Pujya Kshetra :Architectural Thesis Report 2014

A Project Report On PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY) Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement Of National Institute Of Technology, Raipur For The Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Session: 2013-14

Under the guidance of :

Submitted by :

Prof. Debashis Sanyal

Subhranshu Panda Roll No: 09322035

Department of Architecture

Department of Architecture National Institute of Technology, Raipur (C.G.)

A Project Report On PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY) Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement Of National Institute Of Technology, Raipur For The Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Session: 2013-14

Under the guidance of :

Submitted by :

Prof. Debashis Sanyal

Subhranshu Panda Roll No: 09322035

Department of Architecture

Department of Architecture National Institute of Technology, Raipur (C.G.)

PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

I DEDICATE THIS REPORT TO MY PARENTS AND THE CITIZEN OF ODISHA, WHO ARE WELCOME TO REALIZE THE POTENTIAL THE STATE CARRIES WITHIN AND CAN MARK A DIFFERENCE IN THE COUNTRY WITH A JUSTIFIED THOUGHT.

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE

(ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction and elation that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who have made it possible. It is my greatest privilege to express my appreciation and respect to all those who have fuelled and inspired me during the course of this project.

I thank my parents for their unwavering support through every decision and my sister, Sudeekshya, for her love, which reinforced me throughout my thesis.

I express my sincere gratitude to my guide, Prof. Debashis Sanyal, for his inspiring guidance and encouragement all through the project and Ar. Vandana Agrawal, for her constant support at every .

Finally, I am grateful to Abhishek Vallabhaneni, Gajendra Kumar, Shreya Agrawal, Vivek Kumar, Vishal Kumar, Saloni Khandelwal, Aditya Lakra, Pranav V.P, Prince and Pankaj, my batchmates Amisha Bajpai, Viplav Goverdhan and Gaurav Sacchaniya, for their constant cheering, discussions and unprecedented help and support through all the tough times during the project, without whom this project would not have been a great success.

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Shri Subhranshu Panda has been allotted the topic PUJYA KSHETRA – A RITUAL CENTRE WITH ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU & BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY for his thesis project as partial fulfillment of tenth semester examination for Bachelor of Architecture course of National Institute of Technology, Raipur.

This is further certified that he has completed this project work in one semester under my guidance and supervision.

Guide; (Signature) Prof. Debashis Sanyal

This thesis project has been accepted.

Dr. Abir Bandyopadhyay

Head Department of Architecture.

External Examiner 1 (Signature)

External Examiner 2 (Signature)

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

DESIGN KERNEL Puri, a coastal district, serving as the adobe of Lord Jagannath is situated on the Bay of Bengal , 60 kilometres from the state capital of Odisha, Bhubaneshwar.it is a fascinating littoral district of Odisha and effective treasure house of cultures and customs, religions and traditions, language and literature, art and architecture and natural scenic beauty. The region is regarded one among the four Dhams of the country.

With increasing population and concentration level, the Jagannath temple minister to be the nucleus impetus, thus hampering the tourism and overall space management of the area. The district hosted 15 lakh people during the Nabakalebara festival -1997 in puri which is calculated to swell upto 55 lakh in the year 2015. Thus proper management of the floating population and the receding area is of paramount importance. The panacea to this as thought is another nucleus upshot whose conglomeration will aid to the prevailing nucleus and thus engender its dilution.

The ritual centre is the epithet of another nucleus where the population can be rerouted. The saturated Puri town in terms of lands for development and quality open spaces under commercial, residential and recreational pressure will now have a parallel bracing ritual centre. The centre is based on the zoning of an orissan temple with consideration to Hindu and Budhhist numerology for the development of spaces like the meditation centre, ceremony complex, divine and discourse convention centre, shraadha centre, accommodation block, mukti peeth, commercial market, welcome centre etc. For the users of two type of users pilgrims and tourists.

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CONTENTS

List of Figures

xvi

List of Maps

xxviii

List of Tables

xxxiii

1. Introduction

1

1.1 Introduction

1

1.2 Planning Issues of PKDA

1

1.2.1 Development Pressure on Puri Town

2

1.2.2 Areas under CRZ and No-Development zones

2

1.2.3 Changing development patterns and need for encouraging Commercial & Recreational activities

2

1.2.4 Status of Basic Services

2

1.3 The Vision

3

2. PuriKonark Development Authority Area – An Overview

4

2.1 Introduction (Background - Description of PKDA area

4

2.2 Administrative Jurisdiction

4

2.2.1 Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA)

4

2.2.2 Constituents of PKDA

5

2.2.2.1 Puri Development Area

5

2.2.2.2 Konark Development Area

6

2.2.2.3 Intervening area of block – A between Puri and Konark

6

2.2.2.4 SIZ Area and its surroundings

6

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2.2.2.5 Intervening area of block – B beyond Konark towards Kakatpur

6

2.3 Legal & Institutional Framework, Policy and Plans

6

2.3.1 Review of Master Plans

6

2.3.1.1 Puri Master Plan

6

2.3.1.2 Statutory provisions made for the Development Plan for Puri

7

2.3.1.3 Development Plan for Puri-Konark Sea Beach

8

2.4 Geographical Setting: PKDA

9

2.5 Topography

10

2.6 Climate

10

2.6.1 Temperature

10

2.6.2 Rainfall

10

2.6.3 Wind

10

2.7 Soil

10

2.8 Water Resources

11

2.9 Flora and Fauna

11

2.10 Chronological growth of settlement

12

2.11 Economy

14

2.12 Regional Linkages

14

2.13 Housing

14

2.14 Physical Infrastructure

15

2.15 Social Infrastructure

15

2.16 Culture, Recreation and Tourism

16

2.17 Heritage and Conservation

17

3. Heritage and Culture

18

3.1 Introduction

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3.2 Tangible Heritage

18

3.2.1 Heritage Zones in Puri

19

3.2.2 Major Precincts Of Puri Town

20

3.2.2.1 Jagannath Temple

21

3.2.2.2 BadaDanda or the Grand Road

21

3.2.2.3 Svargadvara

21

3.2.3 Mathas / Jagaghars / Akhadas

22

3.2.3.1 Jainism / Buddhism and the Jagannath culture

22

3.2.3.2 Mathas

23

3.2.4 The Ashramas

26

3.2.5 Major Issues Observed

26

3.3 Intangible heritage

27

3.3.1 RathaYatra (Chariot Festival, CAR festival)

27

3.3.2 Navakalevara

29

3.3.3 DolaYatra

29

3.3.4 ChandanYatra

29

3.3.5 SnanaYatra

29

3.4 Natural heritage

30

3.5 Summary of Issues identified in the sector

31

4. Land Use

32

4.1 Introduction

32

4.2 Existing Land use Distribution

32

4.3 Land use/ Land cover of PKDA area

32

4.4 Block wise/ Zone wise Ownership Pattern

34

4.4.1 Existing land use of Puri Town

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4.4.2 Existing Land use of Puri Sadar / Puri Master Plan area

36

4.5 Detailed analysis of the Land uses for the main urban centers

37

4.5.1 Residential Development

37

4.5.2 Commercial Development

39

4.5.3 Public, Semi Public, Religious Utilities and Development

41

4.5.4 Natural Features – Water Bodies, Forests

42

5. Demographic and Economic Perspective

44

5.1ThePopulationPerspective

45

5.1.1PopulationDistribution

45

5.1.2PopulationDensity

45

5.1.3 Population Projections

46

5.2 Socio-Economic Perspective

47

5.2.1 Work force participation

47

5.2.2 Literacy Rate

49

5.2.3 Sex Ratio

50

5.3 Existing Sectoral Profile of Local Economy

51

5.3.1 Primary sector activities

52

5.3.1.1 Cattle and Livestock

52

5.3.2 Tertiary Sector Activities: Tourism

53

5.3.3 Attractive tourist spots within Study Area

54

5.3.4 Fairs & Festivals

55

5.3.5 Tourist Population

56

5.4 Summary and Conclusion

59

6. Traffic & Transportation

61

6.1 Introduction

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6.2 Regional Connectivity

62

6.2.1 Road

62

6.2.1.1 National Highway

62

6.2.1.2 State Highway

63

6.2.1.3 Major district roads (MDR) & ODRs

63

6.2.2 Rail Connectivity

63

6.2.3 Air Connectivity

63

6.3 Travel Scenario in Urban Centres of PKDA

63

6.3.1 Observations

65

6.3.2 Terminal and Parking Facilities in Puri

65

6.3.2.1 Bus terminal

65

6.3.2.2 Railway station/terminal

65

6.3.2.3 Parking facilities

65

6.3.3 Travel Characteristics in Puri

67

6.3.3.1 Trip Purpose

67

6.3.3.2 Traffic flow scenario

68

6.4 Summary of issues identified In the sector

70

7. Physical Infrastructure

71

7.1 Water Supply

71

7.1.1 Drinking water Sources

71

7.1.2 Demand Assessment for water supply: PKDA-2031

72

7.1.3 Water supply scenario in PKDA -2031

72

7.1.4 Water availability in 2031

74

7.2 Sewerage System

75

7.2.1 Existing System of Sewerage in Puri Municipality

75

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7.2.1 Underlining the Issues

75

7.2.2 Wastewater Demand assessment for PKDA2031

76

7.2.3 Expected Sewage Generation in PKDA, 2031

76

7.3 Drainage

77

7.3.1 Underlining the Issues

78

7.4 Solid Waste Management

78

7.4.1 Solid Waste Generation

78

7.4.2 Physical Composition of generated solid waste

78

7.4.3 SWM during festive seasons

79

7.4.4 Demand assessment for solid waste generation: PKDA-2031

80

7.4.4.1 Background

80

7.4.4.2 Assessment of Solid Waste generation

80

8. Disaster Profile

81

8.1 Introduction

81

8.2 Case of PKDA area

81

8.3 Flood

83

8.4 Cyclone

84

8.5 Earthquakes

84

8.6 Tsunami

85

8.7 Heat wave

85

9. Need for the Design of Religious Community Hub in a De-Centralised Area

86

9.1 Urban Centers

86

9.1.1De-congest Puri Town

86

9.1.2 Develop “NewPuri”

87

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9.1.3 Planned Density Variation

88

9.1.4 Cultural and Ecological Sensitivity

88

9.2 Mixed use Development

88

9.3 Problems arousing due to the concentration of the population on the single stretch

89

9.4 Comparison of crowd gatherings during special occasions in Puri

89

9.5 Statements to consider

90

9.6 Objectives

91

9.7 Aim

91

10. Site Approach

92

10.1 Introduction

92

10.1.1 Development Zones

92

10.1.2 Heritage Zone and Institutional Zone

92

10.1.3 Tourism Zone

93

10.1.4 Zone 2- PuriSadar

94

11. Studying the Site

100

11.1 Location

100

11.2 Phases of development for the samukha island

101

11.3 Accessibility

101

11.4 Geomorphology

102

11.5 Water bodies

103

11.6 Human settlement

103

11.7 Topography

103

11.8 CRZ regulations

104

11.9 Site analysis

105

11.10 Potentials

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11.11 Constraints

107

12. Development Control Regulation

108

12.1 Existing Development Control Regulation

108

12.1.1 General building requirement

108

12.1.2 Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)

109

12.1.3 Ground coverage

110

12.1.4 Height

110

12.1.5 Setbacks or open spaces

111

12.1.6 Building Line

112

12.1.7 Off street parking space

112

12.1.8 Roofs

113

12.1.9 Boundary wall

114

12. 1.10 Plantation

114

12.1.11 Material

114

12.2 Special Development Control Regulations for Shamuka Beach Area

115

12.2.1. Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)

115

12.2.2 Ground Coverage

116

12.2.3 Setbacks or open spaces

117

12.2.4 Height of the building

118

12.2.5 Length & Width of building

119

12.2.6 Parking

120

12.2.7 Means of access

121

12.2.8 Roof

121

12.2.9 Landscape

122

12.2.10 Boundary wall

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12.2.11 Building line

122

12.2.12 Material

123

12.2.13 Verandah

123

12.2.14 Entrance Gate

123

12.2.15 Floor height

123

12.2.16 Basement

123

12.2.17 Green Buffer

124

12.2.18 Faรงade controls

124

12.2.19 Plinth

124

12.2.20 Weather shades

124

12.3 Other Rules and regulations for Shamuka Beach Area

125

12.3.1 Hotels & Resorts

125

12.3.2 Standard requirement for Museum

127

12.3.3 Standard requirements for Institution

128

12.3.4 General rules on the operation and maintenance of tourism-related establishment

128

12.4 Coastal area classification and development Regulations Norms for Regulation of Activities (CRZ-III)

129

13.Deriving the Design Needs

130

13.1 Ritual Centre

130

13.2 Tourism information Centre cum library

130

13.3 Ceremony Complex

130

13.4 International Convention Centre and Divine discourse Convention Centre

130

13.5 Meditation Centre

130

13.6 Hotels/ Resorts and Night-shelters

130

13.7 Commercial Centre

130

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`13.7 Beach-activity Centre and Ghaats

131

13.8 Parking and Ferry Jetty

131

13.8 Goushala

131

14. Methodology

132

15 Case Studies

133

15.1 Live case study

134

15.1.1 Sri Sathya Sai ashram (prasanthinilayam)

134

15.1.1.1 About:

134

15.1.1.2Geographic’s

135

15.1.1.3Climate

135

15.1.1.4Language

136

15.1.1.5 Population Total:

136

15.1.1.6 connectivity

136

15.1.1.7 Landuse

138

15.1.1.8 Zoning of the site w.r.t accessibility

140

15.1.1.9Daily Schedule of a Devotee

144

15.1.1.10Daily Schedule (at SaiKulwant Hall)

144

15.1.1.11 Activity at 6:00 AM

145

15.1.1.12 Activity at 7:30 AM

146

15.1.1.13 Activity at 12:30 PM

147

15.1.1.14 Activity at 5:30 PM

148

15.1.1.15 Activity at 9:00 PM

149

15.1.1.16 Saikulwanth hall

150

15.1.1.17 Poornachandra auditorium

154

15.1.1.18 Family accommodation block

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15.1.1.19 Dormitories

157

15.1.1.20Canteen (South Indian)

159

15.1 Live Case Study

161

15.1.2 Osho International Meditation Resort

161

15.1.2.1 About:

161

15.1.2.2 Geographic’s

162

15.1.2.3 About:

163

15.1.2.4 Climate

163

15.1.2.5 Language

163

15.1.2.6 Population Total:

163

15.1.2.7 Connectivity

163

15.1.2.8 Land use

166

15.1.2.9 Zoning

167

15.1.2.10 Zoning of the site

168

15.1.2.11 Daily Schedule of a Devotee

172

15.1.2.12 Daily Schedule of meditation

173

15.1.2.13 Activity at6:00 AM

174

15.1.2.14 Activity at 1:00 PM

175

15.1.2.15 Activity at 6:00 PM

176

15.1.2.16 Osho meditation hall

177

15.1.2.17 Accomodation rooms and guest house

180

15.1.2.18 Shopping galleria

182

15.1.2.19 Welcome centre and administrator block

183

15.1.2.20 Mirdad pyramids

184

15.1.2.21 Canteen

185

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15.1.2.23 Club

187

15.1 LIVE CASE STUDY

189

15.1.3 Goushala - goverdhan eco village

189

15.1.3.1 About:

189

15.1.3.2 Geographics

190

15.1.3.3 Climate

191

15.1.3.4 Language

191

15.1.3.5 Population Total:

191

15.1.3.6 Connectivity

191

15.1.3.7 Daily Schedule of a Care-taker of cows

194

15.1.3.8 Festivals celebrated in the goushala

195

15.1.3.9 Cow Shed

195

15.1.3.10 Bull and Calf Shed

197

15.1.3.11 Bullock shed

199

15.1 Live Case Study

204

15.1.4 Pavapuri Guest House

204

15.1.4.1 About:

204

15.1.4.2 Design derivation

205

15.1.4.3 Planning

206

15.1.4.4 Building form

207

15.1.4.5 Building form

209

15.2 Literature Case Study

213

15.2.1 Shiv Temple

213

15.2.1.1 Design derivation

213

15.2 Literature case study

216

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15.2.2 Famen temple zen meditation center

216

15.2.2.1 About:

216

15.3 LIVE SURVEY

222

15.3.1 Puri Beach, Night

222

15.3.1.1 Night marKet

222

15.4 Inferences

229

16 Conceptualization

231

16.1 Numerology

231

16.2 The Site

232

16.3 Mukti Peeth

235

16.3.1 Need

235

16.3.2 Number

235

16.3.3 Application

235

16.4 Dasa Samskara

236

16.4.1 Need

236

16.4.2 Number

236

16.4.3 Ten Is Examplified In: The Ten Avatars

236

16.4.4 Application

236

16.5 Shraadh Centre

237

16.5.1 Need

237

16.5.2 Number

237

16.5.3.Seven is Exemplified In

237

16.5.4 Application

237

16.6 Marriage Hall

239

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16.6.1 Need

239

16.6.2 Number

239

16.6.3 Application

239

16.7 Meditation Centre

240

16.7.1 Number

240

16.7.2 Four Is Exemplified In

240

16.7.3 Application

240

16.8 Welcome Centre And Market

241

16.8.1 Need

241

16.8.2 Application

241

16.9 Accommodation Block

244

16.9.1 Need

244

16.9.2 Number

244

16.9.3 It Is Exemplified In

244

16.9.4 Application

244

16.10 Goushala

245

16.10.1 Need

245

16.10.2 Application

245

16.11 Divine Discourse Convention Centre

246

16.11.1 Need

246

16.11.2 Number

246

16.11.3 Nine Is Exemplified In

246

16.11.4 Application

246

17 Area Statement

247

17.1 Site

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17.2 Marriage Complex

247

17.3 Divine Discourse

249

17.4 Accommodation

250

17.5 Welcome And Market

251

17.6 Trade And Fair

253

17.7 Goushala

253

17.8 Meditation Centre

255

17.9 Garbha Griha

257

17.9.1 Mukti Peeth

257

17.9.2 Dasa Samskara

258

17.9.3 Ghat

258

17.9.4 Pindadana Sthala

258

18 Survey Questionaire

260

18.1 Survey Type 1

260

18.2 Survey Type 2

262

18.3 Survey Type 3

264

18.4 Survey Type 4

264

18.5 Survey Type 5

266

18.6 Survey Type 6

267

18.7 Survey Type 7

269

19. Bibliography

271

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List Of Figures Fig 1.1: Different Components Of Vision-2031 For Pkda

3

Fig 2.1 Chronological Growth Of Puri Town

12

Fig 2.2: Conceptual Development Of Puri Town (Sankhakshetra)

13

Fig 3.1: Jagannath Temple

18

Fig 3.2: Akhada In Swargadwar

18

Fig 3.3: Dharmasala In Puri

18

Fig 3.4: Heritage Elements In Puri Town

19

Fig 3.5: View Of Swargadwara

21

Fig 3.6: Matha In Grand Road

23

Fig 3.7: Functions In Matha In Puri

24

Fig 3.8: Chaitanya Ashram

26

Fig 3.9: Gaur Govinda Ashram

26

Fig 3.10: Procession During Ratha Yatra

27

Fig 4.1: Existing Landuse: Share In Puri Town

36

Fig 4.2: Existing Landuse: Share In Puri Sadar

36

Fig 4.3: Hotels On Marine Drive

39

Fig 4.4: Various Markets In Puri And Informal Stalls In Beach And Grand Road

40

Fig 5.1 Population Forecast

46

Fig 5.2: Major Tourist Attractions In And Around Pkda Region

53

Fig 5.3: Major Tourist Attractions In And Around Pkda Region

53

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Fig 5.4: Important Spots Within Pkda

55

Fig 5.5: Festive Time Activities At Puri

57

Fig 6.5: On Street Parking At Grand Road

66

Fig 6.6: On Street Parking In Swargadwar

66

Fig 6.7: Purpose Of Trips Made By Tourists

67

Fig 6.8: Traffic Scenarios In Puri

68

Fig 7.1: Traffic Scenarios In Puri

72

Fig 7.2: Open Defecation At Puri Beach

75

Fig 7.3: Household Discharge In Streets

75

Fig 7.4: Sewer Flow At Pentakota

75

Fig 7.5: Most Critical Infrastructure Sector Identified

75

Fig 7.6: Sewerage And Sanitation Issues In Puri

77

Fig 7.7: Open Drain:Puri

77

Fig 7.8 : Drain In Swargadwar

77

Fig 7.9: Wet Spaces In Streets

77

Fig 7.10: Narrow Drains: Puri

77

Fig 9.1 Population Comparison Of Rath Yatra, Nabakalebar (1996) And (2015)

89

Fig 10.1 Changing Land Utilization Pattern

95

Fig 10.2 Comparisons Between Existing And Proposed Land Use

96

Fig 10.3 Percentage Utilization Of Government And Private Land In Proposed Land Use

96

Fig 11.1 Access Routes To Shamukha Peninsula

102

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Fig 11.2 View Of The Site From Puri Sea Coast

106

Fig 11.3 Panoramic View Of The Site

106

Fig 11.4 Facing The Site From The Sea-Side

106

Fig 11.5 Facing Towards The Sea-Side

106

Fig 12.1: Division Of Spaces Under Pilgrims And Tourists

131

Fig15.1 Sri Sathya Sai Ashram

134

Fig 15.2 View

134

Fig 15.3 Graph Showing No.Of Visitors Per Month

137

Fig 15.4 Graph Showing No.Of Visitors During Different Festivals

138

Fig 15.5 Chart Showing Area

143

Fig 15.6 Queue Of Devotees And Local People Outside The Gate For Darshan.

146

Fig 15.7 Devotees Start For The Aarati And Breakfast Early Morning

147

Fig 15.8 Queue Of Devotees Arriving At The Security Check Gate

148

Fig 15.9 Devotees Move Towards The Canteen For Lunch

148

Fig15.10 Devotees Moving Around The Site In Evening Chanting Mantras.

149

Fig 15.11 Devotees Sitting In The Divine Discourse Centre For The Musical Evening.

150

Fig 15.12 Sketch Of Sai Kulwanth Hall

150

Fig 15.13 Sketch Of The Section

150

Fig 15.14 Use Of Spaces Based On Different Time Of The Day

151

Fig 15.15 Stage - Roof Light At The Junction And The Stage Is Three Steps Up The Plinth.

151

Fig 15.16 Colorful Stage And Intricately Designed To Be The Most Beautiful And Highlighted

151

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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With A Semicircular Shape Chhattri.

Fig 15.17 Devotees Sitting In The Hall.

152

Fig 15.18 Musical Performance In The Hall

153

Fig 15.19 Aradhana In The Hall.

153

Fig 15.20 Prasad Sevan In The Hall

153

Fig 15.21 Sketch Of The Plan

154

Fig 15.22 Sketch Of The Section

154

Fig 15.23 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

154

Fig 15.24 Sitting Arrangement Of The Auditorium With Chairs On Front And Floor Sitting On

155

Back.

Fig 15.25 Roof Is Tapered And Stepped .The Floor Is Stepped Up Towards The Back

155

Fig 15.26 Sketch Of The Plan

156

Fig 15.27 Sketch Of Section

156

Fig 15.28 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

156

Fig 15.29 Outer View Of The Block.

156

.Fig 15.30 Lane Of The Block

156

Fig 15.31 Common Corridor Of The Block

157

Fig 15.32 Inside View Of The Rooms.

157

Fig 15.33 Sketch Of Plan

157

Fig 15.34 Sketch Of Section

158

Fig 15.35 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Space

158

Fig 15.36 Two Lanes Of Dormitories

158

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Fig 15.37 Inside The Dormitory With Double Storied Beds

158

Fig 15.38 Sketch Of The Plan

159

Fig 15.39 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

159

Fig 15.40 Serving Of Prasad In The Dining

160

Fig 15.41 Sevayats Cutting Vegetables Inhall (Male).The Kitchen.

160

Fig 15.42 Serving Of Prasad In The Dining Hall (Female).

160

Fig 15.43 Osho International Meditation Resort

161

Fig 15.44 View Of Resort

162

Fig 15.45 Pathway

163

Fig 15.46 Graph Showing No.Of Visitors Per Month

164

Fig 15.47 Graph Showing No.Of Visitors During Different Festivals

165

Fig 15.48 Pie Chart

172

Fig 15.49 Trainees Moving In A Queue For The Morning Meditation Course

174

Fig 15.50 Within The Nature, Amorning Walk Is The Healthiest Thing To Start With.

174

Fig 15.51 People Having Their Lunch In The Afternoon And Relaxing With The Nature.

175

Fig 15.52 Musical Evening.

176

Fig 15.53 Dj Night In The Open Pyramid

176

Fig 15.54 Sketch Of Plan

177

Fig 15.55 Sketch Of Section

177

Fig 15.56 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

177

Fig 15.57 Hall- With An Ivory White Finish The Control Over Mood Lighting

178

Is Appropriate.

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Fig 15.58 Pyramid- Sitting On A High Plinth Of About 8 M High.

178

Fig 15.59 Pathway- Finished With Black And Dark Green Kota Polished Stone

179

Look Emerged From Water.

Fig 15.60 The Pyramid And The Pool Are Constructed In A Manner So That The Pyramid

179

Fig 15.61 Sketch Of Plan

179

Fig 15.62 Sketch Of Interior

180

Fig 15.63 Use Of Space During Different Time Of The Day

180

Fig 15.64 Entry Lobby With Ample Space To Be Letting In Sufficient Natural Light.Minimal

180

Furniture.

Fig 15.65 Living Space- Simple And With Minimal Furniture.

180

Fig 15.66 Living Space- Simple And With Minimal Furniture.

180

Fig 15.67 Bedroom

181

Fig 15.68 The Passage Between The Rooms-2.5 M Wide, Well Lit With Natural And Artificial

181

Lighting Fig 15.69 Store With Maroon And White Gowns And Other Needs.

182

Fig 15.70 Welcome Center- Desk For Information And4 Counters For Registration And Hiv

183

Test.

Fig 15.71 A White Buddha Over A Water Body With A Wall Behind To State The Art Of The

183

Place And To Privatize The Other Spaces To Be Seen From.

Fig 15.72 Open Stage Pyramid- Glazed Roof To Protect From Climate And Give The Feel

184

Of Openness While Following The Theme.

Fig 15.73 Canteen Areas Beside Green And Water Body To Enjoy The Period Being

185

Relaxed.

Fig 15.74 People Meeting At The Open Space, Relaxing, Sitting On The Side Of Semi-Open

186

And Can Be Used In A Variety Of Pathways, Walking.

Fig 15.75 Activity Center Is A Place That Is Semi Open And Can Be Used In A Variety Of

186

Manner According To Occasion

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Fig 15.76 The Workshop Center Indulged With Specific Activities

187

Fig 15.77 Open Space Being Used As A Space For Multi-Activity.

187

Fig 15.78 Library-Simple Space With Reading Tables In Between And Racks Of Colourfull

188

Books Fig 15.79 Gymnasium Also Has Large Big Boxedwindows To Come Close To The Nature

188

Fig 15.80 Massage Room’s Entrance Is An Elongated Structure

188

Fig 15.81 Swimming Poolis- 5 Steps Down To The Ground Level

188

Fig 15.82 Club House- Very Simple Black Building With Fixed Big Square Boxed Windows

188

Fig 15.83 Goushala

189

Fig 15.84 View Of Goushala

190

Fig 15.85 Labelled View Of The Site

193

Fig 15.86 Spaces Pie Chart

194

Fig 15.87 Sketch Of Plan

195

Fig 15.88 Sketch Of Section

195

Fig 15.89 Use Ofspace Based On Different Time Of The Day

196

Fig 15.90 Shed Without The Cows. The Roof Is Trussed And Floor Is Made Up Of Soft Soil.

196

Fig 15.91 Elongated Shed With Cows

196

Fig 15.92 Gavni Is Placed Aligned To The Columns. Rock Salt Placed In Between To

196

Provide Nutrients. Height Of The Gavani Is 1.1 M. Fig 15.93 Trolley Is Used To Carry The Fooding

197

Fig 15.94 3m Wide Passage Use To Provide Food To Cows And Overlook

197

Fig 15.95 Sketch Of Plan

197

Fig 15.96 Sketch Of Section

197

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Fig 15.97 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

198

Fig 15.98 Shed Of The Bulls

198

Fig 15.99 Space Between The Bull Sheds

198

Fig 15.100 Gavani Is Placed Aligned To The Columns. Stretched To Serve The All Sections.

198

Fig 15.101 Milking Section. There Is An Stand To Hold The Cow Still While Milking.

198

Fig 15.102 Pulley Used In The Weaker Section To Lift The Cow Up For Check-Up And

199

Medication Fig 15.103 Sick Section- Used To Separate A Diseased Cow From The Others And Cure.

199

Fig 15.104 Sketch Of Plan

199

Fig 15.105 Sketch Of Section

199

Fig 15.106 Use Of Space Based On Different Time Of The Day

200

Fig 15.107 Four Units Of Bullock Sheds Are Clubbed Together

200

Fig 15.108 Gavni

200

Fig 15.109 Two Bullocks Kept In The Same Unit

200

Fig 15.110 Shaded Part Designed To Let Proper Daylight In

200

Fig 15.111 Adjacent Kennel Of Dogs To Protect Them From The Local/ Stray Dogs

201

Fig 15.112 4 Section Of Bullock Shed Is Separated From The Others

201

Fig 15.113 House And Storage Block With Low Heighted Two Storied Building

201

Fig 15.114 Front Of The Storage Block

201

Fig 15.115 Tools And Utilities For The Conduct Of Goushala

201

Fig 15.116 Storing Of Sacks Of Food

201

Fig 15.117 Rooftop Of The Storage Block Houses

202

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Fig 15.118 By-Products Of The Cow Is Stored In Racks

202

Fig 15.119 Servant’s Quarter

202

Fig 15.120 Storage Room To Store The Food

202

Fig 15.121 Machines To Cut The Husks

202

Fig 15.122 Space For Drinking Water And Tie Band For The Cows

202

Fig 15.123 Locality Is Planted With Fruit Bearing Trees

203

Fig 15.124 Pump And Store Room Is Placed Isolated To The Built Environment

203

Fig 15.125 Guest House

204

Fig 15.126 View

204

Fig 15.127 Evolution Of The Concept Of Stacking The Spaces Based On Mathematical

205

Ratios And Keeping In Mind The Religious Aspects Being Catered.

Fig 15.128 Elegant Look Of The Building In Contrast To The Landscape Is Sincere

206

Fig 15.129 Ground Floor Plan

206

Fig 15.130 First Floor Plan

207

Fig 15.131 The Open Floating Balconies With Large Openings Via French Windows.

208

Fig 15.132 Elevation 1

208

Fig 15.133 Elevation 2

208

Fig 15.134 Elevation 3

209

Fig 15.135 Section

209

Fig 15.136 1.5m Wide Straight Corridor Connecting The Rooms With The End Seemed To

210

Be Suspending Fig 15.137 Inside A Room With A Sofa Set And

210

Two Single Bedded Cots.

Fig 15.138 Unit Plan

210 SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Fig 15.139 View Of 7 Service Tower

211

Fig 15.140 West Side Elevation Of Guest House

211

Fig 15.141 Staircase

211

Fig 15.142 East Side Elevation

211

Fig 15.143 Circular Wall Of Open Theater

212

Fig 15.144 Steps At Open Air Theater

212

Fig 15.145 Interior Of Temple

213

Fig 15.146 View

213

Fig 15.147 Evolution Of The Concept Was Made From The Silhouette Of The Traditional

214

Shiv Temples Fig 15.148 Structural Stacking Of The Temple

214

Fig 15.149 Site Section

214

Fig 15.150 The Cuboidal Puncture In The Temple Basic Structure Hints At The Touch Of

215

Modernism While Preserving The Aesthetics Of It. Fig 15.151 The Interior Of The Temple Is Tried To Be Kept As Simple And Raw It Could Be

215

With The Touch Of Traditional Look And Belief, Viz., The Direct Sunlight Penetration.

Fig 15.152 The Puncture Thus Modern Is Resting On An Idol Of An Asura Again Reclaiming

215

The Religious Believers And Architectural Features Preserved At This Era. Fig 15.153 View Of Temple Fig 15.154 View Of Site Fig 15.155 View Of Building Fig 15.156 View Of Plot Fig 15.157 Conceptual View Fig 15.158 Conceptual View Fig 15.159 Conceptual View

216 217 217 218 218 219 219

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Fig 15.160 Conceptual View

219

Fig 15.161 Space Layer

220

Fig 15.162 View Of Puri Beach

222

Fig 15.163 Night Market

223

Fig 15.164 Market In Day Time

223

Fig 15.165 Utensil Shop

223

Fig 15.166 Cloth Shop

223

Fig 15.167 Neckles, Stones Shop

223

Fig15.168 Imageries Of God

223

Fig 15.169 Toy Shop

223

Fig 15.170 Coanch Items

223

Fig 15.171 Sculptures

223

Fig 15.172 Eateries

223

Fig 15.173 Furnishing & Drapery

223

Fig 15.174 View Of Dense Night Market

224

Fig 15.175 View Of The Swarga Dwara

226

Fig 15.176 Brahmin

227

Fig 15.177 People Sit Out On The Beach In Groups With Their Luggage.

Fig 15.178 Area Of Night Market Becomes A Place Of Nothing In The Day. Fig 15.179 Photographers Make Business By Clicking People Pictures Fig 15.180 Area Of Night Market Becomes A Place Of Nothing

227 227 228 228

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Fig 15.181 Night Fair On The Beach Fig 15.182 Licensed Lifeguard Fig 15.183 Beach Ferry Sellers Fig 16.1 Connectivity Chart Fig 16.2 Sankha Kshetra Fig16.3 Mukteshwar Temple Fig16.4 Parasurameswar Temple Fig 16.5 Raja Rani Temple Fig 17.1 Chart Showing Percentage Of Landuse

228 228 228 231 233 242 242 242 247

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PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

List Of Maps Map 2.1: Pkda Region And Its Constituents

5

Map 2.2: Puri Master Plan

7

Map 2.3 Puri-Konark Sea Beach Development Plan

8

Map 2.4 Location Map Of The Study Area

9

Map 2.5: Water Bodies Map: Pkda

11

Map 2.6: Tourist Sites In Pkda

16

Map 3.1: Natural Heritage Sites In Pkda

30

Map 4.1: Landuse Share In Pkda

33

Map 4.2: Existing Landuse: Puri Town

35

Map 4.3: Residential Areas: Pkda, Puri And Konark

37

Map 4.4: Existing Landuse: Puri Sadar

38

Map 4.5: Commercial Areas: Pkda, Puri, And Konark

41

Map 5.1: Projected Populations In Pkda 2031

47

Map 5.2: Total Workers In Pkda 2001

48

Map 5.3: Literacy Rate (%) In Pkda 2001

49

Map 5.4: Sex Ratio In Pkda 2001

50

Map 5.5: Important Spots Within Pkda

55

Map 5.6 : Direction Of Tourist Flow In Normal Season, Puri

57

Map 5.7 : Direction Of Tourist Flow In Peak Season, Puri

57

Map 5.8: Location Of Hotel/Lodges & Dharmashalas In Puri Town

58

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Map 6.1: Regional Connectivity Of Pkda

61

Map 6.2: National Highways Alignment In Pkda Region

62

Map 6.3: Major Roads And Nodes Of Transportation In Puri Town

64

Map 6.4: Pedestrian Movement Hierarchy: Puri Town Source: Cept Survey & Analysis

64

Map 6.5: Parking Facilities In Puri Town

66

Map 6.6: Line Diagram For Trip Purpose Mapping

68

Map 6.7: Road Hierarchy: Residents Movement

69

Map 6.8: Road Hierarchy: Tourist Movement Source: Cept Survey & Analysis

69

Map 8.1: Multi Hazard Map Of Odisha State

82

Map 8.2: Flood Zones Of Odisha State

83

Map 8.3: Wind & Cyclone Zones Of Odisha

84

Map 8.4: Earthquake Zones And Vulnerability Of Odisha

84

Map 10.1: Development Zones

92

Map 10.2: Heritage And Institutional Zone

93

Map 10.3: Tourism Zones

93

Map 10.4: Activity Zones, Zone 2

94

Map 10.5 Existing Land Use, Zone 2

98

Map 10.6 Proposed Land Use, Zone 2

99

Map 11.1 Shamukha Peninsula

100

Map 11.2 Development Phases Of Shamukha Peninsula

101

Map 11.3 Geomorphology Map

102

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Map 11.4 Water Bodies, Canals And Human Settlements

103

Map 11.5 Site Topography

104

Map 11.6 Base Map

104

Map 11.7 Site

105

Map 15.1 location Of Site

135

Map 15.2 Sun chart for the region of Puttaparthi

136

Map 15.3 Map of Puttaparthi

136

Map 15.4 Chart showing percentage of land use

139

Map 15.5 Site plan

139

Map 15.6 Zoning of the site

141

Map 15.7 User movement on the site

141

Map 15.8 Activity at 8.00 A.M.

