowiseno
created by the EPIC business incubator to further support the growth of high value businesses as well as draw together the otherwise divided city. The Innovation Precinct could act as the catalyst for a much larger urban scheme, one that has the ability to regenerate the city’s industrial corridor.
Scenario 1.1
Scenario 1.2
Scenario 1.3
Scenario 2.1
Scenario 2.2
Scenario 2.3
Scenario 3.1
Scenario 3.2
Scenario 3.3
Multiple Scenario Planning
CELLULAR AUTOMATA The Cellularchanging Automata process would allow for organic growth of the urban fabric, where With the Innovation Precinct therescenario is the opportunity to test a newthe development Multiple planning allows strategyparadigm to accomodation demands. incremental development would respond to emerging socio-economic demands. This organic urban where the urban fabric grows incrementally, rather than towards a singular vision of a masterplan. growth model would therefore cater to the unpredictable nature of innovation by freeing it from This approach is in line with the serendipitous nature of innovation and its inherent demand for conventional zoning conditions. a non-linear methods of growth. A possible approach could be to borrow from the Cellular Automata process, which is essentially a framework within which multiple scenarios are possible.
Urban Strategies | Industrial Corridor
79
Kiwigo Mobile Appli
AIRPORT
WESTERN GROWTH (HORNBY) CBD
RAIL RAIL EXPRESS EXPRESS BUS BUS
LYTTELTON
LOOP LOOP BUSBUS CYCLE LANES CYCLE LANES LOCAL DIAL LOCAL DIAL A RIDEA RIDE
MOBILE INTEGRATION
80
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK’S KEY NODES
2.2 MULTI-MODAL CITY
RAIL NETWORK Demographic data prior to the earthquakes showed a population shift towards the west. This shift was accelerated after the earthquakes. The key growth areas such as Hornby, Riccarton and Papanui already indicate the formation of a network of suburbs. These suburbs are conveniently located in close proximity to the railway line, which means they could benefit from upgrading of this corridor to become a reliable inter-suburb transport solution.
The proposed transport network addresses four identified nodes of importance: the CBD, the western growth towards Hornby, the Airport link and the Lyttelton Harbour. Layered into these key nodes is a system of multiple modes of transport that are seamlessly integrated through efficient use of modern technology. The strategy includes: • High frequency rail for passengers to allow movement from the west to east along the declining manufacturing corridor; this will connect the expected population growth areas in the west to the CBD via public rapid transit. This upgraded infrastructural line could assist to attract investment and revitalise the current manufacturingoriented corridor. • High frequency bus corridor from the CBD to the Airport and from Hornby to the Airport creates a loop between three of the key activity centers. This connection recognizes the Airport has a vital role to play in future economic growth as it is a significant gateway for both people and high value commodities. • Innovative transport solutions such as bike share and car share services will also be integrated into a seamless multi-modal system through a mobile application initiative called KiwiGo. KiwiGo will act as a “front-end” of the transportation network, providing clear information about efficient travel choices, which will reduce travel time and associated costs.
Urban Strategies | Multi-Modal City
81
VEHICLE AREA PERCENTAGE
82
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
VEHICLE AREA PERCENTAGE EXTRUSION MAP
56% ROAD & CARPARK
CATHEDRAL SQUARE UNIT
1,756
35
1,171
3,904
POSSIBLE USE IF CAR PARKING AREA RECLAIMED
Retail stores
Single detached house
Parks & Recreation
Medium density housing
400 m2
20,000 m2
600 m2
180 m2
TYPICAL AREAS OF DIFFERENT USES
AREA DEDICATED TO VEHICLES IN CATHEDRAL SQUARE AREA UNIT The aerial photograph of a section in the southern CBD’s zone shows 56% of the area is dedicated to vehicular travel. This is a clear indication that Christchurch is designed for cars and not for the people.
CAR PARK RECLAMATION If car use can be decreased, the need for road widening and demand for car parking can be considerably diminished, allowing the spaces dedicated to cars to open up for other uses. For example if we take the Cathedral Square area it consists of 32.0% car parking, 23.1% road and 40.2% building footprint. The total area for car parking is the equivalent to 1,756 shops or 1,171 homes or 3,904 offices. Why is Christchurch dedicated to the car when it could be so much more?
Urban Strategies | Multi-Modal City
83
ure Implementing Strategy
Train
S
M XL
S
XL
M
XL S
XL
XL
S
XL S
L L
XL
M
S
M M
S
M
L
S
S S
L
L
M L
L
S
S
S
L
M
S
S
XL
M
M
L
L L
M
L
S
S
L
S
M
S
XL
S
S
M XL S S
MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORTATION NETWORK The interchange stations range in scale depending on the transport they serve. Each of the modules, S, M, L, XL, accommodate different combinations of transportation modes. These interchanges are designed to be easily plugged into Christchurch’s urban fabric.
84
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
L
Bus
Bike Share
Dial a Ride
ENTS
Architecture Implementing Strategy
M XL
M XL S M
L
S
XL
M
XL S
XL
XL
S
XL
XL S
S
L L
M
S
M M
S
M
L
S
S S
L
L
M L
L
S
S
S
L
M
S
S
XL
M
M
L
L L
M
M S
S
L
S
S
L
S
M
S
S
S
M XL S S
CLEAR NAVIGATION PURPOSES The objective of the interchanges is to encourage commuters to use public transport by making multi-modal easily identifiable and efficient. Through clear urban design, commuters would quickly understand what modes of transportations are available at each interchange station.
Urban Strategies | Multi-Modal City
85
PERSONAL HYPER CONSUMPTION
VIA MODERN TECHNOLOGY
COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION “DON’T OWN, SHARE”
$
$
$
CUT DOWN TRAVEL COST!!
LETS TURN OUR CARS INTO
CAR SHARING
PUBLIC TRANSPORTS!
CYCLE+PEDESTRIAN LANE
DEDICATED BUS/LIGHTRAIL SPACE
CAN ACT AS A CATALYST TO CHANGE THE URBAN FABRIC
KIWIGO: CATALYST FOR CHANGE
86
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
CYCLE+PEDESTRIAN LANE
CYCLE+PEDESTRIAN LANE
CYCLE+PEDESTRIAN LANE
$
KiwiGo is a mobile application proposed for Christchurch to enable its users to navigate through the city seamlessly, using multiple modes of transportation. This is a solution to effectively push Christchurch past its auto-dependence state, into a multi-modal city – as previously mentioned, it is about shifting Christchurch’s urban form past the fourth wave of innovation (petrol chemicals) into the fifth (digital networks). KiwiGo envisions a fundamental change in the way people perceive their personal vehicles. It is a smart car-sharing application that takes advantage of the sea of cars and allows drivers to actively rent out the vacant seats to others heading in similar directions, allowing drivers to turn their personal vehicles into privately-run public transport. KiwiGo also integrates existing public transportation systems to ensure seamless transfer across all modes of transport.
KIWIGO MOBILE APPLICATION
Urban Strategies | Multi-Modal City
87
A Sustainable Energy Strategy for Economic Growth and Stability
Biomass supplies peak heating energy demands to the CBD and other satellite hubs during the winter months which typically require more energy. Biomass is a good source of heat generated from waste; which has the additional benefit of reducing waste by-products instead of putting them into landfills. Two possible examples of sources for biomass heating come from timber waste generated in the forest and construction industry, and from harmful polluting gases (Methane) in the landfills.
0% -$20
FOREIGN INVESTMENT INTO CHRISTCHURH INNOVATIVE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
Solar energy would provide the peak base load energy during the day and would provide excess energy in times of good solar collection; which would be fed back to the smart grid system. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels could be implemented where repairs for damaged buildings need to be done, as well as in any new construction.
26
%
00
If the government invested in renewable energies such as wind, as opposed to oil explorations; it would be investing in a long term energy strategy rather than a short term fix. The added benefit could help spark an economy around the demand for renewable technologies, which is a high-value product.
Hydro power supplies back-up base load energy when the wind and solar energies do not meet the demand. Since the majority of the energy demand can be met by other renewable energy sources, this means the strain on the stored energy at the hydro dams can be reduced.
5% -$1
Wind energy supplies intermittent base energy demands. Wind energy could be used in Christchurch by forging an alliance with the energy companies and persuading them to invest within Canterbury into wind technologies. There is sufficient wind to make the investment economically viable, and instead of relying on coal as a source of energy, wind power could be harnessed instead.
-$158
Energy efficiency plays a vital part, even though energy is generated from renewable sources, wasting energy is unsustainable. Architecture plays an important role to ensure energy efficient methods of construction are implemented and because Christchurch will undergoing a massive reconstruction; there is the opportunity to upgrade existing buildings to be as energy efficient as possible.
There are two aims: to change the behaviour of using cars in the city. This can be accomplished in several ways: via a car sharing mobile application (KiwiGo), improved public transportation, and urban planning measures that allow for housing to be closer to areas of work. Secondly, through a shift towards using electric vehicles (EV) that can be charged at home. The transition towards using EVs can be done by ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE providing incentives and the necessary infrastructure (battery 5 TIMES MORE EFFICIENT swap centres). Having an EV network within the city would THAN FOSSIL FUEL CARS provide Christchurch with a significant amount of stored energy.
1.
COST OF PETROLEUM FOR 2011 ONLY =
$530 MILLION
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panel generate
GLOBAL WIND
power from the sun. 2.
Electric vehicles are used as a portable
GLOBAL SOLAR
battery pack charged by PV panels.
PV PANEL SYSTEM SMART GRID
3.
The car battery can be used to run
ELECTRICITY (Retail)
home appliances if and when needed. 4.
In times of crisis, solar energy in conjunction with electric vehicles becomes the solution for providing the city with emergency back-up power. The way to encourage solar adoption is to have different solar feed-in tariffs rewarding the early adopters with a fixed tariff which would help to gain momentum for a move towards solar energy adoption in Christchurch.
When the PV panels are unable to
PETROL (Retail) SOLAR (Hot Water)
supply the energy needed the Smart grid is available for back-up. In times when excess energy is generated, the electrivity can be sold back to the Smart
SOLAR (Electricity)
Grid system.
DIESEL (Retail) The economic value savings/cost for each person every year in Christchurch when compared to the “Business as Usual� Oil Scenario
OIL BIOMASS (Electricity)
Cost Million pa. ($)
WIND 700
GAS
600
COAL
500
BIOMASS (DES Fuel Only)
400
MASS (Heat)
300
HYDRO
200 100
0.00 27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
28 20 29 20 30 20 31 20 32 20 33 20 34 20 35 20 36 20 37 20 38 20 39 20 40
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
11 20
20
10
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
$ Price/kWh
TIMELINE RENEWABLE SHARE
OIL SHARE
References and resources can be found in the final thesis publication*
88
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
2.3 ZERO CARBON ENERGY STRATEGY
The Zero Carbon Christchurch 2030 Energy Plan outlines a technically possible, realistic and economically attractive strategy to transition Christchurch towards using 100% renewable energy. Christchurch is undergoing a massive reconfiguration of the city due to the damage of the earthquakes which leads to opportunities to rebuild in a more sustainable way. The plan is the outcome of the previous research to use an injection from the green energy boom as a catalyst for economic growth and recovery after the earthquakes. The rationale behind becoming zero-carbon by the year 2030 is based on four phases: phase 1 (2013-2015) is for the recovery and implementing early stages of the plan; phase 2 (2016-2020) involves developing catalyst projects to gain momentum for phase 3 (2021-2025), which is establishing key infrastructure for the whole of Christchurch; and the final phase 4 (2026-2030) is when Christchurch becomes zero-carbon by the year 2030. The transition away from petroleum is through a gradual exchange of energy commodity capital. The money used to import petroleum would instead be used for investing in renewable sources. This amount would increase over time, so that by 2030, nothing would be spent on importing petroleum. At the end of the plan, in the year 2030, it is estimated that every Cantabrian would save $600 per annum as a result of this energy transition when compared to the same “business as usual” scenario. Christchurch has nothing to lose but everything to gain, in fact by the year 2040 it is estimated that the city would save a total of $6.6 billion – but this is only possible if the change begins now.
Urban Strategies | Zero Carbon Energy Strategy
89
CENTRALIZED ENERGY GRID The term resilience is used often in Christchurch now, but the current energy grid system is anything but resilient, as proven when the earthquake struck. Christchurch, like most cities, relies on a centralised grid system where hydro power and fossil fuels feed into the grid. This places stress on the grid and when one link is broken the whole system fails. What if the main connection to the hydro dams fail in the future or prices for fossil fuels overseas are so expensive that we can no longer afford energy? Christchurch would be in another state of emergency, an energy crisis.
90
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
DECENTRALIZED ENERGY GRID NETWORK However, there is an alternative to a centralised energy system, The Zero Carbon Christchurch 2030 Energy Plan is a proposal for a resilient energy scheme by implementing a decentralised, self-sustaining energy network. This system relies on multiple sources of renewable energy to complement one another: • A network of individual solar energy sources fed into a smart grid would provide the peak base load energy during the day. The excess energy in times of good solar collection would be fed back to the smart grid system. • Wind energy supplies intermittent base energy demands. • Biomass supplies peak heating energy demands to the CBD and other satellite hubs during the winter months which typically require more energy. • Hydro supplies backup base load energy when the wind and solar energy resources cannot meet the demand.