145

Map 15.9 Activity at 7.00 A.M.

146

Map 15.10 Activity at 12.00 P.M.

147

Map 15.11 Activity at 6.00 P.M.

148

Map 15.12 Activity at 8.00 P.M.

149

Map 15.13 site plan

150

Map 15.14 Site plan

154

Map 15.15 Site plan

156

Map 15.16 Site plan

157

Map 15.17 Location of site

159

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Map 15.18 Location

162

Map 15.19 sun Chart For The Region Of Koregaon Park

164

Map 15.20 Map Showing Land Use

166

Map 15.21 Site Plan

167

Map 15.22 Zoning

168

Map 15.23 Spaces In Different Zone

169

Map 15.24 Location On Spaces In Different Zones

169

Map 15.25 User Movement On The Site

170

Map 15.26 activity At 6.00 A.M.

174

Map 15.27 Activity At 1.00 P.M.

175

Map 15.28 Activity At 6.00 P.M.

176

Map 15.29 Site Plan

177

Map 15.30 Site Plan

180

Map 15.31 Location On Site

182

Map 15.32 Location On Site

183

Map 15.33 Location On Site

184

Map 15.34 Location On Site

185

Map 15.35 Location On Site

186

Map 15.36 Location On Site

187

Map 15.37 Location

190

Map 15.38 Sun Chart For The Region

191

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Map 15.39 Chart Showing Percentage Of Land Use

192

Map 15.40 Site Plan

192

Map 15.41 Zoning Of The Site

192

Map 15.42 User Movement (Of Care Takers)

192

Map 15.43 user Movement (Of Animal)

193

Map15.44 Location

195

Map 15.45 Location On Site

197

Map 15.46 Location On Site

199

Map 15.47 Location

205

Map 15.48 Master Planning

221

Map 15.49 Zone Of Night Market

224

Map15.50 Map Indicating The Swargadwara

225

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE (ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST NUMEROLOGY)

List Of Tables Table 2.1 Details Of Pkda Constituents

5

Table 2.2: Timeline For Development Of Puri Town

12

Table 2.3: Housing Scenario In Pkda

15

Table 4.1- A : Land Use Break-Up – Pkda

33

Table 4.1- B : Land Use Break-Up – Pkda

33

Table 5.1 Population Distribution In Different Blocks

45

Table 5.2: Population Density In Different Blocks: Pkda

45

Table 5.3: Projection Alternatives For Puri And Puri Sadar

47

Table 5.4: Total Workers Distribution: Pkda

49

Table 5.5: Literacy Rate-1991, Pkda

49

Table 5.6: Sex Ratio-2001, Pkda

50

Table 5.7: Sector Wise Workers Distribution: Pkda

51

Table 5.8: Details Of Cattle & Livestock In Pkda Region

52

Table 5.9: Tourist Inflow In Pkda Region

56

Table 5.10: Accommodation Facilities In Pkda Region

58

Table 7.1: Demand Assessment For Water Supply: Pkda-2031

73

Table 7.2: Water Availability In Puri As Calculated In The Dpr For Water Supply: Puri

74

Table 7.3: Demand Assessment For Sewerage Generation: Pkda-2031

77

Table 7.4: Solid Waste Generation Rate

78

Table 7.5: Waste Generation From Various Sources: Puri Town

79

Table 7.6: Tourist Stiastics Staying At Puri

79

Table 7.7: Population Projection: Pkda-2031

80

Table 7.8: Waste Generation Projection: Pkda-2031

80

Table 8.1 Maximum Temperature During 2000 – 2006

85

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Table 10.1 Proposed And Existing Integrated Land Use Statement, Zone 2

95

Table 10.2 Proposed Land Uses With Sub Classes, Zone 2

97

Table 12.1 Floor Area Ratio

109

Table 12.2 Ground Coverage

110

Table 12.3 Building Height

110

Table 12.4 Setback And Open Spaces

111

Table 12.5 Building Line

112

Table 12.6 Off Street Parking Space

113

Table 12.7 Floor Area Ratio

115

Table 12.8 Ground Coverage

116

Table 12.9 Setback And Open Space

117

Table 12.10 Building Height

119

Table 12.11 Parking

120

Table 15.5.1 Area Statement

142

Table 15.5.1 Area Statement

143

Table 15.2 Area Statement

171

Table 15.2 Area Statement

172

Table 15.3 Area Statement

193

Table 15.3 Area Statement

194

Table 15.4 Area of different space

207

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

PUJYA KSHETRA- A RITUAL CENTRE

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1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction Odisha is an attractive treasure house of cultures and customs, religions and traditions, languages and literature, art and architecture, scenic beauty and wildlife. Endowed with rich cultural heritage and bestowed with bounties of nature, Odisha is a fascinating state with majestic monuments, beautiful beaches, luxuriant forests, enchanting wildlife, etc.

Wedged between West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, Odisha lies on the eastern coast of India with the waters of the Bay of Bengal swirling along its eastern and south-eastern boundaries. With an area of about 1,55,707 square kilmetres, the state offers diverse habitats from lush green and hilly terrain to coastal plains and rolling river valleys, crisscrossed by the Brahmani, the Mahanadi and the Bansadhara rivers. In its long history spanning several centuries, the region of modern Odisha is today one of the most popular with tourists.

Given the natural setting, the PKDA notified area has the potential to be developed as a peaceful recreational area within easy reach of Odisha. The sanctioned master plan for Puri and Konark recognizes the tourism potential of this area and designates it as a recreation and tourism development potential zone.

The Housing & Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, under the Odisha Development Authorities Act - 1982 by Resolution, constituted the Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA) area. The notified area of the PKDA Region constitutes of 131 revenue villages with an area of 296.33sq.km.

The areas covered under PKDA region include the Puri municipality area, Puri Sadar or Puri master plan area, Konark NAC area, Block A (intervening area between Puri and Konark), Block B (area after Konark) and the special institution zone (SIZ) area. PKDA has initiated the process of preparing the Comprehensive Development Plan for the area with the objective of enhancing the tourism and recreational development potential of the area.

1.2 Planning Issues of PKDA Behind the serene and picturesque setting of the PKDA notified area lie various development issues which are enumerated as follows: However, it must be borne in mind that the area attracts local pilgrims and tourist from nearby areas, as well as national and international region. Though the area has tremendous potential as a tourist destination, there are no major efforts made to develop potential sites and provide the required infrastructure to encourage this activity. At this point, the tourism activity is largely local, with the residents / locals providing the required facilities.

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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1.2.1 Development Pressure on Puri Town Development pressure that Puri town faces as the worship place of Lord Jagannath and as one of the Char Dhams of the country: Puri town is saturated in terms of land for development and it lacks quality open spaces. It is under continuous pressure for commercial, residential and recreational development. In spite of being a well known tourist destination, it lacks the facilities required to cater to huge floating population through the year.

1.2.2 Areas under CRZ and No-Development zones A large part of the PKDA region is under various regulations that restrict development due to its coastal setting and this poses questions to the development activity.

1.2.3 Changing development patterns and need for encouraging Commercial & Recreational activities With the increasing number of the pilgrims and tourists in this region, there is always a need for encouraging commercial and recreational activities in this region. This calls for a fresh approach in the developments proposed in this region. However, any kind of development strategy would have to take into cognizance the rich environmental characteristics of the area, the socio economic character & rich historic physical fabric of the traditional settlements.

1.2.4 Status of Basic Services Except Puri town (Municipal limits), PKDA area is lacking in basic infrastructure facilities. The rate of water supply in Puri town is 118 lpcd. Puri town is divided into 10 zones for the supply of water. Other then Puri few of the revenue villages have access to piped water supply provided by Rural Water Supply and Sewerage Supply Board (RWSSB). The present supply is just adequate for the resident population of the area. Residents store water as the supply is for a few hours. The resorts tap limited amount of water available from the municipal sources and extract ground water.

In PKDA area there are open / covered drains for sullage and grey water and the sewage is disposed into individual soak pits. Collected sewage by the open drains in Puri town is disposed into the sea.

Sewerage network implementation works are still in progress for Puri town and the network is divided into 9 zones within the town. In Puri town, the solid waste is collected by the staff from municipality and dumped at designated areas. The streets are not cleaned on a regular basis. However, the rural areas within the region lack these basic services.

Keeping in view the various development issues faced by the PKDA Notified Area and the need to prepare a plan, PKDA as a Planning Authority is required to develop the area for recreation and tourism and provide the necessary infrastructure & amenities. PKDA has appointed Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology (CEPT) to prepare the Comprehensive Development Plan with a focus on recreation and tourism for Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA) area and frame

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development control regulations.

1.3 The Vision

To develop PKDA region as a vibrant tourist destination by weaving within its scenic fabric , the religious significance, culture and heritage, while augmenting the economic development hence improving the quality of life and sustaining the growth with regional development.

Fig 1.1: Different components of Vision-2031 for PKDA

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2. Puri Konark Development Authority Area – An Overview 2.1 Introduction (Background - Description of PKDA area) The Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA) region is a naturally picturesque peninsula jutting into the Bay of Bengal and located on the southern part of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. The area comprises of Puri Municipal limits, Konark NAC area and the adjoining rural areas included in 131 numbers of revenue villages, with a population of about 4.96 lakhs (according to the 2001 census) and stretches over an area of 296.33 sq.km.

The proximity of the PKDA area to two major urban centres - Bhubaneswar and Cuttack makes it an ideal getaway for pilgrims and tourists. Bhubaneswar – Puri – Konark form the „golden triangle‟ attracting numerous tourists from all over the country and the world. Pligrims on short visits frequent the area to visit Jagannath temple, Konark temple – a UNESCO world heritage site and the attractive beaches.

2.2 Administrative Jurisdiction 2.2.1 Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA): After being carved out from erstwhile Bhubaneswar Regional Improvement Trust, PuriKonark Regional Improvement Trust (P.K.R.I.T.) became a separate entity in September 1982, and started functioning with jurisdiction over the Puri Master Plan area, and the areas in between Puri & Konark, with an objective of enforcement of the Odisha Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act 1956. Subsequently in the year 1997, the Odisha Development Authority Act, via a notification of Govt. in H. & U.D. Department, was re-enforced over the earlier areas supersizing the O.T.P. & I.T. Act of 1956, thus resulting in the formation of the Puri Konark Development Authority on 1.4.1997.

The main objective of the authority is to ensure planned and systematic development of the areas under its jurisdiction, with preparation of development plans, undertaking works pertaining to different Town Planning Schemes and public amenities.

The PKDA area consists of three administrative and planning jurisdictions which are: 

Puri Municipality



Konark NAC



Puri Konark Development Authority (PKDA)

Puri Municipality Puri Municipality was established in the year 1881. After independence, Odisha Municipal Act (1950) was enacted and the city administration was vested with Puri municipality and represented by a chairperson and councilors elected by the people. Puri municipality has an elected council comprising of elected representatives of each of the 30 wards that fall within the Puri municipalitylimits. The

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council is headed by a chairperson who is elected by the councilors.

Konark NAC:
 The Konark Notified Area Council has a jurisdiction of 13 NAC wards. It comprises of 7 mouzas with an approximate area of 35.09sq km homing to population of 16979 as per 2001 census information.

2.2.2 Constituents of PKDA The PKDA area comprises of the Puri Municipal limits, Konark NAC area and 131 number of Revenue villages with adjoining rural areas, have a population of about 4.96 lakhs (according to the 2001 census) and stretches over an area of 296.34 sq.km.

Major development has been found in the Puri development area and Konark NAC and few scattered regions of Proposed SIZ area. The rest of PKDA is basically covered with forests of different types and coastal lowlands. The details of each block in the study area are given in the below table: Table 2.1 Details of PKDA constituents Development Area

No. of Mouza

Area (Sqkm)

Population

Puri Area (Puri Town +

50

64.10

172717

Puri Konark Area

07

34.93

16979

Sadar) Block-A

21

100.24

17238

Block-B

14

34.36

Proposed SIZ Total

39 131

62.70 296.34

6872 75244 289050

Source: Census-2001, CEPT Analysis 2.2.2.1 Puri Development Area: The Puri development area comprises of 50 mouzas which includes areas under Puri Municipal limits and the Puri Sadar area. It stretches over an area of 64.12 sq km.

Map 2.1: PKDA Region and Its Constituents

Source: PKDA

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2.2.2.2 Konark Development Area: The Konark development area comprises of 7 mouzas of Gop PS area and stretches over an area of 35.09 sq km. Out of these areas, Konark & Junei villages have exhibited higher growth rates. Konark is a town and a Notified Area Committee, 65km from Bhubaneswar. It is famous for the Sun temple and Golden beach. It is one of the three points of Golden triangle. Junei on the other hand, is in the process of emerging as a small roadside market area.Intervening area of block – A between Puri and Konark: 2.2.2.3 Intervening area of block – A between Puri and Konark: The intervening area of block – A between Puri Sadar and Konark comprises of 21 mouzas. It includes PS of Gop and Puri Sadar and stretches over an area of 99.27 sq km.

2.2.2.4 SIZ Area and its surroundings: SIZ area and its surrounding areas comprise of 39 mouzas. It includes Jamarsuan, Baliguali, Gadamrugasira, Chalisibatia, Itibahan, Gopinathpur, Pubasasan, Raigorada, Chandanpur, Balipada, Baliput, Harekrushnapur, Bania sahi, Talajanga, Birabalavadrapur, Dugal, Gadabhingura, Chhaitana, Malatipatapur, Badagaon, Raikhandi, Bantaligan, Saasandamodarpur GP of Puri district. This block stretches over an area of 62.71 sq km.

2.2.2.5 Intervening area of block – B beyond Konark towards Kakatpur: The area of block – B beyond Konark towards Kakatpur comprises of 14 mouzas of Kakatpur PS. It stretches over an area of 35.15sq km.

2.3 Legal & Institutional Framework, Policy and Plans This section includes review of Puri master plan, Konark NAC master plan and Puri-Konark SEZ beach development plan which the three major are planning initiatives taken for the regional development.

2.3.1 Review of Master Plans This section reviews the regional planning context by reviewing the master plans of Puri areain context to the master plans of the following areas, Puri Master Plan Konark Master Plan DP for Puri – Konark Sea Beach 2.3.1.1 Puri Master Plan Puri master plan area is basically a planning territory specifically formed for master planning purpose of the expanding and sprawled parts of the Puri town area.

Puri Master Plan area covers an area of 63.57sq.km. The population of Puri Master Plan area was to SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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the tune of 79,328, 109,489 and 1, 36,073 in the year 1971, 1981 and 1991 respectively, thereby indicating a growth rate of 38.02% in 1971-81 and 24.28% in 1981-91.

The gross density worked out was to be 2140 persons per sq.kms in the Master Plan area where as the Puri town witnessed a gross density of 7435 persons in 1991. The scenario would be further aggravated with the increase in the population over the years.

The master plan prepared for Puri in 1967-68 has been shown in the below map along with detailed specific

provisions

of

the

plans

Map 2.2: Puri Master Plan

has

been

summerised:

Source: Puri Municipalty

2.3.1.2 Statutory provisions made for the Development Plan for PuriPuri Municipality The Master Plan area consists of Puri Municipality limits and 16 adjoining villages.  The Odisha Town Planning and Improvement Trust Act, 1956 was extended over Puri Municipal area during the year 1964 vide Notification No. 2346/LSG. Dt. 28.02.64  Extension of O.T.P. & I.T. Act over 16 other adjoining revenue mouzas was made vide Notification No. 3268/HUD, dt. 21.02.68.  The draft Master Plan was prepared by Town Planning Unit, Puri under the guidance of the Town Planning Organization and published ( Sec.31(1) of the O.T.P & I.T. Act, 1956) by the then S.P.A., Puri vide Notification No. 2266/TP, dt. 01.07.68.  P.K.R.I.T – Puri Konark Regional Improvement Trust was constituted in the year 1982.

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 The Objections & suggestions were received based on which in the year 1983, a short report was prepared by Town Planning Unit, Bhubaneswar for discussion before finalization of the Master Plan.  On constitution of PKDA, the Master Plan of Puri has been deemed to be interim Development plan (I.D.D) of Puri. The I.D.P. for Puri has been prepared & published in the Odisha Gazette on 13.03.98 inviting objections & suggestions from general public.

2.3.1.3 Development Plan for Puri-Konark Sea Beach The Development plan for the Puri Konark Sea Beach area comprises of 35 revenue villages out of which 21are within Block-A and 14 villages of Block-B. The total area extend over 32140 acres along the Marine Drive road & Konark – Kakatpur Road, out of which Block A covers an area of Ac 23,448 and Block – B Ac. 8692.

Map 2.3 Puri-Konark sea beach Development Plan

Source: PKDA, Puri

The main components of the development plan for Puri Konark Sea Beach area are: 

The total population of this Development plan area was to the tune of 11,864, 13,945, 17,308 and 21,185 during the year 1961,71,81 and 1991 registering a growth rate of 17.54%, 24.12% and 22.40% in 1961-71, 71-81 and 1981-91 decades respectively.



The population of Block-A happened to be 8254, 10253, 12828 And 14861in the census year of year of 1961,71,81 and 1991 having an increase of 24.22%, 25.11% and 15.85% in 1961-71, 1971-81 and 1981-91 decades respectively.



Block- B was having a population of 3610, 3692, 4480 and 6324 in the aforementioned years and the growth rates of 2.27%, 21.34% and 41.16% respectively in the census SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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decades as stated above. 

The increased growth rate in Block-B may be attributed to creation of new working atmosphere in the sub-region & home-coming of the people when they failed to get long term employment outside and find their luck in their home soil and tourist market of Konark, the nearest town.



In the year 1991, 6056 persons were the main workers and were gainfully employed, which constitutes 28.59% of the total population. The proportion of gainful employed persons stood at 28.50% in 1971 and 29.46% in 1981 out of the total population of 13945 and 17308 persons respectively.

2.4 Geographical Setting: PKDA PKDA is situated between 19° 21‟E- 26° 29‟ E latitude and 84° 29‟ - 86° 25‟ E longitude. Puri and Konark are the two nodes of the famous golden triangle with Bhubaneswar and constituting the other nodes in tourism atlas in India. Chilika Lake is also located on the eastern part of the PKDA area.

PKDA area consists of Puri, Konark, Puri sadar, Block-A (intervening area between Puri and Konark), Block

B

under

(area SIZ

Institution

beyond

Konark towards Kakatpur) and area

(Special

Zone).

The

important tourist places like Konark,

Satapada,

Sakhigopal,

Raghurajpur

and Pipli are within the 4050 kms radius.

Geographically the region is basically a coastal stretch primarily

coastal

sandy

formed and

alluvium, soil with undulating to plain

topography.

Most

importantly the location of the region is on a vulnerable track of cyclone and marine disasters which is a major cause of

Map 2.4 Location map of the study area

concern from planning perspective.

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2.5 Topography The strip lies between the alluvial plain and the Bay of Bengal. It assumes the form of a bare belt of sandy ridges which stretches along the entire length of the district varying from 6.5 km to a few hundred meters in width. Accumulation of the windblown sand gives rise to ridges parallel to the coast.

It forms the dividing line between Lake Chilika and the ocean.

2.6 Climate Lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, the region enjoys tropical climate. Hot summers with considerably heavy monsoon downpours and cool pleasant winters mark the climate of the region, with a strong maritime influence.

2.6.1 Temperature The region experiences hot and humid climate during summers, characterized by temperatures going up as high as above 40°C. Summer starts at the end of March, the effect of which is felt till middle of June when monsoon sets in. The average temperature variation during summers is 27°C - 36°C. The winter season lasts approximately for almost five months starting from October to February. The winter season is not severe in this region, with the winter temperatures ranging between 15°C -25°C. The monsoon sets in July and lasts till October. With the onset of Monsoon the region experiences heavy spells of rain due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal.

2.6.2 Rainfall The average rainfall recorded in the region is 135.23 cm. By early June, the Southwest monsoon arrives in the state and departs by middle of October. The month of July receives the heaviest rainfall with the flooding of the local water bodies. The relative humidity is generally high throughout the year, varying from 62% - 85%.

2.6.3 Wind The wind velocity is moderate throughout the year and it becomes stronger during the south west monsoon. The coastal area is prone to cyclones, these cyclonic storms originate in the Bay of Bengal and crosses the east coast between Paradeep and Chandbali and makes a North-westward journey. A maximum number of cyclones occur during the south west monsoon. The maximum wind speed recorded in the region is 175 kmph in the year 1972.

2.7 Soil The entire region may be divided into two dissimilar natural divisions.

The littoral tract is the strip which lies between the alluvial lands and the Bay of Bengal, with sandy soil. It assumes the form of a bear but sandy ridge which stretches along the sea- shore for the full length of the District , Varying from 6.5 Km. to a few hundred meters in width . Accumulations of

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windblown sand give rise to ridges parallel to the coast. It forms the dividing line between the Lake Chilika and the ocean.

Level Alluvial Tract - This level of alluvial region is full of rice fields which is watered by a network of channels, through which the water of distributaries of the most southerly branch of Mahanadi find their way to the sea.

Major problem the region faces is the lack of capacity of the top layer of the soil to hold water.

2.8 Water Resources The entire PKDA region being situated along the coast of Bay of Bengal has a network of rivers, ponds and lakes, which have an interconnected drainage system. The four main rivers passing through the area are Mangala River near Sipasiruballi, Nuanai River passing through Balukand reserved forest, Kushabadra River near Konark and Kadua Nadi towards Kakatpur. These rivers are the tributaries from River Mahanadi.

Map 2.5: Water bodies Map: PKDA

Source: ORSAC

Due to the proximity to the sea, the ground water in most of the areas is saline; the two sweet water aquifer zones within the Puri municipal limit are the main source of drinking water in the region. These aquifers are located in Baliapanda and Chakratirtha areas. The Major tanks in Puri have great heritage significance as they are associated with the rituals of the Jagannath Temple.

2.9 Flora and Fauna The PKDA region is rich in flora and fauna. The flora in the study region includes casuarinas, anacardium, eucalyptus, neem, tamarind, karanja, etc. The prominent fauna in the region are blackbuck, spotted deer, monkey, squirrel, jungle cat, hyena, jackal, mongoose and variety of birds and reptiles.

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2.10 Chronological growth of settlement The major settlements in the region are in Puri and Konark. This section broadly discusses about the growth of these two towns. Located on the East Coast of India overlooking Bay of Bengal, Puri is located on a 67 km stretch of sandy beach that extends from the Chilika Lake to the south of Puri town. The sun temple of Konark is located on this beach at a distance of 35km north of Puri.

Fig 2.1 Chronological Growth of Puri town Table 2.2: Timeline for development of Puri town Vedic age to 9th century AD Initial settlement of Puri



dating back to age of ‘Rigveda’

An early settlement of Puri town dating back to the age of Rigved itself.



According to the records, Puri started with fisherman



along the sea history & The original of Jagannath temple dates back to the times of Mahabharata. o sabars in the forest.



According for which the temple was constructed by

The first temple First Nagar (town)



the

king Indradyumna as he found the daru (in the

form Lord Krishna, who Kalinga was killedinby262 Jara) AD. floating in Kingof Ashoka invaded With the easternbeing shores.

Bhuddism spread over Odisha.

2nd Century BC 

9

Established as one of the

th Century AD to 15th Century AD  In 9th century AD, Acharya Shankar visited Puri & named the place as one of the four dhams.

“Dhams” (holy destinations) The 2nd temple



10th 3rd and the Present Century AD temple

In this period KingYayati Keshari built the 2nd temple of the same place because 1st one was dilapidated.



King Chodaganga deva (1174-1198 AD) built the temple at the time of 1135 AD & his grandson completed the temple.

12th Century AD



In this time migration took place due to Lord Jagannath temple and the geological nature

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The Puri town was originally built on sandy track which began from north and west towards Cuttack and Ganjam road where the Madhupur or Matia stream is lined with the largest tanks, Narendra, Mitiani, Markandeya and Siva Ganga. As the tributary of the river Matiani draining into the sea dried up, it paved the way for the new direction of development of the town in the southeast.

Mythologically, the city is believed to have been planned in the shape of conch or „Sankhakshetraâ€&#x;.

This area is about five Koshas (10 miles) in extent of which nearly two koshas are submerged in the sea. In the centre of the khetra lies Jagannath temple on a hillock called Nilagiri with eight Shiva temples guarding the eight quarters radiating from it the hillocks called Nilagiri. Bada Danda connecting to Sri Gundicha Temple forms the Spine of the shankha. The broad end of the Sahnkakshetra lies to the west where the temple of Loknath is located and on the apical end or tail end in the east is located the temple of Nilakantha.

The town consists of the Temple of Lord Jagannath in its centre with eight quarters (Sahis) radiating from it. The town colonies were called 'Sahis'. The population of the town was composed mostly priests and people attached to the various activities of the temple. Besides, there are large numbers of Mathas which chiefly cluster round the temple. As the rituals of the temple and Ratha Yatra became more elaborate, more people started living in Puri.

Fig 2.2: Conceptual development of Puri town (Sankhakshetra) The Matha Complexes with their system of interconnected open courtyards as well as extensive areas of garden and plantations were

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also closely associated with the major temple complexes. These Mathas were located within compact traditional neighborhoods or 'Sahis' with a distinctive built form which emerged in close proximity to the Jagannath temple complex. The sandy tract near Balukhand was not constructed upon, with the exception of the Swargadwara area where certain Mathas and a cremation ground were established, maintaining a distance from the seashore.

Historical records show that Puri was once a seaport. It was open for import and export trade from the middle of September to the middle of March. During the other six months of the year, the coast did not allow the ships to be loaded or unloaded. The vessels that frequented the port consisted chiefly of country barges. They were laid half a mile away from the shore in good weather. The trade consisted mostly of the shipment of rice to Madras coast and occasionally to Mauritius.

2.11 Economy PKDA region shows a wide range of variations as far as the economic activaties are performed. The urban centers in the region namely, Puri town and Konark NAC have major concentration and share in tertiary sector activities and employment generation. This is largely due to the tourism sector which holds the key in employment generation and economic base of these centers as well as the region. On the contrary, the intermediate villages between the urban centers most comprising of agriculture and allied activities in subsistence form. This over the last decade has resulted in population shift from the rural to the urban areas within the region. Major planning interventions are therefore of prime importance in this region.

2.12 Regional Linkages The main road linkages to the region are NH 203 from Bhubaneswar, NH 203A going to Brahmagiri, NH 203 E to Konark. The two state highways passing through the region are SH 60 and SH 13 going to GOP. There is meter gauge railway line running between Puri and Bhubaneswar- Cuttack. The local train services are easily available between Bhubaneswar to Puri.

Ferry service is another important mode of transportation that connects Puri area to Lake Chillika and other parts of Chadrabaga beach. Nearest airport is the Bhubaneswar Domestic Airport, which is 60Km from Puri. There is a helipad located at Konark.

2.13 Housing The major concentration of residential clusters is seen in and around the Puri town area, whereas the rest of the region has dispersed type of rural settlements. The major mode of housing production in the region is still individual oriented and lacks major institutional interventions. The condition of housing (type of houses, materials, age etc) in the PKDA region shows a lot of diversity. Major permanent pucca housing type is seen in the Puri town area, whereas in the other parts of the region comprises of kuccha and semi-pucca structures.

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The region being vulnerable to cyclones and floods, the traditional housing patterns has emerged as disaster resistant. The design of the housing type is very unique and hence becomes essential to study the same for future development. The major informal settlements/ slum pockets are located in Puri town and Konark NAC. As per the Government of Odisha there are 44 notified slum pockets in the region. Due to the constrains in the developable land, the natural barriers such as the reserved forests, the flood plains, and the haphazard growth of the activities the land and real estate market in the region has been stagnant. Therefore need of policies and interventions for the growth of this sector has been seen as prime necessity.

Table 2.3: Housing Scenario in PKDA Blocks

Population

No

of

Households 1991

2001

1991

2001

Puri Sadar

10874

14880

1792

Area Puri Town

125199

157837

23062

No

of

HH Size

occupied 1991

2001

2819

1991 2001 residential 1689 2709 houses

6.29

5.27

30969

20980

5.43

5.1

27500

2.14 Physical Infrastructure The major infrastructure requirement in the region is primarily felt in the urban centers, especially in Puri town are due to the dense concentration of population. The topography of the Puri town is such that the temple is at the highest point with the drains towards the sea coast and towards Atharnala on the other side.

As far as the coverage of water supply is concerned within the 30 wards of Puri municipality, 20 wards have been given the provision of piped water supply. On the other hand Konaark NAC all the wards are under coverage. The water requirements of the rural areas are covered by tube and bore wells.

There are open drains within the Puri town, with solid waste being dumped into these drains, thus clogging the drains. The major problem in the drainage sector is that storm water drainage and sewerage system are combined and have very low coverage over the region, resulting in frequent water logging during the rainy seasons.

As far as solid waste management is concerned there are no systems of door to door collection within the urban centers. The residential zones lack proper coverage both in terms of the provision of bins and solid waste collection. There are no scientific land fill sites available in the region; the current waste dump sites are located on environmentally sensitive areas, thus posing an overall threat to the health of the society.

2.15 Social Infrastructure This section deals with availability of social infrastructure focusing mainly on health and education, at SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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settlement level in the study area. The Mouza wise summary of the infrastructure is discussed in detail.

Assessment of service level is undertaken based on census 2001 data. The analysis clearly helps in identifying gaps in infrastructure at settlement level and thus provides key inputs for Comprehensive Development Plan preparation. The social infrastructure mainly dealt in this report is as the following: 

Schools



Hospitals



Post office, post and telegraph office & phone



Transport facilities



Banks & credit societies



Electricity

2.16 Culture, Recreation and Tourism It is said that Puri celebrates thirteen important festivals in twelve months. However, in reality Puri has various festivals all across the year. Importantly all these festivals are not only linked with the culture and heritage of Odisha but also of India. These activities are directly and indirectly linked with the employment and economic development potential. It is estimated that around 80% of the income is linked with heritage related activities. This culture and association with the temple activities has given rise to a large number of arts and crafts in the region.The region being situated in the Golden triangle of the tourism circuit attracts a large number of tourists throughout the year. The major areas of tourist attraction are Puri – Jagannath Temple, the Konark Sun temple, Chilika Lake, the pristine coast line and its beaches.

Map 2.6: Tourist sites in PKDA

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2.17 Heritage and Conservation PKDA area is endowed with varied historical and cultural resources from different historical periods.

Puri and Konark both urban areas in the region are important heritage sites. The heritage town of Puri can be divided into six major precincts on the basis of type of structures and activities that take place. 

Temples



Mathas



Akhadas



Jagaghars



Vernacular and traditional buildings



Holy tanks (Pokharis) The famous Jagannath temple was constructed in the year of 1098 A.D. over an area of 10

acres. There are several daily rituals, casual rituals performed in the temple premises during different festivals. Rath Yatra (Car festival), Chandan yatra and Sahi Yatra are among the most attractive and holy festivals organized. Kudichar temple and Loknath temple are among other famous temples in the Puri town area.

There were initially 300 Mathas in the past which is presently close to 70 Large number of Mathas is present in the vicinity of the temple and a few in the peripheries. Many of them have been recently reconstructured. Puri was initially divided into seven Sahis or administrative units. Each Sahi consists of one Akhada and many Jagaghars. They are gymnasiums with some communal and recreational facilities managed by youth organizations.

There are a total of 50 Lodges & Dharmashalas located mostly in Grand road area owned by private owners. Vernacular and traditional residences in the town are mostly located in the areas nearby temple and holy tanks. Many colonial structures are seen in the same locality as well.

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3. Heritage and Culture 3.1 Introduction Heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Heritage can be classified as tangible heritage, intangible heritage, and natural heritage.

Based on the above definition, the heritage of PKDA region has been categorized as shown below:

3.2 Tangible Heritage Physical or "tangible heritage" includes buildings and historic places, monuments, books, documents, works of art, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.

Fig 3.1: Jagannath Temple

Fig 3.2: Akhada in Swargadwar

Fig 3.3: Dharmasala in Puri

The heritage of Puri through numerous eras of ruling mostly revolves around the belief that, Puri is the dwelling place of Lord Jagannath. Puri is thus home to a plethdora of temples, Mathas, Jagaghars, numerous sacred tanks and ponds that are under tremendous pressure owing to tourism and continuous urbanization of the town. The main heritage structures in the region comprise of Temples, Holy tanks, Mathas, Akhadas, Jagaghars, & Ashrams.

The following maps show the heritage areas in the PKDA region.

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The ASI has identified heritage buildings of National Importance. A comprehensive list of all the other important heritage precincts has been prepared (see annexure). This list is an outcome of surveys conducted on the condition of all heritage structures, and those in a dilapidated state.

3.2.1 Heritage Zones in Puri The exclusive blend of heritage elements in the form of numerous temples, tanks and many other structures can be categorized into seven zones, as explained below:

Fig 3.4: Heritage elements in Puri town

Zone I This is the first zone which forms the epicenter of the Kshetra. It houses the idol of lord Jagannatha, Subadhara, and Balabhadra. It lies on the divine platform.

Zone II The second fold is hexagonal in shape and located in this are four goddesses of power, two tirthas and two sacred trees, garuda, and the top of the hill which is in form of a tortoise shell.

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The third part is the outer layer of the second fold; it is the central part of the lotus-like structure having 8 petals. Each petal has an idol of Shiva and a goddess.

Zone IV This area comprises of the area between the inner compound wall and the outer compound wall.

Zone V The eight incarnations of Siva known as Asta Sambhu, believed to have been guarding the sacred land (Kshetra) and Goddess Chandi or Kali is protecting the holy Kshetra in eight different names.