Zero Carbon Christchurch 2030 Energy Plan Energy efficiency Transportation efficiency
$
Wind Solar Biomass Hydro
Invest
$6.6 BILLION
Total Profit Through Savings $6.6 billion
The Choice for Christchurch
Biomass Hydro Other fossil fuels Petroleum
ZERO CARBON CHRISTCHURCH 2030 ENERGY PLAN Christchurch is at a crossroads: it can either take the path of a Green Economy which would be ecologically and economically responsible, or continue with business as usual which neglects the long-term consequences for immediate returns. If Christchurch continues with the business as usual scenario, energy prices will continue to increase as the supply of fossil fuels will inevitably run out and New Zealand will be forced to import clean tech from abroad, leaving us to catch up with other countries rather than lead the way. This would have a negative consequence on New Zealand’s image as a clean, green country and would lead to the continued degradation of air quality through pollution, which has the related consequences of negative health effects.
Risk
$
$
$ $
$
to attract investment and recover from the earthquakes. By building on New Zealand’s identity as a clean green country, Christchurch could capture the attention of foreign interests looking to invest in sustainable technologies. The Green Economy is about being able to affordably provide energy for everyone in New Zealand, starting with Christchurch. It is also about maintaining the priceless scenic natural environment of New Zealand and motivating people to stay in Christchurch, where professionals gather to see how sustainability can be put into practice to rejuvenate life and activity within this fallen city. Being sustainable is not about getting rich quickly, but rather creating a high quality of life that everyone enjoys now and for future generations to come.
If Christchurch takes steps towards a Green Economy and invests in renewable energy technologies, this could lead the way for New Zealand in choosing a responsible and economically sound future. This approach could be the catalyst for investment and future growth, which Christchurch needs Urban Strategies | Zero Carbon Energy Strategy
91
ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRANSPORT SHIFT WIND SOLAR BIOMASS HYDRO OTHER FOSSIL FUELS PETROLEUM
Business as usual (BAU) - fossil fuel energy The Zero Carbon Christchurch 2030 Energy Plan (ZCCEP) - renewable energy
ENERGY EFFICIENCY The Zero Carbon Christchurch Energy Plan requires less energy then the “business as usual” approach, because it calculates into the equation energy efficiency. Methods to reduce energy use include: • Improved construction methods in both repaired buildings and new construction, for example the use of quality insulation, double pane glazing and vapour barriers would greatly reduce energy demands. • Localized food production would reduce the energy demand to transport food long distances, as well it would have the added benefit of creating food security, which is a growing concern in the increasingly urbanised world. • A shift in transportation towards a multi-modal network as explored by Che Wei Lee in the Transportation Economy would greatly reduce energy use as well as free up valuable land for other uses. 92
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
Comparison of Energy Costs Total energy cost (2012 - 2040)
Zero Carbon Year
Cost
Zero Carb
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
Time
2012
Zero Carbon Christchurch Energy Plan Total Cost $18.3 billion Total energy cost (2012 - 2040)
Total Profit Through Savings $6.6 billion
The Cho
Business As Usual Energy Plan = $100 million of petroleum Cost
= $100 million of green energy = $100 million of energy savings
Seaport
Economic Savings
COMPARISON OF ENERGY COSTS The economic savings is By comparing the costs of the petroleum-reliant business as usual scenario, and the Zero Carbon Christchurch 2030 Energy Plan, it becomes evident that a small increase in investment in the initial phases more than pays off in future phases.
Total cost $24.9 billion
to be $6.6 Billion by the year 2040.
Urban Strategies | Zero Carbon Energy Strategy
93
Shirley-Papanui Fendalton-Waimairi Ward Burwood-Pegasus Papanui High School Zone
S
Sockburn Hornby
P
P
P
I
I
I P
F
P P F
F S
S S
S
S Christchurch Boys’ High School Zone
I
S
P
Shirley Girls High School Zone
F
I I
F
F
F
Christchurch Girls’ High School Zone
P
I
S
Shirley Boys High School Zone
F
Arnui I Bromley
P
P
Hagley-Ferrymead
I S
Spreydon-Heathcote
Cashmere High School Zone
Riccarton-Wingram
MAP OF CHRISTCHURCH SCHOOLS (Education Counts 2006)
94
Praveen Karunasinghe
H high decile zones
I
I
I S
Cashmere
full schools years 1-13
L
S F
I
Riccarton High School Zone
P
F
F
P
intermediate schools years 7-8
P
Burnside High School Zone
I
primary schools years 1-6
I
S secondary schools years 9-13
F S
I
Holmwood Merivale
P
low decile zones “concern areas”
2.4 EDUCATION INTERVENTION
The negative effects of educational deprivation are not theoretical, nor do they solely occur in remote third world countries. New Zealand can reverse its own negative indicators (declining OECD rankings, reliance on primary industry, diminishing quality of life, and excess of low skill labour) by investing in education. The argument put forward in the Education Economy identifies the need for investing in education as a means by which to transition Christchurch from a manufacturing society to a knowledge society. The urban strategy begins with an investigation into the existing schools in Christchurch, with a particular focus on decile ratings. A decile rating corresponds to the wealth of the neighbourhoods adjacent to schools. Decile one schools have the highest proportion of students from low socio-economic backgrounds whereas decile ten schools have the highest proportion of students from high socio-economic backgrounds. The hypothesis was to investigate the common association of less affluent neighbourhoods with residents who are likely to experience lower quality education. The cycle describes a biased system which deprives the poor and favours the affluent. Moreover, these residents are most likely to contribute negatively to the GRP and slow the progression of Christchurch into a post-industrial knowledge society.
CYCLE PROMOTING BIASES IN EDUCATION
The following graphs illustrate the correlations between income, education levels and skill level of jobs. The R2 value suggests the amount of variability in the y-axis, which can be attributed to the x-axis variable. Given that these regressions are modelling human data, with greater variability in the population, the R2 values in the range of 0.3-0.5 indicate a strong correlation of x and y. The regions highlighted in red are student-rich zones. These suburbs skew the data and can be considered to be outliers.
Urban Strategies | Education Intervention
95
Median income 1% increase in higher educated
1% increase non educated proportion
$1109 increase in median income
$970 reduction in median income
Low value employment proportion vs. median income 45
High value employment proportion vs. median income 70
Low value employment proportion vs. median income 45
High value employment proportion vs. median income
Aranui
40
70
Merivale
50
40
30
Merivale
40
Hornby Hornby
35
Holmwood
Islington 35
50
30
Mona Vale Ilam
30
Halswell Domain
Mona Vale
Aranui
40
Ilam
Halswell Domain Aranui Spreydon
30
Spreydon Riccarton West 20
Riccarton West
10
y = 0.0013x + 5.142
Bexley Wigram
Hornby
20
R² = 0.362 y = 0.0013x + 5.142
Bexley Wigram
Hornby
%composition of low value employment
%high value employment composition
60
Holmwood
R² = 0.362
10
%composition of low value employment
%high value employment composition
60
Aranui
25
20
Islington
25
Riccarton West
Sydenham
Wharenui Riccarton West
20
Sydenham
Wharenui Upper Riccarton 15
Ilam Riccarton HIGH VALUE WORKUpper : MEDIAN INCOME 15 There is a clear positive correlation between the proportion of residents engaged in high value Ilam 10 y =-0.00093x + 40.48 work and the median suburban income. 10
Fendalton
5
Fendalton
5 0 5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Median Income
0 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1% increase in higher value employment proportion Median Income 1% increase in higher value employment proportion
0
5000
35000
0
15000 20000 25000 1% increase 10000 in low value employment proportion Median Income
10
Aranui Aranui
30
y = 1.037x - 5.751
20
10
R² = 0.763 y = 1.037x - 5.751
Woolston West Wigram
Hornby
R² = 0.763
Woolston West Wigram
Hornby
10
20
30
70
50
40000
60
Kenndy's bush Merivale
Aidanfield Aidanfield Templeton
70
Holmwood Kenndy's bush Cashmere Merivale
Ilam
Holmwood Cashmere
Ilam
Templeton 60
Bromley Hornby
50
Bromley Hornby
40
Aranui
Linwood
Fendalton
Linwood
40
30
20
10
30
20
R² = 0.319 y = 0.677x + 37.29 R² = 0.319
10
0 10
20
30
70
40
50
60
70
%higher educated composition of given suburbs 10
20
30
40
50
60
1% increase in domestic internet availability 1.33% increase in higher education proportion %higher educated composition of given suburbs 1% increase in domestic internet availability
70
1.33% increase in higher education proportion
Graph of non educated proportion vs. median income
1.04% increase in higher value employment proportion 60
Proportion of high value employment vs proportion of non educated proportion Deans Bush
Holmwood Bryndwr
60
Deans Bush Holmwood Bryndwr Cashmere 50 50
Diamond Harbour
Merivale Cashmere Merivale
50
Mc Leans
Ilam
Lincoln Mc Leans
Upper Riccarton
40 40
Holmwood Kenndy's bush Merivale Cashmere
Upper Riccarton
Ilam
Ilam
Wharenui
Upper Riccarton
Riccarton Riccarton West
30
Sydenham Cathedral Square
Halswell Domain
Aranui
y = 0.001x + 13.92
Avon Loop
Aranui
Sockburn
R² = 0.374
Middleton
Riccarton
Hornby
Riccarton West Aranui
20 20
Riccarton West
10
30
20
Riccarton West
y = -0.9152x + 58.397
Bromley Hornby
R² = 0.6422 y = -0.9152x + 58.397
Bromley Hornby
Wigram
10
Aranui
North HIGHER-EDUCATED RESIDENTSHornby : MEDIAN INCOME 40 There is a clear positive correlation betweenIslington the proportion of higher educated residents and the Mc Leans median suburban income.
Linwood North
Wigram
20
% of non -educated composition
% higher educatedcomposition compositionof suburb % high value employment
Kenndy's bush 60 Kenndy's bush
30
50
0
ProportionGraph of highof value employment vs proportion proportion ofvs. non educated proportion higher education Median Income
70
40
60
%higher educated composition of given suburbs
70
50
70
10 20 30 40 60 70 1% increase in higher educated proportion 1.04% increase in50higher value employment proportion %higher educated composition of given suburbs
1% increase in higher educated proportion
60
40
30000 35000 $930 drop in median income
$930 drop in median income
80
0
0
40000
Proportion of domestic internet availability vs. higher education proportion
0
0
35000
Tai Tapu Fendalton HIGH VALUE WORK : HIGHER LEVEL QUALIFICATIONS Aranui Tai Tapu There is a clear positive correlation between the proportion of residents engaged in high value y = 0.677x + 37.29 work and the proportion of residents holding higher level qualification.
0
0
% high value employment composition of suburb
Merivale
Mc Leans
80
%domestic internet availability composition of given suburbs
HolmwoodMerivale Kenndy's bush Cashmere
%domestic internet availability composition of given suburbs
20
%high value employment composition of given suburbs
%high value employment composition of given suburbs
30
R² = 0.361
Holmwood
30000
Proportion of domestic internet availability vs. higher education proportion 90
90
Mc Leans
25000
1% increase in low value employment proportion
Holmwood Kenndy's bush Cashmere
60
40
20000
5000
$1321 increase in median income
70
40
15000
R² = 0.361 y =-0.00093x + 40.48
Holmwood
Median Income
40000
High value employment proportion vs. higher education proportion
50
10000
0 30000
$1321 increase in median income
High value employment proportion vs. higher education proportion 70
50
Cashmere Merivale
0 0
60
Cashmere Merivale
10
R² = 0.6422
Ilam Upper Riccarton
Cathedral Square
Fendalton
Holmwood
Hagley Park
y = -0.001x + 40.52
Kenndy's bush
10
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
5000
10
10000
20
15000
1% increase in non educated proportion
96
20000 30
25000
40
30000
50
35000
Median income %non educated composition of suburbs 10 40 50 1% increase in20higher educated 30 $1109 increase in median income 1% increase in non educated 0.92% drop in higher employment proportion %nonproportion educated composition of suburbs
Praveen Karunasinghe
40000 60
60
0 10000 15000 most20000 30000 nationwide 35000 40000 All data was5000gathered from the recently25000 conducted census.