These are very old shrines and have some ritualistic relationships with the Jagannath Temple. Places for temples of Gods and Goddess who are considered to have been the guarding icons of the presiding deity are also placed carefully with link roads to approach them.

Zone VI This zone has the sacred tirthas the tanks and the fourth is the ocean or the Mohodadhi. It is said that visiting these holy/ sacred places in Puri is equivalent to visiting the three holy/ sacred places in India Gaya, Kashi and Haridwar.

Zone VII This is the outermost zone and consists of the sentries of the Sankha Kshetra and two pilgrim centres as mentioned below: 

Nilakantheshwar (governor of Kshetra)



Narisingh (place where yajna is performed)



Ardhasosani (guardian of night)



Bilweshwar (apical region of the Sankha Kshetra)



Lokeshwar (the basal region of the Sankha Kshetra)



Kapileshwar (watchmen of the Kshetra)



Chakaratirtha (pilgrim centre of unique merits)



Swargadwar the passage to heaven.

3.2.2 Major Precincts of Puri town The heritage town of Puri can be divided in to three major precincts on the basis of location, type of activities which take place and historical importance. 

The Jagannath temple.



The Grand Road, or bada danda



The Swargadwar road

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3.2.2.1 Jagannath Temple: The Jagannath temple is the center of the town of Puri. The area around the temple can be perceived as most important zone, and can be divided into two parts, portance of various gates of the temple.

3.2.2.2 Bada Danda or the Grand Road The main street, from the temple of Jagannatha to Gundicha Temple (his Garden House), is known as Bada Danda or the Grand Road. It is in tune with the central objective of the original lay out of the sacred town and is one of the widest city-streets in India. Three big chariots move on this street annually during the famous Car Festival and to witness it pilgrims in their millions stream in from all parts of India and abroad and assemble on this street.

3.2.2.3 Svargadvara Centering round the celebrated temple of the Lord Jagannatha, the cluster of habitations of various Sevakas or ritual functionaries is located. The southern gate or the Asvadvara faces the sea and is interpersed

with

shady

gardens

and

important shrines of Goddesses Dakshina Kali, Shyama Kali, Mashani Chandi and other temples like, Bata Loknath and Asta Sambhu. Ultimately this zone merges with the sea beach with Golden sand through Swargadwara or „Gateway to Heavenâ€&#x;. It is believed that whoever dies in this sacred tract between Kalpabata, the banyan tree granting Temple

all

wishing

and

the

inside sea,

Jagannath obtains

Fig 3.5: View of Swargadwara

salvation.Within this area, Swethaganga, one of the five sacred tirthas, the palace of the Adya Sevak-the RAJA, Sankarite monasteries like Sankaracharya, Sankarananda Siba Tirtha and Gopal Tirtha, Deula Purohit (The Temple priest) and some other important sevakas were nearer. Subsequently during the British rule, the palace of the Raja was shifted to the grand road, near the east gate of the temple. 'Shyama Kali' and 'Asta Sambhu' are the ancient palace- deities, near the old site of the palace, in the vicinity of Asvadvara in the east.

The convention still continues that a new king when succeeding to the throne is required to visit those

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shrines and offer obeisance to the Gods and Goddesses there. This is also done by the kings during occasions of religious significance. This area is known as Bali Sahi or the locality in the sandy beach.

The major problems and issues identified in these three major precincts of the town are as follows: 

Even though this part of the city has majority of heritage structures and historic monuments, the conservation and upgradation of the buildings has not been given priority. Lack of such attempts is leading to decay of inner city areas.



There are very few attempts at managing the critical nodal junctions of Grand Road and the temple; there are no demarcated lanes for traffic movement, no segregation of pedestrians, no formal parking areas resulting in heavy congestion.



There is no self awareness of the importance of the rich architectural heritage present in this location, leading to neglect and deterioration of these structures.



There are no designated parking spaces allotted for tourists leading to poor management of traffic.



There are no dustbins along this road. The waste is generally dumped on the street from where it is generally collected by the municipality workers on a daily basis; the garbage mainly consists of religious waste and packing material.



Illegal vending on the roads and important intersections compels pedestrians to walk on the roads leading to traffic havocs.



The important stretches have no signages, which would guide the visitors about the movement pattern for the temple or even the directions to the local Sahis.



The street lighting is sparse and there is no provision for toilets or benches on the major tourist circuits portraying the poor status of urban environment in the town.



Major roads have a heavy concentration of electric overhead cables, which are disturbing and add to the visual chaos, thereby disrupting the image of the town on large.

3.2.3 Mathas / Jagaghars / Akhadas 3.2.3.1 Jainism / Buddhism and the Jagannath culture Eminent scholars have described the relation of Jagannath culture with Jainism, Buddhism and other cults. In ancient times Jainism spread all over Kalinga. Mahapadma Nanda, the king of Magadha conquered Kalinga and took away "Kalinga Jeena" image to Magadha. Pandit Nilakantha Das argued that this Jeena image is actually that of Sri Jagannath. According to him the word Jagannath is derived from Jeenanath. He also wrote that "Jagannath is primarily a Jaina institution".

The relation between Jainism and Sri Jagannath Culture is quite interesting. Jain philosophers and devotees have also compared Tri Ratna of Jainism with Sri Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra.

A prominent historian, late Kedar Nath Mahapatra, suppported this view. Some scholars advocate the theory of the Jaina origin of Jagannath. There is great similarity between the images of Nilamadhava SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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and Jaina Tri Ratna. Jainism was very much popular in Odisha, and archaelogical remains and Jaina images recovered from various places of Odisha prove its importance. Hatigumpha inscription of Kharavela highlights the worship of "Adijina" in Kalinga.This worship was done at "Pithunda".

According to some scholars Pithunda is identifiable with Puri. Nilakantha Das argued that the Mahaprasad of Jagannath is Kaivalya and this is a derivative of the Kaivalya or the concept of salvation of the Jainas. Mahayan Buddhists propagated that the image of Lord Jagannath was really that of the Buddha.

Tri Ratna of Buddhism Buddha is compared with Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra. Scholars like Prof. Wilson, James Fergusson and Gen. Cunningham have referred to the Buddhist origin of Jagannath. Cunningham argues that the figures of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are the three devotional representations of the Buddhist symbol of Triratna "Buddha, Dharma and Sangha". Brahma that is placed at the navel of Jagannath is nothing but the Buddhist tooth relic that was brought from Kusi nagar to Kalinga. Buddhists believe in worship of physical relics after death.

The annual bathing ceremony (Snana Jatra) and the car festival (Ratha Jatra) are Buddhist practices.

Cunningham also follows the writing of Yuan Chwang. The Chinese pilgrim speaks of Chelitola on the eastern sea board. According to Cunningham Chelitola was “the present town of Puri." Ratha Jatra of Jagannath resembles the procession of the Buddhist image, as has been written by Fa- Hian.

Buddhism does not believe in any class or caste distinction. During Ratha Jatra and other festivities, caste distinction is not found in the Jagannath temple. The term Jagannath was applied to Adi Buddha

by Raja Indrabhuti of Sambal in his work "Gyana Siddhi". Adi Buddha is even now called Jagannath in Nepalese Buddhism.

Assimilation of Buddhism into Brahminical Hinduism book place after Buddha was taken in as the 9th Hindu Avatara (Incarnation of Lord Vishnu) as shown on the panel of ten incarnations (Dasavatara) inside the Jagannath temple at Puri. After the decline of Buddhism Jagannath might have become New Buddha. Jagannath cult did not belong to any particular sect. It is the point of assimilation of all sects and religions. It can be said that the cult of Jagannath is not just a faith, but a way of life that awakens the inner self to attain celestial happiness.

3.2.3.2 Mathas Along with the main Jagannath Temple there are a large number of Mathas, Akhadas, and Jagaghars belonging to different sects are located here, mainly centering round the Fig 3.6: Matha in Grand road SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Shrine of Jagannath.

As reported in the Puri Gazetteer (1929) the "Mathas are monastic houses originally founded with the object of giving religious instructions to chelas or disciples and generally of encouraging a religious life." The Mathas were originally founded with the purpose of imparting education to Chelas or disciples and give shelter to pilgrims, feeding travelers, ascetics and beggars. Most of the Mathas of Puri are connected with the worship of Jagannath and have various sevas or duties to perform in the temple. In Puri, not only the temple is holy, but the whole of its surroundings is treated as grand and splendid. Many a Matha (Monasteries) grew up gradually in course of time in this holy town. In the past many Saints and Sadhus had come to Puri to have darshan of Lord Jagannath. They came in contact with and influenced the Gajapati Kings through their philosophical doctrines. The saints and sadhus established their monasteries on the lands donated to them by the kings and wealthy persons. The Mathas continued preaching their respective doctrines and also performed certain ritual services in the Jagannath Temple. With endowed properties and lands, the heads of the Maths were able to maintain their institutions. Lands were donated to the Maths for 'Amritmanohi' the proceeds thereof were spent in offering „Bhoga‟ to Lord Jagannath and the „Mahaprasad‟ thus obtained, were distributed among the pilgrims, pupils, ascetics, and beggars.

The functions of the Mathas were: 

Propagation of the essential philosophy of Hinduism and Jagannath Culture.



Providing shelter to pilgrims coming to Puri.



Providing accommodation/ financial help to poor and meritorious students.



Participating in various rituals of the temple of Lord Jagannath.

Historic functions of the Mathas The western gate or the Vyaghradvara faces Baseli Sahi and in the South Western side Harachandi Sahi. Both these old localities are mostly Inhabitated by temple functionaries belonging to the catagories like singharies, Puspalakas, Supakaras, Maha Supakaras, Madeli, bazanitri maharies besides other.

Various sub-sects have their own mathas in the holy city Puri. The Mathas belonging

Fig 3.7: Functions in Matha in Puri

to different Sampradayas or sub-sects of the cult are numerous at Puri, of which Emar and Dakhinapaswa are supposed to be the richest.

Prominent among the Goudyamathas are Radhakanta and Gangamata whereas the Oriya, Sisu and SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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few other mathas belong to the local sect of Utkaliya Vaisnavas. The Gobaradhana and the Sankarananda mathas situated near Swargadwar are saiva, and the Kabir chaura matha located in their vicinity belong to the followers of Kabir.

There are two mathas Bauli and Mangu which belong to the followers of Nanak. The Mahantas or the heads of these mathas usually pass on responsibilities to one of the chelas or disciples by way of succession, but there are a few Mathas like Kothabhola, Kalitilaka and Achari, where married Mahantas may hold the office.

The Mahantas are the Gurus or spiritual preceptors of many people. In the past, they received from their wealthy followers liberal gifts of money and endowments in land for the worship of Jagannath and for other charitable purposes.

But now this function is being performed by the Muktimandap. Rathavadas matha, besides other duties, arranges special bhogas in the temple during snana Yatra, Car festival, Chandan Yatra, Kumar Purnima, and along with Gopal Tirtha matha supplies the requirements for the Hatibesa of the deities; The Oriya matha makes arrangement for the pankti bhoga in the Jagamohan during Rakminiharan festival and supplies Kala Sari (black cloth) to goddess Vimala. This matha is also vested with the duty of clearing the Rathnavedi and supplying of canopy and pillows for the Lords.

The Record of right complied under the Puri Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952, mentions in detail the „nitis‟ to be performed by certain mathas. Closely connected with the daily „nitis‟ and the festivals of Jagannath are the Mathas Jagannathballava, Raghavadas, Sri Ramadas, Emar, Uttarparasva and Oriya.

After their conquest of Odisha in 1803 the British Government took over the management of the temple for some years and made an attempt to assess the properties of Jagannath including the vast landed properties endowed with the mathas for the worship of the Lord. Mr. C. Grome, the Collector of Puri furnished a report in 1805 in which he gave an account of lands under the charge of the Mathadharis for the use of Jagannath.

The lands were endowed to the mathas by the donors with the specific purpose of offering some bhogas or performing certain sevas in the Temple of Jagannath or for performing other acts of charity.

But possessing such huge wealth the Mahantas misutilized these assets. There was much public resentment. Some steps were taken by the British Government to resume endowments of the mathas which were grossly abused, but no tangible result emerged from such half hearted measures as the British Government had committed itself to the policy of non interference in religious matters. After the achievement of Independence the Odisha Hindu Endowments Act, 1951, with its subsequent amendments put some effective control over the management of the religious and charitable trusts. In case of gross mismanagement the commissioner of Endowments was empowered to remove the hereditary system of a matha and appoint one or more persons to discharge his functions till the new SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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trust was appointed in accordance with the Provisions of the (Act 1951, Section-35).

3.2.4 The Ashramas Connected with certain rituals of the temple of Jagannath, there are four Ashrams (hermitages) in Puri town. These are Angira Ashram, Pandu Ashram, Markandeya Ashram and Bhrigu Ashram.

On the ninth day of the bright fortnight of Sravana, the Nrusimha deity of the Sri Jagannath temple pays a visit in a ceremonial manner to these four Ashrams. This is called „Badi Nrusimha bije'. 'Sital bhog' is offered to the Deity in each Ashram. On the full moon day of Margasira, Nrusimha again visits these places. On the full moon day of Sravana, Lord Sudarshan visits all these Ashrams. These Ashrams are being managed by different local committees.

There are some other Ashrams not ritually connected with the Sri Jagannath temple. Some of those Ashrams are Bijaya Krushna Goswami Ashram (near the Narendra tank), Adwait Brahmashram (Girinarbanta), Omkarnath Thakur or Neelachal Ashram (Swargadwar area), Karar Ashram (founded by the great Kriya yogi Sri Yukteswar Giri, (Swargadwar area) Bharat Sevashram (Swargadwar area), Pranabananda Ashram (near Chakratirtha), Satsangha Ashram (Chakratirtha road), Nigamananda Ashram (Lokanath road), Dibyadham Yogashram (Chakratirtha road), Maa Anandayamayi Ashram (near Swargadwar), Abhiram Paramahanshashram (marichikote lane), Bhagabat Ashram (near bus stand), Haridas Ashram (Sarbodaya nagar).

Fig 3.8: Chaitanya FigAshram 3.9: Gaur Govinda Ashram

3.2.5 Major Issues Observed: Major issues found in the heritage zones identified are: 

Majority of Mathas are poorly maintained and not having adequate infrastructure which needs to be upgraded and redeveloped to revive heritage value.



The various heritage structures are not linked with each other does not leading to integrated heritage package for tourists.

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

There is very little information about many structures available for tourists due to lack of promotional activities.



Ill defined activities in the heritage sites reducing the cultural values in the sites.



Many of the open spaces inside the Akhadas and Mathas are now a day used by anti socials during normal season which must be taken care of for safe tourist site development.



Overall investment and institutional structure must be developed for regeneration of these heritage sites which is currently missing.

3.3 Intangible heritage “Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. These include the ways and means of behaviour in a society, the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate - social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and philosophical values of a particular group of people. Intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.

3.3.1 Ratha Yatra (Chariot Festival, CAR festival) The most splendid of the innumerable festivals celebrated round the year in the holy city of Puri, the Ratha Yatra is the grand culmination of a series of celebrations spread over the summer and the

Fig 3.10: Procession during Ratha Yatra SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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monsoon months.

Akshaya Trutiya tithi marks the beginning of the construction of the Rathas (chariots) for the ceremonial journey and sojourn of Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra at the Gundicha Temple for a week. On the full-moon day of the month of Jyestha (May-June) in the Snana Yatra, the Bathing Festival, when the three deities move in colourful processions to a platform in the outer enclosure of the temple, the Snana Vedi, the bathing platform, where they bath with one hundred and eight pitchers of perfumed water drawn from a temple well once a year. After the ritual bath, the deities assume the special elephant form, recalling the legend of the Lord's affection for a devotee, whom He proved that he was in fact another manifestation of Lord Ganesha.

At the end of the Snana Yatra day, the holy triad, supposedly afflicted with fever, does not return to their pedestal in the sanctum. They stay away from the public view for a period of fifteen days, called Anasara, after which they appear in their Navayauvana Vesha, literally a renewed youth, on the new moon day of the Month of Ashadha. During this fortnight the icons get a fresh coat of paint which gets washed out on the day of the Bathing Festival. During this period the deities eat only fruits other restricted diet and soft drinks. Cloth paintings representing the deities called Anasara Pati, are displayed beyond the enclosures hiding the deities from the devotees to see and worship.

Then the Ratha Yatra falls on the second day of the bright fortnight of the month of Ashadha, when the three deities come out of the temple in a spectacular procession called Pahandi. The deities, which are colossal wooden statues, adorned with giant floral crowns, called Tahias, are literally pulled, pushed and dragged in rhythmic movement to the accompaniment of the beat of cymbals, drums and chanting of their names in chorus by devotees in frenzied ecstasy. After all the deities are seated in their respective chariots starts the Chhera Pamhara, the ritual of sweeping of the chariots with a golden broom by the Gajapati King of Puri,the foremost servant of God, the Adya sevaka of Lord Jagannath.

The King comes from his palace on a richly decorated palanquin. Chhera Pamhara is a symbolic rite which proclaims that the King, like others, is but a humble servant of the real sovereign, Lord Jagannath.

The most exciting part of the Rath yatra is the pulling of chariots by thousands of people who lay their hands on the sturdy ropes and drag the massive structures along the Bada-Danda,the grand road. The chariot of Balabhadra moves first, followed by those of Subhadra and Jagannath. The chariots grind forward slowly until they reach the Gundicha temple and the three deities rest for a night at the entrance on their own chariots. They enter the Gundicha temple on the next day in the usual Pahandi style and stay there for seven days. Goddess Laxmi, who gets angry for being left out at the temple, proceeds to the Gundicha temple to meet her Lord, Jagannath , on the Hera Panchami day, the fifth day of the fortnight. After having a stealthy look at her Lord, she returns to the temple, damaging a part of Jagannath's chariot in anger and disgust.

The deities, after the seven-day stay at Gundicha Temple, their garden house, commence their return SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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journey. It is called Bahuda Yatra held on the tenth day of bright fortnight of Ashadha. The return of the chariots takes place in the same order as in the Rath Yatra. Balabhadraâ€&#x;s chariot moves first, followed by those of Subhadra and Jagannath. On his way back, Jagannath stops for a while at Ardhasani temple, popularly called Mausi Ma temple or the temple of Aunt. He accepts from the aunt his favourite rice cake, Poda Pitha. The three chariots pulled by thousands of devotees, reach back the Simhadwara in the late afternoon of the Bahuda day and the deities remain seated on their chariots.

On the next day, known as the Bada Ekadasi, the three deities are attired in costumes of glittering gold and are worshipped by thousands of devotees. This form of the deities is known as the famous Suna Vesa. On the Dwadasi day, the three deities go back to their original place, the Ratna Simhasana, literally the jewelled platform, with the usual fanfare and the Pahandi style.Their arrival into the Sanctum sanctorum marks the end of the Ratha Yatra the grand festival of chariots.

3.3.2 Navakalevara As a man discarding worn out clothes takes other new ones, so does the embodied soul, casting off worn out bodies enters into others which are new. In the light of this truth of the Bhagavat Geeta, Navakalevar can be interpreted as a ceremony for entering into new bodies, when Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshan cast off their old bodies and take new ones. It is called Navakalevar. The year which has two months of Ashadha is regarded auspicious for Navakalevar ceremony. It usually occurs in 8, 11 or 19 years. The new bodies of the deities are made out of the newly cut Yeem trees. The previous navakalevars were held in 1733, 1744, 1752, 1771, 1790, 1809, 1828, 1836, 1855, 1874, 1893, 1912, 1931, 1950, 1969, 1977 and 1996.

3.3.3 Dola Yatra This is celebrated from the tenth day of the bright fortnight of Falguna up to the full moon day. The representative deities Dologobinda, Bhudevi and Sreedevi are taken in a procession to Dolabedi located outside the outer compound wall of the main Temple and special rites are performed.

3.3.4 Chandan Yatra This Takes place in the month of Vaisaksha and continues for long 42 days. But, generally speaking it is a Festival of first 21 days only. The first period of 21 days is known as "Bahar Chandan"or outer Chandan. During this period, the representative images of Rama, Krushna, Madanmohan, Sridevi and Bhudevi are taken in a procession to Narendra tank.The images of Siva from 5 Siva Temples known as "Pancha Pandavas" also accompany them to the Narendra tank, At Narendra tank the images play in well decorated boats and are worshipped. The second period of 21 days known as "Bhitar Chandana" is celebrated inside the Temple. The rites observed on this period are not popularly enjoyed.

3.3.5 Snana Yatra This Festival takes places in the month of Jestha. it is popularly known as the Deba Snana SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Purnima.This is the first occasion in the course of a year when the deities Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra along with Sudarsan and Madanmohan are brought out from the Temple and taken in procession to Snana Bedi located in the North East corner of the outer compound. The deities are bathed there with 108 pitchers of water drawn from a well near the Northern Gate. Here, Jagannath and Balabhadra are dressed like Lord Ganesh of the Purans with the head of an elephant. The three Chariots of Balabhadra, Subhadra and Jagannath are constructed each year with Sal wood, customarily brought from the ex-princely State of Dasapalla, by a specialist team of carpenters who have hereditary rights for this. Lord Jagannathâ€&#x;s Chariot is called Nandighosa. it is forty-five feet square at the wheel level. It has sixteen wheels, each of seven feet diameter, and is decked with red and yellow coverings of cloth.

3.4 Natural heritage "Natural heritage" is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known as biodiversity, as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geo-morphological, paleontological, etc.). These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country's tourist industry, attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes).

PKDA region is blessed with plenty of natural beauties which include coastal stretches, beaches, and dense protected forests, riverine islands, wildlife sanctuaries and Bio-reserves etc. All of this makes the place an attractive destination for tourists all over the year from different parts of the country and the world. Puri town beach is the most famous natural sites among all. Ramchandi beach is another attractive coastal stretch having a mix of islands and inland water fields making this a suitable place for boating and related activities. Reserved forest and sanctuaries in Konark block and Block-A and B is also elements of rich natural heritage in the region.

Map 3.1: Natural Heritage sites in PKDA SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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3.5 Summary of Issues identified in the sector From the above analysis of tangible, intangible and natural heritage details of PKDA region the following issues are identified: 

Illegal encroachment on heritage precincts and activities around the temples makes these stretches highly congested and hence special planning measures are required to revive the heritage value of the areas in Puri town.



Absence of footpaths in the important stretches like Grand road and Swargadwara road leads to mixing of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and hence resulting in inconvenient mobility in the town areas especially affecting the tourism potential of the region.



No designated parking spaces allotted in the busy areas of the town leading to crowding of cycle rickshaws, autos, private vehicles.



Dumping of garbage around temples, on the roads and inadequate provision for dustbins on the prime stretches resulting in poor sanitation scenario and urban environment.



Lack of space for widening roads in heritage rich areas coupled with unregulated traffic flow impacting the smoother movement of traffic in the congested areas of the town which should be tackled with urban planning and design interventions.



Inadequate street lighting in major junctions and stretches in the urban areas becomes major cause of discomfort for tourists and affects the urban image at large.



Washing and bathing in the sacred tanks and lack of management interventions in the areas resulting in water pollution and degrading heritage value in the area.



Lack of information and knowledge among tourists about the many heritage structures due to lack of awareness creation efforts leaving majority of sites unutilized to their full potential.



Overhead electricity cables and wares in most of the sites hurting the heritage value of the age old rich heritage monuments.



Lack of public conveniences like drinking water points, toilets, street furniture, signage‟s etc fails to provide standard services for the tourists thus becomes a major reason to worry as the economy of the region is mostly dependent on the tourism sector.



Heritage structures in Puri town are very old and not maintained properly and neither upgraded hence needs to be given priority and should be managed properly to revive the heritage image of Puri town and the region.



No Surveillance system in the form of control of thefts, terrorist activity etc available in the urban centers of the region which must be taken care off to ensure safe movement of the tourists in the area.

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4. Land Use 4.1 Introduction Land use planning is the systematic assessment of physical, social and economic factors in such a way as to encourage and assist land users in selecting options that increase their productivity, are sustainable and meet the needs of society. It provides the prerequisites for achieving a sustainable form of land use which is acceptable as far as the social and environmental contexts are concerned and is desired by the society while making sound economic sense.

The study of the existing land use pattern helps in assessing the structure of the region, its trends in growth characteristics, which are prime guiding factors for the initiation of any future planning activities.

This chapter gives the details of the existing land use pattern in the study region. This chapter deals with the following components: 

Land use /land cover of PKDA area



Block-wise land use pattern



Residential developments in urban centres



Commercial development areas



Agricultural zones



Public/semi public and religious area



Natural features in the region



Summary of issues regarding land use in the region

4.2 Existing Land use Distribution The existing land use was prepared by the interpretation of the Quick Bird satellite imagery (obtained in the year 2009) with ground verification. The land use thus obtained was to be matched with the revenue plots. The revenue sheets obtained were edge matched to form the revenues villages, which were mosaiced to form the development plan area.

The process of preparation of the land use plan was done by ORSAC; the land use classification is as per ORSAC standard.

4.3 Land use/ Land cover of PKDA area The overall land use of the PKDA area has been divided into four major categories. They are as follows: 

Built up Land – Urban



Built up Land Rural



Vacant Land



Non Built up Land

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The total land area of the PKDA Region is 296.33 Sq. Km. The distribution of the land uses over the PKDA area, in the above mentioned categories along with different traditional land use categories of land use both in terms of percentages and square kilometers is shown in the table below which gives a clear pattern of development and disparities in the study region:

Location Area

Puri Town Puri Sadar

Table 4.1- A : Land use break-up - PKDA Reside region Comm Indu Recre Trans Public/ Public Religio Other

ntial ercial (Urban) sq.km 4.66 0.91 % 28.60 5.56 sq.km 0.93 0.25 % 1.94 0.52

strial ation al 0.03 0.60 0.19 3.68 0.03 0.51 0.07 1.07

port 1.51 9.26 0.51 1.06

SemiPubli c 1.41 8.65 0.04 0.09

Table 4.1- B : Land use break-up - PKDA Location Arearegion Vacant Agric Vegeta Waste Wet Water

Puri Town Puri Sadar

sq.km % sq.km %

2.75 16.90 2.98 6.22

ulture tion / Fores 1.10 t 0.03 6.76 0.20 7.23 26.76 15.12 55.96

Land

Land body

0.40 2.48 6.34 13.26

0.13 0.81 0.21 0.43

0.44 2.70 0.94 1.97

From the above table and

0.28 1.73 0.11 0.24

Other

0.01 0.08 0.00 0.00

us Center 1.81 11.10 0.17 0.35

Urban 0.21 1.28 0.21 0.44

Reside ntial (Rural) 0.00 0.01 0.59 1.23

Total

16.28 100.00 47.82 100.00

the figure it is clear that a Map 4.1: Landuse share in PKDA SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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major portion of the land area is covered under the non built up category (Agriculture/crop land area, Forest land), constituting to 87.64% of the PKDA area.

The area under forests is the highest accounting to 111.05sq.km (37.48%) of the total land area.

Under the forests the area occupied by the Protected Reserved Forests (P.R.F) is 66.19sq.km. The forest cover is found in Block A (between the Puri municipality area and the UNESCO protected Konark temple area), and in Block B (the area beyond Konark).

The urbanized area under the PKDA region is comparatively less, amounting to 7.93% (23.51sq.km).

Puri urban area accounts to 16.29sq.km; the remaining urban land area (7.22sq.km) is distributed within the PKDA region. The other major concentration of the urbanized land area is found in and around Konark. The various land uses other than residential are recreational, religious centers, and other land uses such as embankments, helipad etc.

Apart from the non-built up and the urbanized area, vacant land has the third major share in the PKDA region occupying 8.43sq.km (2.85%) of area within the region.

The area occupied by the rural households/built up is the least – 4.63sq.km (1.56%) of the PKDA region.

4.4 Block wise/ Zone wise Ownership Pattern This section gives the detailed land use of the six blocks (the administrative blocks) of the region. Puri town and Konark NAC area are the two main blocks which are also the main urban centres in the region. These urban areas are discussed followed by the other blocks.

4.4.1 Existing land use of Puri Town Puri the major urban centre in the region is more than thousand years old and is a religious town. The town is based on Vaastu Purusha Mandala with many meta-physical aspects interwoven in the planning of the town. The area occupied by the Puri municipality area is 16.29sq.km; Puri municipality area has been divided into 30 wards for the administration purpose. Puri town stretches along the sea shore measuring about 5km. the following table gives the land use break up within the Puri town/municipal area.

The specific facture of land use development in Puri town is as mentioned below: 

Majority of urban land in Puri town belongs to residential use accounting for 29% of the total land in the urban centre.



Second highest share of land is vacant (17% of the total land) which is primarily constituted of water fields at the periphery of the city.



Being a religious town more than 10% of land is allocated for religious use in the town. Most of them are placed in the central areas of the town around the Jagannath temple.

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

Different public and semi public utilities cover 11% of the urban land which is higher than average standards as prescribed by UDPFI.



Transportation use is confined within 7% of the land in the urban centre which is far lower than average standards.



Because of demand of commercial facilities due to higher tourist arrival rates commercial use has grabbed 6% of the urban use which is higher than average standards.



Recreational and open space is found in the 4% of the urban land which is lesser than the demand found in the neighbourhoods of the town



Overall the standards of land distribution in the town are found to be average and needs planned intervention for equitable distribution of land commodity.

Map 4.2: Existing Landuse: Puri town

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Fig 4.1: Existing Landuse: share in Puri town 4.4.2 Existing Land use of Puri Sadar / Puri Master Plan area The area around Puri town has been declared as the Puri Master plan area known as Puri Sadar.

Major growth has been witnessed in this block over the recent years. It is expected that this area would show a faster rate of growth owing to the limited land area within Puri town/municipality area.

The area covered by Puri sadar is 47.82 sq km with 16 mouzas. The major land uses within the block are Coastal plantations and the forest area under Balukand sanctuary. The following section gives the detail picture of the land use distribution in the region.

Fig 4.2: Existing Landuse: share in Puri Sadar SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Map 4.3: Residential Areas: PKDA, Puri and Konark

4.5 Detailed analysis of the Land uses for the main urban centers The individual land uses and their details are analyzed in this section for the entire PKDA Region, and the two main urban centres – Puri Town and Konark NAC. 4.5.1 Residential Development The total existing residential development in the PKDA area covers 6.91 Sq.km of the total area. The development is concentrated in the Puri urban area. The growth is radial outwards from the Jagannath Temple. There are small hamlets showing low density residential development along NH -230 and other major roads. Around the UNESCO protected Konark temple there are clusters of residential development are found.

The existing Residential Land Use comprises of 

Planned / plotted houses



Multi Storied Housing



Project housing / housing schemes / quarters



Irregular layout / varying plot size houses

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

Clustered settlement / engulfed villages in urban areas



Slums / Squatters



Scattered Houses

Map 4.4: Existing Landuse: Puri Sadar The map below shows the detailed extent of residential development in the PKDA Region, Puri Urban Area and Konark NAC area. Within the Puri town, large cluster of residential development is near Swargadwara area, south of Jagannath Temple. Other large hamlet of the same kind is towards north near Atharnala Bridge. The residential development along the Swargadwara area and around the Jagannath Temple, primarily comprise of irregular layout/varying plot sizes (24.65% of the total residences in Puri Urban area). Towards the Gundicha temple and towards the Atharnala Bridge the residential development is comprised of Quarters/Project housing/Housing scheme which sums up to 26.36% of the total residential area in the urban areas of Puri. Thus it is evident that the households initially developed during the growth of Puri were around the Jagannath temple, comprised of houses with irregular layouts and varying plot sizes. The area has considerably less area under slums. Most of the houses of the fishermen community by the sea shore are found to be “kutcha” and in dilapidated condition (constituting to 16.43%) with some of the slums are also concentrated on both the sides of the railway station. Apart from the above mentioned categories of residential development, planned/plotted houses have a major share (24.04%); they are located along the Grand road and SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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towards the Atharnala Bridge.

The multi-storied houses constitute a very less number compared to the other categories of residences and are found scattered along the Grand Road within the irregular layout category and the planned/plotted houses (only 2.06% of houses among all the types of residences in the urban area).

Majority of the residential development falls under the categories of clustered settlement and irregular layout. Photographs illustrate the typical residential cluster in the Puri Urban area. Houses of Puri are normally laid adjoining to each other having roadside front yards or porches. Residential development in most parts of the city does not exceed three floors above ground level. Majority of the houses in Puri and surrounding areas are constructed by conventional construction practices and are of brick masonry and concrete. Typical house form of Puri has narrow frontals and generally is quite deep having a small light shaft or courtyard in the centre.

The above map shows the concentration of the residential areas around Konark. Most of the residential agglomeration is found towards the north of the Sun Temple of Konark, away from the sea coast. Clustered settlement or engulfed villages are found to occupy a larger percentage of the residential growth. Apart from the clustered settlements, irregular/varying plot size houses are found in large number.

4.5.2 Commercial Development The total existing commercial development in the PKDA area covers 1.42 Sq.km of the total area. The growth is found to be along the Grand Road outwards from the Jagannath Temple and along the sea shore towards the south of Jagannath temple. The other major concentration of commercial activity can be found around the UNESCO protected Konark temple. The commercial activity in Konark mainly comprises of small shops which display artifacts to attract tourists.

Fig 4.3: Hotels on Marine Drive The commercial development is concentrated in the Puri urban area. The commercial activities have witnessed a linear pattern of growth, along the sea shore and along the Grand road. Out of the total urban area in Puri the commercial development accounts to 5.4%. The commercial activities mainly SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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comprise of hotels/lodges, Dharmasalas/holiday resort, street vendors etc, attracting tourists.

Hotels/lodges constitute a larger percentage among the various commercial activities, constituting 48.89% of the commercial area, followed by Dharmasala/Rest house/Holiday resorts leading to 28% of the commercial area. The other commercial activity which occupies a prominent area is by the Street/Roadside shops/vending zones which amounts to 11.35% The existing Commercial Land Use comprises of 

Market complex/Commercial Centre



Street/Roadside shops/vending zones



Hotel/Lodge



Dharmasala/Rest house/Holiday resorts



Cinema hall/Theatre halls



Auto works/Garage/Service centre



Kalyan mandap/Community centre/Auditorium



Petrol pump



Daily/weekly hat/market

Fig 4.4: Various Markets in Puri and Informal stalls in Beach and Grand road Konark

The stalls and various types‟ vendors are shown in the pictures; these stalls are along the sea shore, south of the Swargadwara area. These vendors form a major tourist attraction along the beach areas.

Commercial activities are very less in the Konark region. The commercial activities are concentrated around the Konark Temple. These commercial activities include Hotels, Dharmasala, community centres etc. apart from these there are vendors or the market complex. There is a small concentration of hotels near the beach area. Apart from the commercial activities, there are also a few godowns/storage places, found near the sea coast. There are various issues found for commercial development in the study area especially at Puri which are summarized below: SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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

Rapid development of commercial establishments like hotels, guest house, Restaurants etc are putting enormous threat to coastal ecosystem in the Puri town coastal area and some part of Konark NAC.



Growing informal activities in the beach at Puri town leading to decay of urban environment and fabric of the marine ecosystem.



Uncontrolled expansion of informal stalls in Grand road and surrounding areas of Jagannath temple is resulting in decay of heritage values in the town.



Most of the hotels and commercial establishments generates greater amount of waste water and solid waste which are mostly disposed untreated into the sea which is polluting the marine ecology in the region.

4.5.3 Public, Semi Public, Religious Utilities and Development

Map 4.5: Commercial Areas: PKDA, Puri, and Konark The total area under public and semi public & religious utilities in the PKDA area sums up to 5.99 Sq.km of the total area. The development as seen earlier is concentrated within the Puri town area.

Apart from the Puri urban area, there are small clusters of public and semi-public areas around the UNESCO protected Konark temple area.

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The maps below show the location of the religious, public and semi public utilities in the PKDA Region, Puri urban area and Konark NAC area. These utilities account to about 21.55% of the total urban land area of Puri.

The public/semi public utilities amount to 40.27% of the area under Public, Semi Public, and Religious Utilities. These can be found concentrated around the railway station area and also towards the southeastern side of the urban area. They are also found to be scattered among the religious centres. The public utilities amount to a very small percentage (7.6%) of the land area under Public, Semi Public, and Religious Utilities.

There are a very few public and semi public utilities at Konark. They have a scattered pattern of arrangement, around the existing residential areas. There are two major educational institutions situated on the highway connecting Konark and Pipli.

Puri being a pilgrimage destination, the share of religious spaces is found to be higher accounting to 53.03% of the area under Public, Semi Public, and Religious Utilities. This area comprises of Temples, Mosques, Gurudwara, Ashram/Matha and Church as given in the table. It can be found that the concentration of religious spaces is more towards the western side of the city, and towards the Swargadwara area.

4.5.4 Natural Features – Water Bodies, Forests PKDA region has a high percentage of ecologically sensitive areas. Reserved forests, Aquifers, Water bodies, River Bed Areas and waste lands are some of the natural features which need to be conserved.

Forests: The map given below shows the major Forest areas in Puri Konark Development Authority area. The forest cover in this area are mainly divided into the following types 

Dense Forests



Forest/Coastal/Strip plantation



Degraded plantation

These forests are located towards the southern part of the region. Forest/Coastal/Strip plantation come up to 87% of the forest area, and degraded plantations constitute 12% of the forest area, with a minimal area of the dense plantations. Water Bodies: There are four major rivers in the PKDA region which are Mangala, Nuanai, Kushavadra and Kadua River. Mangala and Kushavadra River is the major water sources in the region for municipal use and agricultural purpose. The rest of water bodies are ponds, small lakes, coastal submerges urban water reserves, tanks etc. As far as urban water features is concerned Puri town has four major tanks which are seen as sacred places having cultural values for the residents. Overall the region has plenty of natural features although proper

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management measures are still lacking.

Observations and Summary of Issues identified From the above analysis the following issues can be identified and summarized: 

Land use distribution in the PKDA region has wide disparity resulting in dissimilar opportunities in the various parts of the region. This is effecting widespread migration from rural to urban areas which should be well answered in the land use plan formulation strategies in the CDP.



The most important economy generating sector in the region is tourism and on the other hand major proportion of urban land is designated for religious and heritage use. Major interventions are required to conserve the heritage zone in the urban precincts which will promote more economy generation opportunities in the region.



Due to incoming of large tourist population the beach area has been intensively used for commercial development which needs to be controlled through effective Development control regulations which will improve the coastal environment and reduce the chances of disasters.



The transportation facilities provided in the region consists of only a total of 1.49% of PKDA region and 9% of Puri town area which is far below from standards. This scenario must be improved through providing an effecting mobility plan for the region which will focus on internal mobility of urban centres as well as intra regional connectivity.



Puri town area has very little designated open space within the municipal arena which does not make it an environmental friendly liveable urban space. Hence adequate neighbourhood level, sectoral and town level provision of open spaces should be designed in the CDP to enhance the quality of life in the town area.



The region has rich natural forests and bio reserve zones which should be conserved and managed to attract tourists and increase tourism potential of the region.



Urban agriculture in the town is on a decreasing trend which should be planned and promoted along with necessary technical interventions. This will help in improving urban environment and increase employment opportunities.



As far as residential development is concerned there is very limited provision for EWS section of residents in Puri town. In this CDP adequate strategies and land use zoning should be prepared to internalise this section of population.



There are some valuable large water bodies existing in Puri town. These carry a lot of faith and heritage values for the town and hence should be conserved with required intervention in the CDP.



Informal activity is at the core of the fabric of the urban centres especially Puri town. But these are growing in an unplanned fashion degrading the heritage value and potential of the town.

Therefore planning interventions and strategies for informal activity is highly essential.

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5. Demographic and Economic Perspective The Existing trends of demography and economic scenario helps to analyze and understand how the region is growing and where it will lead to. Therefore this study will lead to logical conclusion of what are the current trends and how the mosaic is going to be change in due time span. The chapter basically analyses the demographic, social and economic fabric of the region as well as projected scenario will also be visualized.

Census Data for the years 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 is analyzed for the preparation of charts and thematic maps from which inferences about the condition of the study area are drawn. The unit of analysis is the “Village”. The present PKDA area consists of 131 revenue villages that fall within – Puri Development Area, Konark Development area, Block A and Block B. This chapter includes the analysis of the following components of different sectors:

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5.1 The Population Perspective The section here will include the population distribution, growth pattern, density mapping, and literacy and caste distribution analysis. This will give an overview about the study region and emerging issues will be underlined from the same: 5.1.1 PopulationDistribution: The table below shows the block wise distribution of population and its comparison with the district and state level status. Basically majority of population in the area is concentrated in Puri Town Area (54.6%) due to various opportunities the town provides; whereas the rest of the region is basically large village tracts having dispersed population. Except for Puri, Konark NAC is having moderate population accumulation. The maps below the table indicates the same scenario as mentioned.

Table 5.1 Population Distribution in Different Blocks Sr. No 1 2

Spatial Population % of unit Puri Town Puri (M) Sadar

Population

% of

Population

PKDA

1981

PKDA

1991

72674

Total 48.5

100942

Total 52.2

125199

Total 52.1

157837

Total 54.6

6654

4.5

8547

4.4

10874

4.5

14880

5.1

1971

% of Population % of PKDA

2001

PKDA

Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis

Area 5.1.2 Population Density

Except Puri Town which has a density of 9395 persons/sq. km (2001) rest of the blocks in the study area is showing very low density as seen in table below. Consonance with population distribution the density has also has not increased much in last decade in most of the blocks.

The density in Puri Town has increased considerable in the last decade resulted in compaction and sprawl in the town. Core wards around the Jagannath Temple have very high density in the town compared to other parts of it.

Table 5.2: Population density in different blocks: PKDA Sr.No. Spatial unit 1

Puri Town ( M)

Population 1991 125199

2

Puri Master Plan

10874

Density/sq. km, 1991 7452.32

Population 2001 157837

Density/sq.km, 2001 9395.06

2.06

14880

2.89

Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis

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5.1.3 Population Projections Forecasting of population for 2031 has been analyzed in this section which will give us an idea of how much population we need to accommodate in the study region and within its different blocks. This will further help us in forecasting the future housing needs and infrastructure requirements in the region and urban centers in the area.

Major four methods have been applied to calculate the future populations which are: Arithmetic method of Population increase Geometric method of population increase Incremental method of increase and Decrease method of population increase.

The final outcome of the population forecast is as per Geometric Increase Method on basis of the observation that the Growth rate of the region has a constant over the decades and in line with the present development trend. During this exercise different blocks has been analyzed and forecasted as shown in the below table the forecasting methods and the outputs applied in Puri town and Puri Sadar area. After doing this consequent calculations final output has been formulated which is shown in the chart below and maps in the next page. The summary of emerging issues which should be considered is: 

Puri town will be the major hub of growth in the area in future.



Within the town peripheral wards will face rapid growth.



Puri Sadar area will see steady growth due to spill over effect of Puri town.



Areas within Konark NAC will face moderate compaction.



The rural tract requires some planned interventions to grow and flourish.

Fig 5.1 Population Forecast

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Table 5.3: Projection Alternatives for Puri and Puri Sadar

Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis

Map 5.1: Projected Populations in PKDA 2031 5.2 Socio-Economic Perspective This section will try to explore the existing socio-economic fabric of the region in the form of sex ratio, workforce participation, literacy status, backward caste status etc. Basically through charts, tabulation and mapping existing socio economic scenario and trends has been understood to plan efficiently and accordingly.

5.2.1 Work force participation: The workforce participation has been analyzed in the heads of main workers distribution, marginal

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workers distribution and total workers distribution. The analysis has been done at the block level in the whole region.

Let us first look at the main workers distribution in the study area. The analysis in the chart below clearly indicates that main workers share is maximum in the town area where as it is less the rural tracts as most of the people there involved in agriculture and allied activities. The growth pattern also shows that % of main workers in the city area has increased in the last decade where as it has decreased in most of the rural parts of the study region.

As far as the marginal workers distribution is concerned except the Puri Master Plan area everywhere the share has increased. As shown in the below table the villages are showing a steady increase in this category indicating that there may be a tendency of people shifting and sticking to traditional activities in the region.

The analysis indicates that rural to urban migration may be occurring in the region which is resulting in lowering of main workers in the villages and opposite phenomenon in the urban centers of Puri and Konark. Planning intervention is therefore of prime necessity.

Therefore measures should be adopted to incorporate the agrarian sector in the overall development scenario of the region and not exclude the same. May be rural based manufacturing sector can be strengthened to improve the diversity of activities in the rural areas to increase the economic base of majority of rural population.

The table below shows the holistic distribution of workers in the study area. It is obvious from the analysis that overall increase in the workers share has not been much and in fact very low compared to other similar type region. This goes to show that, economy generating opportunities are very limited in the region and not expanding that much. Planned interventions are required to explore and invent job generating opportunities through expansion and introduction of different economic sectors.

Map 5.2: Total Workers in PKDA 2001

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Table 5.4: Total workers Distribution: PKDA

Sr. No. 1 2

Spatial unit Populatio Total n Worker 1991 s Puri Town 125199 34332 1991 (M) Puri Sadar 10874 3467

Populatio n 2001 157837 14880

Total Workers 2001 47339 4506

TWFPR % 1991 27.42 31.88

TWFP R % 2001 29.99 30.28

Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis 5.2.2 Literacy Rates Literacy rates in the region have shown a steady increase over the last decade giving a positive sign to the overall socio-economic development of the region. The below graph clearly indicates that compared to the year-1991 the year of 2001 is showing improved literacy rates.

Female literacy rates as shown in the below tables are seen to be very low, although the same has increased in the last decade considerably.

The maps in the next page show that the literacy rate in the last decades have improved in the rural areas which is most commendable and positives coming out.

Table 5.5: Literacy Rate-1991, PKDA Sr.N o.

1 2

Spati Population 2001 Literate Population 2001 % of Literacy al uni Total Male Female Total Male Femal Total Male Female e Puri tTown 157837 82269 75568 116731 64617 52114 73.96 78.54 68.96 ( M) Puri 14880 7619 7261 9547 5575 3999 64.16 73.17 55.08 Sadar Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis

Map 5.3: Literacy Rate (%) in PKDA 2001

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5.2.3 Sex Ratio: Scenarios regarding sex ratio is also on a positive note as one can clearly see from the below diagram that in the last decade the sex ratio in all the parts of the region has increase at a steady rate. This probably due to rising education levels people are more aware now and away from devil thoughts.

Compared to urban centers rural areas have high sex ratio as seen in the table below which is primarily due to migration of working males into urban centers from rural places. This scenario is not different from the rest of the country but still should be tackled in an efficient manner.

As the trends shows that share of women in population is increasing along with literacy levels economic and social planning measures should be adopted in the strategic planning part in the CDP to provide adequate schooling and higher education facilities in the region as per demand.

Table 5.6: Sex Ratio-2001, PKDA

Sl.No 1 2

Spatial Unit Puri Town ( M) Puri Sadar

Total 157837 14880

Population 2001 Male 82269 7619

Female 75568 7261

Sex ratio 2001 919 953

Source: Census data, CEPT Analysis

Map 5.4: Sex Ratio in PKDA 2001

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5.3 Existing Sectoral Profile of Local Economy To understand the study region and its economic diversity this section deals with profile and details of various sector activities and potentials for future will also be assessed. Basically broad sectors: namely primary, secondary and tertiary have been undertaken for detailed study for the purpose.

Puri, though a small temple town, attracts large number of people from different parts of India, many of who wished to settle down here for its status as the ultimate place of salvation. Normally, Puri locals comprise the original inhabitants of Puri, mostly consisting of the priestly order, artisans and others connected with the great temple. Flow of pilgrims from different parts of India in almost all seasons helps the locals earn their livelihood.

The general occupational structure and the socio-economic condition determine the lifestyle of the people of a particular locality. Puri being a cosmopolitan culture entertains various classes of people.

The traditional class of persons of Puri consists of Temple Sevayats, Supakars and others as stated earlier.

The

most

significant

are

the

artisans,

which

consist

of

carpentars

(Badhei),

Painters(Chitrakaras), Potters (Kumbhakaras), Stone - carvers (Pathurias), Applique workers and other artisans engaged in manufacturing of different handicrafts like Patta Paintings, Palm-leaf carving, Seashell production etc.

Till the late 50s of the 20th century, Puri reigned as a pilgrim centre. The increase in flow of tourists from India and abroad have gradually introduced other functions to promote its economic activities.

This section examines the different aspects of economic activities of the PKDA region.

The table shows the status and decadal shift of different tier activities in Puri Town. Being the prime population concentration and economy providing territory this data is of key significance.

Table 5.7: Sector wise workers distribution: PKDA

Puri Sadar Primary 1981 2384 1991 1933 2001 1361 Puri 1981 629 1991 706 2001 219

Secondary 45 129 200

Tertiary 1234 444 2517

Total Population 8547 10874 14880

Workers 3663 2506 4078

WPR 0.428571 0.230458 0.274059

1029 1015 1075

26799 13326 43342

100942 125199 157837

28457 15047 44636

0.281914 0.120185 0.282798

One is very clear from the table above is that there is a constant shift of population in the town from agriculture base to industry based and service based activities in the area. Although the rate of change has not been fast enough to grab attention and hence more economic planning intervention is highly essential to fasten the shift of activities to improve economic base of the region.

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Listed below are the main economy drivers identified in the PKDA region: 

Agriculture, Forests & Horticulture



Fishing and Allied activities



Cattle & Livestock



Industrial activities



Economic activities involved with Jagannath temple



Handloom, Handicraft and Cottage industries



Tourism & catering industry

5.3.1 Primary sector activities 5.3.1.1 Cattle and Livestock: The activities under cattle & live stock include: 

Dairy activities (stall fed animals, animal grazing on private pasture, animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land)



Goat & Sheep rearing (stall fed animals, animal grazing on private pasture, animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land)



Meat processing



Poultry Livestock in Odisha is high livelihood intensive and 80% of its rural households own livestock of one species or the other and earn supplementary incomes from them. The sector contributes 7.25 % the state‟s net domestic product and, therefore, development of the livestock sector is the total livestock in Odisha as per 2001 census is about 24 million excluding dogs.

Table 5.8: Details of Cattle & Livestock in PKDA region

Cattle Cross Breed Exotic Indigenous Total

Male

Female

Total

17301 5 171717 189023

68116 22 204858 272996

85417 27 376575 462019

Out of the total livestock population, cattle population account for about 59% (about 14 million), Buffaloes account for about 6 % (more than 1million), Goats and Sheep account for about 33 % (about 8 million) and Pigs account for about 3% (about 1million). Besides, the percentage of genetically cross breed animals in Odisha account for about 6 % for cattle, about 2 % for Buffaloes and less than 1% and Goats and Sheep. The concentration of the livestock is the maximum in the coastal districts. The production of milk in 2002-2003 was about 1million tones with per capita availability of about 70 grams per day only. The amount of production of milk, meat, egg and per capita availability is given in table – SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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13. The production of meat, milk and eggs are very low in comparison to other States of the country.

5.3.2 Tertiary Sector Activities: Tourism Rich natural resources offering visual feast and picturesque vistas along with cultural heritage of one of the oldest civilization make Odisha a potential tourist destination.

Fig 5.2: Major Tourist attractions in and around PKDA region Puri The Jagannath temple, a majestic structure of 65 meters high stands on the elevated platform in the heart of the city. It is a monument of the 12th century A.D with all the richness and plasticity of the kalinga style of architecture. Though the temple is closed to non-Hindus, the activities of Jagannath temple are so immense that they create enough color & interest for tourists to participate in bazaar element of proceedings outside the four gates of the temple. Apart from the main temple, there are many small temples in Puri.

The Golden beach offers tourists the rare opportunity of witnessing the colorful sunrise and sunset on Fig 5.3: Major Tourist attractions in and around PKDA region

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the same beach where they can bathe and laze for hours on the golden sands. One can also see and enjoy traditional fishermen playing their catamarans or sail boats and drawing into their nets rich catches of prawn, pomfret and other fish on this long and wide beach extending for miles.

The other attraction of Puri is its ancient villages where one can find the oriyan value and culture.

Raghurajpur the artesian village is a living museum itself. Every house hold here has a painter and can show the age old traditional paintings painted lavishly on canvas, silk and other varieties. Pipili is a craft village famous for appliqué work. One can find series of shops decorated with many appliqué works with bright colors. The varieties are like umbrellas, lamp shades, wall cloths, table covers, sofa covers, children clothes, bed covers and many more.

Sakhigopal known otherwise as Satyabadi is famous for the shrine of Lord Krishna. Although the temple was build during the 19th century, the legend is very strong. Sakhigopal is surrounded by full of coconut trees. One can visit villages in Sakhigopal. Visits to the villages become more enjoyable during the festive seasons.

The important monuments of the town are: 

Jagannath Temple, Puri



Gundicha Temple, Puri



Shyamakali Temple, Puri



Siddha Mahavir Temple, Puri



Swethaganga Tank, Puri



Lokonath Temple, Puri



Jambeswar temple, Puri



Karar Ashram, Kriyayoga Teaching & Meditation Centre, Puri

5.3.3 Attractive tourist spots within Study Area The study region being culturally rich has a variety of attractions for tourist mainly visiting for holy and recreational purposes. The major places of attractions in the study area are shown in the map below are: Puri temple and Puri beach located in Puri Town area, Konark temple in Konark NAC, Ramchandi temple and Chandrabhagha area situated in-between the Puri and Konark areas. Through necessary planning interventions heritage conservation and development of such places is perquisite.

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Map 5.5: Important spots within PKDA 5.3.4 Fairs & Festivals: Odisha being a land of ancient and sacred temples, where three religions flourished, is thronged by pilgrims throughout the year.

Festivals in Odisha are mesmerizing in their raw energy, religious favour and a splash of colours juxtaposed with rhythms that vary from district to district and tribe to tribe. The religious undercurrent in events of all origin and purpose unite the festivals and fair in a harmony of dances, music and Yatras.

Enamoured with temples across its landscape, Odisha hosts a number of temple festivals especially related to Lord Jagannath at Puri including the world famous Rath Yatra or the Car Festival.

Odisha constitutes many tribal communities especially in its south-western districts, the festivals in Odisha also include tribal festivals and fairs that are sometimes intriguing, sometimes bewildering but always entertaining. Some of the tribal festivals include Chaita Parva and Bali Yatra. Festivals in Odisha are not restricted to temples and tribal festivals but are also concerned with celebrating the cycle of life with all its joys and sorrows. To showcase the varied folk tradition and cultural heritage of

Fig 5.4: Important spots within PKDA

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Odisha, there are several special festivals being organized in Odisha such as the Puri Beach Festival, Konark Festival and Kalinga Festival.

5.3.5 Tourist Population: Puri is endowed with rich natural resource, visual feast of color variety picturesque tourist potential and a cultural journey to one of the oldest civilization in the world. It has scope for tremendous tourist potential owing to great monuments resulting in abundant tourist flow in to the region as shown in below table for last four years of tourist flow to Puri town. The rich tourism potential of the place can be used as an effectve medium to promote overall growth and generate employment in the region.

Table 5.9: Tourist Inflow in PKDA region

Tourist centre

2006

2008

Domestic Foreign

Total

Domestic

foreign

Total

Puri (Hotel 17,59,626 14,627 Occupancy) Puri (Day visitors) 51,56,758 14,763

17,74,253

22,12,466

17,025

22,29,491

1,71,521

48,80,375

7,629

48,98,004

Konark (Day 20,77,360 8,573 visitors) Konark (A.S.I 11,96,500 7,883 .entry ticket) Ramachandi 1,64,390 3,218

0,85,933

20,55,600

9,110

20,64,710

12,04,383

14,71,082

9,067

4,80,149

1,67,608

1,80,700

1,127

1,81,827

Beleswar

50,370

12

50,382

56,820

27

56,847

Kakatpur

1,85,770

-

1,85,770

1,99,313

-

1,99,313

The major tourist circulation routes in Puri during normal season and peak season are mapped below:

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Map 5.6: Direction of Tourist flow in Normal season, Puri

Map 5.7: Direction of Tourist flow in Peak season, Puri

Fig 5.5: Festive time activities at Puri

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Various accommodation facilities are provided in both urban centres of Puri and Konark for tourists and floating population coming in different season. The below table and maps provide an outline of them: Table 5.10: Accommodation facilities in PKDA region

Classification High Spending Group Medium Spending group Low Spending group Total Dharmsala Holiday Home

No. of hotels 57 65 218 340 6 15

No. of rooms 1928 1768 3286 6982 267 300

No. of beds 4119 3965 6862 14,946 1150

Map 5.8: Location of hotel/Lodges & Dharmashalas in Puri Town

Source: Puri Municipality, CEPT Analysis

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Although Puri Town and Konark has lot of heritage importance and tourism potential still not much attention has been paid for planned development and management of the spaces in the areas. The town area during tourist season faces enormous challenges which are not been answered and tackled with. Some of the major issues related to tourism are as follows: 

Lack of liveable units during peak season to accommodate huge inflow of tourists visiting especially during Rath Yatra



Road and traffic infrastructure is inadequate and hence Congestion and traffic problems during the peak season are a routine scenario.



Lack of parking facilities during peak season results into on-street parking.



Street vending in major tourist routes is creating congestion due to narrowing of roads and gatherings on the same. Therefore the need of the hour is to regulate, plan and manage this sector which is the major economy and employment generation option for the whole region of PKDA.

5.4 Summary and Conclusion The summery of issues identified through the above analysis of demographic and economic sector which should be incorporated for proposals in the CDP are as following: 

The pattern in share of population in the region show that Puri town and Konark are getting crowded by increasing share over the decades where as the rural belts is losing the overall population share.



The decadal growth trend indicates that peripheral zones of the Puri town which constitutes of Puri Sadar area is showing higher growth rate than other areas in the region.



The above two statistics clearly points towards effective rural to urban migration taking place in the region. Therefore measures should be taken to create employment opportunities and strengthening agricultural base in the rural part of the region. Adequate infrastructure and housing provisions should also be taken care off in the urban centres which can prevent spreading of slums and degradation of urban environment.



From the workers distribution analysis it can be clearly stated that working population share especially main workers share is highly concentrated in the Puri town and surrounding area where as the population in the rest of the region lacks adequate opportunities and engaged in marginal sector. This should be tackled by promoting specialized secondary and tertiary based activities suitable to local fabric in the rural belt of PKDA.



Literacy status in the region has increased considerably in the last decade. The rate in Puri town has increased from 66% to 73% between 1991-2001 where as the in the same time line the regional literacy rate has increased from 57% to 69%. This will lead to increasing demand for higher educational institutions and schooling provisions which should be well incorporated in the provisions for social infrastructure in the CDP. SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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

The overall sex ratio in the PKDA region has increase from 882 to 919 persons/000 males in the last decade. The same increasing trend has been seen in all the blocks constituting the region. This can be taken as a positive phenomenon and provisions and activities as well as awareness should be promoted to provide equal opportunities for women in the region.



The concentration of backward castes in the Puri town and surrounding area has increased in the last decade. People have migrated from interior areas for working opportunities are living in informal settlements in the town. Special attention should be given to the minorities through formal schooling, job opportunities for equitable growth.



Primary sector activities in the form of agriculture, fishing and forest based activities are still employing a considerable share of population in the region. The sector should be further strengthened by promoting household based activities, manufacturing and use of modern technologies in the activities.



Handicrafts and handloom products of the region is of high class and very attractive to the consumers. Use of technology for greater outputs and Marketing of the products is the need of the hour to promote and strengthen the sector.



Tourism is the backbone of local economy in the towns and overall region. Various attractions in and around the region attracts tourists in plenty. There are still a lot of opportunities to be explored through specific area planning, beach development, sanctuary development etc in the sector to improve the tertiary sector in the region.



Accommodation facilities for tourists in the region especially in the town are far below than the demand. Therefore adequate accommodation facilities should be developed through private partnerships to meet the demand.



Increasing trend of floating population during peak seasons leading to more infrastructure demand in the region especially in Puri town. Adequate proposals should be given for special tourism infrastructure development in the area.

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6. Traffic & Transportation 6.1 Introduction Puri, the holy land of Lord Jagannath is one of the oldest cities in the eastern part of the country. The city is an important nerve centre for all religious activities in the state of Odisha. Famous for its Rath Yatra, this place holds a significant position in every Indians heart. Thousands of tourists flock the city every day. This number rises to many folds especially during the festive season of the famous Rath Yatra.

Puri is an important urban node in this region, with Bhubaneswar, Puri and Konark forming the famous triangle. The road from Puri to Konark goes through picturesque fields and abuts the serene beaches nearing Konark. The very importance of this city, not only in the regional but national context explains the need for a good traffic and transportation plan both at the city level as well as at the regional level connecting it to Bhubaneswar, Konark and Brahmagiri.

Insufficient carrying capacity of the intercity routes and the national highways, poor planning in urban infrastructure development, absence of proper linkage of various forms of transportation and insufficient parking areas especially during the festive season have resulted in an inadequate transportation system within the city. As a part of the comprehensive development of the city an efficient traffic and transportation plan needs to be formulated.

Map 6.1: Regional Connectivity of PKDA This section describes the status of the traffic and transportation network in the study area. A study of the regional connectivity in the area has been carried out. This is followed by a brief discussion of the existing transit and terminal facilities. The network characteristics have been analyzed, to assess the SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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sufficiency of the system in the tourist and non tourist season. Through the course of studies parking has been found to be one of the major issues, especially in the urban areas. Solutions for the same have been examined. It has been observed that from the transportation point of view the urban area of Puri, is the major stress area. Hence the transport proposals concentrate on the betterment of the inner- city mobility of Puri and address the concerns of insufficient network widths, lack of parking facilities and better traffic management in the city. The high rates of vehicles especially the two wheelers in the area and the trip patterns of the city have been discussed in detail to identify the hotspots and ways and means to resolve the same.

Ongoing and proposed projects have been studied to get a picture of the future transportation scenario in the region. A set of actions and recommendations, along with proposals have been identified to improve the existing transport conditions and to address the future mobility requirements.

6.2 Regional Connectivity 6.2.1 Road PKDA region stretches over 296.33 sq.km of area. The regional road network comprises of National Highways and State Highways connecting the urban areas to other parts of the PKDA region.

6.2.1.1 National Highway There are three National Highways passing through the region, namely NH-203 (running from Bhubaneswar up to Puri), NH-203Extn (From Puri to Konark) and NH-203A (passing from Puri via Brahmagiri to Satapada). This Highway passes through the heart of Puri town. The table below gives details of the mentioned National highways.

Map 6.2: National Highways alignment in PKDA region

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6.2.1.2 State Highway The two state highways passing through the PKDA region are SH-13 and SH-60. The main towns through which the SH-13 passes are Khurda-Jatni-Pipili-Nimapara-Gop. The distance covered by SH13 within the Puri division is Puri-36 km.

The State Highway 60 connects to GOP. The main towns covered by SH-60 are Phulnakhara-NialiCharichhak-Gop-Konark-Puri. Within the Puri division, the SH-60 covers a distance of 18 km.

6.2.1.3 Major district roads (MDR) & ODRs The distance covered by the Major District Roads (MDRs) within the Puri R&B division is 75.30km and the distance covered by the other district roads (ODRs) within the Puri R&B division sums up to 314.36km.

6.2.2 Rail Connectivity The East coast railway extends its services to the States of Odisha. Puri is well connected with other major urban centres in Odisha as well as to other urban centres in the country. There are two main rail corridors traversing the town namely, North-South and East- West which connects with Puri. One of the branch lines of the Indian network of railways called the South Eastern network links up Puri with the states of the southern parts of India. The attached map shows the location of the railway lines passing through the town of Puri.

6.2.3 Air Connectivity Puri does not have direct air connectivity. It is a tourism destination to attract domestic as well as foreign tourist. It takes almost 2 hours to reach Puri from Bhubaneswar airport. The distance between the same is 57 km. Buses and IPTs ply between Bhubaneswar and Puri on a regular basis.

6.3 Travel Scenario in Urban Centres of PKDA The transport scenario of Puri has been explained in the following sections. The network components, the carrying capacity, the performance, the stress areas and the parking aspects have been identified and studied. Puri being a town which has a considerable percentage of the tourist population the variation of the travel demand in the festive times requires special attention.

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Map 6.3: Major roads and Nodes of transportation in Puri town

Map 6.4: Pedestrian movement hierarchy: Puri town

Source: CEPT survey & Analysis

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6.3.1 Observations Puri is accessible to the tourists both by rail and by road (buses and private vehicles) and considering tourist movement the Grand Road; it makes the Grand Road the most congested, which is followed by NH203 and Station Road within the city limits. Residential movement pattern is also found to be the maximum on The Grand Road and the Station Road.

Being a temple town, the city has large volume of pedestrian traffic and therefore a proper pedestrian walkway system needs to be put in place. The main spine and the most affected is the Grand road with a width of 50m on an average which goes up to 100m near Gundicha temple and reduces to 45m near Jagannath temple.

Puri town lacks a rigid traffic control system. Traffic management and control at main intersections is marginal. The varied composition of the traffic from bullock carts to fast moving cars adds to the congestion and chaos of the roads within the city.

Presently there exists no proper co-ordination between different local authorities for smooth and efficient management of traffic. Although, during festive seasons, co-ordination committees are set up for providing one way traffic routes, parking places and other requirements.

6.3.2 Terminal and Parking Facilities in Puri 6.3.2.1 Bus terminal The existing bus terminal is located on the Grand Road near the Gundicha temple, where the major outstation buses (from Bhubaneswar & Konark) get parked. The other area where the intra-state buses get parked within Puri is in Talabania (the sweet water zone).

6.3.2.2 Railway station/terminal Served by the East Coast Railways, the Puri railway station is the terminal point of the South Eastern Railways. Located at a reasonable distance from the city center of Puri, the Puri railway station is easily accessible and regular autos and taxis run between the city and the station. The railway station is located next to the Hospital road which is connected by station road.

6.3.2.3 Parking facilities There are two major parking areas in Puri town. For the intercity buses which ply between Puri and regional cities like Bhubaneswar, Cuttack and Konark, there is bus stand in ward no 29 at Talabania (Map 6). There is a parking space available in ward no 20 near to the Grand road for other vehicles).

Apart from these, there are no parking spaces available to cater to the huge floating population. The attached map shows the location of the parking facilities in the city.

Parking requirement of the city during Rath Yatra, New Year, Kartik Purnima and other festivals for which very little facilities are available, is significantly high.

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The surveyed locations have been mentioned as below: I. On-Street Parking 

Grand Road



Marine Drive Road



Railway Station Road



Chakratirtha Road

II. Off-Street Parking

Fig 6.5: On street parking at Grand road



Jagannath Temple Administrative Parking



Talabania Parking in S/W Zone



Railway Station Parking



Marine Drive Road Parking



Konark Parking – At BBSR-Konark-Puri Junction



Konark Parking – Near Bus Stand

Fig 6.6: On street parking in Swargadwar The attached map shows the location of these parking areas. The attached image shows the status of the on road parking. These are rather ad hoc and add to the woes of congestion in the city.

Map 6.5: Parking facilities in Puri town

Source: CEPT survey & Analysis

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Observations: 

It is observed from the parking survey that the parking space available for local residents and tourists is adequate during non-festive days at the city level.



Major issue concluded is that Grand road and Marine drive road has on-street parking throughout the length creating congestion. Automobile repair garages are also found on the Grand Road near the Gundicha temple. Since Chakratirtha road is a commercial area and a narrow street, the on street parking creates congestion on the road.



During tourist season the parking facility in the town clearly collapses due to nature of demand arises during the time which results in to traffic chaos. Provision of adequate parking should be therefore a top priority for transportation plan in this CDP.

6.3.3 Travel Characteristics in Puri 6.3.3.1 Trip Purpose The following figure shows the analysis on the purpose of the trips made by the tourists and outsiders entering the PKDA region

Fig 6.7: Purpose of trips made by Tourists

Source: CEPT survey & Analysis It

is

evident that a major share of visitors coming are for religious or recreational purposes to the Jagannath Temple, Konark sun temple, route to Chilika Lake and the beaches. The other purposes of travel include business, education and service. Majority of travel source are originating from Peripheral areas of the town to the central parts includes Jagannath Temple and major commercial areas located nearby beach in the town. Due to the reason major vehicular flow has been observed in the analysis above in the same areas.

The attached map below explains the location of the tourist areas and the commercial and institutional areas and the pattern of flow of travelers according to purpose of visits: From the map below it becomes clear that among the local residents of the Puri Town, the major trips or purposes for travel are for education and business. The modes of transport for the same are found SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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to be primarily bicycles, followed by auto rickshaws. It is also clear that the percentage of public transport is very less when compared to the private modes of transport, emphasizing the improvement of public transport in the region and within the town.

Map 6.6: Line diagram for trip purpose mapping

Source: CEPT survey & Analysis

6.3.3.2 Traffic Flow Scenario This section describes the movement of vehicles (residents and tourists), and pedestrian traffic flow.

The vehicular composition of the vehicles in the morning and evening comprises maximum percentage of slow moving vehicles, that varies from 65% to 75% and the fast moving vehicles account for 25%.

The surveys conducted reveal the most congested roads, and the major bottlenecks within Puri city.

The maps below depict the same:

Fig 6.8: Traffic Scenarios in Puri

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Map 6.7: Road Hierarchy: Residents Movement Source: CEPT survey & Analysis

Map 6.8: Road Hierarchy: Tourist Movement Source: CEPT survey & Analysis SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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6.4 Summary of Issues identified in the sector: From the analysis of the existing ground situation of the transportation sector the following issues has been identified: 

Overall regional linkage in PKDA is very weak as most of the facilities is concentrated in Puri town and not been diversified. Therefore existing disparity is apparent from the analysis done.

Hence improvement of regional linkage and mobility should be emphasised in the mobility plan in CDP for PKDA-2031.



The distance between Puri and Konark is approximately 35-40 km. but the means of connectivity between the two is primarily NH-203E. There is an increasing need to connect the two urban centres in the region through faster public transport medium.



The major problem that is currently Puri town is facing is due to primarily mixing of domestic traffic and tourist traffic as there is no line of separation between the two. Hence there is a need to create an alternative route for tourist traffic entry into the town especially for tourists visiting for recreation in beach of Puri.



The PKDA area on a gross level designates only 1.49% of its total area for transportation facilities use. Whereas Puri town being the prime urban centre in the region gives out 9% of its total land for the same use. Both of the shares are far below standards as prescribed by UDPFI guidelines. Therefore the CDP should plan accordingly for increasing the share for providing efficient mobility in the region.