1% increase non educated proportion
0.92% drop in higher employment proportion
High value employment proportion vs. median income
Median Income
(Statistics New Zealand 2006)
$970 reduction in median income
Low value employment proportion vs. median income 45
70 40
Aranui
5000increase in10000 20000 25000 1% higher value 15000 employment proportion Median Income
0
40000
1% increase non educated proportion
1% increase in low value employment proportion
35000 income 40000 $132130000 increase in median
$970 reduction in median income
Proportion of domestic internet availability vs. higher education proportion
High value employment proportion vs. higher education proportion
70
Low value employment proportion vs. median income Holmwood Kenndy's bush Cashmere
60
Aranui
%composition of low value employment %high value employment composition of given suburbs
40
Merivale Hornby
50
Mc Leans
35
Islington Aranui
30 40
25
Riccarton West
30
Sydenham
Wharenui
20
15
R² = 0.362
10
y = 1.037x - 5.751
Upper Riccarton
20
R² = 0.763
Woolston West Wigram
Ilam Hornby
%domestic internet availability composition of given suburbs
90
45
y = 0.0013x + 5.142
$930 drop in median income
Aidanfield
80
Ilam
Kenndy's bush Merivale Holmwood Cashmere
Templeton
70
60
Bromley Hornby
50
40
Linwood
Fendalton
Aranui
Tai Tapu
LOW VALUE WORK : MEDIAN INCOME y = 0.677x + 37.29 value work There is a clear negative correlation between the proportion of residents engaged in low R² = 0.319 and the median suburban income. 30
20
10
10
y =-0.00093x + 40.48 R² = 0.361
Fendalton
5
Cashmere Merivale
0 0
10
20
30
40
Holmwood
50
60
70
1%5000 increase in higher proportion 10000 educated 15000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%higher educated composition of given suburbs 1% increase in domestic internet availability
%higher educated composition of given suburbs
0 40000
0
1.33% increase in higher education proportion
1.04% increase in higher30000 value employment 25000 35000 proportion 40000 Median Income 20000
1% increase in low value employment proportion
$930 drop in median income
Proportion of high value employment vs proportion of non educated proportion 70
Proportion of domestic internet availability vs. higher education proportion
% high value employment composition of suburb %domestic internet availability composition of given suburbs
Kenndy's bush
Deans Bush
Holmwood Bryndwr
90
60
50
Kenndy's bush Merivale
Aidanfield
Cashmere
80
Holmwood Cashmere
Ilam
Merivale
Mc Leans
Templeton
70
Ilam
40
60
Aranui
Upper Riccarton
Riccarton Bromley Hornby
50
30
40
Linwood
Fendalton
Aranui
Riccarton West
Tai Tapu
20
y = 1.037x - 5.751 R² = 0.763
30
y = -0.9152x + 58.397
Bromley Hornby
Wigram
R² = 0.6422 y = 0.677x + 37.29
1020
HIGH VALUE WORK : NO QUALIFICATIONS There is a clear negative correlation between the proportion of residents engaged in high value work and the proportion of residents holding no educational qualifications.
R² = 0.319
10 0 0
10
20
0
10
30
40
50
%non educated composition of suburbs
0 20
30
40
50
60
60
70
%higher educated 0.92% composition givenemployment suburbs 1% increase in non educated proportion drop inofhigher proportion 70
1% increase in domestic internet availability
1.33% increase in higher education proportion
Graph of non educated proportion vs. median income
60
50
y = 0.001x + 13.92 R² = 0.374
% of non -educated composition
ale
Aranui
NON-EDUCATED RESIDENTS : MEDIAN INCOME There is a clear negative correlation between the proportion of uneducated residents and the median suburban income.
Hornby North 40
Islington Mc Leans 30
20
Riccarton West
10
Ilam Upper Riccarton
y = -0.9152x + 58.397
Cathedral Square
Fendalton
Holmwood
Hagley Park
y = -0.001x + 40.52
Kenndy's bush
R² = 0.6422 0 0
40000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Median Income 1% increase non educated proportion
60
$970 reduction in median income
Low value employment proportion vs. median income 45
Aranui
Urban Strategies | Education Intervention
97
Demographic Data Terrains Education High proportion Tertiary Graduates
Employment Premature school leavers
Income
Labourers and Factory Workers
Income>$50,000
Managers and Professionals
Population Mean income
Population (2006) Income<$30,000 Population (2031) DEMOGRAPHIC DATA TERRAINS Comparisons of education, employment and income across Christchurch suburbs reveal strong correlations. In order to identify the suburbs least conducive to the post-industrial transformation, The demographic information helped identify areas of concern within the demographic data sets were compared against population growth. This revealed the suburb of Hornby as a serious concern area followed by Bromley and Aranui to the eastern side of the city.
Data Mapping
98
Praveen Karunasinghe
the city.
Key
Low proportion
Comparison of Combined Terrains N
Higher Educated Proportion (-)
Hornby 20%
(-)
Bromley 22%
(+) Cashmere 57%
60% 52% 44% 36% 28% 20%
High Skill Proportion (-)
Hornby 6%
(-)
Bromley 10%
(+) Cashmere 45%
49% 40% 31% 22% 13% 4%
Median Income (-)
Hornby $11K
(-)
Bromley $19K
(+) Cashmere $34K
Population Growth (+) Hornby 78% (-) Aranui -3% (+) Cashmere 68%
colour key (-) negative indicator
$36 700 $31 400 $26 100 $20 700 $15 400 $10 100 78% 62% 46% 30% 14% -3%
POSITIVE INDICATORS: Merivale: Apart from its population, Merivale is a constant positive indicator. Limited population growth in this suburb is most likely related to affordability of housing relative to Christchurch incomes: only the wealthy can afford real estate here. Cashmere: A constant positive indicator. Desirable quality schools lead to highly qualified workers and higher incomes. NEGATIVE INDICATORS: Hornby: Apart from its population, Hornby is a constant negative indicator. The sharp rate of population increase is occurring without the necessary educational infrastructure needed to support this growth. Bromley: A constant negative indicator. Similar to most eastern suburbs, the population does not grow very fast here. This suburb is also home to high proportions of low income earners, uneducated residents and low impact workers. Aranui: A constant negative indicator. Similar to most eastern suburbs, the population does not grow very fast. Ilam: Many negative indicators including income and employment as well as moderately low levels of higher qualified residents. However, it is important to note that this area also has a low median age. This indicates that there is an abundance of young people in this region, which can be attributed to the fact that the University of Canterbury is located in Ilam. The low earnings of these university students collectively skew the data and appear to highlight Ilam in a negative way. Jellie Park: The highest proportion of unemployed residents.
(+) positive indicator COMPARISON OF COMBINED TERRAINS
Conclusion
By superimposing collated maps, these concern areas were pin-pointed.
Urban Strategies | Education Intervention
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1
2
HORNBY Hornby is among the least wealthy and least academically qualified suburbs in Christchurch with: a high proportion of low income earners (%36) and far fewer high-income earners (4%); and a deficit in the proportion of residents with higher educated achievements (20%) compared to the uneducated (57%) demographic. However, it is important to recognise that due to the abundance of factory work and relatively moderate unemployment, this suburb is not considered the poorest suburb in the Canterbury region. The composition of its built environment reveals an abundance of low value manufacturing (64%) followed by residential (24%). There is little priority being given to high value manufactured goods and services. However, this suburb has large plots of vacant land, which may contribute to the further population growth, common to the western suburbs, of 73% over the past ten years.
MERIVALE Merivale is among the most wealthy and educated suburbs in Christchurch with: a high median income of $36,900; a low proportion of low earners (4%); a high proportion of high income earners (49%), a higher proportion of educated (60%); a relatively low uneducated proportion (32%). In the composition of its built environment, there is an abundance of residential (73%) followed by education (11%). There is little priority given to businesses outside of retail and no priority given to low value manufacturing. Merivale is among the most densely built suburbs outside of the central city, which contributes to the stagnant population growth (3% growth over the last decade).
High Value Industry Low Value Industry
3
4
SYDENHAM Sydenham is among the suburbs closest to the Christchurch average: with a medium income of $23,000; a medium proportion of low earners (30%); a medium proportion of medium income earners (31%); a medium educated proportion (43%) and a medium uneducated proportion (43%). In the composition of its built environment, there is an abundance of retail (27%) followed by low value employment (25%), residential (25%) and high value manufactured goods and services (14%). Sydenham is among the most mixed built suburbs in Christchurch.
BROMLEY Bromley is among the least wealthy suburbs in Christchurch with: a relatively low median income of $19,000; a low proportion of high income earners (10%); a high proportion of low income earners (35%); a high proportion of uneducated people (56%); and a high unemployment rate (8.3%). However it is not the poorest due to an abundance of factory work and some high value manufacturing employment opportunities. In the composition of its built environment, there is an abundance of low value manufacturing (56%) followed by residential (30%). Similar to many other eastern suburbs such as Aranui, Bromley is experiencing stagnant population growth.
100
Praveen Karunasinghe
Urban Fabric Colour Key (Statistics New Zealand 2006)
1
2 3
4
In order to support the emerging knowledge-based industries in Christchurch, it is key to invest in education, which in turn has the potential to stimulate the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic regeneration. Through analysis of census data it is revealed that the western and eastern suburbs currently lack opportunities for high quality education as is shown in the low rates of higher level educated residents. As a consequence, many of these residents engage in low skill, low value jobs and have low incomes. Given the west is predicted to grow, it is a prime opportunity to improve the quality of education, and by increasing the opportunities for students and adults to participate in creative education, it is possible to reverse the growing reliance on low skill labour. Furthermore, Christchurch can invest in educating high skill inventive workers, who are needed to fuel the Innovation Economy further explored by Alex Haryowiseno.
HORNBY, MERIVALE, SYDENHAM AND BROMLEY The suburbs of Hornby, Merivale, Sydenham and Bromley were chosen to understand the composition of the built environment. These suburbs represent the poorly performing, moderate and thriving suburbs of the city.
Urban Strategies | Education Intervention
101
Distance to CBD Access to services and amenities Active and public transport options SPRAWL
CBD
INNER CITY LIVING
Private car use and associated fuel cost Section size
Section price
Housing Relat
Relationship betw
102
Biran He
2.5 INFILL VS. SPRAWL
Inner-city living can be much more sustainable and economical when compared to developing fringe land for further suburban sprawl. This is especially true given the shift in demographics, which suggests there is an incongruent relationship between the housing stock and the population. Two-thirds of the housing stock is comprised of three bedroom single detached houses, yet the population demographics show there is an increase in the demand for housing for singles and couples.
Urban Strategies | Infill vs. Sprawl
103
Available Available Sections Sections
(as of (asApril of April 2012) 2012) 1969 1969
Urban Urban Boundary Boundary
Urban Urban Boundary Boundary
Residential Areas Residential Areas
Residential Areas Residential Areas
EXISTING AVAILABLE SECTIONS The developments in Christchurch that have five sections or more and have obtained subdivision consent from the Council are far from the city centre. There are few sections available within a 10kms radius of the CBD, with most of the available sections located 15km away. This poses a serious problem if the city centre in is to be developed with housing. (Christchurch City Council , 2012) Available Available sections sections in relation relation to to existing existing residential residential areas. areas.
Existing ExistingAvailable AvailableSections Sections
104
Biran He
Future Future Development Development within within next next 2 years 2 years
17879 17879 (as of (asApril of April 2012) 2012)
PROPOSED SECTIONS Indications from developers are that there will be up to 3,170 greenfield sections released on the market during the next two years in Christchurch. (Christchurch City Council, 2012). The majority of these will be in the south west (Halswell) and Belfast areas, the two areas identified in the Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy best able to areas. accommodate future urban Proposed Proposed sections sections in in relation relation to(GCUDS) as to existing existing residential residential areas. growth and development. Proposed lots are all at fringe locations, which is contradictory to the intended intensification strategy proposed by the GCUDS. Christchurch will not achieve higher density or a more compact city if it keeps opening fringe land for housing developments.
Proposed ProposedSections Sections
ING
CBD Distance to CBD
Central City CBD
Urban Village
Central City
Urban Village
Suburban
Rural Edge
Suburban
Rural Edge
Distance to CBD Access to services and amenities
Access to services and amenities
Active and public transport options Active and public
transport options
Private car use and Private associated fuel costcar use and
The location of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home has a large impact on how one lives. Many people in Christchurch live on one side of the city, send their kids to school on the other and work somewhere else. This all equates to a lot of travel time, normally by car. As Christchurch continues to grow, more sustainable housing must be introduced so that people can live closer to their daily needs. Because there were so many homes destroyed by the earthquake, there is an opportunity to think about how and where to build housing. For a start, inner city sections could accommodate two houses instead of one. Available Sections
associated fuel cost
1969
Available of April 2012) 1969 (as Sections (as of April 2012)
Urban Boundary Urban Boundary
Section sizeSection size
Residential Residential Areas Areas Section priceSection price KEY
KEY high high
medium
medium
low
low
Housing Relationship Matrix
HousingRelationship Relationship betweenMatrix location and amenities, public transport, land-cost and section size.
Relationship between location and amenities, public transport, land-cost and section size. HOUSING RELATIONSHIP MATRIX
Existing Available Sections
P
Existing Sections Available sectionsAvailable in relation to existing residential areas.
Available sections in relation to existing residential areas.
A study of 27 American metropolitan areas by the Centre for Housing Policy found that the cost of commuting cancels any savings on lower-priced suburban homes. When comparing the person living in the fringe suburbs with the person living in the city, it is estimated that one can save as much as $6,448 on commuting costs. City land maybe more expensive, but if higher density housing is built, then the cost of land will be shared. Given this, city living can be more affordable, and in some cases, even cheaper considering all the hidden costs of living in the outer suburbs.