Major traffic in Puri town is generated in the NH-203 which is main link between Puri and Bhubaneswar. But the width of the same road is less than 20 m on an average which is clearly inefficient to carry the current and growing traffic volume. Expansion and proper design interventions in the road are therefore the prime necessity felt for the case.



Major traffic within Puri city is generated in the Grand road, Marine drive road and Station road areas where specific interventions must be proposed in the CDP to enhance mobility the town.



Existing traffic management system in the urban areas of the region is very weak and inappropriate. Major junctions should be identified and managed in scientific and technically sound manner so as to increase the standards of transportation facility.



The major traffic problem in Puri town is created by on street parking in busy roads where there is no regulation for the same. Stretched should be identified in different part of the city for designated on street parking to reduce the gravity of the problem.



Spaces for off street parking in both Puri town and Konark NAC are very less according to demand especially in the tourist season. The CDP should therefore identify appropriate spaces for off-street parking especially in Puri town.



The existing condition of terminals, bus stops and other facilities is highly inadequate and ill managed. Within growing population and traffic scenario specific plans should be formulated for identifying terminal spaces and well designed and managed stops in the region and most importantly in the urban areas.



Most of the traffic congestion in urban areas are created due to informal vending and illegal encroachments which should be kept to check through necessary interventions in the CDP. SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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7. Physical Infrastructure Provision of physical infrastructure is the key to provide healthy, safe and standard living environment to the urban residents. Providing infrastructure means attracting investments which leads to employment generation and economic development of a region. Basic problem the Indian cities face is the infrastructure provision is done in a fire fighting mode and not in a pre planned manner. This makes it difficult to grow at par with population increase and standard of infrastructure supply. Hence it is required to plan the infrastructure for future by assessing the demand and plan infrastructure accordingly.

This chapter deals with Existing scenario assessment, demand calculation, gap analysis and proposal for suitable solutions in the following sectors: 

Water Supply



Sewerage



Drainage



Solid waste management

7.1 Water Supply Water supply is one of the basic necessity of population and a mandatory responsibility of local government to supply the infrastructure. Due to the location of the PKDA area nearing the coastline most of the ground water zones are saline in nature and hence pose serious challenges for the local authority to extract and supply pure and safe drinking water to the residents.

The lack of piped water supply connections clubbed with extensive use of ground water in Puri reflects an inadequate water system. The existing situation of the water supply system in the PKDA area is described in this section.

7.1.1 Drinking water Sources  Ground water resources The city meets its drinking water needs from the ground water through tube wells fitted with motorized pumps and hand pumps. Since the city is situated near the sea, the ground water near the sea beach is saline. There two major sweet water zones at about 2 to 3 km away from the seashore, which are the main sources of drinking water to the city: one at Chakratirtha towards the east of the city and the other at Baliapanda towards the west of the city. The Chakratirtha well field extends over an area of 497.68 acres, while the Baliapanda one extends over 207.52 acres. Several production wells have been sunk in these two areas for extraction of water from these well fields and supply to the community. Besides there are also production wells sunk in other areas of the city to supplement the supply to the community as well as to various institutions and government residential offices/quarters/ houses.

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The ground water level in the town area is higher towards the seashore where as it is lower at the opposite direction. This trend effect quality of ground water as the same is salty towards the sea. Also the quality of water is not of good standard as the contents of iron and sodium is generally high in the area.

The ground water source hence is limited as well as confined and along with the rising population and growing urban area the water supply scarcity poses serious concern for local authority.  Surface waters Sources
 River Bhargabi has tributaries like River Kanchi and River Dhaudia. But no water is available

in

these

tributaries

during the

summer months. The nearest surface water source to be tapped for drinking purposes is river Mahanadi at Naraj which is at a distance of 90 km. The major problem for surface water is that due to its nearness to sea most of the flowing rivers face inflow of tidal waves and hence is saline in nature. Therefore it is difficult to meet the demand of water supply from the surface water sources and possible

Fig 7.1: Traffic Scenarios in Puri

Source: OWSSB

other sources have to be augmented.

7.1.2 Demand Assessment for water supply: PKDA-2031 This section deals with demand assessment, gap identification for water supply in 2031 and will try to suggest possible measures to plan and improve service delivery to the citizens in the region. The assessment is done primarily on the basis of projections carried out by CEPT using suitable methods of projections. We have also incorporated assessment done in the detailed project report prepared by TCI for Puri water supply project. We have also incorporated the proposals identified as they are going to be implemented shortly. The decision has been taken after series of discussions with major department heads and stakeholder meetings.

7.1.3 Water supply scenario in PKDA -2031 Before projecting the scenario let us look at the existing gap between the demand and supply going to arise in 2011. This has been generated by using current figures and assuming that current supply will be constant in due time.

The demand for water supply for Puri town in 2010 is 70 MLD which has been projected to rise to 74 MLD in 2011. Similarly the existing supply and demand datasets has been compared to find out the gaps in existing supply. The villages in the region have no provision for tapped water supply and hence SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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the supply side is shown as zero.

It is quite apparent that maximum difference will be generated in Puri town due to large concentration of population and accumulating increase. The growing population in the town if needed to be served, the only option left is to create new sources of water supply and develop existing network. The rest of rural tracts can be taken for pilots. Especially community led water supply system development can be seen as an option The demand assessment for 2031 has been analyzed for different blocks in the region. We have used standards for demand as per CPHEO Manual as shown in table. For calculating demand we have added 20% floating population in case of Puri town. For fire demand we have used standards only for Puri and Konark. Institutional demand has been taken as 10% where we have added 15% demand for incorporating water losses.

From the chart below it is quite clear that major shortfall in water supply is felt in Puri town where demand is also highest. The demand for the town is almost double that what the existing level of supply is. Konark also town in 2021 according to the analysis will be 64.2 MLD where as it will grow up to 83.4 MLD in 2031. The demand for water supply in Konark NAC will be doubled in 2031. The rest of the villages will face relatively lower growth in demand due to less population increase than the urban centres. Overall the demand for water supply in the PKDA region in 2021 will be 126 MLD where as it will be 162 MLD BY 2031. The below chart shows the detail forecasting in the region for water supply: The detailed project report prepared by TCS for Puri Municipality also includes the demand assessment for the Puri Town area. The gross demand for 2031 in the report is lesser than our projected demand. This is due to use of application of different method/standards used for calculation.

The projected assessment in the DPR is shown in the following table:faces same problem where water demand is far higher than supplied.

Table 7.1: Demand Assessment for water supply: PKDA-2031 Existing 2001

157837

Piped Suppl y 20.05 (MLD)

Standard s Domesti c Demand 135 (lpcd)

204660 265374 344098 43.0

55.4

71.6

14880

0

70

19469

2.3

3.0

Block Popln.

Puri Town Puri Sadar

2011

Popula tion 2021

25473

Projected Estimation Water Demand (MLD 2031 2011 2021 2031

33328

1.7

Source: Puri Municipality, CEPT analysis From the demand pattern one aspect is quite clear that major interventions must be made for augmenting new water supply sources and raising the standards of supply to meet the same. Large scale investments and co- ordination between various public institutions and private support also will play a major role in paving the way for infrastructure development in the town.

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7.1.4 Water availability in 2031 Furthermore the DPR for water supply in PURI has tried to assess expected water sources from where water can be extracted for supply. As ground water level is low and saline hence increasing extraction can be environmentally disastrous and hence the rate of collection must be kept same. The major collection can be done from surface water sources especially rivers which are not practiced currently. If all the surface water sources water used skillfully still the amount will be lower than demand generate.

This scenario poses serious question on sustainability of water supply infrastructure in the study region. The table below shows expected water generation in Puri Municipality: Table 7.2: Water availability in Puri as calculated in the DPR for water supply: Puri

Year 2001 2011 2021 2026 2031

Total Populatio 163353n 202734 247286 271485 296478

2041

364350

Water availability from surface and ground water source Gross Water demand (MLD) Ground Water Surface Water Source (MLD) Source (MLD) 29.62 36.33 15.3 21.03 44.09 15.3 28.79 48.65 15.3 33.35 53.46 15.3 38.16 65.39

15.3

50.09 Source: Puri Municipality

The technical details of the given proposal are as following: 

Entire town is divided in to 11 water distribution zones. 8 zones will be served form surface water source and 3 zones will be served from ground water source.



Distribution network is proposed with Cast Iron pipe (LA Class) for 100 mm diameter and Ductile Iron Pipe (K-9) pipes for 150mm and above sized diameter.



Total distribution network length analyzed is about 162 Km.



Existing distribution network length utilized after hydraulic analysis is 51 Km.



Net length proposed for the distribution network is about 111 Km.



Diameter for distribution network varies from 100 mm dia to 400mm dia.



Water supply to Sri Jagannath Temple will have dedicated distribution mains from ESR near Jagannath Vallabha Math, Parking Place area.



The total cost of the project is based on the Schedule of rate, Govt. of Odisha, Fair Market Rate and TCE‟s Cost data bank for similar projects in resent past.



Use of 100 mm dia cast iron pipe over ductile iron pipes saves about Rs. 1. 38 Crores as cast iron pipes are locally available i.e. from Kalinga Works in Odisha.

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7.2 Sewerage System 7.2.1 Existing System of Sewerage in Puri Municipality The entire region of the PKDA does not have a fully functioning and organized public sewerage system. Storm water drains carry both rain water as well as waste water in many parts of the town.

Poor hygienic practices such as open defecation along the drains further aggravate the situation.

There is also a need for increased number of public toilets for the huge floating population. Currently, sanitation facilities for the public are limited to around 180 seats in the bus stand and main areas of tourist attraction. This is minimal considering the demands of the tourist and floating population. This results in open defecation and related environmental degradation. This section thus gives a picture of the existing sewerage and drainage system highlighting the deficits and areas needing improvement.

Fig 7.2: Open defecation at Puri beach

Fig 7.3: Household discharge in streets

Fig 7.4: Sewer flow at Pentakota

7.2.1 Underlining the Issues: The Municipality has overall responsibility for sanitation. It is the beginning of journey in sanitation ladder. The indicator for households lacking access to sanitation shows that only 6.3% households lack access to any kind of facility. These households are in slum. Pit latrine is also considered an improved sanitation facility. Slum area with community toilet facility is considered having access to improved sanitation. About 31.4% of urban non-slum households have such system in their premises. It must be realized that wastewater from pit latrines, soak

pits

and

open

channel

drains

infiltrate in sandy soil. Ground water pollution due to wastewater infiltration cannot be ruled out as groundwater table is high in many areas of the town.

Fig 7.5: Most critical infrastructure sector identified

Source: CEPT survey & analysis

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The issues indentified from the above existing situation analysis has been summarized below: 

Lack of underground sewerage system in the urban areas leading to overflow of sewerage during the rainy season and effecting degradation of urban environment.



Dumping of household garbage and solid wastes into drain are among the major problems faced in the system due to lack of awareness of the residents.



Water logging in rainy season causes malfunctioning of soak pits and unsanitary condition.



Infiltration of wastewater from septic tanks and soak pits may contaminate groundwater which can in large effect the health and hygiene of the population.



Poor hygienic practice by slum population and lack of access to sanitation are a concern as they defecate in open and inside drains.



Existing public amenities for pilgrims and tourists are inadequate and inaccessible which create ample problem during festive season.



Deterioration in water quality of ponds and holy tanks used for bathing, recreation and religious ritual is also one of the major area of concern identified..



Lack of public toilets for tourists in the peak season leads to open defecation and degradation of urban environment in the town.

7.2.2 Wastewater Demand assessment for PKDA2031 This section deals with demand and gap assessment of sewerage generation in different blocks of PKDA region in 2031. The assessment is done on the basis of population projection and standard of sewerage generation as per guidelines. This will give us an overview of scenarios in 2031 and will help consequently in strategy formulation for future.

7.2.3 Expected Sewage Generation in PKDA, 2031 The population projection has been calculated on the basis of geometric rate of population increase.

The decadal growth and population calculated for different years have been shown in the below table: Sewage Generation is estimated based on 80% of water Supplied to the households as per standard of CPHEO Manuals. It can be seen from the chart below that major sewerage generation will be in Puri town area due to huge concentration of population growth in the area. As there is no underground facility available it can be summarized as the entire demand is the gap identified for the region.

This assessment clearly indicates that lot of developmental activities and investments needs to be undertaken for holistic development of sewerage and sanitation infrastructure in PKDA region.

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Table 7.3: Demand assessment for sewerage generation: PKDA-2031 Water Demand (MLD) Bloc k Puri Town Puri Sadar Block Block A Konark Block Block B PKDA (TOTAL)

2011

2021

2031

43 1.7 1.8 2.3 0.7 49.5

55.4 2.3 2.2 3.5 0.8 64.2

71.6 3.0 2.6 5.4 0.9 83.4

Sewage Generation (MLD) (@80%) 2011

2021

2031

34.

44.3 57.

4 3 1.

1.8 2.

4 4 1.

1.7 2.

4 1 1.

2.8 4.

8 4 0.

0.6 0.

6 7 39.

51.3 66.

6 7 Source: Census data, CEPT analysis

Fig 7.6: Sewerage and Sanitation issues in Puri 7.3 Drainage Along with sewerage, drainage system is one of the key components of urban infrastructure affect the urban environment at large. The location of the study region is on a strong monsoon route which results in heavy downpour during rainy season and hence the component gets added priority in the context. Planned drainage infrastructure development therefore is a must for the region.

Fig 7.7: Open drain: Puri

Fig 7.8 : Drain in Swargadwar

Fig 7.9: Wet spaces in streets

Fig 7.10: Narrow drains: Puri

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7.3.1 Underlining the Issues: The following issues are emerging from the above understanding about the system: 

Storm water drains in the city function as a conveyance channel for untreated sewage from the partially laid/incomplete interceptor sewer network.



Drains located within the Puri Municipality limits are choked by indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, building materials and related refuse.



Drains are also significantly silted and collapsed in some sections reducing the effective crosssection and resulting in inundation problems during the monsoon periods which were not prevalent during earlier times owing to the prevalent natural gradient and nature of sub-soil.



Lack of separate developed Master Plan for storm water drainage system.



Limited awareness at the city level among people effecting excess waste generation.

7.4 Solid Waste Management The production of the solid waste in an area is a function of the socio-economic profile of the population and activities in the area. Inadequate solid waste management in most of the urban areas leads to a scenario where garbage is spread on the road sides or open spaces further resulting in unhygienic living conditions. The garbage is removed by the municipal authority and dumped at the sanitary land fill or in some cases it is converted to compost, especially in small towns.

7.4.1 Solid Waste Generation Solid waste generation depends on a number of factors for various urban centres and village settlements. Primarily characteristics of population, economic and household activities, commercial establishments, different institutions all can affect the amount and type of solid waste generated.

Solid waste generation in Puri Municipality area is close to 60 MT/day which is higher than average generation rate of similar size class cities. On the other hand the collection rate is less than 50% of the waste generated every day. This simple statistics exposes the dark side of the system existing: Table 7.4: Solid waste generation rate

Description Solid waste Generated, MT/day Solid waste collection, MT/day Collection Efficiency, % Per capita Generation, gm/day

Puri Municipality Area 60 23-27 70-80 0.20 Source: Puri Municipality, Konark NAC

7.4.2 Physical Composition of generated solid waste The total waste generated in the municipal area as per the assessment done by the local authorities is around 50 tons/day. Organic matter and fine earth with soil and ash are the major constituents.

Organic matter accounts for 35.60% of the waste while 58.50% comprises of inert matter. Paper and SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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plastics constitutes of about 2.80% and 2.00% respectively. The table below presents the current (2010) sources and quantity of solid waste generated in Puri Town.

Table 7.5: Waste generation from various sources: Puri town S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Waste Generatio Waste generated by Households n Waste generated by street sweeping Waste generated by hotels and restaurants Waste generated by markets Waste generated by comm. Establishments Waste generated by other sources (horticulture, etc) Total Waste Generated

Unit (%) MT/Month MT/Month MT/Month MT/Month MT/Month MT/Month MT/Month

Value 299.5 300 490 300 280 130.5 1800

MT/day 10 10 16 10 9 5 60

Source: Puri Municipality 7.4.3 SWM during festive seasons: The solid waste generated during festive seasons is estimated to be 80 tones / day (Puri CDP, 2006) which is far higher than normal season poses serious challenge for the system. Hotels and restaurants dispose off their waste into the bins provided by the municipality in Puri town in different places. Most of the waste generated from the commercial establishments is bio-degradable in nature. The amount of waste generated by the hotels and other guest houses depends on number of rooms and occupancy rates in the places.

The details of these hotels in the form of number of rooms, average occupancies etc in Puri municipality area are given below.

Table 7.6: Tourist stiastics staying at Puri Classification

No.

2 107 136

No. of rooms per hotel 50 40 30

Avg. Persons per hotel during 50 normal 50 season 30

Avg Persons per hotel during 300 peak 200season 150

Populatio n residing in hotels 100 in 5350normal seasons 4080

Populat ion residing in hotels 600during peak 21,400 seasons 20,400

3 star hotels 1st class hotels Other small hotels Boarding and lodging houses

117

25

20

150

2340

17,550

TOTAL

362

-

11870

59,950 Source: Puri Municipality

Considering the waste generation to be 0.3 t / occupant / day, the waste generated in Puri has been calculated below: Normal season – 3600kg/day (12,000 people) & Peak season – 18,000 kg/day (60,000 people) Hence, out of 80 t / day, only 18,000 kg / day is generated from hotels and other lodging houses. The rest is generated at the temples in lieu of the various temple activities and activities performed by SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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devotees.

7.4.4 Demand assessment for solid waste generation: PKDA-2031 7.4.4.1 Background The section deals with demand assessment for waste generation for 2031 which will give an idea of current gaps as well. Finally recommendations will be given to improve the SWM condition in urban centres in the region.

7.4.4.2 Assessment of Solid Waste generation For this assessment 0.358kg per capita generation is considered for Puri Town and 0.240kg per capita per day for PKDA which fast been coupled with population increase to get an overview of the demand pattern for the projected year. Tourist population is also included for demand projections for Puri and Konark due to the considerable share of the same in the center Table 7.7: Population projection: PKDA-2031

Block Puri Town Puri Sadar Block

Decadal Growth Rate (%) 30 32

Populatio n (2001) 1,57,837 14,880

Block Puri Town Puri Sadar Block

Decadal Growth Rate (%) 3 3 0 2

Source: Census data, CEPT analysis From the assessment it is apparent that maximum generation of waste will be coming from Puri town which is the largest concentration of population in the region. The figures are huge in terms of instruments required to manage the solid waste in the region. The existing practice must be improved to manage the scenario which is arising in future to provide safe and healthy environment in the region. For rural areas specific decentralised system can be formulated for waste management in the areas. This will lead to regional environmental improvement as a whole.

Table 7.8: Waste generation projection: PKDA-2031

Block Puri Town Puri Sadar

Solid Waste Generation (kg/capita/day) 2011 2021 0.35 0.41 0.24 0.27

2031 0.45 0.30

Solid Waste Generation (Tones/Day) 2011 2021 2031 72 108 15 4 5 7 1 0

Source: Census data, CEPT analysis

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8. Disaster Profile 8.1 Introduction Natural Hazard: A natural hazard is an unexpected or uncontrollable natural event of unusual magnitude that threatens the activities of people or people themselves.

Natural Disaster: A natural disaster is a natural hazard that actually results in widespread destruction of property or caused in and/or death.

Odisha is broadly divided into four geographical regions, i.e. Northern Plateau, Central River Basins, Eastern Hills and Coastal Plains. It has a 480 km coastline. The average density of population comes to 236 per sq km. with significantly higher density in the coastal areas compared to the interior parts.

The PKDA area falls under the Coastal Plains and has 58.29km long coastal line.

8.2 Case of PKDA area Urban local bodies offer most urban environmental services but lack the capacity, as well as the resources, to effectively provide the minimum basic services in the cities. Therefore, in Puri, environmental risks as well as disaster related vulnerabilities grow hand-in-hand with chaotic physical development. This further underscores the need to develop Puri as a city with appropriate risk reduction strategies engraved into it.

A growing body of literature over the past decade has examined Indiaâ€&#x;s vulnerability to natural hazards, including climate-change, and confirms that Odisha is among the most vulnerable states of the country (TERI 2001). The vulnerability Atlas prepared by an Indian government agency considered the multiple hazards faced by different regions and gave an account of various natural hazards the area is prone to. The following figure shows the level of hazard exposure of various districts of Odisha including Puri according to which PKDA area is one among the most vulnerable areas of the state.

Odisha, due to its geographical location, is prone to various types of natural hazards such as cyclones, floods, earthquakes (Risk zone II & III), and tsunami. Being situated on the Bay of Bengal makes Odisha one of the most vulnerable regions to violent tropical cyclones in the world (Thomalla and Schmuck 2004).

Its densely populated coastal plains are the alluvial deposits of its river systems. The rivers in these areas with heavy load of silt have very little carrying capacity, resulting in frequent floods, only to be compounded by breached embankments. Besides these natural hazards, human-induced disasters such as accidents, stampede, fire, etc, vector borne disasters such as epidemics, animal diseases and pest attacks and industrial / chemical disasters add to human suffering

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Map 8.1: Multi hazard map of Odisha State Source: OSDMA “The socio-economic vulnerability of the people turns these natural hazards into disasters. With nearly 90% of the population living in disaster-prone areas and about 66% below poverty line, the coping mechanism of the state and its people are continuously under severe strain. Several initiatives have been taken to prepare the community to meet the challenges posed by natural disasters, but there is hardly any time left to complete the process‟‟ (RDMD 2006).

An analysis for vulnerability to climate-change using data on the frequency of occurrence of extreme events in the Eastern coastal districts of India suggests that districts in the state of Odisha are highly vulnerable compared to other states (Patnaik and Narayanan, 2005). Furthermore, the latter study compares the district-wise distribution of the frequency of depression, storm and severe storm from 1877 to 1990 in the 14 most vulnerable districts of two coastal states; the study finally ranked the district of Puri at the top of the list of most vulnerable districts, with maximum numbers (total 84) of cyclones (of different types) experienced over the 100-year period.

In October 1999, Odisha experienced a severe cyclonic storm (commonly known as a super-cyclone), with wind speed of 350 km/hr, enough to devastate most of the coastal area including Puri. The District Disaster Management Plan-2005 prepared by the office of the District collector (DC 2005) identified the disasters listed in the following table in Puri district.

Interestingly, tsunami was not recognized as a possible disaster in India despite its 7,500 km long coastline. However, the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 dispelled this myth. Now, the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA 2007a) has recognized 165 places in Odisha those are vulnerable to tsunami. Six coastal blocks in Puri district, including Puri city, are also vulnerable to tsunami (OSDMA 2007b).

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8.3 Flood A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land, a deluge. It is usually due to the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeding the total capacity of the body, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body.

The 482 km long of coastline of Odisha exposes the State to flood, cyclones and storm surges. Heavy rainfall during monsoon causes floods in the rivers. Flow of water from neighbouring States of Jharkhand and Chattisgarh also contributes to flooding. The flat coastal belts with poor drainage, high degree of siltation from the rivers, high soil erosion, breaching of the embankments, are the main causes of floods in the river basin and delta areas. In Odisha, rivers such as the Mahanadi, Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Baitarani, Rushikulya, Vansadhara and their many tributaries and branches flowing through the State expose vast areas to floods.

Map 8.2: Flood Zones of Odisha State

Source: OSDMA

In Odisha, damages are caused due to floods mainly in the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, and the Baitarani. These rivers have a common delta where flood waters intermingle, and when in spate simultaneously, wreak considerable havoc. This problem becomes even more acute when floods coincide with high tide. The water level rises due to deposits of silt on the river-bed. Rivers often overflow their banks or water rushes through new channels causing heavy damages.

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The map above prepared by OSDMA shows that the major flood prone area in the state is the coastal parts of Puri and Jagatsinghpur district. Major proportion of PKDA area comes under the same flood prone zones. This is primarily due to high level of sea water intrusion during rainy season along with river overflow resulting in widespread waterloging in the area.

PKDA area has been affected by the floods of 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2009.

8.4 Cyclone 
 A cyclone is an area of low atmospheric pressure characterized by inward spiralling winds. An atmospheric system characterized by the rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low-pressure centre, usually accompanied by stormy, often destructive weather. Cyclones circulate counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

PKDA occupies a position in Very High Damage Risk Zone-B (50m/s) on Wind and Cyclonic Hazard Map. About 100% of the area is vulnerable to cyclone with a wind velocity of 50-55m/s. 8-11 October, 1967 a very Severe Cyclonic Storm Crossed Odisha Coast between Puri and Paradeep resulted in very high damage.

Map 8.3: Wind & Cyclone zones of Odisha

8.5 Earthquakes

Source: OSDMA

An earthquake is the result from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. PKDA area lies in moderate damage risk zone (MSK VII) on the Earthquake Hazard Map. Out of 9 class-I towns, 5 namely Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Sambalpur & Balasore are located in zone-III.In this region there is a possibility of an earthquake of 3.0-3.9 on Richter scale. As the technology stands today though earthquake prone areas are identified yet earthquakes still remain unpredictable.

Map 8.4: Earthquake Zones and vulnerability of Odisha

Source: OSDMA

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8.6 Tsunami A tsunami is a series of waves most commonly caused by violent movement of the sea floor. The movement at the sea floor leading to tsunami can be produced by earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.

The State of Odisha falls in the peninsular shield region of India. Studies show that the margins of the shield are generally seismogenic where earthquakes are likely to occur. The earthquakes experienced occasionally along the eastern margins of the Deccan shield are attributed to uplifting of earth‟s crust in those areas. This uplifting is however, considered to be slower than its counterpart in the Western margin.

As per the assessment made, 266 villages of different districts are vulnerable to Tsunami. 88 nos. of revenue village of six blocks of Puri, including Puri municipality and Konark NAC area are vulnerable to Tsunami.

8.7 Heat wave Heat wave can be defined as a condition of atmospheric temperature that leads to physiological stress, which sometimes can claim human life. Quantitatively heat wave can be defined as: Any increase from the above normal temperature is called heat wave.

–

– Severe heat wave

If the maximum temperature of any place continues to be 45° C. consecutively for two days, it is called a heat wave condition. During the summer months (April to June), the natural calamity control rooms at the State and also at the district levels need to be vigilant and watchful about heat wave warning from analyzing the daily reports of IMD. Table 8.1 Maximum temperature during 2000 – 2006: Puri Temperature Date

2000 35.3 (14.05.00)

2001 37.4 (27.05.01)

2002 35.6 (20.06.02)

2003 35.4 (12.05.03)

2004 2005 2006 36.

36.5 35.7 5 (11.06.05 (18.06.05) (07.10.06 ) ) Source: IMD, Govt. of India

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9. Need for the Design of Religious Community Hub in a De-Centralised Area 9.1 Urban Centers The twin urban centers of PKDA, Puri and Konark should have different growth strategies based on the existing and the envisaged growth patterns. While in Puri the current requirement is de-congestion of the existing areas and the conservation of the heritage and natural features, Konark needs a more cohesive growth strategy for the future development pattern. The following sections detail the envisaged development patterns of the urban centers in the region.

9.1.1 De-congest Puri Town Due to religious and spiritual significance, the city has experienced rapid growth especially around the temple area. Importance of the Jagannath temple and the proximity to beach are 2 main driving forces for people to reside in the city. Over a period time the city has experienced inward growth. It is quite evident that growth over the last few decades have overburdened the infrastructure that city had. This has resulted in  Stress on heritage precincts - Densification of heritage core - Congestion on road - Extremely narrow roads and no scope for widening due to dense development in both sides and the religious sentiments of the people.  Overburdened services delivery/ Lack of adequate infrastructure - Water management - Sanitation - Transportation - Water supply  Lack of developable land - The city has very limited government land to provide public amenities and infrastructure to enhance the quality of life within the city - The prime lands are developed as residential areas, without sufficient allocation for amenities - Major chunk of land owned by temple trust and is mostly used for religious activities / infrastructure only - Due to lack of available land - unable to provide green spaces and open areas for residents of Puri, this can be understood from the over all percentage of open green recreation areas in SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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the city  Due to above mentioned reason the land use plan provides minimum development within the city. the development proposed would cater to only - Special tourism related infrastructure - Commercial activity and enhance the economic base - Public green spaces - Small residential development to incorporate the natural growth of the city 9.1.2 Develop “NewPuri” In order to ease the increasing stress on Puri town and the house the increased population of Puri, new areas need to be planned. It is suggested that the peripheral areas of Puri, Puri Sadar can be developed as “New Town- Puri” to absorb the increasing population. This is a sparsely populated area when compared to Puri, and hence there is opportunity for better urban management and lay trunk infrastructure before actual development. It is suggested that provision of infrastructure shall permeate growth in this region. The planned counter magnets of Puri have been provided in this region, to provide with alternate employment opportunities.

The overall objectives of the development of “New Town- Puri” is to : 

Relive Puri Town of congestion



Planned development in the new areas



Provide better quality of life to people



Provide multiple residential options as well as opportunities for employment



Concept of green infrastructure - by providing adequate green cover, public parks and open areas for residents of the new communities



Provide adequate social amenities



Provide employment opportunity.



Improved connectivity to maintain the connection with Puri and the larger region



Public transport option

The newer development is envisaged keeping the modern design and site planning principles. The area not just caters to the need of the growing population but also helps to develop the area and attract people to come and reside in the envisaged development. New Puri is developed to decongest the existing city.

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9.1.3 Planned Density Variation To secure the envisaged development pattern it is required to regulate the densities based on the growth potential. Density regulation is an important tool to manage the stress on land. The areas which lack the carrying capacity to sustain high intensity development need to be balanced with density slabs.

It is envisaged to reduce the densities from the major transport corridors to the inner areas. The proposed residential categories are of R1 R2 and R3, which decreasing densities respectively. Most of the residential development along the major road or surrounded by commercial activities have high density residential development. The inner city development is low density to release more green areas; also the development in proximity to agricultural areas or water bodies also is low density with sufficient buffer area to reduce undue stress on the land and the environment receptors.

9.1.4 Cultural and Ecological Sensitivity PKDA area has a high percentage of the agriculture and no-areas like those of wetlands, forests and water bodies. The proposed development should maintain and enhance the same. The heritage stock of the region comprises of both tangible and non tangible heritage. The various components that have been included in conservation and restoration are –  Acknowledge the rich heritage of city - Tanks / kunds - Temples and mathas - Ancient ashrams and jagaghars - ASI / UNESCO protected monuments  Weaving the natural recourses into the proposed future developments such that they may be conserved and contribute meaningfully to the quality of life at the neighbourhood level.  Minimum interventions in the no go areas  The agricultural lands have been preserved as much as possible, and only in areas where the development pressure is too high has the agriculture land been converted for development purpose 9.2 Mixed use Development Indian cities have been traditionally mixed use in nature. The modern experiments of urban planning gin the country have attempted to secure segregation and compartmentalization of land uses, the likes of the cities of Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar and Gandhinagar. However in a traditional setting of Puri and its surroundings, it is suggested to develop mixed use, because of the following advantages that this has in the context of PKDA area 

Dynamic urban form



Blending of functions SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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

Safer neighbourhoods



Walk able amenities



Opportunities for trade and commerce



Compact urban form



Higher suitability to the existing urban features

While the allocation of land uses have been designated so as to allow the appropriate dispersion of amenities in the form of commercial, public amenities and recreation areas, the permissible activities in each of these earmarked land uses have also been designed such as to allow a variety of uses and the areas to be developed based on the demand in the future. These permissible activities for example allow the construction of primary schools in the areas earmarked as residential. The R3 category of residential has a reservation up to 5% for the commercial uses. The intension is such that the ground floor may be allocated for commercial activities while the upper floors may have residential uses. The attached illustrations indicate the mixed use development versus the compartmentalized land uses 9.3 Problems arousing due to the concentration of the population on the single stretch. 

Congestion of traffic.



Blockage of drains.



Heavy duty on sewage lines.



Inadequate supply of water.



Unavailability of required hotel rooms.



No accomodation for pilgrims.



Unplanned market sectors.



Concentrated Points of Interest.

9.4 Comparison of crowd gatherings during special occasions in Puri RATH YATRA

(ANNUALLY) : 7-10 LACS

NABAKALEBARA FESTIVAL

1996: 10-12 LACS 2015: 50-55 LACS

Fig 9.1 Population comparison of Rath Yatra, Nabakalebar (1996) and (2015) SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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9.5 Statements to consider

Around 5 to 7 lakh people visit Puri during the annual Rath Yatra while around 10 lakh people had visited the beach town during the last edition of Nabakalebar in 1996. However, the government anticipates the size of the crowd may go up five times in 2015 because of better connectivity to Puri these days.

It will be an acid test for the government to handle the tourists on a single day because the small town gets choked with around 7 lakh tourists during Rath Yatra in the recent years. Lack of parking lots and massive encroachments are major causes of worry for the administration.

Expecting large religious congregation as big as that of Kumbh Mela during Nabakalebar festival of Lord Jagannath in 2015, the State government has started groundwork for providing temporary accommodation to pilgrims during the festival in and around Puri.

“We have identified several places around Puri and along the National Highway connecting Bhubaneswar and Puri for putting up temporary accommodations generally seen in Kumbh Mela.

Government of Odisha (Housing and Urban Development Department) 

The internal road improvement of Puri town needs to be done .



New vending spaces to be identified in order to decongest main roads within Puri.



Temporary accomodation of pilgrims to be worked upon.



To identify adequate spaces for putting sufficient public toilets and community toilets and night shelters.

Source: Minutes of the meeting dtd.11.07.12 on preparation for nabakalebar, 2015 Puri City Development Plan There are no plans/strategies which differentiates between the Tourists and the Pilgrims.

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9.6 Objectives 

Considering the govt. Statements.



Considering the live scenarios.



Analysing, understanding & developing strategies to dissolve or cure them.

9.7 Aim 

Giving further thoughts about shifting the urban core.



Introducing a new nucleus that would help in shifting the urban core.



Proposing and analysing the change in the city after its introduction.

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10. Site Approach 10.1 Introduction Based on the understanding of the results of the land suitability analysis and the growth potential of the various parts of PKDA, activity based zones have been identified in the PKDA area. The development intensity shall vary in these identified zones made on the LSA outcomes of suitable, moderately suitable and not suitable. The unsuitable areas identified from the LSA are categorized under conservation zones, and the suitable and moderately suitable likewise. These are discussed as under.

10.1.1 Development Zones The development zones have been marked based on the growth potential of the subzones. It has been observed that the Puri town has significantly high population concentration as compared to the region.

The plan attempts to decongest Puri town and disperse development in the region. Hence these Development Zones have been identified and the activity pattern has been developed such as to create counter-magnets to Puri and induce growth the peri urban areas. The intermediate growth node shall help in brining Puri and Konark close through an intermediate development. This area is in close proximity to the proposed Institutional Hub and SIZ and shall also have impacts of the same. A region level commercial and recreation hub can be created in this location. Primarily residential area shave been suggested and this area is estimated to have high real estate demand driven by the “second home� concept. Sandwiched between lush agricultural fields and dense forestation this zone is poised for extensive development in the future.

Map 10.1: Development Zones

10.1.2 Heritage Zone and Institutional Zone The heritage zone has been marked for Puri and Konark with the aim of preserving and promoting heritage based tourism in the region. The other developments in these heritage precincts have been closely moderated through stringent development control in these areas. While the Bhadrasahi area and the Grand road has been earmarked as heritage precinct in the temple town of Puri in Konark the SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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temple precinct and the adjacent layer of built ups has been identified under the heritage zone.

Demarcation of the heritage area especially in Puri not only takes into consideration of the temples and religious establishments but also the holy tank sin the city. It is expected that identification of the Heritage Subzone shall contribute to better implementation of the protection and preservation schemes. Special projects that are suggested for the same have been indicated in the relevant chapters. An institutional area has been marked as puncture in the forest areas. This is envisaged to develop into a knowledge hub of the region and not confined to PKDA but state and national level.

Theme based education entrepreneurship training; traditional studies and art forms are suggested for this region.

Map 10.2: Heritage and Institutional Zone 10.1.3 Tourism Zone The areas with special opportunities for tourism has been put in dedicated Tourism Zone. These shall have all the opportunities as well as the amenities required for the tourism.

Map 10.3: Tourism Zones The proposed Shamuka Project has been included as one of the major tourist hubs of the region.

Another location identified in the area is that of the river mouth close to Ramchandi beach. The SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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proposed ferry service links these points on the region. In the Zone 6 new areas for the proposed eco village has been suggested. This is a very low intensity and subtle approach for tourism development in the region and shall aid in improving the socio economic conditions of the locals as well contribute to the overall regional development.

10.1.4 Zone 2- Puri Sadar Puri Sadar has been identified as the development zone in the region. Presently, there is very low density development in the zone. About 3 % of the total zone area is under existing developed area and total developable area available is around 8.20 sqkm, which is 17% of total zone area. The existing population of Puri Sadar is that of 14880 and this has been projected to be increasing to 33328. However Puri Sadar would also have to accommodate the spillover population from Puri, since Puri cannot accommodate its entire projected population of 2031. After calculating the carrying capacity of Puri by 2031, the additional population needs to be distributed in the Puri Sadar zone. Puri Sadar has the potential to be an important growth node in the PKDA region. Presently, new developments can be observed all along the major roads, and projects like Shamukha, NH expansion, bypass is approved by the government. The proposed land use in Puri Sadar is mainly focused on the general development. The corridors along the major road network have been carved for intensive development.

Map 10.4: Activity zones, Zone 2 The major residential use categories, R3 has been proposed along the major corridors, R2 adjacent to R3 and R1 in peripheral & near environmentally sensitive areas. All the city and neighborhood level commercial, institutional areas are equally distributed. Recreational areas are proposed near

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commercial & institutional use, and around environmental features like wetlands, tanks, lakes, natural drains etc. Special commercial & tourism has been proposed near beach between 200 and 500 m CRZ line. A bus stand has been proposed to cater Puri town and Puri Sadar area. The attached table indicates the comparison of the existing land use and the proposed integrated land use.

Table 10.1 Proposed and Existing integrated land use statement, Zone 2 Land Use category Existing LU Use category Area (in Sqkm) Percentage Residential 1.53 3.20 Commercial 0.25 0.52 Industrial 0.03 0.07 Institutional 0.19 0.39 Recreational 0.51 1.07 Transport 0.51 1.06 Agriculture 7.44 15.12 Non 29.15 60.97 developable Developable 8.20 17.15 Total 47.80

Proposed integrated LU

Change in LU

Area (in Sqkm) 7.68 4.52 0.31 0.84 1.37 1.53 3.82 24.40

Percentage 16.07 9.45 0.65 1.76 2.87 3.21 7.55 51.04

Percentage 12.87 8.93 0.58 1.37 1.80 2.15 -7.57 -9.93

3.33

6.96 47.80

-10.19 Source : PKDA

The attached chart compares between the various subcategories of the land use. This indicates the possibility of future development in the zone for 2031, and the change in the land use dynamics in the region. It can be seen that the percentage share of Non developable has decreased to 51% from 61%. This involves primarily the Proposed Shamuka Project and the creation of roads and other trunk infrastructure which are essential for the development of the region. However large chunks of forests towards the coastal side have not been touched or disturbed. The overall developed area has been increased by 28%.

Fig 10.1 Changing Land Utilization The attached chart compares the changing pattern of the

Pattern

Source : PKDA

developed areas in Puri Sadar. This does not include the Shamuka project, and it is expected that this project shall substantially contribute to the effective area under the commercial and recreational. The proposed recreational allocation has been kept less than desired, owing to Shamuka project. In the zonal guidelines and the development control regulations the residential allocation permits the development of internal roads, hence on a CDP level only 11% of the Roads has been proposed. The internal roads are to be regulated and designed through the town planning scheme as explained in the section under implementation mechanism.

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Fig 10.2 Comparisons between existing and proposed land use Source :PKDA PKDA The above mentioned table indicates the purely proposed land use sub-categories in the zone along with the percentage of government land used. The newly proposed land use in zone is 13.24 sqkm.

Fig 10.3 Percentage utilization of government and private land in proposed land use

Source : PKDA

The attached chart shows percentage of land allotted over govt. land. The total government land available is 11.63 sqkm, which is around 24.33% of total area of zone 2. An effort has been made to allocate major institutional, recreational, on the govt. land even though the government land available is scattered. About 17.71% (2.06 sqkm) of total government land in Zone 2 has been used under proposed land uses. More than 20% of proposed institutional area falls under the government land.

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Table 10.2 Propos ed Land uses with sub classes , Zone 2

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Map 10.5 Existin g Land Use, Zone 2

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Map 10.6 Propos ed Land Use, Zone 2

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11. Studying the Site 11.1 Location The Shamuka Beach site is located on the banks of sea to the south of Puri, between Puri town and Chilika Lake alongside the Bay of Bengal. The Mangla River which separates Puri town from Shamuka Beach flows on one side of the proposed site.

It assumes the form of a bare belt of sandy ridges, which stretches along the seashore for almost four kilometer. The proximity to the pleasant sea and prominent Jagannath temple and proportionate distribution of natural and spiritual amenities in the nearby pioneer religious place enhance the potential & make it a popular tourist destination in future.

Map 11.1 Shamukha Peninsula

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11.2 Phases of development for the samukha island To provide new tourism products attracting high spending domestic and international tourist, the government of Orissa has decided to develop a Shamuka Beach Area near Puri. Government has already allotted 3000 acres for the Shamuka Beach Area near Puri at Shamukha beach.

These 3000 acre are being planned to be developed in three phases.

Phase

I:

Shamuka

beach

resort

development

[Convention

center,

hotels,

heritage town with main street, golf course, water sports].

Phase II: Health & wellness, tourism focus.

Phase III: High end villas & second homes.

Out of this 3000 acres, 920.04 acres land has been already acquired. These 920.04 acres of land has been taken up for planning and development in first phase.

Map 11.2 Development Phases of Shamukha Peninsula 11.3 Accessibility •

Sourse : PKDA

Shamuka Beach is located to the south of Puri, between Puri town and Chilika Lake alongside theBay of Bengal.

•

The distance to Shamuka Beach from Puri is 8 kms and from Bhubaneswar is 60 kms.

•

Site can be accessed through Puri-Brahamgiri road which is approximately 3 kms away. IDCO is constructing a proper two lane road from the Puri-Brahamgiri road to the site.

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•

The nearest railway station is at Puri which is approximately 8 kms from the site. Bhubaneswar is the nearest Airport i.e. 60 kms from the site.

Fig 11.1 Access routes to Shamukha Peninsula 11.4 Geomorphology •

Project site is almost flat with 0.25% gradient. The slope is towards north with the beach being at a higher level. Geomorphological map for the project site is already procured from Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre (ORSAC).

•

Based on the geomorphology analysis from geomorphological map, costal sand sheet covers 30% area of the project site while Beach ridge complex and beach covers 68% and 2% respectively.

Map 11.3 Geomorphology Map

Sourse : ORSAC

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11.5 Water bodies Mangala river which is the tributary of the Brahmani river is running parallel to the east side of the project site. A small canal from Mangala river passes through the project site from the east to west side on the upper edge of the project site.

11.6 Human settlement There is no human settlement within the project site. Bantapur is another nearest settlement to the site. It is located on SH-59 (Brahmagiri Road).

Map 11.4 Water bodies, Canals and Human Settlements

Source : Irrigation Department, Puri

11.7 Topography Topographical survey has been carried out for Shamuka Beach Area. Topographical survey map gives a detail of contour at an\ interval of 0.5m. Topographical survey shows the existing features of the site.

The site is almost flat with 0.25% gradient. The slope is towards north with the beach being at a higher level. Apart from this huge chunk of dense plantation, there are smaller group of trees scattered all over the site.

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Map 11.5 Site Topography 11.8 CRZ regulations As per the CRZ notification, Shamuka Beach Area is falling under the CRZ III. Hence 200 mts from HTL is the no development zone. However 200-500 mts is the moderate development zone, where moderate development will be permissible under condition approx. 95 acre project area is falling under 0-200 mts CRZ line.

Map 11.6 Base map SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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11.9 Site analysis The area selected for development of Shamuka beach area is a beautiful site with a 2000mts long sea frontage and another 2000mts of riverfront on its adjacent side. These two sides has tremendous potential for water front development, five star hotels with private beaches, villas etc.

These areas will serve well for various kinds of water sports and adventure sports and recreational activities. The forest within the site can be utilized for eco tourism and camping sites. This 6twill help in conserving the natural resource and will be an added attraction for the tourists.

The areas that are away from the sea as well as the river can be used for more passive activities like golf course, convention centre, sports complex, fitness centre etc that may not be affected by the surroundings.

The existing within the site could be conserved and developed as a site for rural tourism. Thus the site has immense prospects to develop as a high class tourist destination.

MANGALA RIVER

30 M WIDE ROAD

EXISTING RESORTS

AREA 120 ACRES

Map 11.7 Site

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SITE EXTENT

SITE EXTENT SITE AREA

Fig 11.2 View Of The Site From Puri Sea Coast

SITE EXTENT

Fig 11.3 Panoramic View Of The Site

Fig 11.4 Facing The Site From The Sea-Side

Fig 11.5 Facing Towards The Sea-Side

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11.10 Potentials •

The site has a very large area hence large scale tourism products could be proposed here.

The potentials of the site is greatly increased due to the long stretch of water front in the form of beach and river front that are available on two adjacent sides of the site.

•

The flat terrain of the site poses the least constraints for Development.

•

Puri or the golden triangle will act as a feeder for this new tourist destination.

11.11 Constraints •

A large chunk of usable area within the site is under dense plantation.

•

Majority of area falls under the no development zone along the sea as well as river due to CRZ regulations.

•

The beach being at a higher level than the site causes a drainage problem within the site.

•

There is no direct access to the site. The main road is 3km away.

•

Absence of water supply, sewerage and drainage network in and around the site.

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12. Development Control Regulation The Special Development Control Regulation has been proposed for Shamuka Beach Area, Puri. This includes regulations for Hotels, Convention centre, Riverside development of condos and villas, Social infrastructure like housing, housing for Economically weaker section (EWS), hospitality institute, Golf course and Golf villas.

12.1 Existing Development Control Regulation The existing guidelines, explained in Development Control Regulation (DCR) for this area are given below: 12.1.1 General building requirement 

Without prejudice to any other stipulation in these Regulations, no permission to construct a building on a site shall be granted :



In areas of natural waterways or drains, as detailed in the Development Plan, and the drainage plan prepared and approved by the authority or Government or as modified by them to time;



If the orientation of such building is not in harmony with the surroundings, as may be decided by the Art Commission;



If the use to which the site is proposed to be put does not confirm to the use earmarked in the Development Plan;



If the building is to be constructed over or under a municipal drain, sewerage line, electric line, water main, any other government or public land, or public utility services;



If the foundation of the external wall along a street is located at a distance less than 0.5 metre from the edge of the street or road margin including the drain;



If the construction of proposed building thereon is for public worship, which in the opinion of the Authority will adversely affect, the religious feelings of any other class or persons in the vicinity;



If the site does not have proper drainage or incapable of a good drainage system;



If the use of the proposed site is for the purpose of establishing factory, where house or work place which may cause annoyance and hazard to the health of the inhabitants of the neighborhood;



If the proposed development is likely to obstruct the natural drainage of the area.



The area is earmarked as sweet water zone in the development plan or as notified by the Govt. of Orissa.



The area is located in No development zone of Coastal Regulation Zone.

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12.1.2 Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.) Table 12.1 Floor area ratio Activity

Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)

Convention Centre

2.0 2.0

Hotels

2.0

Villas & condominium

1.75

Hospitality Institute

2.0

High street Bazaar

1.75

Art & Craft museum

1.75

Gurukuls & workshops

2.0

Social Infrastructure housing

2.0

EWS Golf Villas

2.0



The maximum Floor Area Ratio for Group housing project shall be 2.00.



For residential building, where a plot abut a road less than 4.0metres, the maximum coverage may be restricted to 40% with FAR of 0.80 and where road width is less than 2.4metres no permission shall be granted.



In case of row housing, FAR shall not be allowed to exceed 1.50 for row houses.



Where sites for residential and commercial buildings do not face or abut a road of the required width described under above clauses front setback and the coverage of the building shall be regulated according to the size of the plot, but height and floor area ratio shall be regulated according to the width of the road along the concerned site is located. The coverage shall be reduced for the plots abutting roads of lower width.

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12.1.3 Ground coverage Table 12.2 Ground Coverage Activity

Ground Coverage

Convention Centre

50% 50%

Hotels Villas & condominium Hospitality Institute High street Bazaar Art & Craft museum Gurukuls & workshops Social Infrastructure housing

50% 30% 50% 30% 30% 50% 50%

EWS



The maximum permissible coverage in respect of group housing shall be 50%.



For row houses the ground coverage shall not be allowed to exceed 66%.



For institutional building, additional 5% coverage on the ground floor may be allowed for covered garage for car & cycle parking which shall not be considered for calculating FAR.

12.1.4 Height Table 12.3 Building Height Activity

15 or above

Hotels Villas & condominium Hospitality Institute Gurukuls & workshops 

Maximum Height (in metre)

15 or above 15 15

For buildings of less than 15 metres height to be used for institutional, educational and assembly.

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

The height of the building shall be governed by the limitation of Floor Area Ratio, open space (setbacks), and the width of the road facing the plot described as detailed below: A. The maximum height of the building shall in no case exceed 1.5.times the width of the road to which the plot abuts plus front setback provided.

B. If the building abuts on two or more streets of different width of the building shall be deemed to face upon the street that the greater width and the height of the building shall be regulated by the width of the street.



Roof tanks and their supports, not exceeding 1 (one) metre height, ventilation, air-conditioning, lift-room and similar set of equipment, stair cover, not exceeding 3(three) metres in height, chimney other than barsaties, parapet wall and architectural features including terrace, gardening, plants not exceeding 1.5 metres in height. It shall not be included in the height of the building, provided aggregate area of such structure including barsati shall not exceed one third of the floor area of the building upon which they are erected.

12.1.5 Setbacks or open spaces Table 12.4 Setback and open spaces Activity

Front

Left Side

Right Side

Rear Side

Convention Centre

5.0

3.0

3.0

3.5

6.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

6.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

12.0

3.2

3.0

3.0

5.0

3.0

3.0

3.5

12.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

12.0

3.2

3.0

3.0

6.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

6.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

6.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

Hotels Villas & condominium Hospitality Institute High street Bazaar Art & Craft museum Gurukuls & workshops Social Infrastructure housing EWS Golf Villas

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

In commercial building, for every additional floor above two floors for plots above 100 sqm, the front, side and rear setbacks shall be increased by at least 0.5 metres.



At least one side of all the rooms intended for human habitation, if such room does not abut on the front or the rear side setbacks, shall abut on an interior open space whose minimum dimension shall be 3 metres x 3 metres in cases of buildings up to a height of 10 metres. In cases where the height of the building is more than 10 metres, the width of the interior open space shall be increased rate of nine metre for every additional 3 (three) metres height. The provision shall be applicable to all categories of buildings, residential, group housing, commercial, public, semi-public industrial.

12.1.6 Building Line The following building lines shall be maintained for construction of building abutting arterial roads:Table 12.5 Building line Category of arterial roads

18.0 metres (60 feet) 24.0 metres (80 feet) Above 24.0 metres (above 80 feets)

Minimum distance of the building line from R/W of the road 3.0 metres (10 feet) 4.0 metres (13 feet) 4.5 metres (15 feet)

12.1.7 Off street parking space 

Each off-street parking for one four wheeled vehicle shall not be less than 15 square metres.

For scooters and cycles it shall not be less than 1.5 and 1.0 square metre respectively.



One parking unit shall have parking space of at least 40 square metre.



In addition to the off-street parking spaces required to be provided for building to be used for commercial, industrial or storage purposes, additional parking space at the rate of one such space for each 1000 square metres of floor area or fraction thereof exceeding the first 200 square metre of floor space, shall be provided for loading and unloading activities.



Garage with locking facilities shall be included in the calculation of floor space for determining the requirement of parking space, unless this is provided in the basement of a building or under a building constructed on stilts with no external walls. The parking spaces to be provided shall be in addition to the open spaces (setback) required around a building under these Regulations. However, one row of car parking may be provided in the front open space

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and one row of scooter or motor cycle parking may be provided in any one of the side open space without reducing the clear vehicular access way to less than 6.0 metres.

Table 12.6 Off street parking space Type of use

One parking unit shall be provided for every

Commercial

140 square metres of floor space or proportion there of 6 guest-rooms or proportional thereof

Hotels Multi-family dwelling

3 dwelling unitsor part thereof

Institutional

140 square metres of floor space or proportion thereof

Religious/ Assembly

140 square metres of floor space or proportion thereof

12.1.8 Roofs 

The roof of a building shall be so constructed or framed as to permit effectual drainage of the rain water from there which means sufficient rain water pipes of adequate size, wherever required, so arranged, joined and fixed so as to ensure that the rain water is carried away from the building without causing dampness in any part of wall or foundation of building or those of an adjacent building and also without causing annoyance or an inconvenience to neighbours or passers-by.



The Authority may require rain water pipe to be connected to a drain or sewer or to a covered channel formed beneath the public footpath or to the road gutter on in any other approved manner, without causing any damage to the property of the Authority or the Urban Local Body.



Rain water pipes shall be affixed to the outside of the external walls of the building or in recesses formed in such external walls or in such other manner as may be approved by the Authority.



The rain water and household waste water shall be channeled to the road side drain and in no case the same shall be allowed to flow into the neighboring plot. The Authority shall have the power to require the owner to undertake drainage work as deemed necessary at the owner's own expense.

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12.1.9 Boundary wall 

Except with the special permission of the Authority the maximum height of the compound wall shall not be more than 1.5 metres above the centre line of the front street.



The rear and side walls shall not be more than 2.2 metres in height above the centre line of the service road in case it exists, shall not be more than two metres in height above the



centre line of the front street.



ln case of a corner plot, the height of the boundary wall abutting the road shall be restricted to 0.75 metre for a length of 5 metres on the front and side of the intersections and the remaining height upto 1.5 metres shall be made up of railings to increase visibility.



However, the provisions of above clauses are not applicable to boundary wall of jails, senatorial factories and educational institutions, like schools, colleges including the hostels, institutional and assembly buildings.

No building boundaries shall be surrounded by a barbed wire fence, unless a green hedge is provided along it.

12. 1.10 Plantation In every building area, at least 10% of the land shall be utilised for plantation. The plantation shall be completed by the time, the construction of the building is completed.

12.1.11 Material 

The provisions of these regulations are not intended to prevent the use of any material or method of design to construct not specifically prescribed by these regulations, provided such alternative has been approved.



The Authority may approve any such alternative if it is found that the proposed alternative is satisfactory and conform to the provision of relevant parts of this regulation regarding material, design and construction and that material method of work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least equivalent to that prescribed in these regulations with regard to effectiveness fire and water resistance, durability and safety requirements.

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12.2 Special Development Control Regulations for Shamuka Beach Area There are certain guidelines for such development in existing DCR but they do not justify some of the issues which are very important for such kind of development in Coastal Regulation Zone. This special DCR covers those issues.

Other issues which are not explained here in those sectors development will be laid as per the existing DCR. 12.2.1. Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.) Table 12.7 Floor area ratio Activity

Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.)

Hotels Type – A (Plot area more than 10 acre)

0.5

Hotel Type – B (Plot area less than 10 acre)

0.75

Convention centre with supporting hotel

0.5

Riverside development – Condominium

0.75

& villas Shamuka Village

0.5

Art & Craft museum

0.5

Social Infrastructure housing

1.0

Hospitality institute

0.5

Golf Villas

0.5



Hotels: A. Security tower, Pavilions are considered as a part of landscape feature and will be free from FAR. B. Size of these pavilions should not exceed 5m x 5m and 4 in numbers.

C. Hotels having plot area or more than 10 acre shall be considered as of Type – A and rest shall be of Type-B.

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D. Only one security tower for security purpose is permitted to be constructed and is allowed to be within the margin space with a maximum size of 3.6m x 3.6m and maximum height of 15m.

Tower can be used for other purpose also. 

Arts & Craft Museum: Jharokhas and covered galleries are considered as architectural features and will be free of FAR.



Shopping Mall: Covered gallery of single storey height facing the street bazaar will be free from FAR.



Covered parking and garage will be free from FAR.



Pavilions and other landscape features will be free from FAR and Ground coverage but the permissible size of it is 3.6m X 3.6m.

12.2.2 Ground Coverage Table 12.8 Ground coverage Activity

Ground Coverage

Hotels

25%

Convention centre with supporting hotel

25%

Riverside development – Villas &

25%

Condominium Art & Craft museum

30%

Gurukuls & workshops

30%

Shopping mall

30%

Social Infrastructure housing

30%

Hospitality institute

25%

Golf Villas

15%



Shopping mall: The building should have minimum 6m wide covered gallery with a single storey height facing the street bazaar which shall not be considered for ground coverage.



Entrance Porch/ Portico shall not be considered for calculating the ground coverage and F.A.R. SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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12.2.3 Setbacks or open spaces Table 12.9 Setback and open space Activity

Front

Left

Right Side

Rear Side

Side Hotels – A type

30.0

3.0

3.0

3.5

Hotels – B type

9.0

6.0

6.0

20.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

3.0

Gurukul- A type

12.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

Gurukul- A type

12.0

6.0

6.0

12.0

Shopping mall

12.0

12.0

3.0

3.0

Arts & Craft

12

12.0

3.0

3.0

Social Infrastructure housing

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

Hospitality institute

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

Convention

centre

with

supporting hotel Riverside

development

–

Villas & Condominium

museum



Hotels : A. The hotel type A will have two front setbacks of 15m each hence the total setback will be 30m. The first 15m setback abutting the loop road should be developed for low height landscaping and visitors parking. The compound wall is permitted only after the first setback line. The building is permitted to be constructed from the second setback of 15m from the first setback line. The first setback space will be maintained by the owner of the plot.

C. In case of B type of hotels the first 12m back setback should be left for service road and boundary wall must be constructed from this line. The next 8m setbacks should be left for SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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building and is considered from the compound wall.

D. Sides facing the river or sea shall have minimum setback of 3.0m. 

E. The minimum size of the open to sky courtyard should be 20m x 15m.



Convention centre: 15m setback should be left on all the sides of the plot.



Shopping mall: The front setback facing the road shall be of 12m. The central space between buildings if covered should not exceed 40m span and the roof shall be covered with shell roof in steel truss or other light weight structure.



Gurukul: A. Plots facing the road on front and back both the sides shall be considered as B-type and others as A type.

B. At the ground level the front setback facing the main street, should be 12m.

C. Building should be designed as per courtyard typology and the minimum courtyard size shall be 15m x 15m.



Social Infrastructure housing : Typology of the cluster should be of open/closed courtyard type and the minimum size of the courtyard shall be 10mx10m.

12.2.4 Height of the building 

Hotel: In the zone of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) the height of the building should not exceed 9m. Additional 6m height is permitted for architectural feature and sloping roof in the zone outside CRZ. On back side of the plot, only single floor is permitted within the area of 50m from the property line.



Golf Club: The height of Golf Club building should not exceed 12m.



Shopping Mall: The height of the shopping mall building should not be more than 12m. The additional 6m height is permitted for architectural features and sloping roof of the building.

Only shell roof/sloping roof is permitted to cover the central open space with the rise of 5m.



River side development (Condominiums & Villas): For condominiums total height permitted is 12m and restricted to 3 floors considering ground and first floor as one level apartment and second floor as a penthouse duplex. In case of villas 9m height is permitted.



The permissible height of the building falling in CRZ zone is 9m and restricted to 2 floors, which includes the height of sloping roof.



Stair cabin, roof tank, lift-room and similar set of equipment should not exceed 6m in height.

Maximum permissible height of architectural features is 12m from the roof slab.

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Table 12.10 Building height Activity

Maximum height & floors

Hotels

12 m and 3 floors for Non-CRZ

Convention centre with supporting hotel

15 m Height and 3 floors Additional 10m for architectural features

Riverside development – Villas &

14 m height and 3 floors for condos,

Condominium

8m and two floors for villas

Art & Craft museum

12 m Height and 3 floors Additional 6m for architectural features

Gurukuls & workshops

8 m and 2 floors

Shopping mall

12 m and 3 floors

Social Infrastructure housing

14 m and 4 floors

Hospitality institute

12 m and 3 free floors

Golf Villas

8 m and 2 floors

12.2.5 Length & Width of building 

The maximum length of a building shall be 40m. The building should recess if to continue with minimum recess width of 10m and recess depth of 5m.



Minimum distance between two buildings must be 10m.



Social infrastructure housing: The maximum width of the block should be 30m.



Golf Villas : The maximum width of the dwelling unit should be 18m which does not include parking space .

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12.2.6 Parking The following are standard space requirements of some typical vehicles. These may be used as basic minimum reference values but different layouts such as parallel, herringbone and in-line, have slightly different overall space requirements and detailed layout of parking spaces will be site specific. 

Car

2.4 metres x 4.8 metres



Light Vans

2.4 metres x 5.5 metres



Coaches (60 seats)

3.5 metres x 14.0 metres Table 12.11 Parking

Activity

Parking

Hotels

1 car space per bedroom, plus restaurant, functionroom, conference and bar at 1 car space per 5 m2 GFA. Resident staff at 1 space per 3 staff on duty

Convention centre with supporting

2 car space per 3 seats

hotel Riverside development – Villas & Condominium

Dwelling unit of 2 beds

1 car space per dwelling unit

Dwelling unit of 3 beds

2 car space per dwelling unit

Art & Craft museum

1 space per 30 m2 GFA plus 1 car space per 3 staff

Gurukuls & workshops

1 car space per 20 sqm GFA

Shopping mall

1 car space per 20 sqm GFA

Social Infrastructure housing

1 two-wheeler space per 1du

Hospitality institute

1 car space per teaching staff, 1 space per 2 ancillary staff, 1 space per 4 students, One third of total staff provision for visitors

Golf Villas

Dwelling unit of 2 beds

1 car space per dwelling unit

Dwelling unit of 3 beds

2 car space per dwelling unit

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

Convention centre: Two car spaces per three seats for the fixed seating area. For the other flexible space of the plan, there shall be one car space per 3 sqm of conference areas and for exhibition hall one car space per 6 sq.m.



Hotel : One car space per bedroom. Additional parking shall be provided with respect of restaurants and public bar areas and where conference facilities are provided there shall be additional provision of 2 car space per three seats. 1 car space for Staff parking shall be provided per 40 sq.m. of public area for nonresidential staff.

Visitor’s parking should be provided within the front setback of 15m width from the property line.



Single storey covered parking is permitted in plot area and within the side setbacks.



Upto 30% of the total parking provided on the ground can be covered with four side or two sided sloping roof.

12.2.7 Means of access 

Hotels: There should be two entries to the plot in which the main entry is permitted from the Loop road at the centre of the plot while the service entry is permitted from the service roads, lying on the sides of the plot.



Convention centre: It should have two entries but none of them is permitted from the 30m wide loop road. Both are allowed from 24m wide road lying on the side of the plot and not within the distance of 50m from the junction of 30m wide loop road and 24m wide road.



Gurukul: Main entry is permitted from the main road abutting the street bazaar and secondary entry must be from the sides of the plot.

12.2.8 Roof 

Roof of the building should be slopping with four sided or two sided slope. In case of Hotel, Convention centre and Gurukul slopping roofs with cladding tiles will constitute at least 75% of the total roof area while in case of Condominiums, villas and infrastructure housing it should be 80%.





Angle of the roof must be between 30° to 45° with the projection as given below : 

Single Storey - 1.5m



Two Storey -



Three Storey - 2.5m



Four storey -

2.0m

2.5m

In all the cases it should confirm to vernacular style of architecture with urban components with slopping tiled roofing.

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

No cantilever projections are allowed and terraces are permitted on the internal side at the intermediate level of the building. Entrance Porch/ Portico must have two or four sided slopping roof.



Convention centre should have slopping roof with an angle of 25° and projections of it should be between 3m to 5m.



All the components provided on the roof like stair cabins , over head tanks and towers must have a slopping roof.



The height of the sloping roof is additional to the permissible height of the building only outside the zone of CRZ and will be free of FAR.



Roof of the parking must be sloping with two or four side slope and angle of 20°.

12.2.9 Landscape: All the open space within the plot area should be landscaped adequately.

12.2.10 Boundary wall 

Hotels: It should be constructed after the first setback of 15m from the property line.

Compound wall should be of local stone i.e. finely dressed laterite /sandstone etc with stone/ concrete coping and will be 1.35m height. Beyond the 1.35m high compound wall, fencing by use of creepers is permissible upto a total height of 2m from the compound wall. Outer side surface of compound wall must have a low height shrub plantation in stepped manner. Visitor's parking should be at a distance of 11m from the compound wall with a hard



paving. On the back side facing the sea or river, compound wall is not permitted.



Gurukul: Entire plot will have a perimeter wall up to 3m height with windows, jallis and Jharokas. Compound wall must be constructed from the setback line.



Street bazaar: No boundary wall is permitted to be constructed.



Villas: Compound wall is not permitted. Only a 0.3m height curb wall with proper low height landscaping is permitted.



The coping of the wall must be sloping with the projection of 0.2m.



The compound wall can have punctures upto 25% of the total surface area.

12.2.11 Building line 

Gurukul: The building can be constructed on or from the front setback line at a distance of 12m from the property line on the front side and on other sides construction can be started on or from the compound wall.



Golf Villas: On the Golf course side, Building must be constructed at 10m from the property line.



For other cases building can be constructed on or from the setback line.

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12.2.12 Material 

All the cases shall confirm vernacular style of architecture with urban components, integrated stone flooring, mud and stone for walls, wooden frame windows with glazing and plastered walls with permanent paint.



The local construction technologies and materials are permitted to achieve traditional features of Orissa.



Continuous glass façade is not permitted, only small openings with glass windows are permitted to achieve the traditional character.

12.2.13 Verandah 

Buildings are allowed to have verandahs on the courtyard side.



50% of the total area of verandah is free from F.A.R. and Ground Coverage.



Width of the verandah should be as given below: Width

Max. Height

Single Storey

3.0m

3.0m

Two Storey

3.0m to 5.0m

3.0m

Three Storey

3.0m to 5.0m

Double height

12.2.14 Entrance Gate 

Hotel : Entrance Gate structure must have an access of 4m for each entry and exit. Minimum Clear height should be 6.0m. There must be a cabin of maximum 3.0m x 3.0m in size at one side of the gate. On the other side of the gate, pedestrian entry is permitted.

Gate must have a steel or wooden truss with tiled roof. Gate must have two side or four side sloping roof. The projection of the roof from supports should be minimum 1.5m and for cabin it should be minimum 0.6m. Cabin should have a minimum plinth height of 0.6m. Cabin should have an opening of minimum 0.9m x 1.1m. 

Gurukul: Entrance Gate structure is not permitted but there must be an access of 5m. There must be a cabin of maximum 3.0m x 3.0m in size at one side of access.

12.2.15 Floor height Minimum top to top height should be 3.25m except the double height spaces and for Social infrastructure housing it should be minimum 3.0m.

12.2.16 Basement Basement is allowed only in the zone outside CRZ and 50% of the total ground coverage, within the building line but not permitted for Social infrastructure housing. The minimum height of the basement SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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should be 2.85m.

12.2.17 Green Buffer Green buffer provided on the periphery of the golf course, in front of convention centre and hotels of B type and Public park will be taken care and maintained by Authority.

12.2.18 Façade controls 

Hotel :

A. 25% of the façade area can have openings and punctures with a maximum opening size of 2.0m x 2.0m.

B. Only on the internal courtyard side buildings can have larger opening with glass cover. 

Gurukul :

A. The entire plot will have a perimeter wall with windows, jallis, jharokhas and building should start from this wall on the front and 25% of the total façade area is being allowed to have openings and the maximum size of it shall be 1.5m x 1.5m. 

Convention Centre : It can have larger openings with a maximum size of 2.5m x 2.5m and 25% of the total façade area.



Condominiums & villas: Building should have smaller openings to achieve the character of Orrisa and the maximum size of the opening shall be 1.5m x 1.5m.



Social infrastructure housing: The maximum size of openings shall be 1.2m x 0.9m.



The maximum length of one facade should be 40m. Minimum recess depth should be 5m and width should be 10m.

12.2.19 Plinth Minimum plinth should be 0.3m in all the building except the convention centre. The minimum plinth height for convention centre should be 0.6m.

12.2.20 Weather shades Weather shades are permitted to cover the openings with a projection of 0.6m and sloping roof.

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12.3 Other Rules and regulations for Shamuka Beach Area 12.3.1 Hotels & Resorts 1. Purpose and Intent.

The intent of the Hotel/Resort Campus is to provide opportunities for overnight accommodations and recreational amenities in a campus setting with significant open space preserves.

2. Uses.

In this area, no building, structure, or premises shall be used or arranged or designed to be used, and no building or structure shall be hereafter erected, reconstructed, or altered, unless otherwise provided in this chapter, except for the following permitted uses or specially permitted uses and their customary accessory uses: A. Permitted Uses • Bed and breakfast establishments • Country inn • Country club • Recreational / sporting club with or without clubhouse B. Special Permit Uses Resorts on parcels of at least thirty (30) acres in size and which shall include: a. Health spas b. Hotels with or without docking facilities C. Accessory uses Accessory uses shall include those uses customarily incidental to any of the above permitted uses or specially permitted uses when located on the same lot.

Specifically permitted are the following: • Art galleries • Retail stores and personal service shops, as accessory to a hotel use and enclosed within the hotel building, and intended to serve guests only. Such accessory shall not exceed ten (10) percent of the total floor area of rooms provided.

• Recreational facilities, including equestrian facilities, accessory to and restricted to resort guests • Catering halls and restaurants, when accessory to a hotel, not to exceed a total of threeSUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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hundred (300) seats.

• Tavern, not to exceed fifty (50) seats.

D. Prohibited uses • Motels • Hotel units converted to condominiums 3. Lot, yard, bulk, & height requirements.

A. No buildings shall be erected nor any lot or land area utilized unless in conformity with the Zoning Schedule incorporated into this chapter by reference and made a part hereof with the same force and effect as if such requirements were herein set forth in full as specified in said schedule, except as may be hereafter specifically modified.