Urban Strategies | Infill vs. Sprawl
105
P
Housing Types and Location SINGLE DETACHED HOUSES (suburban or rural detached houses)
1 Average Density : 13 dwellings / ha
SINGLE STOREY FLATS (multi-units or flats)
2 Average Density : 20 dwellings / ha
LOW RISE APARTMENTS (terraced, townhouses and mixed use)
3 Average Density : 40 dwellings / ha
MID RISE APARTMENTS (high-rise and mixed use)
4 Average Density : 80 dwellings / ha
Density of Christchurch Living Zones Christchurch City Net Density (2001) = 26.6 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.3 pp/ha
LEGEND Living 1 Living 2 Living 3 Living 4 Living H Commercial and Business Zones Urban Boundary (Christchurch City Council, 2011)
CHRISTCHURCH LIVING ZONES Christchurch is separated into four living zones, each having its own density bracket, getting concentrically denser the closer one moves to the CBD. These zones are: Living 1: mostly suburban developments, with a low density of 13 dwellings per hectare (dph). Living 2: slightly denser with subdivisions and smaller sections, with a density of 18dph. Living 3: a combination of subdivisions and multiple-units, with a medium density of 33dph. Living 4: predominantly multiple units, with a relative high density of 44dph.
106
Biran He
Dwelling Density in the Christchurch Living Zones Dwelling Density in the Christchurch Living Zones 100m
100m
100m
100m
Dwelling Density in the Christchurch Living Zones LIVING 1
LIVING 2
LIVING 3
LIVING 4
100m LIVING LIVING 1 1
100m LIVING LIVING 2 2
100m LIVING LIVING 3 3
LIVING LIVING 4 4
LIVING 1
LIVING 2
LIVING 3
LIVING 4 100m
100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m 100m
100m
100m
Living 4 Net Density (2001) = 45.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 7.4 pp/ha 100m 100m
13 Dwellings Per Hectare
18 Dwellings Per Hectare
33 Dwellings Per Hectare
40+ Dwellings Per Hectare
13 Dwellings Per Hectare
18 Dwellings Per Hectare
33 Dwellings Per Hectare
40+ Dwellings Per Hectare
100m
100m
13 1Dwellings Per Hectare 182Dwellings Per Hectare Living Living Net Density (2001) = 26.1 pp/ha Net Density (2001) = 32.3 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.2 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.0 pp/ha Living Living Living 11 Living 22 Net Net Net Density Density (2001) (2001) = = 26.1 26.1 pp/ha pp/ha Net Density Density (2001) (2001) = = 32.3 32.3 pp/ha pp/ha Living 1 Living 2 Increase Increase Increase in in Density Density (1991-2001) (1991-2001) = = 2.2 2.2 pp/ha pp/ha Increase in in Density Density (1991-2001) (1991-2001) = = 2.0 2.0 pp/ha pp/ha Net Density (2001) = 26.1 pp/ha Net Density (2001) = 32.3 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.2 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.0 pp/ha DWELLING DENSITY The changing population demographic, reflected in an aging population, greater ethnic diversity, a smaller proportion of traditional families and more people living individually, requires different types of housing. There are opportunities to explore new forms of medium density housing that can provide desirable alternatives to single-detached housing and bland multi-unit housing.
100m
333Dwellings Per Hectare Living Net Density (2001) = 38.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.6 pp/ha Living Living 33 Net Net Density Density (2001) (2001) = = 38.1 38.1 pp/ha pp/ha Living 3 Increase Increase in in Density Density (1991-2001) (1991-2001) = = 2.6 2.6 pp/ha pp/ha Net Density (2001) = 38.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.6 pp/ha
100m 100m 100m
Living 3 Net Density (2001) = 38.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.6 pp/ha 100m
40+ Dwellings Per Hectare
100m
100m
100m
100m 100m 100m
Living 2 Net Density (2001) = 32.3 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.0 pp/ha 100m
33 Dwellings Per Hectare
100m
100m
100m
100m 100m 100m
Living 1 Net Density (2001) = 26.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 2.2 pp/ha 100m
18 Dwellings Per Hectare
100m
100m 100m 100m
100m
100m
13 Dwellings Per Hectare
100m 100m100m 100m
100m
100m 100m100m 100m
100m 100m100m 100m
100m 100m100m 100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
40+ Living 4 Dwellings Per Hectare Net Density (2001) = 45.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 7.4 pp/ha Living Living 44 Net Net Density Density (2001) (2001) = = 45.1 45.1 pp/ha pp/ha Living 4 Increase Increase in in Density Density (1991-2001) (1991-2001) = = 7.4 7.4 pp/ha pp/ha Net Density (2001) = 45.1 pp/ha Increase in Density (1991-2001) = 7.4 pp/ha
(Christchurch City Council, 2011)
Urban Strategies | Infill vs. Sprawl
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HOUSING TYPE CATALOGUE HOUSINGlaneTYPE CATALOGUE lane house house 37 dph 37 dph 1
TALOGUE
1 1
1
80 dph walk-up corner 9 37 dph garden court 2garden court 37 dph 40 dph 40 dph 2lane house
lane house
3
3 3
four-square green green 44 dph 44 dph 3four-square
mixed unit corner 56 dph 10 four-square green 44 dph terraced courtyard four-square green 44 dph48 dph 48 dph terraced courtyard
4
4
5
5 5
terrace corner48 dph 48 dph 5terrace corner
6
terrace mews terrace corner +green48 dph
9
terrace corner garden48 dph corner 40 dph80 dph square garden square walk-up 40 dph
7
7
GUE
9
ph
2 2
four-square green 40 dph 44 dph124 dph 3garden 11court 5-storey court garden court
40 dph
mixed green unit corner44 dph 56 dph 3 10four-square
h
4
ph
terraced courtyard
4 4
terrace cornercorner 48 dph48 dph148 dph 6-storey 5terraced 12 courtyard
5
corner mews 48 dph 6terrace terrace +green
48 dph
7
40 dph
48 dph
terraced courtyard
garden square
48 dph
7 7
HOUSING TYPOLOGY CATALOGUE â&#x20AC;&#x153;Exploring New Housing Choices for Changing Lifestylesâ&#x20AC;? is a report produced by the Christchurch City Council in conjunction with JASMAX Architects. It aims to introduce a range of housing types to meet the density targets set by the Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy (GCUDS). It shows that there are a wide range of potential housing typologies that can be adopted for areas that require higher density housing under the GCUDS.
courtyard 4 12terraced 6-storey corner
ph
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Biran He
48 dph 148 dph
7
square 8garden walk-up apartments
40 dph72 dph
48 dph
walk-up corner
80 dph
8
walk-up 72 dph garden square 40 dph apartments garden square 40 dph 124 dph 5-storey court
11
cornercourt 9 11walk-up5-storey
80 dph124 dph
9
walk-up corner
80 dph
10
mixed unit corner
56 dph
6
terrace mews +green
10
mixed unit corner
56 dph
6
terrace mews +green
11
5-storey court
124 dph
12
6-storey corner
148 dph
unit corner corner 56 dph148 dph 10 12mixed 6-storey
10
12
8
6
mixed unit corner
6-storey corner
walk-up apartments
mews 8 terracewalk-up apartments +green
These alternative typologies also respond to the poor quality of many existing medium density developments in the city and offer alternative ways of building higher density housing using existing Christchurch plot sizes with improved spatial qualities. The report encourages City Council staff to work with developers and landowners to promote high quality residential developments around the city. It is also intended to help stakeholders to become aware of the diverse range of choices available for housing types, instead of the typical suburban developments on the fringe.
11
5-storey court
124 dph
12
6-storey corner
148 dph
8
walk-up apartments
7
ZONE 4
6 storey corner 5 storey court walkup corner walkup apartments
mixed use corner
terrace corner
terrace mews+green
terraced courtyard
garden court
four-square green
garden square
detached laneway ZONE 3
37
houses/ hectare
1
narrow section
40
houses/ hectare
44
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
2
standard sections
48
houses/ hectare
1
standard section
48
houses/ hectare
1
standard section
48
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
40
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
72
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
80
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
56
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
124 3
houses/ hectare standard sections
148
houses/ hectare
2
standard sections
ALTERNATIVE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES RELATIVE TO LIVING ZONES In recent years the problem of housing affordability has grown. Design and planning alone cannot solve this problem, but it can help by showing high-quality, cost-effective alternatives to traditional housing. Alternatives such as compact housing in central areas can require less land to achieve spacious and attractive homes, while reducing the daily travel costs. It is possible to design higher density housing solutions, in line with the Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plans, without increasing the housing density beyond living zones 3 or 4.
Urban Strategies | Infill vs. Sprawl
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Event Locations
Existing Event Locations (2012)
Event Locations
Events Calendar
Event Locations JANUARY
Events Calendar
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Proposed Event Locations Proposed Events Calendar
110
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
Erica Austin Existing Events Calendar (2012)
MAY
JUNE
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH APRIL JANUARY
Existing Events Calendar (2012)
Existing PROPOSED EVENT CALENDAR
Proposed Event Locations EXISTING EVENT CALENDAR (2012)
JANUARY
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBE
JULY
AUGUST
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Proposed Events Calendar
Existing Event Locations (2012)
MARCH
MARCH
PROPOSED EVENT LOCATIONS JANUARY
FEBRUARY
FEBRUARY
Proposed Event Locations Proposed Events Calendar
Existing Event Locations (2012)
EXISTING EVENT LOCATIONS (2012)
JANUARY
Events Calendar
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
MAY FEBRUARY
JUNEMARCHJULY
AUGUST APRIL
Events Calendar (2012)
SEPTEMBER MAY
OCTOBER JUNE NOVEMBER
DECEMBER JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBE
2.6 DE-CLUTTERING OF EVENTS
Stemming from the Experience Economy research, the aim for the urban strategy is to create an infrastructure to support an eventful economy, which in turn would support the revitalisation of Christchurch. The proposal builds on an emerging initiative called, “The River of Arts,” which aims to connect different creative groups by threading them together through the city. Vacant sites throughout the city could be used to extend this programme beyond the CBD, taking the successful work of Gap Filler and Life in Vacant Spaces further. The River of Arts could act as framework for the different grassroots initiatives and become a platform for introducing a greater range of events into the city. The event calendar of 2012 shows that most events happen during summer in the CBD. This proposal introduces the idea of “decluttering” which aims to populate the event calendar by evenly distributing events throughout the year. This notion of de-cluttering is proposed in order to reduce duplications of events and attractions in a few venues, and instead distribute events throughout the city creating a more eventful and year-round event schedule. The goal is to make Christchurch a more connected city that encourages innovation and collaboration between creative disciplines through event making, and to improve the well-being of people and increase the overall quality of life.
Urban Strategies | De-cluttering of Events
111
merging Art Initiatives
Emerging Network Connecting
Christchurch Art Gallery COCA
Isaac Theatre Royal LUXCity
Residential Red Zone 6000+ Homes to be Demolished
CBD
Arts & Craft Studio Assistance 0
EPIC
Re:START
VACANT SITES As of May 2012 there were more than 800 buildings fully demolished in the CBD, totalling an area ArtBOX of approximately 62 hectares. Once all demolition from the earthquakes is complete, Christchurch will have lost 1,400 buildings in CBD alone, excluding the 10,000+ homes to be demolished throughout Christchurch. (Rebuild Christchurch, 2012)
CPIT
112
2.5
5
kilometres
Bridge of CBD Remembrance
Erica Austin
Vacant Sites
Emerging Netw (CERA, May 2012)
Vacant Sites
Vacant Sites
Red Zone
Red Zone
Emerging Netw Demolished Bu
Network twork Connecting ConnectingVacant VacantSites Sitesfrom fromDemolished DemolishedBuildings Buildings
4
4
6 3
2
2
1
1
7
7
5 8
6 3
5
8 9
10
Emerging Emerging Network Network Vacant Vacant Sites Sites Red Zone Red Zone
EMERGING NETWORK Emerging Emerging Network Network from from By connecting the various vacant sites a network emerges which links the city centre with other Demolished Buildings Buildings regions in Demolished Christchurch, such as Lyttelton, Sumner and New Brighton. Extending the arts and event infrastructure into outlying areas surrounding the CBD could help improve the quality of life for the whole of Christchurch. In places like New Brighton, which has a low socio-economic standing, events could be a welcome boost to their economy.
9
10
Potential Potential Regions Regions Potential Potential Regions Regions POTENTIAL REGIONS Nine regions with the greatest number of vacant sites were identified for further investigation to determine their potential to support the Experience Economy and develop event spaces outside the central city. These suburbs were mostly around the CBD and radiated out towards the east, south-east and southern part of Christchurch.
Urban Strategies | De-cluttering of Events
113
MERIVALE - PAPANUI
AVONSIDE - ARANUI
RICCARTON - WHARENUI
RAWHITI - NEW BRIGHTON
WOOLSTON WEST - FERRYMEAD
SYDENHAM - BECKENHAM
MT PLEASANT - SUM
WALTHAM - ENSORS
33,377m2 (5.3%) VACANT SITE TOTAL AREA
5%
27,052m (4.3%) 2
27,474m2 (4.4%)
4%
26,197m (4.2%) 2
19,062m2 (3.1%)
3%
18,293m2 (3%)
2%
13,076m2 (2.1
4,513m2 (0.7%)
1%
EVENT VENUE TOTAL AREA
0% 5000
2,047,919m2
4000
59,939m2
3000
14,920m2
2000 1000
249,896m2
26,325m2
165,512m2
650
620
3
4
3
1
1
50,096m2
0 m2
270
0
1
3
1
1
EVENT VENUE TOTAL CAPACITY
0
2000000
5,180
1500000 1000000 500000
2,950
0
1,515
1,250
AVAILABLE ACCOMMODATION
58 50
41
40 30 20 10
2
COMMUNITY FOCAL POINTS
0
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Erica Austin
2
1
0
2 1
1
0
N
SYDENHAM - BECKENHAM
MT PLEASANT - SUMNER
WALTHAM - ENSORS
HEATHCOTE VALLEY - LYTTELTON
) 24,912m2 (4%) 18,293m (3%) 2
13,076m2 (2.1%)
4,513m2 (0.7%)
165,512m2
620
3
0
50,096m2
0 m2
0 m2
270
0
0
1
3
1
1
1
POTENTIAL REGIONS FOR EVENTS OUTSIDE THE CBD These nine regions are ranked according to their potential to become successful satellite event hubs. Their potential was measured based on calculating the available green spaces, existing community focal points, available accommodation, remaining event venues and the vacant sites. The darker the colour, the greater the potential for development. Identifying these various factors also reveals what is lacking within the areas, which suggests further development or enhancement in these regions may be required.
0 Urban Strategies | De-cluttering of Events
115
COLOMBO ST CATHEDRAL SQUARE
GLOUCESTER ST
WORCESTER ST
VACANT SITES ALONG GLOUCESTER STREET
GLOUCESTER STREET Gloucester Street passes through the central city “red-zone,” a cordoned area that has been in place since the February 22nd earthquakes in 2011. The street opened to pedestrians just before the LUXcity event, and on the night of the event many people were coming to the city centre for their first time since the earthquakes. While the area was heavily effected by the earthquakes, it still remains urban in that there are a few remaining tall buildings. However, there was not a single
116
Erica Austin
business open and the entire area was vacated. LUXcity brought life back to this area, and for just one night it was again a city alive with activity. The students’ projects were located along various vacant sites to create an urban atmosphere that was unique to Christchurch at that moment in time.
CLIENT/ PROGRAMMES
LUXCITY CURATION
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
SITE AVAILABILITY/ SIZE
STUDENT PROJECTS
LUXcity was a live case study within Christchurch’s city centre, and an example of how an event can transform the urban fabric through the use of vacant sites and creative installations. Such events can act as primary drivers for Christchurch’s rebuild and attract people, capital and employment back to the city.
MACHINERY REQUIREMENT
LUXCITY LUXcity, the opening event for the Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA), was a city made from light for one night. Over 350 architecture and design students from across New Zealand designed and built 16 installations for pop-up functions: bars, cafés, live music venues, theatre and a gallery. The whole of Christchurch was invited to return to the vacant city centre on the 20th of October 2012 to enjoy and experience this unique urban atmosphere. The designs used light in conjunction with large-scale demolition machinery to create structures that were both ephemeral and contended with the vastness of the urban scale. LUXcity addressed the potential of transitional projects to stimulate collaboration, explore a range of architectural possibilities, regenerate the central city and create excitement and hope for the city’s burgeoning recovery.
The project was organised as a collaboration between the School of Architectural Studies at CPIT, the School of Architecture and the School of Design at Victoria University Wellington, the Architecture Department at Unitec, the Spatial Design Department at Auckland University of Technology, and the School of Architecture and Planning at The University of Auckland. The Christchurch-based businesses and organisations that provided the activities and entertainment for LUXcity were experienced operators from across the hospitality, retail and arts and culture sectors. Each studio partnered with a local “client” which included: Beach Bar, The Darkroom, George Parker (Free Theatre), POD, Volstead, Black Betty’s Café, Cassels Brewery, The Twisted Hop, Fledge, Infinite Definite, Richard Till, Pure Pulp, Lyttelton Coffee Company, Southern Expresso Rescue, and White Elephant Trust.
Urban Strategies | De-cluttering of Events
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URBAN ELEVATION OF LUXCITY (20.10.2012)
KLOUD 118
Erica Austin
K-LOUD School: SoAP Client: White Elephant Trust Programme: Youth Venue
ELITE School: SoAP Client: Volstead Programme: Bar
ARCHROBATICS School: Unitec Client: Beach Bar Programme: Bar
ARCHROBATICS
TEAM TENSILE School: Unitec
ALTITUDE SOUND CONE School: Unitec School: Unitec Client: Cassels & Son Client: Fledge Programme: Bar Programme: Live Performance
ATMOSPHERE School: SoAP Client: Twisted Hop Programme: Bar
SILHOUETTE CARNIVAL
MURMUR School: SoAP Client: Richard Till Programme: Food
IN YOUR FACE School: SoAP Client: Infinite Definite Programme: Fashion Event
ETCH A SKETCH School: SoAP Client: Black Betty’s Programme: Cafe
ETCH-A-SKETCH Urban Strategies | De-cluttering of Events
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Knowledge-Based Society
Multi-Modal City
Quality of Life
Renewable Energy
INNOVATION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EDUCATION HOUSING EVENTS
ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Eventful City
Green Zone
Lifelong Learning
URBAN STRATEGIES
ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
122
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
Emerging from the economic research and development of urban strategies are architectural examples. Shared among them is the aim to find catalysts for development rather than defining solutions for a distant future exemplified by most conventional master planning. To do this, each project designed a framework capable of adapting to change, which are represented through a series of case studies. Alex Haryowiseno takes EPIC as a seed project and proposes a framework for development for future phases of growth. His aim is to attract investors from various innovative research and development companies by promoting dynamic zoning that responds to changing demands. Che Wei (Jacky) Lee developed a series of stations that seamlessly bring together the different modes of transport in order to reduce travel costs and time by creating choice and efficiency in the transportation network. In the Energy Economy, Zhi Jian (David)
Wong proposes a Green Zone to showcase sustainable living, working and playing. Starting with this initial development, the ideas could then spread throughout the city. Biran He developed housing that adapts to trends and transforms over time to meet changing demographics. Praveen Karunasinghe designed modular units for creative learning spaces: the learning lounges are directed towards younger students, while the mediatheques are aimed at life-long learning facilities. Both provide community spaces and are open and inviting to the public. Erica Austin explores how the shift from an event city (static venues) to an eventful city (transformational venues) can be achieved through the design of an event hub for the Arts Circus, with satellite structures that populate the city at different times of the year. All these projects relate to one another, recognising that a city is multifaceted, and the economic regeneration of Christchurch relies on the interaction between the different initiatives, voices and interests.
Architectural Systems | Introduction
123
1. IDENTIFY URBAN FABRIC & GRID
2. PROXIMITY TO HIGH TRAFFIC FLOWS
3. IDENTIFY EXISTING PROGRAMS & VALUE
4. IDENTIFY VACANT PLOTS
5. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ADJACENT PROGRAMMES
6. DETERMINE FOCAL POINTS OF DEVELOPMENT
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Alex Haryowiseno
3.1 DYNAMIC ZONING
The non-linear process of innovation calls for a dynamic urban planning language that is able to accommodate change and react to demand. This is where the Cellular Automata responsive system becomes a useful model. Cellular Automata is essentially defined by two aspects: it is set up using a regular grid, and cells have the ability to respond to their environment. By following a series of conditional statements, a highly dynamic process emerges from the recursive steps taken through this cellular logic. This system is designed to respond to changing socio-economic demands as well as provide a model to assess possible scenarios. The advantage of this system is that it accommodates the ever-changing nature of innovation by providing a framework for organic growth rather than a deterministic outcome for an unknown future.
Generate program Generate based program on analysis based on analysis 7. GENERATING NEW ZONING TYPOLOGIES
(4)
(5)
(5)
(6)
(6) Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
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1. (EPIC & CPIT)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
URBAN GROWTH PROCESS The Cellular Automata urban growth logic is applied to the Innovation Precinct site, where the The Enterprise Precinct and Innovation Campus (EPIC) business incubator and the Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT) buildings are the catalyst for the development (shown by the two business and one education components in the first grid, respectively). This sequence shows a preliminary testing of the Cellular Automata script logic. By establishing a conditional framework to guide the development, the system is able to generate land use zoning parameters that will subsequently inform the architecture proposal.
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Alex Haryowiseno
Live
Work
Learn
Leisure
Work
Business
Learn
Education
Leisure
Events
Live
Living
In order to maintain a business and lifestyle ecosystem that attracts and retains the educated workforce as well as enables the transfer of knowledge between institutions and businesses, it is important to consider an urban growth model that goes beyond the provision of workspaces. The interaction between working and learning components becomes key to the cycle of knowledge creation and innovation. This creates a business ecosystem that sustains the development of knowledge and new intellectual properties. In addition the interaction between living, leisure and learning components creates the lifestyle ecosystem necessary to attract and retain the educated workforce as critical mass.
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
127
BUSINESS
LIVING
EDUCATION
EVENTS
LAND USE ZONING APPLICATION Following the Cellular Automata growth process, the land use zoning parameter is mapped onto the Innovation Precinct site. This is a test case in which an urban system can generate one of many possible scenarios.
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Alex Haryowiseno
EPIC PHASE 1 SITE
DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS
EXISTING BUILDINGS
VACANT LOTS
LAND TO BE DEVELOPED
EPIC EPIC is an initiative that aims to foster the growth of technology and high value manufacturing companies in Christchurch. The long term plan involves forming a hub and campus that is expected to attract more than 100 companies, which equates to approximately 1500 jobs. The CCDU Innovation Precinct site is the test case site for the sake of this proposal, and EPIC the catalyst for the development. If successful the long term vision could be to re-purpose Christchurchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial zones. An analysis of the site shows the buildings that could be retained, vacant lots and therefore the possible land area to be developed within the Innovation Precinct site.
Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
129
IDENTIFY URBAN GRID TYPE
DEFINE CORE PLACEMENT
DEFINE PROGRAMME PLANES
STITCH TOGETHER PLANES THROUGH STRUCTURAL CORE
BUILDING SYSTEM LOGIC DIAGRAM
130
Alex Haryowiseno
LINEAR TYPOLOGY
CENTRALIZED TYPOLOGY
DIAGONAL TYPOLOGY
Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
131
LINEAR TYPOLOGY
132
Alex Haryowiseno
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EDUCATION
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EDUCATION
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EVENTS
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EVENTS
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS
CENTRALISED TYPOLOGY
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EDUCATION
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS & EVENTS
ZONING SCENARIO: BUSINESS
The architectural system mediates the model of organic urban growth with a building language that responds to variable demands. Inherent in the design of the architecture is the need to provide for a range of different mixed-use building typologies generated by the Cellular Automata growth system. Three case studies are explored along High Street. Each site typology is a test case showing how the architectural system can relate to the urban context as well as accommodate different programmatic needs. These three test case typologies illustrate the flexibility of the system to be applied to different site conditions. The test cases conform to the available land parcel shapes along the Innovation Precinct site which includes a linear, centralised, and diagonal typology. Inherent in the design of each of the case studies is a circulation spaces that brings together the different uses and creates spaces for interaction. It is this space that is critical to innovation as it has been identified that the shared space becomes an incubator for propagating new ideas.
DIAGONAL TYPOLOGY
Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
133
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Alex Haryowiseno
Architectural Systems | Dynamic Zoning
135
5 X 5 GRID
LIFT UP CORNER
5 X 5 Grid5 X 5 Grid 5 X 5 Grid
ace for Movement Flow
Modular System
pace for Movement Flow
MODULAR SYSTEM
Modular System
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Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
Lift Up Corner Lift Up Corner Lift Up Corner
Base Module: Strip
Modular System
Hiearchy of Movement
Module: Strip CUT STRIPBase MODULE
Base Module: Strip
CREATED SPACE UNDERNEATH
Created Space Created Space Created Space
Space forSpace Movement for Movement Space Flow for Mo Flo
Vertical Circulation
Hiearchy of Movement HIERARCHY OF MOVEMENT
Hiearchy of Movement
Vertical Circu
Ver
3.2 MODULAR INTERCHANGES
SPACE FOR MOVEMENT FLOW
Created Space
Hiearchy of Movement
Space for Movement Flow
Implementing a multi-modal transportation system that seamlessly connects different modes of transport would help to create a more efficient transportation network. Designing interchange nodes within the multi-modal network allows for easy access between different modes of transportation. The identifiable architecture is achieved through a modular system of construction that can be applied across a variety of scales. This modular system is based on a strip module that is lifted on its end to create space. By recombining this strip, a number of different permutations Modular System Base Module: Strip are created, addressing the need to design for a range of scales.