B. In order to foster environmental conservation as well as preservation of the Town’s scenic and rural quality, all properties shall provide a contiguous open space area equal to at least seventy (70) percent of the lot area, to be designed as follows: • At least fifty (50) percent of such open space areas shall be planted with native species or left in its undisturbed natural form in order to enhance the appearance and function of the tidal wetlands and other native habitats.

• The remaining open space portion on the property shall be attractively landscaped with lawns, shrubs, flowerbeds, or nonimpervious recreation areas.

4. Supplementary requirements The following design and parking requirements shall apply: A. Design Standards • Driveway openings and curb cuts shall be aligned with the existing curb cuts along major arterial roads, in order to reduce the potential addition of traffic lights and conflicting turning movements.

• In order to protect the health of the waterways, the use of lawns and other plantings which rely on fertilizers and herbicides is strongly discouraged along areas bordering waterfronts.

B. Buffering and Transitions.

• Resort developments shall provide dense natural or landscaped buffers along borders with other properties. Buffer planting is not required along waterfront borders.

C. Parking Standards • Curb cuts to parking lots shall be minimized by sharing driveways and consolidating entrances

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for access to adjacent parking lots.

• Planted berms shall be used to screen the view of automobiles from public roadways.

• Internal roads shall be set back at least thirty (30) feet from side property lines for resort developments.

• In order to soften the appearance of parking lots, parking lots shall be landscaped with ground cover, grasses, or low shrubs for at least 15 percent of their land area. This landscaping requirement is in addition to the 70 percent parcel wide landscaping mentioned above.

• Parking lots with twenty-one (21) or more spaces shall have “orchard” planting for shade: 1 tree per 10 off-street spaces. Such trees shall be spread throughout the parking lot, rather than clustered only along the edges.

• In order to provide groundwater recharge and minimize runoff, at least one of the following stormwater management techniques shall be used in parking lots where underlying soils support infiltration of precipitation to the groundwater: • Entire parking areas shall be surfaced with gravel, rather than pavement.

• Landscaped areas of the parking lot shall be sited, planted, and graded in a manner to provide infiltration and detention of runoff from paved areas.

• Large areas of surface parking shall be broken up by landscaped walkways connecting sidewalks and parking areas to business entrances.

12.3.2 Standard requirement for Museum Minimum facilities. For purpose of Classification, the following are the minimum requirements for the operation of a Museum. 

Membership – The institution shall be a member of the National Committee on Museums.



Location – The locality and environs including approaches shall be pleasant with proper ingress and egress. The façade and architectural features shall be appropriately designed.



Parking area– An adequate and secured parking space for customers shall be made available.



Security – Adequate security shall be provided at all times.



Reception – A well-informed receptionist shall be available to usher in guests. A waiting lounge with telephone shall be provided.



Conference/ Auditorium – There shall be a conference and/ or auditorium provided with audiovisual equipment and made available to the public.



Library – There shall be a library adequately equipped and made available to the public.



Public washrooms– There shall be an adequate and accessible toilet facilities provided separately for male and female. Toiletries shall likewise be provided.

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12.3.3 Standard requirements for Institution Section 1:Minimum requirements. For purpose of Classification, the following are the minimum requirements for the operation and maintenance of a Institution.

Physical requirement • Size of classroom – The classroom shall be able to accommodate a minimum of twenty (20) trainees per class. For purposes of workshop, the floor area shall be at a minimum of 1.5 square metres per trainee.

• Lighting and ventilation– Lighting and ventilation fixtures shall be so designed to ensure an atmosphere conducive to training. A stand-by generator shall be made available.

• Restrooms – There shall be separate male and female restrooms.

• Refreshment/Dinning– There shall be a refreshment/ dining area accessible to the trainees.

• Classroom facilities, equipment and supplies– The centre shall be provided with classroom with complete basic facilities, equipment and supplies needed in conducting a program.

• Workshop - Facilities and Equipment depending on the training program/s being offered, there shall be adequate supply of the appropriate facilities and equipment.

• Reading area– There shall be a reading room adequately provided with relevant reference materials, books, journal, magazines and the like.

• Other support facilities- There shall be tool/storage facilities provided.

12.3.4 General rules on the operation and maintenance of tourism-related establishment 

Fire-fighting facilities. Fire-fighting facilities shall be provided in accordance with the rules and regulations and Fire fighting norms of India.



Maintenance. All facilities of the establishment concerned shall be properly maintained at all times. A periodic vermin control program shall be conducted.



Air-condition/ventilation. All enclosed areas of the establishment concerned shall be fully airconditioned or well-ventilated.



Prohibited acts and practices.

• No pets or animals shall be allowed • Ambulant vendors shall be prohibited from peddling their wares within the premises.

• All forms of gambling, drunkenness or disorderly conduct of any kind shall be

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prohibited in the establishments and within its immediate premises.

12.4 Coastal area classification and development Regulations Norms for Regulation of Activities (CRZ-III) (i) The area upto 200 metres from the HTL is to be earmarked as 'No Development Zone'. No construction shall be permitted within this zone except for repairs of existing authorised structures not exceeding existing FSI, existing plinth area and existing density.

However, the following uses may be permissible in this zoneagriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, play fields, forestry and salt manufacture from sea water. (ii) Development of vacant plots between 200 and 500 metres of High Tide Line in designated areas of CRZ-III with prior approval of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) permitted for construction of hotels/beach resorts for temporary occupation of tourists/visitors subject to the conditions as stipulated in the guidelines at Annexure-II. (iii) Construction/reconstruction of dwelling units between 200 and 500 metres of the HTL permitted so as far as it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing villages and gaothans. Building permission for such construction/reconstruction will be subject to the conditions that the total number of dwelling unit shall not be more than twice the number of existing units, total covered area on all floors shall not exceed 33 percent of the plot size; the overall height of construction shall not exceed 9 metres and construction shall not be more than 2 floors (ground floor plus one floor). (iv) Reconstruction/alterations of an existing authorised building permitted subject to (i) to (iii) above.

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13.Deriving the Design Needs 13.1 Ritual Centre The city of Puri has 248 temples and 208 mathas creating a varied scope of earning livelihood for the brahmanas/ pandas who perform the ritual activities. Most of the ritual activities are performed illegally on the beaches,

creating a maniac for the natural scenic beauty of the beach. There are also

residents and foreigners who indulge themselves in the kirtanas, sandhya and vandanas.

13.2 Tourism information Centre cum library The city of Puri has unexplored historic and natural destinations because of lack in proper information.

The temple follows rituals of not allowing foreigners/ non-Hindus, to be admitted in the premises of the temple, and thus a modeled presentation of the same must be presented to describe it in detail. It would not only provide information to tourists but an opportunity to create employment generation with promoting of local handicrafts.

13.3 Ceremony Complex The city of Puri happens to conduct large scale marriages and sacred-thread ceremonies all the year round, but there is a lack of proper infrastructure and open spaces to facilitate the same.

13.4 International Convention Centre and Divine discourse Convention Centre The city of Puri, due to its location and cultural aspect, has the potential of catering to

host

international and national conventions. The city is a divine abode of Hindu religion and nationally acclaimed as the universal religious hub to divine discourses. Every year many divine discourses are organised by leaders of various religious sects and communities. Around 10,000 to 20,000 pilgrims attend such programmes and need to accommodate at least 25,000 to 30,000 pilgrimages.

13.5 Meditation Centre The city of Puri defines itself to be in an essence of divine and nature due to which both the tourists and the pilgrims ponder over here in search of peace and spirituality. Lack of promotion for the same hinders the outcomes of enojying the horizon of nature and divine.

13.6 Hotels/ Resorts and Night-shelters The city of Puri hosts to accomodate around 22,000 visitors at a time , while the current demand strategy states to about more than 77,000 of minimum facility for accommodating visitors. Around 25,000 to 30,000 poor pilgrims visit Puri everyday and due to the lack of accommodation they are forced to stay outsides.

13.7 Commercial Centre The city of Puri The commercial sector presently accounts to nearly 4% of the total development in the city. Market sectors on the other hand promote greater and ease of connectivity between two nodes SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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(viz. between the Jagannath temple and the beach front). The local culture has also got a varied range of products from handmade, historical products to natural ones (sea by-products), to earn from the commercial sector. Also the unorganized informal market sector tend to cause the primary means of road congestion. The night market on beach front is also neither planned nor facilitated properly.

13.7 Beach-activity Centre and Ghaats Has been gifted with the natural beauty of sea and rivers, but the land water relation is not celebrated neither the potential of it is explored.

13.8 Parking and Ferry Jetty The huge traffic inflow and growth of transport units within the city have created a havoc in the flow of the traffic and also lack of appropriate and minimum parking requirements.

The potential use of waterways is also not developed which can link up the heritage sites along the stretch of the shore and promote them.

13.8 Goushala Some ritual activities are needed to be served to the holy Hindu animal- Cow and use the by products of it for the same. The improper management of cows lacks in churning the efficiency out of it . Also the stray ones promote unhealthy conditions in the city.

Fig 12.1: Division of spaces under Pilgrims and Tourists

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14. Methodology

1. Pre Design Study 

Site visits and Photo/ video documentation



Primary Data collection from site visits and informal meetings with Stakeholders



Secondary Data collection from various agencies



Site analysis based on survey & drawings



Preparation of Base Map

2. Formation of Conceptual Master Plan 

Situational Analysis, Identification of Suitable area for development on the basis of Land suitability Analysis



Proposed Activity Structure & Design Brief



Reffering Urban Design Guidelines & DCR



Draft Conceptual Master plan

3. Formation of Draft Master Plan 

Conceptual Infrastructure Plan



Block Infrastructure Development



Draft Master Plan proposal: Detail of land use

4. Formation of Final Master Plan 

Final Conceptual Infrastructure Plan



Final Land use details



Final Master Plan and Design

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15 15.1

Case Studies Live case study

15.1.1

Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi

15.1.2

Osho Int. Meditation Ashram, Pune

15.1.3

Goverdhan Eco Village, Thane

15.1.4

Pavapuri Guest House, Pavapuri

15.2

Literature case study

15.2.1

Shiv Temple, Wadheswar

15.2.2

Famen Temple Zen Meditation Center, China

15.3

Live survey

15.3.1

Puri beach, Night market, Swarga Dwara & Brahmins of Jagannath Temple

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15.1 Live case study

15.1.1 Sri sathya sai ashram (prasanthi nilayam) Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh India Architect: baba sri sathya sai Inaugurated: November 23, 1950 Fig 15.1 Sri sathya sai ashram 15.1.1.1 About: Prasanthi Nilayam, ‘The Abode of Supreme Peace’, is the Ashram (spiritual resort) of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba near the village of Puttaparthi in the Anantapur District of the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Nestled amongst a chain of hills and with the river Chitravathi flowing towards its east, this valley houses the Mandir (shrine), residential complexes for devotees, the headquarters of the Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organization and the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust.

"Prasanthi Nilayam" means literally "Abode of the Highest Peace.” Sathya Sai Baba gave daily darshan to his thousands of devotees in this ashram. Sathya Sai Baba was "usually present in Prasanthi Nilayam from early June to the middle of March.”

Bhagawan Baba spends most of the year in Prasanthi Nilayam, and hence, this hallowed township is the destination for thousands of spiritual aspirants of varied cultures, faiths, races, languages and socio-economic strata from all over the world to behold His divine form and experience His pure love.

Fig 15.2 view

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Map 15.1 Location of site

Country:

India

State:

Andhra Pradesh

District:

Anantapur

15.1.1.2 Geographic’s Height above sea level: 800 meters (2624 feet) Latitude:

14° North

Longitude:

78°1 East

15.1.1.3 Climate The climate of Prashanthi Nilayam is generally hot and dry throughout the year.

The hotter months are from March until July and the milder months are from November until January.

Light rainfall may be expected during the months of June, July, and August and again from October to December and January experiences cold.

The southwest monsoons play a major role in determining the climate. The northeast monsoons are responsible for about one-third of the total rainfall.

Summer temperatures ranging from 30°C-40°C, (86°F - 104°F) and winter 20°C-27°C (68°F - 81°F).

Temperature:

Min. 20° C (68° F) Max. 43° C (109° F)

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Map 15.2 Sun chart for the region of Puttaparthi 15.1.1.4 Language The common languages spoken in Puttaparthi are Telugu, English and Hindi.

15.1.1.5 Population Total:

9,000

Map 15.3 Map of Puttaparthi

15.1.1.6 Connectivity Road: Puttaparthi is well connected by road to Hyderabad (state capital) (441 kilometers (274 mi)), Ananthapur (district headquarters), Bangalore (154 kilometers (96 mi)) Rail: Puttaparthi has a railway station named as Sri Satya Sai Prasanthi Nilayam which started functioning from 23 November 2000. It is about 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) from the ashram.

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Air: Puttaparthi has an airport which is connected to Mumbai and Chennai by Indian Airlines as a stopover for their Hyderabad-Visakhapatnam services.

The nearest major airport is the Kempegowda International Airport at Devanahalli, a suburb of Bangalore which is about 119 kilometers (74 mi) from Puttaparthi.

It is a remarkable feature of festival celebrations in Bhagawan’s presence that they are not confined to any particular religion or deity. They are universal in character emphasizing the underlying unity of all religions and the fundamental message of love and peace.

Typically, the programme consists of speeches by students, functionaries of Bhagawan’s Institutions and devotees, where they share their thoughts and recount their experiences and lessons learnt at the Divine Lotus Feet. This is usually followed by Bhagawan’s discourse and cultural programmes. At the conclusion of the programme, Prasadam (sacramental food) is distributed to everyone.

It is seen that the maximum number of devotees do come to Prasanthi Nilayam During the month of November as because this month hosts two major celebrations, one being the Rathothsavam and The Bhagwan Baba’s Birthday.

It is also seen to be crowded generally in the vacations during which the Ashram experiences a huge amount of day visitors.

The devotees and visitors of the Ashram come from all states of India as well as from over 170 countries overseas.

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This is the reason the site experiences a multi-diversity in it and the culture of it reflects the same though.

15.1.1.7 Land use

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Map 15.5 Site plan

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15.1.1.8 Zoning of the site w.r.t accessibility The public zone is created fronting the main entrances to the Ashram. The people who want to visit the Ashram to offer a prayer (ex. The local residents) need to access only the public spaces.

The sevaks and the people residing in the Ashram are the one who use the facilities of the Ashram that classify under the semi-public zone. This covers the major area of the site.

The officials, administrators and service holders within the Ashram occupy the spaces of private zone that are scattered all through to take proper control over the site.

`

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Map 15.6 Zoning of the site

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Map 15.7 User movement on the site Table 15.5.1 Area Statement S.N

Spaces

o

01

Gr.Coverage

No. of floors

Area (sq.m)

Divine Discourse Centre

6800

1

(Sai Kulwanth Hall)

02

Auditorium

3000

1

03

Library cum administrator building

2125

2

04

Shopping Complex

1050

2

05

Western Canteen

960

2

06

North Indian Canteen

1460

2

07

South Indian Canteen

1068 + 910

3

08

Kitchen + Store (S.I Canteens’)

120 X 2

3

09

V.I.P Housing (Shanti Bhavan)

1110

3

10

Pathshala Block

450

3

11

Family Accomodation

245

3

(27 houses, 3mX6m) 12

Officer’s Accomodation (32 rooms)

560

4

13

Sevadal Accomodation

810

4

(3X4 halls+toilets) 14

Dormitories (250 floor beds)

540

1

15

Room Accomodation (96 rooms)

800

4

16

Community Hall

750

2

17

Women Welfare Programme

450

1

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18

Gayathri Temple

200

-

19

I.T Centre

590

2

20

Book Store

95

1

21

Bakery

450

1

22

Drinking Water

180

1

23

Press

470

1

24

Digital Studio

345

1

25

Public Toilet

60-65

1

(5 T+5B, behind the dorms) 26

Public Toilet (M+F)

170

1

27

Storage and maintenance

150

1

28

Storage for dorms

220

2

29

Security Guard Room

140

1

Total built-up area:

68973 sq.m

Total landscaped area: Total green spaces:

9786 sq.m 9914 sq.m

Total unbuilt spaces: 157467 sq.m Total plot area:

246140 sq.m (excluding the hill)

Fig 15.5 Chart showing area

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15.1.1.9 Daily Schedule of a Devotee The devotees go through a disciplined work out all the daylong in parallel to the daily schedule of the Ashram. The table below details out the daily schedule of a devotee in the Ashram.

5:30 AM

Wake up

6:00 AM

Daily activities

6:30 AM

Morning walk and yoga

7:15 AM

Bhajan singing in Sai Kulwant Hall

8:00 AM

Breakfast

9:30 AM

Mangala Arati in Sai Kulwant Hall

12:30 PM

Shopping (Ladies)

1:00 PM

Lunch

2:00 PM

Mid-day rest

4:30 PM

(5:00PM in the summer) Veda chanting in Sai Kulwant Hall

5:00 PM

Shopping (Gents)

5:30 PM

(6:00PM in the summer) Bhajan singing in Sai Kulwant Hall

6:00 PM

(6:30PM in the summer) Mangala Arati in Sai Kulwant Hall

6:30 PM

Meditation for Overseas Devotees in Prayer Hall

7:30 PM

Video show (In conference hall near Shopping Centre)

7:45 PM

Discussion

8:00 PM

Dinner

8:30 PM

Family time/Personal time

9:30 PM

Sleep

15.1.1.10 Daily Schedule (at Sai Kulwant Hall) Bhagawan has laid down the daily schedule to be followed in the Ashram. Every activity of the Ashram routine is suffused with deep spiritual significance. The table below details out the Ashram schedule.

5:00 AM

Temple bell rings 9 times

5:10 AM

Temple bell rings 5 times

5:20 AM

Temple bell rings once, followed by 21 Aumkars then Suprabhatham

5:40 AM

Veda chanting around the ashram, then Nagarsankirtan

8:00 AM

Veda chanting in Sai Kulwant Hall

9:00 AM

Bhajan singing in Sai Kulwant Hall

9:30 AM

Mangala Arati in Sai Kulwant Hall SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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4:30 PM

(5:00PM in the summer) Veda chanting in Sai Kulwant Hall

5:30 PM

(6:00PM in the summer) Bhajan singing in Sai Kulwant Hall

6:00 PM

(6:30PM in the summer) Mangala Arati in Sai Kulwant Hall

6:30 PM

Meditation for Overseas Devotees in Prayer Hall

7:30 PM

Video show (In conference hall near Shopping Centre)

9:00 PM

All lights out

15.1.1.11 Activity at 6:00 AM

Map 15.8 Activity at 8.00 A.M. •

Maximum amount of crowd is seen near the Sai Kulwanth Hall for the morning aarati.

•

Some crowd is seen near the garden area where people move out for the morning exercises and yoga (especially the foreigners).

•

A crowd of ladies is also seen near the Gayathri temple.

•

This time also experiences crowd of the local residents who come up for darshan.

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Fig 15.6 Queue of devotees and local people outside the gate for darshan.

15.1.1.12 Activity at 7:30 AM

Map 15.9 Activity at 7.00 A.M. •

By this time there is substantial increase in the crowd near the toilets and bath area of dorms.

•

This is the time when the devotees rush in for breakfast in the South Indian Canteen and Western Canteen.

•

This time also experiences increase in crowd near the Sai Kulwanth Hall preparing to welcome the devotees.

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Fig 15.7 Devotees start for the aarati

and

breakfast

early

morning.

15.1.1.13 Activity at 12:30 PM

Map 15.10 Activity at 12.00 P.M. •

During afternoon the devotees move on for lunch at the three canteens. These places are hugely dense during this time.

•

This time also experiences huge traffic inflow to the site as the gate opens just before it. There is a huge traffic at the security check section and public relations at this time.

•

Ladies move out to the shopping complex to get the daily needs.

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.

Fig 15.8 Queue of devotees arriving at the security check gate

Fig 15.9 Devotees move towards the canteen for lunch

15.1.1.14 Activity at 5:30 PM

Map 15.11 Activity at 6.00 P.M. •

The evening time is dedicated to the aradhanas and activities in the divine discourse centre and the auditorium.

•

Gents move to the shopping complex to get their daily needs.

•

There is a increase in crowd near the Park adjacent to the shopping complex, library and bakery, which creates this zone as most populated at the end of day.

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Fig15.10 Devotees moving around the site in evening chanting mantras.

15.1.1.15 Activity at 9:00 PM

Map 15.12 Activity at 8.00 P.M. •

During the night time the people get together in the community hall and the crowd increases near the canteens for the dinner.

•

People start moving around the streets and talk and sit in the open gardens to relax themselves and discuss.

•

People start moving towards their allotted accommodation blocks to spend their personal/family times.

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Fig 15.11 Devotees sitting in the Divine Discourse Centre for the musical evening.

15.1.1.16 Sai kulwanth hall Ground coverage: 6800 sq.m Dimensions: 90 m X 85 m Maximum occupancy: 20,000 people Date of completion: 30th September, 1999 Use of Space: Divine Discourse, Festivals, Functions, Ceremonies etc., Type of Zone: Public

Fig 15.12 Sketch of sai kulwanth hall

Map 15.13 site plan

Fig 15.13 Sketch of the section SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Fig 15.14 Use of spaces based on different time of the day

Fig 15.15 Stage - Roof light at the junction and the stage is three steps up the plinth.

Fig 15.16 Colorful stage and intricately designed to be the most beautiful and highlighted with a semicircular shape chhattri.

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Fig 15.17 Devotees sitting in the hall.

•

Sai Kulwant Hall is the Divine Discourse Centre. It is where daily darshan took place.

•

"It is a spacious enclosure” with a seating capacity of about 20,000.

•

Sai Kulwant Hall is between Sathya Sai Baba's residence (Yajur Mandir) and the Prasanti Mandir.

•

The "carved icons of Sri Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman were blessed" by Sathya Sai Baba on 30 September 1999.

•

The square covings on the ceiling are effective in reducing the echo in the hall.

•

It has got two entry points, one at the foot of the Centre and another near the stage.

•

The stage has got a store, a green room, a room, a lobby and a sound and light control room.

•

There is a raise platform in front of the stage facing it at the centre for video recording the events. This is movable and removable on occasion.

•

There is a parikrama pathway around the hall of about 3m wide which is accessible only after getting through the security gates.

•

It is open from all 3 sides so that the crowd standing out can also see the events.

•

It has got pillars on periphery of the three corners with an offset of about 1.5 meters and a row in centre.

•

The columns are of 200 mm diameter and beams of 200 X 350

•

The columns are topped with ornamented kalashas, and also intricate designs over it.

•

The space is lifted up with chandeliers at frequent distances.

•

The height of the space is around 4.5 m.

•

The stage is 3 steps up, around 450 mm higher than the plinth.

•

There is a roof light curved in shape at the junction of the stage and the public sitting space so as during the day the stage gets proper and more amount of light as compared to the sitting place.

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•

The sitting place is not equipped with any chairs. Devotees sit on the floor. There are red mats laid on the floor over the pathways only to walk. This demarcates the sitting area and the walking routes without any structural interference.

Fig 15.18 Musical Performance in

Fig 15.19 Aradhana in the hall.

the hall

Fig 15.20 Prasad Sevan in the hall

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15.1.1.17 Poornachandra auditorium Ground coverage:

3000 sq.m

Dimensions:

54 m X 48 m

Maximum occupancy: 15,000 people Date of completion:

1972

Use of Space:

Cultural programmes, Mass Gatherings, Conferences, Yajna.

Type of Zone:

Public

Fig 15.21 Sketch of the plan

Map 15.14 Site plan

Fig 15.22 Sketch of the section

Fig 15.23 Use of space based on different time of the day

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Fig 15.24 Sitting arrangement of the auditorium with chairs on front and floor sitting on back.

Fig 15.25 Roof is tapered and stepped .The floor is stepped up towards the back

The stage of the auditorium is three steps up than the plinth.

•

The audience is made to sit on floor generally and is facilitated with chairs on occasion.

•

The pathway is covered with a carpet to virtually divide the space for sitting

•

It is ornamented with sculptures of Gods on the ceiling.

•

The doors are so wide and heighted that even vans and trucks can enter the auditorium for special occasions.

•

The stepped roofing helps in reducing the echo of sound significantly, and also the walls and ceilings are well treated for clear and noise free sound.

15.1.1.18 Family accommodation block Ground coverage of the block:

240 sq.m

Dimensions of a unit:

6.5 m X 3 m

Dimensions of block:

30 m X 8 m

Maximum occupancy (whole block of 4 floors): 52-80 people Use of Space: Type of Zone:

Living and storing belongings.

Semi-Public

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Fig 15.26 Sketch of the plan

Map 15.15 Site plan

Fig 15.27 Sketch of section

Fig 15.28 Use of space based on different time of the day

Fig 15.29 Outer view of the block.

Fig 15.30 Lane of the block.

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Fig 15.31 Common corridor of the block.

Fig 15.32 Inside view of the rooms.

Lack of luggage •

The Ashram has the facility of housing more than 800 families at a time.

•

Individuals are not allowed to be accommodated in a family room.

•

Cooking is strictly prohibited in the room.

•

Some have attached toilet and some have common one at two ends for male and female.

•

Some houses have the facility of parking a car downstairs in front of them.

•

The caretaking and cleaning of the room is done by the resident himself only.

15.1.1.19 Dormitories Ground coverage:

450 sq.m

Dimensions:

30 m X 15 m

Maximum occupancy: 250 people Use of Space:

Living and storing belongings.

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Fig 15.33 Sketch of plan

Map 15.16 Site plan

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Fig 15.34 Sketch of section

Fig 15.35 Use of space based on different time of the space

.

Fig 15.36 Two lanes of dormitories

Fig 15.37 Inside the dormitory with double storied beds •

The Dormitories are highly dense and hence comes the factor the unhygienic.

•

The ratio of toilets and bathroom to that of the residents per dorm is very less.

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•

Due to high density of the residents and the common timing of the program schedule there is a problem of high traffic.

15.1.1.20 Canteen (South Indian) Ground coverage:

100 sq.m

Dimensions:

70 m X 14 m

Maximum occupancy: 250 people Use of Space:

Breakfast, lunch, dinner

Type of Zone:

Public

Map 15.17 Location of site

Fig 15.38 Sketch of the PLAN

Fig 15.39 Use of space based on different time of the day

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Fig 15.40 Serving of prasad in the dining hall (male).

Fig 15.41 Sevayats cutting vegetables in the kitchen.

Fig 15.42 Serving of prasad in the dining hall (female).

•

The Dormitories are highly dense and hence comes the factor the unhygienic.

•

The ratio of toilets and bathroom to that of the residents per dorm is very less.

•

Due to high density of the residents and the common timing of the program schedule there is a problem of high traffic.

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15.1 Live Case Study 15.1.2 Osho International Meditation Resort Pune, Maharashtra India Architect: Hafeez Contractor Year of completion: 1974

Fig 15.43 Osho international meditation resort

15.1.2.1 About: Meditation, according to him, has all the space, the whole of existence available. You are the watcher, you can watch the whole scene. There is no effort to concentrate on anything, there is no effort to contemplate (meditate) about anything. You are not doing all these things, you are simply there watching, just aware. It is a knack. It is not a science, it is not an art, it is not a craft, it is a knack.

The basic concept was The brooding, black pyramidal forms conceived by Hafeez contractor were radically different from anything he had done before, the design for the commune being a simple cluster of four buildings, relying on form and color for impact. The pyramids act both as a perceptive experience and as a symbol. Black embodies all the colors, harness cosmic energy and the pyramid is the most stable form. If these all black pyramids suggest rising energy and an indrawn meditative posture, then the blue tinted glass windows and skylights symbolize enlightenment .Blue being the first color one perceives on enlightenment. The halo of life.

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Fig 15.44 View of resort

Map 15.18 Location Country:

India

State:

Maharashtra

District:

Pune

15.1.2.2 Geographic’s Height above sea level: 560 m (1,840 ft) Latitude:

18°32 North

Longitude:

73°53 East SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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15.1.2.3 About: Rajneesh taught at the Pune ashram from 1974 to 1981. The two adjoining houses and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land became the center of the Osho International Meditation Resort. It facilitated audio and (later) video recording and printing of his discourses for worldwide distribution, enabling him to reach a larger audience. The number of Western visitors increased. The ashram soon featured an arts-andcrafts center which produced clothes, jewelry, ceramics and organic cosmetics and hosted theatre, music and mime performances. In 1975, after the arrival of therapists from the Human Potential Movement, the ashram began to complement its meditations with group therapy (which became a major source of income for the ashram).

Fig 15.45 Pathway 15.1.2.4 Climate Pune has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) bordering with tropical wet and dry (Aw) with average temperatures ranging between 20 to 28 °C (68 to 82 °F).

Typical summer months are from March to May, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F).

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F).

Winter begins in November. The daytime temperature hovers around 28 °C (82 °F) while night temperature is below 10 °C (50 °F) for most of December and January Temperature:

Min. 10° C (50° F) Max. 38° C (100° F)

15.1.2.5 Language The common languages spoken in Pune are Marathi, Hindi and English.

15.1.2.6 Population Total:

6, 50,968

15.1.2.7 Connectivity Road: It is located in Koregaon Park at the central core of the city.

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Rail: It is about 1.5km away from the city railway station.

Air: The nearest airport is 6.5 kms away. It is near Mumbai city, about 15min by air.

Map 15.19 Sun chart for the region of Koregaon Park

It is omnipresence that the festival celebrations are not confined to any particular religion or deity. They are universal in character emphasizing the underlying unity of all religions and the fundamental message of love and peace.

Typically, the programme consists of lectures by trainees, functionaries of Osho’s Institutions and devotees, where they share their thoughts and recount their experiences and lessons learnt and experienced. This is usually followed by workshops, celebrations and cultural programmes.

At the end everybody discusses and share their thoughts and love with each other.

Fig 15.46 Graph showing no.of visitors per month

DECEMBER

NOVEMBER

OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER

AUGUST

JULY

JUNE

MAY

APRIL

MARCH

FEBRUARY

JANUARY

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

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It is seen that the maximum number of devotees do come to Prasanthi Nilayam During the month of November and December as the winter arrives. This month also celebrates Oshos’s birthday and the big western festival Christmas.

It is also seen to be crowded generally in the vacations during which the Ashram experiences a huge amount of day visitors.

The devotees and visitors of the Ashram come from all states of India as well as from over 170 countries overseas.

This is the reason the site experiences a multi-diversity in it and the culture of it reflects the same though.

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15.1.2.8 Land use

Total plot area: 14.5 acres (approx.) (excluding park)

Map 15.20 Map showing land use

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Map 15.21 Site plan

15.1.2.9 Zoning

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Map 15.22 Zoning

The public zone is created fronting the main entrances to the Ashram. The people who want to visit the Ashram or library need to seek at these place. Admission without certified identity card is banned beyond it.

The trainees, the people residing in the Ashram and the permitted day visitors are the one who use the facilities of the Ashram that classify under the semi-public zone. This covers the major area of the site.

The officials, administrators and service holders within the Ashram are authorized for the spaces of private zone that are scattered all through to take proper control over the site.

As per the location, the whole site is zoned into three parts as the two primary roads divide the site.

There are security barricades to control the traffic speeds at the junctions of the three zones at two points.

The space for parking the vehicle is planned carefully and zoned away from the general entrances at both the point. They are zoned at backyard/back-entries of the site.

15.1.2.10 Zoning of the site The site is about 40 acres of land including the park It is divided into three zones by tarred roads Zone 1: It consists of the auditorium hall, shopping galleria and guest house.

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Zone 2: It consists of administration block, club and recreational hall Zone 3: It consists of workshops, multiversity, halls, accommodation rooms, guest house, overlooking the zen gardens.

Cafes and eating areas are distributed in Zone 1, 2 and 3.The entire built forms in elegant black color are surrounded by beautiful lush green picturesque setting with water falls, water bodies, statues of Buddha

and

tropical

gardens

thus

forming

a

paradise

earth.

Map 15.23 Spaces in different zone

Map 15.24 location on spaces in different zones.

USER MOVEMENT ON THE SITE

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Map 15.25 User movement on the site

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Table 15.2 Area statement S.No

Spaces

Gr.Coverage Area (sq.m)

No. of floors

01

Osho Auditorium

1510

2

02

Kitchen

660

1

03

Omar Khayam

465

1

04

Meera House

235

1

05

Public Toilets

120

1

06

Buddha Plaza

1100

1

07

Welcome Centre

340

1

08

Administrator block

320

2

09

Office

280

1

10

Meditation Hall (Radha Hall)

300

1

11

Therapy Chambers

120

1

12

Kitchen

65

1

13

Canteen

110

1

14

Auditorium (Chuag Tzu)

300

1

15

Workshop

470

1

16

Library

180

1

17

Residences

85

2

18

Jesus House

400

-

19

Toilets and Showers

84

1

20

Cyber Cafe

220

1

21

Vipasana hall

355

1

22

Jacquzi, Massage, Therapy, Showers

450

1

23

Open stage (Narupa pyramid)

480

1

24

Accomodation Rooms

480

1

25

Multimedia room

680

1

26

Services and storage

260

1

27

Swimming pool

1010

-

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28

Activity space (open)

1420

-

29

Security Guard Room

50

1

Total built-up area: Total hardscape spaces:

9570 sq.m 10832 sq.m

Total water body:

3326 sq.m

Total plot area:

58768 sq.m

Fig 15.48 Pie chart

15.1.2.11 Daily Schedule of a Devotee The devotees go through a disciplined work out all the day long in parallel to the daily schedule of the Ashram.

The table below details out the daily schedule of a devotee in the Ashram.

05:30 AM

Wake up and daily activities.

06:00 AM

Osho dynamic meditation.

07:30 AM

Morning walk and yoga and audio listening

08:00 AM

Breakfast

09:00 AM

Specific meditation

12:15 PM

Marketing

1:00 PM

Lunch

02:00 PM

Mid-day rest

03:00 PM

Meditation in open

04:15 PM

Meditation in Chuang Tzu Auditorium

05:30 PM

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06:40 PM

High-energy dance followed by sitting with intermittent music, and continuing with an Osho video.

07:30 PM

Discussion and meeting

08:00 PM

Dinner

08:30 PM

Family time/Personal time

09:30 PM

Sleep

15.1.2.12 Daily Schedule of meditation 6:00 AM

Osho Dynamic Meditation.

Five-stage meditation consisting of deep breathing, catharsis, grounding & centering, silence and celebration.

7:30 AM

Morning Audio Meditation

9:00 AM

A

different

meditation

every

week.

OSHO

Nataraj Meditation, OSHO Mandala Meditation, OSHO Whirling Meditation, OSHO No Dimensions Meditation, OSHO Chakra Breathing Meditation, Laughter Meditation, or Laughing Drums.

10:30 AM

OSHO Vipassana Meditation

12:00 PM

A different meditation each day. OSHO Nataraj Meditation, OSHO Mandala

Meditation, OSHO

Whirling

Meditation, OSHO

No

Dimensions

Meditation, OSHO Chakra Breathing Meditation, Laughter Meditation, or Laughing Drums.

3:00 PM

OSHO

Nadabrahma

Meditation

A healing and centering meditation that involves humming and soft movements.

4:15 PM

OSHO

Kundalini

Meditation

A four-part meditation including vigorous shaking of the body, celebrative dance, and silent witnessing.