Vertical Circulation VERTICAL CIRCULATION
Architectural Systems | Modular Interchanges
137
STRIP MODULE
SHELTERED SPACE
SEAT + CANOPY
MULTI-DIRECTIONAL
Small Small Small Module Module Module Module S SSSmall S This This This configuration This configuration configuration configuration cancan cater can cater can cater forcater for both for both for both sides both sides sides ofsides aofbus of a bus aoflane. bus a lane. bus lane. lane. S SMALL MODULE
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Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
M
Train
Bus
Bike Share
Car Share
Bus
Bike Share
MEDIAN BUS STOP
S M L
Train
XL S
Car Share
TRAIN STOP
M L XL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION
Architectural Systems | Modular Interchanges
139
90° ROTATION The “medium” module is derived by rotating the previous “small” module.
M
BIKE SHARE + FIXTATION INTEGRATION Arranging the modules in this way creates larger bus stop areas while the middle can be used for bike “fixtation” services. Bike sharing service can also be integrated.
Medium Medium Medium Module Module Module M M M Seperated Seperated Seperated bike path bike bike and path path bus and and waiting bus bus waiting waiting area area area
MEDIUM MODULE
140
SEPARATE SPACES This rotation creates separated spaces to accommodate dedicated cycle lanes in the middle while the two outer spaces can be used as bus stops on a median bus strip.
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
L
Train Train
SS
Bus Bus
Bike Share Share Bike Share CarCar Share
BUS STOP + BIKE SHARE The image on the left is an example of how a â&#x20AC;&#x153;mediumâ&#x20AC;? module can sit on a median bus strip to accommodate both bus stops and bike-sharing stations.
MM LL XLXL DEDICATED CYCLE LANE Proposed as part of the urban strategy, dedicated cycle lanes run in the middle of the median bus strip. This gives cyclists access to safe and reliable dedicated cycle lanes down key bus corridors.
Architectural Systems | Modular Interchanges
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MIRROR The “large” module is derived by mirroring the “medium” module along its long axis.
L L
Large Module
BATTERY STORAGE The leftover space is used as storage space for batteries ready to be swapped.
Tunnel for battery switch station and battery storage space
LARGE MODULE
142
BATTERY SWITCH STATION This creates a 6-metre wide tunnel, which can accommodate electric vehicle battery switch stations.
Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
Train Train Train
SSS
Bus Bus Bus
Bike Share Share Bike Share Share Bike ShareCarCar Car Share
MULTI-MODAL INTERCHANGE
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erated bike path and bus STRIPwaiting MODULE area
LIFT INNER SECTION
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RAILWAY + BIKE LANE The railway and a dedicated bike lanes run underneath the structure.
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Che Wei (Jacky) Lee
Seperated bike path and bus waiting area
Tunnel and battery storage space INTERCHANGE ENTRANCE BRIDGEfor battery switch station Create a bridge structure over the railway track.
Extra Large Module as Train Interchange Medium Module M XL L Footbridge railway track. Seperated bike pathover and bus waiting area
ange
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The strip module is placed along the two sides of the railway track, with the middle part raised.
a bus lane.
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This configuration can cater for both sides of a bus lane.
ACCESSIBLE ROOF The roof is accessible to pedestrians and cyclists, connecting the two sides of the railway track.
Large Module
The ends of the structure are extended and widened to be used for entrances.
Tunnel for battery switch station and battery storage space
ROOFTOP PUBLIC SPACE The middle strip, which is flat, becomes a public space.
FLEXIBLE SYSTEM This modular system can be multiplied to allow for expansion when necessary.
Train Train Train Train
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Bus Share Car BusBusBusBike Bike Share CarShare Share Bike Share Car Share Bike Share Car Share
INVITATION TO ROOFTOP Ramps on either side of the entrance invite people to access the rooftop, as well as bridge over the railway track.
LL L L XL XLXLXL ROOFTOP GARDEN
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Zero
Airport
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3.3 OPTIMAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Capitalising on the projected increase in population, a Green Zone is proposed in the west, creating a self-sustaining prototype district that demonstrates the principles of zero-carbon design. The aim is for the Green Zone to become a public demonstration of sustainable living and working through various scales of design; from green community living to businesses that make renewable energy technology. The success of the Green Zone relies on a strong connection to the CBD and the seaport via rail and the airport via a transport corridor, as outlined in the Transportation Economy. The jobs created could fill the declining manufacturing employment sector with high value employment in technology-driven companies, as outlined in the Innovation Economy. In order to create an attractive lifestyle, a range of events and learning facilities are integrated into the Green Zone, as explained in the Experience Economy and the Creative Economy. Working in conjunction with the notion of life-long learning, the Green Zone operates as a key education hub, serving as a campus for “green education.” By manifesting the knowledge and technology behind green living through multiple showcases within the city’s fabric, the Green Zone demonstrates how to live, work, play and learn in a more sustainable way.
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STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
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STAGE 5: ORGANIC GROWTH PROCESS The Green Zone demonstrates an organic growth process, similar to the Cellular Automata urban growth model explained in the Innovation Economy, a framework is developed that accommodates unforeseen implications given the unpredictable nature of the future. The framework is a system for growth rather than a â&#x20AC;&#x153;plannedâ&#x20AC;? masterplan with a pre-defined end solution. The first step in this growth process is to identify the key node within the site, which is the proposed transportation station. From there, development grows into the adjacent parcels. The programmatic functions are determined by the size of the parcel and the relationship to its surroundings. In the case study shown, the process is frozen and a snapshot of what the architecture could look like is shown.
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EQUAL
EQUAL
rametric Control Points
Parametric control over aerodynamic profile curve
Aerodynamic profile curve projected to sides
Environmental Parameters
Wind Flow Optimization
Natural Daylight Optimization
Rain Water Harvesting
WIND FLOW OPTIMIZATION
SOLAR GAIN OPTIMIZATION
NATURAL DAYLIGHTING OPTIMIZATION
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
The prevailing winds are from east-northeast, north-west and south-west. The massing is designed so that the wind flows above the form with minimal turbulence and can be guided to where it can be useful, and away from where it would be problematic.
The form is designed to have maximum solar radiation so the energy can be converted to electricity via photovoltaic panels.
To increase the energy efficiency of the buildings, the form is adjusted to optimize natural daylighting. This results in a central hole that merges with diagonal voids to allow for maximum diffusion of natural daylight within the lower interior levels.
The organic nature of the form provides for edible gardens located at the corners of the building. Rain water flows into these gardens and can be harvested via a filtration system.
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
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Solar Gain Optimization
Zhi Jian (David) Wong
Parametric Form Generation
EQUAL
EQUAL
tric Control Points
Parametric control over aerodynamic profile curve
Aerodynamic profile curve projected to sides
AERODYNAMIC PROFILE CURVE
ADJUSTED FORM
The architecture is informed by the concept of Morphogenesis, where the building is designed to work with nature, rather than against it, in order to maximise output while minimising input. The form of the buildings are shaped to take advantage of wind flow, optimise solar gain, maximise natural daylight, and allow for rainwater harvesting. This parametric framework is implemented across individual sites, which then creates a range of forms respective of scale and context.
Environmental Parameters
Wind Flow Optimization
Solar Gain
Natural Daylight
PARAMETRIC CONTROL POINTS Optimization Optimization The parametric framework starts by defining a bounding box in relation to the planned area for the programmatic functions. Then an optimized curvature for wind flow is created through CFD analysis, where the profile is aligned to the prevailing wind flow on the site. This profile curve is created by using control points that manipulate the curvature. The next step is to project this curve to the edges of the bounding box and merge these resultant curves to create a surface.
Rain Water Harvesting
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SOLAR GAIN PRINCIPLES A solar simulation is run to analyze the total energy generated from the building. Each form is ranked according to it performance and the best is selected. This process is repeated until an optimal form is derived.
WIND FLOW ANALYSIS Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, the form is controlled to create a clear divide between high and low speeds. This can be translated into the architecture where higher speed winds can be channelled and used for natural ventilation, and where there are lower wind speeds circulation corridors can be located.
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SOLAR IVY PANELS Solar Ivy is a new and innovative Solar Photovoltaic Panel that is inspired from the form and function of leaves on a tree. Solar Ivy has already been implemented in various projects around the world, but it is still a new product and is in need of more funding to become commercially competitive. Hence, implementation of such innovative technologies would attract innovators to grow their business in the fertile environment created by the Green Zone. (SMIT, 2011)
DOWNLAND GRIDSHELL SYSTEM Buro Happold has developed and patented, the design for a nodal clamp for the use of a double lattice Gridshell system; otherwise known as, the Downland Gridshell. The Clamp consists of three plates and are held together by four bolts. The central plate has a rod that penetrates the laths, thus fixing their relative arrangement but still enabling them to rotate. Another advantage of this component is that it can be easily accommodated to be attached to additional bracing, where required. This bracing would absorb both compression and tension forces; and cladding can be installed directly onto this bracing member. (Richard Harris, 2004) EXPLODED STRUCTURAL AXONOMETRIC
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GREEN ZONE CROSS SECTION The concept is to create a showcase where living, working, playing and learning can be done in a village like setting. The Green Zone is a place where design ideas can be prototyped and once perfected, replicated throughout the city.
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GREEN BUILDING PERFORMANCE The building emulates an eco-system: with solar ivy panels that collect the harsh direct sunlight, while still allowing natural daylight to be diffused into the space; a thermal chimney to help naturally ventilate the building; and ultra-lightweight EFTE panels both insulate and maintain a comfortable temperature by running water pipes through a centralised biomass generator.
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Spaces
CATALOGUE OF NECESSARY SPACES The creative learning programmes consists of a balance between individual, collaborative and community-based learning environments. The different environments can be complimentary, for example, free WIFI spaces could attract the community into a public learning lounge, and on their way they might pass through adjacent exhibition spaces taking in student work.
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Intended User Group
Learning Space
3.4 DISTRIBUTED CLASSROOMS
The proposed architecture is modular and can be assembled to create different scales of learning facilities targeting a range of possible ages. The design is based on a flexible system that can adapt to different demands based on learning types, scale and location. Three types of learning environments are possible: learning lounges are designed to target the younger generations, while the mediatheques are life-long learning facilities for adults and can be tailored to suit specific high skilled learning; finally, learning hubs are designed for teaching staff to collaborate and develop curriculum or train new staff.
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Design Process
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The Voronoi System
The design for these informal classrooms was derived from Voronoi geoemetry.
THE VORONOI SYSTEM The Voronoi based design process culminated in the generation of eight modules. Each of the modules is comprised of two units, a lower and upper floor. Apart from the two grey modules, the remaining six Voronoi cells are symmetrical. The grey modules act as intermediate units, mediating the transition between the other cells. This results in highly adaptable, meandering geometric arrangements.
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INDICATIVE SECTION The 55째 pitch is a balance between suburban envelopes and maximising the usability of the interior space. The steep angle of the roof pitch makes for a high ceiling and promotes natural stack ventilation. The rainwater runoff is either directed to a gutter system housed within the mass of the building or is directed to courtyard spaces to water plants. The design allows the facade to be free of down pipes and other such services. The different levels not only help to differentiate between the public programmes on the ground floor and the private learning spaces on the upper floor, but the step in the levels also introduces more faces, increasing the opportunities for structural connections as well as introducing a space for a clerestory.
Possible Scenario
MODULAR SYSTEM The eight modules generate spatial relationships that function optimally in specific programmatic arrangements. The ground floor is dedicated to predominantly public programmes such as gallery and performance spaces. This means that upon entering the space one is met with a showcase of work produced by the students. These spaces will work in conjunction with the free community WIFI initiatives which will attract the general public to the creative learning spaces. The upper floor is dedicated to both individual and group-based learning spaces. The subtracted modules indicated in the diagram form internal courtyards and informal meeting spaces.
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EXHIBITION SPACE The exhibition space has an active red colour with the obvious intention of emphasising drama. It is in this space that the exposed structure can be appreciated. The ceiling rafters/floor joists consist of what appears to be a collection of random timber polygons, however there are only two different members. This greatly reduces the complexity for construction purposes while maintaining the aesthetic of the cellular design. Additionally, there are clerestory light shelves connecting to the spaces above.
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COLLABORATIVE LEARNING SPACE The collaborative learning spaces take full advantage of the geometry of the ceiling/walls for projection surfaces. The orange dominant interior encourages social interaction.
COURTYARD The courtyard has frosted glass tiles on the floor allowing for mini light-wells to the floor below. Due to the pitch of the surrounding rooves, rain is directed inward and can be collected to water the plants.
INFORMATION COMMONS Borrowing from colour theory, the information commons is designed for individual learning spaces using tones of purple which is said to be the colour of mystery and discovery. Its darker hue allows the room to function well even with direct solar penetration. The low-e glass has a purple tint which introduces softer daylight with a mild plum colour.
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External walls
Steel frames
JOIST CELLS (NODE)
Timber louvres
Low emissivity glazing
Welded steel corner joints
JUNCTION DETAIL
Timber frames
Floor plan
Timber joists
JUNCTION CONSTRUCTION
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LEARNING LOUNGE
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Unit Planning Rules Unit Planning Rules Unit Planning Rules Unit Planning Rules Unit Planning Unit PlanningRules Rules
Atleast one side will face MINIMUM ONEgreenery. SIDE FACES GREEN Atleast oneside sideface willface facegreenery. greenery. Atleast one will east one side will greenery. Atleast one side will face greenery. Atleast one side will face greenery.
COMMERCIAL UNITS FACE THE STREET
North-east facing FACING greenGREEN facades actAS as NORTH-EAST FACADESto ACT North-east facing green facades to actasas North-east facing green facades to act North-east facing green facades to act as PREVAILING DAMPERS prevailing windWIND dampers. North-east facing green facades to as as prevailing wind dampers. prevailing wind dampers. prevailing dampers. North-eastwind facing green facades act to act prevailing wind dampers. prevailing wind dampers.
REMOVE UNITS FOR ACCESS
Green connectors separate GREEN CONNECTORS SEPARATE EACH DWELLING each dwelling. Green connectors separate eachdwelling. dwelling. Green connectors separate Green connectors separate eacheach dwelling. Green connectors separate each dwelling. Green connectors separate each dwelling.
SMALL UNITS ATTACH TO LARGER UNITS
Removing units for street access. Street facing units will be used for Small units always attach to larger units. Removing units forstreet street access. Street facing units will be used for Small unitsalways always attach larger units. Removing units for access. Street facing units will be used for Small attach totolarger Removing units for street access. Street facing units will be used for Small unitsunits always attach to larger units.units. commercial purposes. Removing units for for street access. Street facing units willwill be be used for for commercial purposes. Small units always attach to larger units. UNIT PLANNING RULES commercial purposes. commercial purposes. Removing units street access. Street facing units used Small units always attach to larger units. to diffuse harsh sunlight. To create a sense of privacy and distinction between each dwelling, The units are planned according to a few simple rules: to maximise views to greenery; to establish commercial purposes. commercial purposes. green connectors are used. These connector modules house small gardens or become pergolas for clear connections to surrounding context; and to create a mixed use development for both commercial and residential. This first and most important rule is for each unit to have a visual connection to greenery - it maybe direct access to a small indoor garden, a shared courtyard, or a view of trees. Where rooves are visable they will be planted and used for small gardens. North and east-facing faรงades will have green panels which will act as an organic damper for the prevailing wind. The green facade will also work as natural louvres during the summer months
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plants. The street-facing units on the ground level are allocated for commercial use, as these units have high rental values given their street frontage. Commercial spaces on the ground level will add value to the entire block, while also providing amenities for the residents. Units on the ground floor can be removed where access to the residential areas is required,
3.5 ADAPTABLE HOUSING
What Makes a House?
Unit Planning Rules S
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The housing solution is comprised of a modular system that can be adapted to suit a range of demographics and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changing lifestyles. By breaking down the basic living unit into components of different scales, a recombination of these varying elements makes it possible to address the different user group requirements. And because it is a modular system, North-east facing green facades to act as Atleast one side will face greenery. it can be deployed to suit different sites and accommodate a broad range prevailing wind dampers. of dwelling densities. The aim is to address the urgent housing crisis with an efficient modular system that can immediately address the influx of workers, but in the future could adapt to changing demands. The advantage of this type of modular unit is that it can be reconfigured when the demographics change in the future. This system proves that adaptable infill housing is not only possible, but it is more economical than living in the outlying fringes.
L Family Type
Street facing units will be used for commercial purposes.
Removing units for street access.
WHAT MAKES A HOUSE?
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Single Bed
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PROGRAMME TYPES The different programmes of a house fit into different sized modules, according to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. For example, a bedroom can be configured to different sized units depending on the user - it can be very small, to fit a single bed for a student, or it can be a large bedroom for a couple.
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EXAMPLE DWELLING COMBINATIONS The house can adapt to change by adding or removing different modules. This builds into the design of the house a life cycle that accommodates change in demographics and demand in the housing market. This modular design also provides choice to buyers. As seen in earlier research this is lacking in Christchurch and could be addressed through smart design.
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studio
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bathroom
Biran He
garden
bathroom
kitchen
living
kitchen
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EXAMPLE DWELLING 3D AXONOMETRIC The design allows the user to make changes on many levels. Not only can the modules move, be added to or be removed, but within the modular units themselves one can change panels on the facade and interior. This allows some control over the relationship with changing external conditions, and gives the residents the capacity to adapt their living spaces to changing environments and lifestyle demands. Simple modules can be added to customise the house. such as terraces, canopies, pergolas and sun shades can be added to enrich the outdoor spaces. Sustainable solutions like photo-voltaic panels can also be added to the roof structure to improve
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performance. There are no limits to how one could modify the interior to suit different needs because one can change entire panels. The plywood frame construction technique allows for adjustments to its interior by using interchangeable panels. The panels make it easy to reconfigure a space depending on the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preference. An â&#x20AC;&#x153;exoskeletonâ&#x20AC;? made of glu-lam timber box sections creates a robust structure to support the stacking of the units. This frame structure can be added to or removed with the modules.
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sting Buildings)
2. Maximum Area
3. Building Envelope 1. Site Buildings) 2.(Existing Maximum Area
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4. Co
COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL
Area = 3705 m2
Area = 3705 m2
HOUSING
Area = 3705 m2
Area = 3705 m2
2.Site Maximum Area 1. (Existing Buildings) 2. Maximum 5. Green Area Corridors
3. Building Envelope 2. Maximum Area 3. Building Envelope 5. Courtyards Green Corridors 6. GREEN CORRIDORS
MAXIMUM BUILDING AREA
HOUSING
4. Control3.Building Envelope Building EnvelopeHeights Courtyards 4. Control Building Envelope 7. 6. Unit Type Heights Distribution PROGRAMME DISTRIBUTION
4. Con7 1
Inner City Location (Residential Demo Site) Cnr Madras St & Glouchester St
Target:
2. Maximum Area
n Corridors
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4. Control Building Envelope Heights 6. Courtyards 6. Courtyards 5. Green Corridors BUILDING ENVELOPE
7. Unit Type Distribution 6. Type Courtyards 7. Unit Distribution COURTYARDS
8. Unit7.Layout 8. Unit Unit TypeLayout Distribution COURTYARD HOUSING TYPOLOGY
COMMERCIAL HOUSING
SITE PLANNING LOGIC The housing demonstration site proposed in the CCDU Blueprint (2012) was chosen for a case The layout of the site is based on a few rules. The existing buildings are identified and maintained. study. It is located in the CBD on the edge of the new Green Frame. The housing typology The maximum building area is calculated in relation to the existing buildings. The building envelopes is designed to accommodate a range of people from young singles to small families to empty are extruded form the maximum building areas, and their heights controlled according to context Distribution 8. Unit the Layout nesters. The aim6.isCourtyards to encourage community living in close proximity to work and play. The housing7. Unit andType existing building heights. Green corridors are then introduced to provide access throughout typology is targeted at aspiring creative workers and demonstrates a new alternative option for site. Courtyards branch off of the green corridors to provide shared spaces for the residents. All housing that challenges conventional suburban sprawl. street-facing units on the ground level accommodate commercial purposes; housing is distributed throughout the rest of the building envelope. The final form of the housing development will depend on how the residents decided to build their own dwellings. The rendering (right) shows an example of a fully developed site at peak density of 216 dwellings per hectare in 2030. 8. Unit Layout
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EVENT FACILITIES
CBD DISTRIBUTION
URBAN STRATEGY
Events Calendar
Event Locations
JANUARY
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MARCH
APRIL
Existing Event Locations (2012)
Proposed Events Calendar
Proposed Event Locations
Existing Events Calendar (2012)
JANUARY
URBAN EVENT DISTRIBUTION
FEBRUARY
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FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
EVENT FACILITIES
MAY
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JUNE
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JULY
JULY
AUGUST
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
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OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
NOVEMBER
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DECEMBER
2.6 TRANSFORMATIVE ARCHITECTURE
The design proposal embraces the transitional, where the architecture can respond to ever-changing programmes. This requires re-thinking the idea of conventional event architecture; which is often fixed and static. Instead the idea is to create an architectural system that can be reconfigured to encourage public engagement and create unexpected experiences with each new event. By providing facilities that can be used for a range of different events, life and vibrancy can be reintroduce into the city, which would benefit both the local residents and the tourism economy. Using this transformative system, the strategy of de-cluttering can be achieved to reduce duplications of events and attractions clustered within a few areas of the city. Working with both the permanent and transformative design applications, these would ultimately support Christchurch in becoming an eventful city. TRANSFORMATIVE ARTS CIRCUS
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE A modular system based on the Fibonacci sequence is proposed to provide spaces for events. This sequence allows for different design scales, and the transformative nature of this system allows for different configurations and promotes a range of programming. There are two typologies: transitional units and fixed units. The smaller 2m, 3m, 5m and 8m units are for the transitional programmes, and can be delivered to and assembled on any flat site. The larger 13m, 21m, 34m, and 55m units are used for a permanent hub for events, the Art Circus. The continuity in the design creates a recognisable architecture and gives an identity to events in the city, which supports the River of Arts concept.
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MARKET STALLS
WORKSHOP
EXHIBITION SPACE
PERFORMANCE HALL
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LOCAL PERFORMANCE SPACE
The transitional event units can be reconfigured to provide spaces for a range of events in the city. These facilities cater for any form or scale of events and are easily transportable. Their assembly is relatively fast as well. In the current situation of Christchurch, given the constraints of space, and scale, it was felt that a highly complex logistical operation was not what was required. Rather, to enable performers, artists and community organisations to build their own adequate, purpose-designed event facilities, these pre-fabricated elements seemed more appropriate. Using vacant sites from demolished buildings, events could pop up, giving the community the ability to engage in staging events in their areas. The transitional event architecture can be distributed throughout the city and can support such events as performances, markets, exhibitions, lectures and other community events. When these transformational events facilities are not in use around the city they are housed at the Art Circus, a central hub for the arts.
CONFERENCE SPACE
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Local Band Pavilion/Shelter Pavilion/Shelter Local Band Farmers Market/Farmers Market/Workshops Farmers Market/Pavilion/Shelter Workshops Farmers Market/ Workshops Workshops Community FunctionsCraft Fair Community Functions Craft Fair Craft Fair Craft FairCommunity Functions
TYPICAL MODULE TYPICAL MODULE
TYPICAL MODULE
TYPICAL MODULE
POSSIBLE POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION
POSSIBLE PLANS POSSIBLE PLANS
POSSIBLE PLANS
POSSIBLE PLANS
MODULE MODEL MODULE MODEL
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Art Exhibitions Local Band Art Exhibitions Pavilion/Shelter Community Functions
Church Church Local Art Exhibitions Band Dance Performance Dance Performance Orchestra/MusicOrchestra/Music Concert Concert
Church Com Art Exhibitions Dance Performance C Orchestra/Music Concert
n/Shelter Pavilion/Shelter Local Band orkshops Local Band y Functions Community Functions
Art Exhibitions Local Band Art Exhibitions
Church Church Art Exhibitions Dance Performance Dance Performance Orchestra/Music Concert Orchestra/Music Concert
Church Comedy Show/ Dance Performance Conference Orchestra/Music Concert
Comedy Show/ Conference
Comedy Show/ Conference
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PROGRAMME RELATION
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CIRCULATION Building Circulation Greenry Event Platforms Public Site Access
PROPOSED Proposed Buildings Greenry Platforms
The Arts Circus, a project originally conceived by George Parker and Jason Mill, is meant to provide performance spaces for everything from music gigs to stand-up comedy, busking to theatre. This proposal builds up-on their concept by offering a design solution that would incorporate transitional event facilities. The transformable nature of the modular events facilities means there is the possibility to rearrange the site for a particular event theme or idea. There is also the potential to develop a number of new events that would contribute to pushing Christchurch to becoming an eventful city. The Arts Circus creates a neighbourhood for the arts, reflecting the human-scale, integrated, grass-roots nature of the arts. The design would create a variety of smaller venues to allow for a greater range of arts and entertainment. Besides creating a peoplefriendly atmosphere, it would insure costs are low and demand high for the performances on site. The case study site is adjacent to the CCDU proposed Innovation Precinct.
EXISTING Retained Buildings Buildings to be Demolished
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GROUND LEVEL
LEVEL ONE
THE ARTS CIRCUS The Arts Circus is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;permanent transitionalâ&#x20AC;? complex that acts as a central hub for the performing arts. The modular events facilities are staged on the site when they are not in use in other parts of the city. Providing an infrastructure for events creates the possibility for a diversity of experiences. The Arts Circus design consists of four buildings with a central courtyard. Event platforms flank the courtyard and can be used with or without the modular event facilities. The four buildings create a loop around the central space, and are designed according to the following programmes: pre-show, workshop, showcase and collaboration spaces.
LEVEL TWO
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Shaun Hardcastle
Murray Marquet
Tom Taylor
Geoff Butcher
Tim Church
HUB-id Leader
Director at Canterbury Power Solutions
Green Party
Consultant Economist at Butcher and Partners
Principal at Boffa Miskell
Michael Blyleven Senior Traffic Engineer New Zealand Transportation agency
Tim Bishop Vicky Buck
Coordinator at SHAC
Jonathan Ewing
Richard Carr
Solutions Architect at KLDR
Operations Manager at Trademark Investigation Services NZ
Coralie Winn
Ryan Reynolds
Coordinator at Gap Filler
Coordinator at Gap Filler
Robert Henderson
Edward Wright
Malcolm Locke
David Falconer
Director at Venture Bicycles
Operations Manager at Environment Canterbury
Director at Wholemeal Ltd
Senior Policy Planner
Martin Trusttum
Grant Wells
Stakeholder Manager
Business / Systems Analayst at Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority
Wil McLellen Will MacLellan
Jurg Honger
Wil McLellen Will MacLellan
Director at the Enterprise Precinct and Innovation Campus
Programme Manager at Tait Communicate
Director at the Enterprise Precinct and Innovation Campus
Jason Mill
Hugh Pavletich
Alastair Wells
Vicky Buck
Alan Booth
Architect at ZNO
Coordinator at Cantabrians Unite
Coordinator at Unlimited School
Ex-Mayor or Christchurch
EnaSolar
Kaila Colbin Social Media Marketer
Laura Taylor
Jessica Halliday
Deane Simmonds
George Parker
Rod Oram
Transitional City Coordinator at Christchurch City Council
Director of FESTA
Director at Lazy Fly Ltd
Lecturer at University of Canterbury
Political Commentator and Writer
Andrew Just Architect at F3 Designs
Sheralee Macdonald Windflow
Danny Squires
WikiHouse NZ
Jane Quigley
Matthew Ayton
Barnaby Bennett
Coordinator at the VIVA Project
Coordinator at Unlimited School
Publisher
Michael Fisher
David Sheppard
Christchurch City Council
President of NZIA
COLLABORATION
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4.0 COLLABORATON
Initiatives in a range of fields such as arts, education and technology are informing the rebuild of the city, alongside government-initiated efforts. It was important therefore to engage with these organisations as well as government bodies. The aim of the many discussions and extensive research was to discover inherent assets in Christchurch in order to develop informed proposals. Through extensive discussions with a broad range of individuals it was clear that everyone we met shared one common interest: to rebuild Christchurch and make it a model city of the 21st century. The debate lingered on what that was and how to do it.
Collaboration | Introduction
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FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH STUDIO, MARCH 2012 Camia Young (Advisor), Khang Phuong, Jacky Lee, Biran He, Erica Austin, Alex Haryowiseno, David Wong, Praveen Karuasinghe
FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH TEAM, OCTOBER 2012 top: Jacky Lee, Biran He, bottom: Praveen Karuasinghe, Erica Austin, Camia Young (Advisor), Alex Haryowiseno, David Wong
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4.1 TEAM COLLABORATION
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The outcomes achieved were made possible through working collaboratively as a team. Through setting up an office-like structure, a working and learning environment was created in which the sharing of knowledge was facilitated. This aspect required each team member to take on a unique role within the group, based on their individual strengths. The added benefits was we learned from each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strengths and improved our own skills. Biran He
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Locating the projects within the public realm also yielded a number of opportunities for the team. Each member was able to engage and build up a network of connections with the people involved in the rebuild of Christchurch. This process of interaction with local organisations and initiatives such as the Arts Circus, Unlimited School, EPIC and many others, informed the direction of each respective project. Not only did this help give the design a rooted foundation, but because of our collaborative working model we could draw crossovers between the different initiatives. We sincerely hope that the successful outcome of this approach, both as a learning model and as a way of creating discussions within the public realm, inspires future projects for the next generation of Future Christchurch courses, Studio Christchurch and beyond among the Christchurch community.
Collaboration | Team Collaboration
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CHRISTCHURCH CONVERSATIONS AUGUST 2012 Hosts: Erica Austin, Chris Barton (Advisor), Alex Haryowiseno, Biran He, Praveen Karuasinghe, Jacky Lee, David Wong, Camia Young (Advisor) Invited Guests: INNOVATION: Richard Carr (CDC), Harry Knight (POD), Jason Mill (Pivinic), Martin Trusttum (CPIT) ENERGY: Geoff Butcher (Cooperative Sections), Richard Carr (CDC), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Harry Knight (POD), Murray Marquet (Canterbury Power), Tom Taylor (Green Party) HOUSING: Geoff Butcher (Cooperative Sections), Richard Carr (CDC), Michael Fisher (CCC), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Andrew Just (F3), Harry Knight (POD), Danny Squires (Space Craft) CREATIVE LEARNING: Matthew Ayton (School Unlimted), Richard Carr (CDC), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Harry Knight (POD), Jason Mill (Pivinic), Jane Quigley (Viva Project), Alastair Wells (School Unlimited), Coralie Winn (Gap Filler) CHRISTCHURCH CONVERSATION: PROTOTYPE CITY AUGUST 2012
EVENTS: Richard Carr (CDC), Jessica Halliday (FESTA), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Harry Knight (POD), Jason Mill (Pivinic), George Parker (Arts Circus), Deane Simmonds (Arts Circus), Laura Taylor (CCC) TRANSPORT: Michael Blyleven (NZTA), David Falconer (CCC), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Robert Henderson (Bicycle Ventures) Harry Knight (POD), Malcolm Locke (METRO Android App) PROTOTYPE CITY: Barnaby Bennett (Free Range Press), Tim Church (CCC), Jonathan Ewing (KLDR), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Rod Oram (Journalist), David Sheppard (Sheppard & Rout), Grant Wells (Nextant) AUCKLAND CONVERSATION MAY 2012: Martin Axe (Steven Leach Partners), Dushko Bogunovich (Associate Professor, UNITEC), Matthew Bradbury (Senior Lecturer, UNITEC), Marianne Riley, Architect (Associate Architect at Jasmax Ltd.), Aaron Sills, Architect (Sills van Bohemen Architects)
AUCKLAND CONVERSATION MAY 2012
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4.2 PUBLIC CONVERSATIONS
During the year we hosted two conversations that were invaluable for the progress of the work: one in Auckland (May 2012) and another in Christchurch (August 2012). The aim of the conversations were to bring together a wide range of professionals to discuss the practical implications of the proposed projects and gather informed feedback. The willingness of the invited guests to offer their time and input during these conversations was proof to us that there is a shared belief that from the crisis of the earthquakes there is a unique potential for Christchurch to become a model city of the 21st century. What was particularly notable about these conversations was that people with similar interests who would not otherwise come together to think through creative solutions had the opportunity to do so. These conversations extended the collaborative model beyond the studio and into the public realm.
Collaboration | Public Conversations
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Martin Axe (Steven Leach Partners), Matthew Ayton (Unlimited School), Barnaby Bennett (Free Range Press), Tim Bishop (SHAC), Mark Billinghurst (HitLAB), Michael Blyleven (NZ Transportation Agency), Dushko Bogunovich (UNITEC), Irene Boles, Alan Booth (EnaSolar), Matthew Bradbury (UNITEC), Vicky Bucky(Christchurch Ex-Mayor), Geoff Butcher (Butcher and Partners), Richard Carr (CDC), Tim Church (Boffa Miskell), Kaila Colbin (Ministry of Awesome), Jonathan Ewing (KLDR), David Falconer (CCC), Michael Fisher (CCC), Jessica Halliday (FESTA), Shaun Hardcastle (Aurecon), Robert Henderson (Venture Bicycles), Jurg Honger (Tait Communications), Bernd Gundermann (Stephenson & Turner), Andrew Just (F3 Designs), Harry Knight (POD), Gun Lee (HitLAB), Malcolm Locke (Wholemeal Ltd), Sheralee Macdonald (Windflow), Murray Marquet (Canterbury Power Solutions), Wil McLellan (EPIC), Jason Mill (ZNO, Pivinic), Hugh Nicholson (CCC), Rod Oram (Political Commentator), George Parker (Free Theatre, Art Circus, Arts Voice), Hugh Pavletich (Cantabrians Unite), Jane Quigley (VIVA Project), Ryan Reynolds (LiVS), Uwe Rieger (The University of Auckland), David Sheppard (NZIA President), Aaron Sills (Sills van Bohenmen Architects), Deane Simmonds (Lazy Fly Ltd), Danny Squires (WikiHouse NZ), Laura Taylor (CCC), Tom Taylor (Green Party), Martin Trusttum (CPIT), Nicky Wagner (Christchurch National MP), Charles Walker (AUT), Alastair Wells (Unlimited School), Grant Wells (Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority), Coralie Winn (Gap Filler), Edward Wright (Environment Canterbury)
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4.3 PUBLIC COLLABORATIONS
The aim from the start of the thesis year was to extend beyond the academic realm to locate the projects within the current context of Christchurch. We were only able to do this by engaging with people who were involved with the proposed developments. Because of how the work was divided between us, we were able to reach out to a wide spectrum of professionals. While we each developed individual projects that could stand on their own, we also gave them a framework that could be read as a whole. It meant we could have both specific and general conversation with a wide range of individuals. The process of discussion and feedback helped give a strong practical grounding to the proposals. And being a student-based group gave us a privileged neutral position in analysing the current problems and coming up with possible solutions. This process of public collaboration created a connection between academia and the professional realm, through which all who were involved gained valuable knowledge.
Collaboration | Public Collaborations
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FESTA PRESENTATION, JACKY LEE
FESTA PRESENTATION, ERICA AUSTIN
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4.4 PUBLIC PRESENTATIONS
Upon completing our project, we were invited to make two presentations in Christchurch: first to the Christchurch City Council and then to a wider public audience during the Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA). On both occasions we were met with overwhelmingly positive responses and were often asked when and how the work could be accessed. The work is available our blog: www.futurechristchurch.wordpress.com. As well, we were sponsored by Aurecon to make this abridged version of our six thesis books. It is rewarding to know that what we have completed could help to shape the future of Christchurch, even if it is simply to introduce alternative ideas on how to approach design problems. After the FESTA presentation, one of the attendees talked with us about the future of Christchurch and how what we were doing by focusing on the potentials and looking for catalyst projects was exactly what Christchurch needed and should be doing. These kind of bottom-up transitional projects have already proven to be successful, as can be seen from the Gap Filler initiatives and the spectacular one night event of LUXcity. We sincerely hope the work we have presented here will lead to further discussions and inspire bottom-up design thinking.
Collaboration | Team Presentations
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NZIA PRESENTATION NOVEMBER 2012
THESIS BOOKS AVAILABLE THROUGH BLURB.COM
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NZIA JURY CITATION “This is an exceptionally professional treatment of a challenging situation – the reconstruction of post-earthquake Christchurch – presented in an exemplary manner. Indeed, the presentation would be the envy of many professional bodies or agencies. The rigour of the research is evident, as is the concerted effort to make sense of the findings. The whole exercise demonstrates the virtue of collaboration; the project could not have been realised to this level if it had not been a collective effort. Therefore, besides being admirable in itself, it shows the way forward for the architectural profession by highlighting the skills architects bring to complex urban problems.”
4.5 NZIA STUDENT DESIGN AWARDS
The NZIA Graphisoft Student Design Awards is an annual competition that highlights the top thesis student projects in New Zealand, and is chosen from the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three schools of architecture (The University of Auckland, UNITEC and Victoria University). The Future Christchurch group was fortunate enough to be given the opportunity to compete as one of the twelve finalist projects. A First Prize, as well as two Highly Commended titles were choosen by a judging panel consisting of David Sheppard (President of NZIA), Bergendy Cooke and Ian Moore. The competition presented the group with a challenging format: to present the six proposals within just 20 minutes, rather than 90 minutes as previously done in the FESTA and CCC public presentations. Once again, this competition served as an avenue to test our collaborative skills. The presentation became a consolidation of the yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work and acted as an introduction to the in-depth information offered in each of our theses. The Future Christchurch team was honoured with a Highly Commended award, which was an extraordinary acknowledgment from the profession, especially given it was the first time a team project was allowed to be entered into the competition. We are extremely grateful for the acknowledgment, especially as it has extended the work to an even wider audience.
Collaboration | NZIA Student Design Awards
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INNOVATION ECONOMY
TRANSPORT ECONOMY
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EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
Alex Haryowiseno
Jacky Lee
David Wong
Praveen Karunasinghe
Biran He
Erica Austin
FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH THESIS 2012
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SECRET WEAPON
ADVISOR
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Khang Phuong
Chris Barton
Camia Young
Special thanks to Khang Phuong, who was working with the Future Christchurch studio and whom we sincerely appreciated as our structural backbone and dear friend. And of course we need to give a genuine thank you to Chris Barton, our thesis advisor who offered us endless support with regards to addressing the political nature of this project. The background knowledge and support Chris provided was crucial in developing the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s critical arguments. And lastly and perhaps most importantly thank you to Camia Young, who with her spirit and energy brought the team together and guided us through this incredible year.
Collaboration | Future Christchurch Thesis 2012
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Future Christchurch
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STUDIO CHRISTCHURCH STUDIO CHRISTCHURCH
Future Christchurch
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