6:40 PM

Evening

Meditation

Meeting

High-energy dance followed by sitting with intermittent music, and continuing with an Osho video.

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15.1.2.13 Activity at 6:00 AM

Map 15.26 Activity at 6.00 •

Maximum amount of crowd is seen near the Osho Auditorium for the early morning meditation.

•

Some crowd is seen near the garden area where people move out for the morning exercises and yoga (especially the foreigners).

•

By this time there is substantial increase in the crowd near the toilets and bath area of dorms.

•

During this time when the devotees rush in for their breakfast in the Canteen.

Fig 15.49 Trainees moving in a queue for the morning meditation course.

Fig 15.50 Within the nature, a morning walk is the healthiest thing to start with.

.

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15.1.2.14 Activity at 1:00 PM

Map 15.27 Activity at 1.00 P.M. •

During afternoon the devotees move on for lunch at the three canteens. These places are hugely densed during this time.

•

This time also experiences huge traffic inflow to the site as the gate opens just before it. There is a huge traffic at the security check section and public relations at this time.

•

There is also a crowd seen near the Buddha Plaza and other auditorium pyramids for the meditation.

Fig 15.51 People having their lunch in the afternoon and relaxing with the nature.

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15.1.2.15 Activity at 6:00 PM

Map 15.28 Activity at 6.00 P.M. •

The trainees move towards the third zone where the activity space and the open stage is present to enjoy the cultural and spend some beautiful moments. The third zone by this time seems quite lively.

•

During the night time the people get together in the community place and the crowd increases near the canteens for the dinner.

•

People start moving around the streets and talk and sit in the open gardens to relax themselves and discuss.

•

People start moving towards their allotted accommodation blocks to spend their personal/family times.

Fig 15.52 Musical evening.

Fig 15.53 DJ night in the open pyramid

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15.1.2.16 Osho meditation hall Zone: 1 Ground coverage:

1510 sq.m

Dimensions:

31 m X 31 m

Maximum occupancy: 5,000 people Date of completion:

1949

Use of Space:

Meditation

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Fig 15.54 Sketch of plan

Map 15.29 Site plan

Fig 15.55 Sketch of section

Fig 15.56 use of space based on different time of the day

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Fig 15.57 Hall- With an ivory white finish the control over mood lighting is appropriate.

Fig 15.58 Pyramid- sitting on a high plinth of about 8 m high.

The stairway diverges and then converges in front of the entrance to the pyramid



It is a large meditation hall having capacity of 5000 and smaller rooms below as store and kitchen.

•

Area measures about 31mx31m.

•

Pyramid building is approximately 9 stories high (about 40m)

•

The windows have clear glass with blue film. The concept of using blue glass is to signify the reflection of a soul.

•

It has no skylight and is completely artificially lit creating an elegant ambience.

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•

Flooring in agglomerated marble and walls in plaster of paris, painted white.

•

Main door is adorned by two flight of steps.

•

The access to main door is through a pathway with water body on either side.

•

The interior of the hall is fitted with mood lighting which changes according to the kind of meditation in process and diffused lighting technique is used to light it up.

•

It is composed of steel and concrete

Fig 15.59 Pathway- finished with black and Fig 15.60 The pyramid and the pool are dark green kota polished stone

constructed in a manner so that the pyramid look emerged from water.

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15.1.2.17 Accomodation rooms and guest house Ground coverage of block:

250 sq.m

Dimensions of an unit:

6 m X 4 m, 6 m X 3 m

Maximum occupancy of the block: 40 people Date of completion:

1972

Use of Space:

Resting and storing belongings

Type of Zone:

Public

Fig 15.61 Sketch of plan

Map 15.30 Site plan

Fig 15.62 Sketch of interior

Fig 15.63 Use of space during different time of the day

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Fig 15.64 Entry lobby with ample space to be together letting in sufficient natural light.

Fig 15.65 Living space- simple and with minimal furniture.

Fig 15.66 Living space- simple and with minimal furniture.

Fig 15.67 Bedroom

Fig 15.68 The passage between the rooms- 2.5 m wide, well lit with natural and artificial lighting.

•

The rooms for accomodation of different sizes and holding capacity are stacked together .

•

A typical layout consists of 10 rooms in a floor with a entry courtyard and a lobby.

•

A basic room consists of a bedroom with a bed, chairs, table, a cupboard and an attached toilet and bathroom.

•

Some of the rooms are also facilitated with a living room and a changing room.

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15.1.2.18 Shopping galleria Zone: 1 Ground coverage: 60 sq.m Dimensions:

8mX7m

Use of Space:

Retailing

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

•

At galleria one can buy all the basic needs from maroon and white robes to meditation chair ,magazines,etc.

.

•

There is also a bank and a travel agent office.

•

There is also the facilty of an ATM

Map

15.31

Location

on

site

Fig 15.69 Store with maroon and white gowns and other needs.

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15.1.2.19 Welcome centre and administrator block Zone: 2 Ground coverage: 940 sq.m Use of Space:

Information and conduct

Type of Zone:

Public and private

Map 15.32 Location on site

It consists of Welcome center Here detailed information regarding the resort and stay in Pune,or any other information is given to enter the Osho International Meditation resort, registration at the welcome center is needed on the spot HIV/AIDS test is done to get meditation resort pass.

Without permission a glance par this place is not permitted.

There is a facility of locker room if you are a day visitor.

Fig 15.70 Welcome center- desk for information Fig 15.71 A white Buddha over a water body and 4 counters for registration and HIV test.

with a wall behind to state the art of the place and to privatize the other spaces to be seen from.

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15.1.2.20 Mirdad pyramids Zone: 3 Ground coverage: 280 sq.m Dimensions:

16.75 m X 16.75 m

Use of Space:

Retailing

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public and private

Map 15.33 Location on site

This black marble pyramid complex includes large seminar and workshop facilities, overlooking an exotic, 12 acre zen garden The basic plan is a square measuring 16.75mx16.75m and the pyramids were at an angle of 53.4 degrees, with the horizontal.

There are 4 pyramids among which one is used as an open stage for performing.

There are six rectangular openings and one that is triangular.

These architectural forms stand out against the rough cuddupah paving and the greenery around a large tree near the entrance.

Fig 15.72 Open stage pyramid- glazed roof to protect from climate and give the feel of openness while following the theme.

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15.1.2.21 Canteen Zone: 2 Ground coverage of canteen: 110 sq.m Use of Space:

Eating

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Map 15.34 Location on site

•

A variety of different eating areas on campus provide delicious western, Asian and Indian vegetarian food.

•

The rice and vegetables are organically grown especially for the resort.

•

The food is not only nutritious, it is tested daily to international hygiene standards in the commune’s own microbiology lab., as is the drinking water.

•

They are decorated with hanging lights and canopies during night and sunny days respectively.

Fig 15.73 Canteen areas beside green and water body to enjoy the period being relaxed.

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Multiversity Zone: 3 Use of Space: Workshop and relaxation Type of Zone: Semi-Public

Map 15.35 Location on site

•

Osho multiversity is the largest center in the world for meditation a personal growth processes.

•

It encompasses all the current western therapy approaches, the healing arts of east and west, esoteric sciences, creative arts, centering and martial arts, tantra, zen, well as courses, and professional trainings.

•

Even more unique than this amazing diversity, is the fact that all the methods used, whether relating to the body, the mind, the emotions or the subtle energy bodies, have meditation both at their base and as their objective.

Fig 15.74 People meeting at the open

Fig 15.75 Activity center is a place that is

space, relaxing, sitting on the side of

semi-open and can be used in a variety of

pathways, walking.

manner according to occasion

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Fig 15.76 The workshop center indulged with specific activities

Fig 15.77 Open space being used as a space for multi-activity.

15.1.2.23 Club Zone: 3 Ground coverage of club: 414 sq.m Use of Space:

Relaxation

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Map 15.36 Location on site

•

The swimming pool, table tennis, volley ball and the gym facilities are available at the club

•

Club meditation also includes a sauna and jacuzzi, and hosts classes such as aerobics, body training, aqua floating and yoga.

•

The massage room has been given a feel of closed box of wood.

•

The club house is a very simple black building with fixed big square boxed wind.

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Fig 15.78 Library-simple space with reading tables in between and racks of colourfull books

Fig 15.79 Gymnasium also has large big boxed windows to come close to the nature

Fig 15.81 Swimming poolis-5 steps down to the ground level

Fig 15.80 Massage room’s entrance is an elongated structure.

Fig 15.82 Club house- very simple black building with fixed big square boxed windows

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15.1LIVE CASE STUDY

15.1.3 Goushala - goverdhan eco village Thane, Maharashtra India Builder: Biome Solutions Year of completion: 2012

Fig 15.83 Goushala 15.1.3.1 About: Biome has now designed buildings for animals. A Gaushala for ISKCON near Mumbai. Although the structures are simple large shed, this was an interesting exercise in terms of site planning. We were given a sloping land which was not really suited for the large, flat sheds that were needed. A lot of effort went into keeping the alteration of th eland to the minimum. The design process required working closely with the members of the members of the congregation who understood the needs of the cows. Presently are built sheds to hold about 80 cows and calves. In the near future sheds which are for the special needs of pregnant, old cows and a hospice for cows and bull pens will be added.

There is also a godown built to store the feed. A Gau-utpadan( cosmetics and medicines made out of cow produce) building will be added in the near future.

Apart from providing clean hygienic surroundings, fresh water and ventilation, great care is taken with regards to their diet.

With 7 people serving the Cows round the clock, it is ensured that all timely requirements are taken care off.

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Fig 15.84 View of gaushala

Map 15. 37 Location

Country:

India

State:

Maharashtra

District:

Thane

15.1.3.2 Geographics Height above sea level: 560 m (1,840 ft) Latitude:

18°32 North

Longitude:

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15.1.3.3 Climate Thane has a tropical monsoon climate that borders on a tropical wet and dry climate. Overall climate is equable with high rainfall days and very few days of extreme temperatures.

In winter temperature is between 12°C to 20°C while summer temperature ranges from 36°C to 41°C. Out of total rainfall, 80% rainfall is experienced during June to October. Average annual rainfall is 2000–2500 mm and humidity is 61-86%, making it a humid-per humid zone. The driest days are in winter while the wettest days are experienced in July.

Temperature:

Min. 22° C (50° F) Max. 36° C (100° F)

15.1.3.4 Language The common languages spoken in Pune are Marathi, Hindi and English.

15.1.3.5 Population Total:

1,818,872

Map 15.38 Sun chart for the region

15.1.3.6 Connectivity Road: Govardhan Eco Village is well connected by road from Mumbai, India’s business capital.

Govardhan Eco Village is about 100 km from Mumbai.

Rail: The nearest railway station is Palghar Railway station which is 36 km away from Govardhan Eco Village. Palghar is well connected by train from Mumbai and Gujarat. From there travel by road as described above.

Air: The nearest airport is Mumbai Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport which is at a distance of 90 km from Govardhan Eco Village.

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Map 15.39 Chart showing percentage of land use

Map 15.41 Zoning of the site

Map 15.40 Site plan

Map 15.42 User movement (of care takers)

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Map 15.43 User movement (of animal)

Fig 15.85 Labelled view of the site

Table 15.3 Area Statement S.No

Spaces

Gr.Coverage Area (sq.m)

No. of floors

01

Cow shed

1510

1

02

Bull shed

660

1

03

Calf shed

465

1

04

Bullock shed

235

1

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05

Kennel

120

1

06

Milking area

1100

1

07

Service quarters (4 units)

340

2

08

Sick shed

320

1

09

House

280

2

10

Storage

300

2

11

Drinking water shed for cows

120

3

12

Pump room and store

65

4

Total built-up area:

2509 sq.m

Total green area:

2675 sq.m

Total open space:

5259 sq.m

Total plot area:

10443 sq.m

Fig 15.86 Spaces pie chart

15.1.3.7 Daily Schedule of a Care-taker of cows The care taker goes through a disciplined work out all the daylong in parallel to the daily schedule of the Ashram. The table below details out the daily schedule of a care taker in the goushala.

05:00 AM

Wake up and daily activities.

05:30 AM

Prepare the food for cows and feed them

07:30 AM

Morning walk and yoga.

08:00 AM

Breakfast

09:00 AM

Releasing the cow for grass easting.

11:00 PM

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1:00 PM

Lunch

02:00 PM

Medicating the cows

05:30 PM

Prepare the food for cows and feed them

06:40 PM

Cleaning the sheds

08:00 PM

Dinner

08:30 PM

Family time/Personal time

09:30 PM

Sleep

15.1.3.8 Festivals celebrated in the goushala 1. Gopashtami 2. Kirtan 3. Personal puja of doners 4. Puja for the adoption of a cow

15.1.3.9 Cow Shed Ground coverage:

650 sq.m

Dimensions:

54 m X 12 m

Maximum occupancy: 100 cows Date of completion:

2012

Use of Space:

Shelter

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Map15.44 location

Fig 15.87 Sketch of plan

Fig 15.88 Sketch of section

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Fig 15.89 Use of space based on different time of the day

Fig 15.90 Shed without the cows. The roof is

Fig 15.91 Elongated shed with cows

trussed and floor is made up of soft soil.

Fig 15.92 Gavni is placed aligned to the columns. Rock salt placed in between to provide nutrients. Height of gavani is 1.1 metres.

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Fig 15.93 Trolley is used to carry the fooding

Fig 15.94 3 m wide passage used to provide food to the cows and overlook

15.1.3.10 Bull and Calf Shed Ground coverage:

650 sq.m

Dimensions:

54 m X 12 m

Maximum occupancy: 40 bulls and 10 calves Date of completion:

2012

Use of Space:

Shelter

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Map 15.45 Location on site

Fig 15.95 Sketch of the plan

Fig 15.96 Sketch of section

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Fig 15.97 Use of space based on different time of the day

Fig 15.98 Shed of the bulls

Fig 15.99 Space between the bull shade

Fig 15.100 Gavni is placed aligned to the

Fig 15.101 Milking section. There is a stand to

columns. stretched to serve the all sections. hold the cow still while milking.

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Fig 15.102 pulley used in the weaker section

Fig 15.103 Sick section- used to separate a

to lift the cow up for check-up and medication. diseased cow from others and cure.

15.1.3.11 Bullock shed Ground coverage of a unit: 60 sq.m Dimensions:

9 m X 4.5 m

Maximum occupancy:

1-2 bulls

Date of completion:

2012

Use of Space:

Shelter

Type of Zone:

Semi-Public

Map 15.46 Location on site

Fig 15.104 Sketch of plan

Fig 15.105 Sketch of section

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Fig 15.106 Use of space based on different time of the day

Fig 15.107 Four units of bullock sheds are clubbed together.

Fig 15.109 Two bullocks kept in the same unit.

Fig 15.108 Gavni is placed on the front for easy access.

Fig 15.110 Shaded part designed to let proper daylight in.

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Fig 15.111 Adjacent kennel of dogs to protect them from the local/stray dogs

Fig 15.113 House and storage block

Fig 15.112 04 Section of bullock shed is separated from the others.

Fig 15.114 Front of the storage block

with low heighted two storied building

Fig 15.115 Tools and utilities for the

Fig 15.116 Storing of sacks of food.

conduct of goushala.

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Fig 15.117 Rooftop of the storage

Fig 15.118 By-products of the cow is stored in

block houses

racks

Fig 15.119 Servant’s quarter

Fig 15.120 Storage room to store the food

Fig 15.121 Machine to cut the husks

Fig 15.122 Space for drinking water and tie band for the cows

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Fig 15.123 Locality is planted with fruit bearing trees

Fig 15.124 Pump and store room is places isolated to the built environment.

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15.1 Live Case Study 15.1.4 Pavapuri Guest House Pavapuri, Bihar India Architect: Grjit Singh Matharoo Year of completion: 2009

Fig 15.125 Guest house 15.1.4.1 About: From its humble inception as an initiative to feed, shelter and protect stray cows otherwise intended for slaughter, this expanse at Pavapuri in Rajasthan has grown into a large religious campus containing temples, prayer halls and residential facilities, visited by 500,000 people yearly.

The need for a new dharamshala – religious guest house, which would stay true to its spiritual roots whilst performing the seemingly contradictory function of providing pilgrims with creature comforts, created a rare opportunity.

Fig 15.126 View

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Country: State: District:

India Bihar Nalanda

Map 15.47 Location

15.1.4.2 Design derivation These seven stark service blocks, each of a 1:4:8 proportion and the 4:4:2 entrance mass come together volumetrically to form a perfect cube when reflected in the water of the adjacent lake, which is meant to be diverted up to the building line in the next phase of construction. Even the amphitheater complies with this stringent geometry with a diameter of four times the basic 2.4m unit. The final effect was conceived to be like a chant, simple and repetitive, its power being in the resonance with the selfinside and the extension of the self-outside.

Fig 15.127 Evolution of the concept of stacking the spaces based on mathematical ratios and keeping in mind the religious aspects being catered.

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15.1.4.3 Planning A typical Jain temple consists of linearly arranged sequential spaces beginning at the ornate entrance , leading up to a Mantapa or hall and terminating in the sanctum or garbha griha which is topped by a tower known as the Shikhara, the entire complex is then flanked on either side by the shrines of the Tirthankaras, the founders of Jainism. This arrangement is reinterpreted in the plan of the Dharamsala with the strong linear axis maintained and translated into a defining walkway which runs along the entire length of the building. A block is created to define the entrance at one end and the Mantapa transformed into an amphitheater defines the other. The image of the Shikara is retained in the proposal for a bird tower and the shrines flipped along the central axis and stacked onto one side create the rooms and complete the complex.

Fig 15.128 Elegant look of the building in contrast to the landscape is sincere

Fig 15.129 Ground floor plan

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Fig 15.130 First floor plan

S.No

Spaces

Area (sq.m)

01

Living cum Bed room (12X 4.4)

52.8

02

Dressing room

3.96

03

Bathroom

8.8

04

Balcony

12

Table 15.4 Area of different space

15.1.4.4 Building form Extreme nonviolence, absolute renouncement, strict solitude, and severe austerity form its core beliefs. Profound concepts of space and time and the accurate definition of units such as 1 Avali – the time required to blink, have featured in Jain scriptures as far back as its inception, they are even credited with identifying the idea of the infinite.

The design became an exercise in expressing these intangibles through the paradoxical creation of a void. A set of floating voids open to the rising and setting sun defined by stone blinkers became the only intervention.

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Fig 15.131 The open floating balconies with large openings via French windows.

Fig 15.132 Elevation 1

Fig 15.133 Elevation 2

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Fig 15.134 Elevation 3

Fig 15.135 Section

15.1.4.5 Building form The 24 rooms reflecting the 24 Tirthankaras, are spread over a series of modules that are fully selfsufficient, each having its own services and circulation. The modules are tied together by an elevated walkway bathed in light from above through the translucent roof that arcs over it. Evolving from an originally envisioned concrete roof, this accommodates the headroom required for the holy water held high on the shoulders of the passing Jain monks below. Locally available materials such as Nimbada stone layed in a masonry that is prevalent in the surrounding areas, polished Kota stone floors from quarries nearby and floor plates cast in everyday concrete make up the restrained material palette. In keeping with the essential tenants of Jainism, of nonviolence and solitude, a 100 mm wide separation is retained between all the elements of the composition rendering them pure. At the only instance where the stone blocks had to meet the ground they will eventually reflect in the lake and become suspended elements in the landscape.

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Fig 15.136 1.5m wide straight corridor connecting the rooms with the end seemed to be suspending

Fig 15.137 Inside a room with a sofa set and two single bedded cots.

Fig 15.138 Unit plan

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Fig 15.139 View of 7 service tower Fig 15.140 West side elevation of guest house

Fig 15.141 Staircase

Fig 15.142 East side elevation

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Fig 15.143 Circular wall of open theater

Fig 15.144 Steps at open air theater

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15.2 Literature Case Study 15.2.1 Shiv Temple Wadheswar, Maharashtra India Architects: Sameep Padora & Associates Year of completion: 2010

Fig 15.145 Interior of temple

Fig 15.146 view

15.2.1.1 Design derivation Designed in dialogue with the priest and the people from surrounding villages the temple design is a collaborative effort.

Built through ‘Shramdaan’ (self-build) by the villagers, this temple was constructed on a shoestring budget, using a local stone as a primary building block because of its availability from a quarry within 200 meters from the temple site.

Adhering to the planning logic of traditional temple architecture, the form of the temple chosen evokes in memory, the traditional shikhara temple silhouette.

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Fig 15.147

Evolution of the concept was made from the silhouette of the traditional Shiv

temples

Fig 15.148 Structural stacking of the temple

Fig 15.149 Site section

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Stepped seating on the southern edge of the site negotiates steep contours while transforming the purely religious space into a socio-cultural one used for festival & gatherings.

Religious Iconography in the form of statues of the holy cow, Nandi and Lord Vishnu’s avatar as a turtle become installations in the landscape and hence find their positions in a natural setting of the metaphoric sky-roofed mandapa. The ashtadhaatu (8 metal composite) temple kalash (finial) is held in place by a frame which also anchors a skylight to allow light to penetrate the inner sanctum/garbagriha.

Fig 15.150 The cuboidal puncture in the temple basic structure hints at the touch of modernism while preserving the aesthetics of it.

Fig 15.151 The interior of the temple is tried to be kept as simple and raw it could be with the touch of traditional look and belief, viz., the direct sunlight penetration.

Fig 15.152 The puncture thus modern is resting on an idol of an Asura again reclaiming the religious believers and architectural features preserved at this era.

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15.2 Literature case study 15.2.2 Famen temple zen meditation center Xi’an China Architects: oac (office for architectural culture) Year of completion: on schematic stage Fig 15.153 View of temple 15.2.2.1 About: 

As part of the new cultural master plan development on the site of the renowned 1,800 yearold Famen Buddhist Temple (aka Dharma Gate Temple) outside Xi’an, China, this project is one of the largest architectural and landscape commissions in the world focused around an historic religious temple.More images and architects’ description after the break.

•

As the imperial temple in the powerful Tang Dynasty at the peak of the ancient Silk Road era, it is considered a holy place amongst Buddhist pilgrims around the world today. The Famen Temple Meditation Center project OAC has been commissioned to design, has a total 1,250,000 m2 site area and 300,000 m2 building floor areas.

•

This high profile project will draw international pilgrims from China, and from across the world to experience Buddhism through the design of buildings and landscape. It includes the 1km square ‘Eightfold Path Forest’, four museums and a performing arts theatre, manuscript-copy halls, several large venues for meditation activities, a Buddhist academy, an art complex, a music complex, a concert hall, a 5-star Zen-theme boutique hotel and a 5-star hotel, and over a thousand meditation lodges for meditators.

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Fig 15.154 View of site

•

The core concept of the buildings, environment and meditative artworks of the project is beyond formality and metaphor. The designs for outdoor spaces and buildings will bring Buddhist pilgrims and visitors into a state of meditative mind without them being aware of it, and will inspire people with Buddhist Zen philosophies, ethics and way of life through an experience of six senses instead of through formal or descriptive approaches.

•

The best way to describe the design is that it integrates Buddhist philosophy, Zen meditation, medieval Zhou and Tang Chinese cultures and modern life into one.’ Charles Phu continued.

Fig 15.155 View of building SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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This part of the project OAC has completed for the schematic design includes: •

The 80,000 m2 extension of the ceremonial plaza of Namaste Dagoba (Buddha’s bone relic pagoda).

•

550,000 m2 ‘Eightfold Path’ Forest – the environment, landscape and art installations for experiential meditation.

•

Buddhist Cultural Interactive Museum & 1,500-seats.

•

Theatre for Performing Arts (2,950 m2).

•

Zen Eco Museum and Interactive Energy Center (1,200 m2).

•

Manuscript-copy Halls (700 m2).

•

Meditation

Halls,

the

largest

amongst

which

houses

500

people

(1,020 m2).

•

Zen Spa (385 m2).

•

13 Meditation Lodges (2,210 m2 in total).

•

Zen Corporate Club Houses (2,220 m2).

•

Apart-hotel (960 m2).

•

Theme Restaurants (430 m2).

•

5* boutique hotel (2,500 m2).

Fig 15.156 View of plot

Fig 15.157 conceptual view

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Fig 15.158 conceptual view •

Buddhist Cultural Interactive Museum, which also houses a 1,500-seat theatre for performing arts alongside its exhibition use, marries Buddhist principles, original Zen Buddhist concepts of Tang Dynasty, and its geographic relationship with the Earth. Whilst the orientation of the building is 9.5 degrees northwest from the true north, the central gallery and theatre, located underground, are orientated to the true north with a perfect 2-dimensional symmetry. This allows visitors to experience through a series of experiential contrasts, which end with a performing arts space with religiousness, sacredness, purity and richness. The theatre is designed to have performances and religious ceremonial events that are interactive with audiences.

•

Zen Eco Museum, which includes one of the energy centers serving the development, demonstrates the religion’s ecological and environmental principles, as well as the development’s commitments to sustainable communities. It also offers educational opportunities to a wider audience.

•

The two religious Manuscript-copy Halls are organized using simple geometries and symmetry, linked by a meditative tunnel aimed to bring people into the meditative state of mind. Shelves for historic manuscripts and archives form part of the architectural space of each hall, providing a peaceful yet sacred atmosphere for this Buddhist meditative activity.

Fig 15.159 conceptual view

Fig 15.160 conceptual view

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..

Fig 15.161 Space layer

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Map 15.48 Master Planning

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15.3 LIVE SURVEY 15.3.1 PURI BEACH, NIGHT MARKET, SWARGA DWARA & BRAHMINS PURI, ODISHA INDIA

Fig 15.162 View of puri beach 15.3.1.1 Night market •

The night market area is always dense with people. During the day time people arrive here to enjoy the beach, while in night it’s the place for shopping and relaxation.

•

This place is highly commercialized because of the heavy inflow of visitors from West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar and Jharkhand.

•

The market sector also complies with the needs of people of varied taste.

•

The shops are built upon square platform of stacked sand and temporary shed of polythene.

•

The arrangement of these platforms are not proper and are clustered in parts hindering the smooth flow of a visitor/buyer.

•

The narrow passages between the shops makes it difficult to pass by and also to stand over and buy, especially during the times of hike in crowd.

•

The shops nearby deal with different sector of commodities rather than a stretch of similar kind which in turn is interesting and also increase the market competition and business.

•

There is no specific parking area for the local residents due to which one can experience traffic jams in the front road.

•

There is a loss in proper distribution on the crowd because of hazard planning and punctures in pathways that diverts the visitor’s view, due to which the business at some stretches do suffer

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.

Fig 15.163 Night market

Fig 15.165 Utensil shop

Fig 15.164 Market in day time

Fig 15.166 Cloth shop

Fig 15.167 Neckles, stones shop

Fig15.168 Imageries of god

Fig 15.169 Toy shop

Fig 15.170 Coanch items

Fig 15.171 Sculptures

Fig 15.172 Eateries

Fig 15.173 Furnishing & drapery

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Fig 15.174 View of dense night market

Map 15.49 Zone of night market

•

According to the survey, around 40-50 dead bodies are burnt per day, but after the introduction of a scheme by govt. it has increased to around 70-80 bodies per day.

•

Generally 10-40 family members be present during the funeral.

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•

Basically people from Odisha do come over here to burn the dead bodies and also the odiyas from other states and overseas.

•

The rituals at present are being performed at the Swetaganga and Narendra kund unofficially.

•

There is a seafront dedicated for it officially with temporary structures in it.

•

According to the survey there is no specific facility for the people to perform the dashakarya.

•

There is no other association associated to provide any kind of facility to the people seeking for.

•

The survey demands the need of spaces like rooms to stay, a store for storing the accessories needed to perform the rituals, a bathing area (separate for ladies and gents), a center for healing and recreation, “pitrupakshya pinda dana” pillar to serve rice bowls.

•

The “pitrupakshya pinda dana” pillar has to be iconical and highted so that after it the crows are to feed on it, and also it signifies gratitude towards the dead.

•

The place designed should be close to nature and so pleasing that one may relieve off the pain because of the dead the extent it may be possible.

Map 15.50 Map indicating the Swarga Dwara

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Fig 15.175 View of the Swarga Dwara

•

They generally arrive the temple walking and if needed they park their vehicle in front of the shops. No specific allocation of parking area has been done.

•

The rituals performed inside the campus are basically held in the mukti mandapa or the entry steps. Rituals include “Papa mukti”, “Shradhah”, “Anna Prasanna”, “Lakshya deepa toda”, “Namakaran”, “Kanafoda (ear piercing)”, Thread ceremony, Marriage (partial), etc.,

•

The rituals performed out of the campus are “Pindadana”, “Mundan”, Marriages, Homams, Suddhikarya, “prayaschit”, Aasthi, etc.,

•

The timing the rituals performed within the temple is from 04:00hrs till 23:00 hrs.

•

The problems faced during the rituals in the campus are:

•

Fake sevayaks or other caste sevayaks do take over because lack of proper allocation, management and security.

•

Brahmins taking commission because of lack of proper information to the people.

•

Vague idea of procedure or system of worship in temple.

•

Conflicts between the Brahmins because of mismanagement.

•

No systems of numbering or record details of the pilgrims.

•

Problem of garbage being thrown all around.

•

Non-official conduct of rituals.

•

Absence of toilet and changing room for the Brahmins in the temple.

•

No facilities for the Vaidika Sikshya Anushthana (school for vedic knowledge)

•

Pitrupakshya and marriage cannot be conducted in the temple premises.

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•

To perform the daily rituals there are in a broad around 13-14 sevayaks who are designated with specific work to perform.

•

According to the survey around 50,000 visitors do come to the temple per day among whom the number of people performing different rituals are:

•

Shradha- 300-500 people/day

•

Annaprasanna- 10-30 people/day

•

Dhwaja bandhana- 150-170 people/day

•

Puja/Aradhana- 30% of the total crowd

•

Marriage/ Thread ceremony- Seasonal

Fig 15.176 Brahmin

Fig 15.177 People sit out on the beach in groups with their luggage.

Fig 15.178 Area of night market becomes a place of nothing in the day.

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Fig 15.179 Photographers make business

Fig 15.180 Area of night market becomes

by clicking people pictures

a place of nothing

Fig 15.181 Night fair on the beach

Fig 15.182 licensed lifeguard

Fig 15.183 Beach ferry sellers

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15.4 Inferences S. No.

AREA (m2)

SPACES EXISTING (m2)

PROPOSED (m2)

1.

Divine Discourse Centre

6800

8000

2.

Auditorium

3000

900

3.

Library And Bookstore

2220

20

4.

Market

1050

4000

5.

Canteen

1460

300

6.

Store

120

46.3

7.

Guest House

1110

8.

Dormitory

540

9.

Meditation Hall

1510

900

10.

Public Toilet

120

25

11.

Welcome Centre

340

900

12.

Administrator Block

320

640

13.

Office

280

40

14.

Meditation Hall

300

130

15.

Therapy Chamber

120

200

16.

Kitchen

65

30

17.

Canteen

110

90

18.

Workshop

470

500

19.

Library

180

180

20.

Toilet And Showers

84

180

21.

Cyber Café

220

90

22.

Jacuzzi, Massage, Therapy And Shower

450

200

23.

Open Stage

480

80

24.

Multimedia Room

680

240

25.

Services And Storage

260

80

26.

Swimming pool

1010

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27.

Security guard room

50

40

28.

Cow shed

1510

400

29.

Bull shed

660

200

30.

Calf shed

465

100

31.

Bullock shed

235

80

32.

Kennel

120

100

33.

Milking area

1100

80

34.

Service quarter

340

-

35.

Sick shed

320

90

36.

Staff quarter

280

100

37.

Storage

300

600

38.

Pump room and store

65

20

39.

Guest room

52.8

20

40.

Bathroom

8.8

6

41.

Balcony

12

5

42.

Shraddha

NA

420 m2 

43

Annadana centre

NA

Considering 150200 people/ day @ 21 people / family maximum per hours for 10 hours  4 m2 for setup  21 setups * 4 = 84 m2 ≈100 m2 274 m2 

Minimum 27- 108 brahmins to sit Minimum 200 ≈ 250 m2 @1.4 m2 per person

44.

Dasa samskara

NA

3000

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16. Conceptualization

Fig 16.1 Connectivity Chart 16.1. Numerology In order to explain the unknown, the ineffable, humankind has sought out associations or sources to explain these conundrums. Ancient man saw significance in numbers and frequently used those to explain or even predict through the science of numerology. Within the Buddhist/Hindu world the philosophy of numbers, the ethos of numbers, the meaning of numbers beyond their numerological application were, for the most part, intuited and understood by the priests (Brahmins) and the architects (sthapati). Numerology was not based upon the arcane and occult ‘science’, but more concerned with the ethos of numbers, the genesis of their importance within Hindu and Buddhist art, particularly architecture. (The science of) Numerology was applicable to the sthapati’s endeavors) in as much as the iconic meanings were utilized in the design and construction of temples and other buildings. Numbers are always holding an important and particularly far reaching fascination for all the various cultures of Asia. Within both the Hindu and Buddhist traditions, numbers have important mystic and iconic significance. Not only the numbers, but also the geometric forms which are associated with certain numbers are of considerable importance in these cultures.

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16.2. The Site “

AYODHYĀ MATHURĀ MĀYĀ KĀSI KĀÑCHĪ AVANTIKĀ I PURĪ DVĀRĀVATĪ CHAIVA SAPTAITĀ MOKSADĀYIKĀH II - GARUḌA PURĀṆA I XVI .14

”

A Ksetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained.The Garuda Purana enumerates seven sites as A giver of Moksha. They are Ayodhya, Mathura, Maya, Kasi, Avantika, Puri and Dvaravati.

Puri is an excellent contribution to various religious practices and splendid synthesis of diverse beliefs and a meeting place of various views of philosophy. History has it, that the beginning of Shrikshetra is found in the fusion of Hindu and tribal cultures. Also the three deities came to be claimed as the symbols of Samyak Darshan, Samyak Jnana and Samyak Charita usually regarded asTriratha (of the Jain cult). So ultimately we find a fusion of Saivism, shaktism, and Vaishnavism of the Hindu religion with Jainism and upto an extent Buddhism in the culture of Jagannath and the cultural tradition so reverently held together in Shrikshetra. moving down to the history lane we decipher that the early plan of Puri region can be marked out in the shape of a conch shell (Samkha Khsetra). The Samkha Khsetra derives its name from the typical dakshinavarti Shankha (conch)-shaped, outer locational pattern of various temples, sacred places and secondary and tertiary deities in Puri, with the Jagannath Temple at its heart centre.

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Fig 16.2 sankha kshetra The idea is to formulate a recreational place which runs parallel to the religious aspects of the region and turns out to be a tourism enhancement and population management step, moving somehow the main focus from the nucleus being generated around the temple region.

The site being taken As an abstract version of the sankha ( conch shell shape) which has been marked by a shell wall.

The zoning of various regions inside the premises is done in accordance with the zoning of the Orissan temples.

Entering the complex one is met by the Ratha Ghar (parking for the vehicles), passing which we come across the Dwar pal which is the welcome centre and an area for security checking. Following it is a market which will act like the commercial area of the region, beyond this lies an exhibition centre flanked by garden space which adds to the beauty. An ashram has been provided for accomodation and a medidation centre for spirituality purpose. the dominant part of the whole region is the garbha griha which is enclosed by a parikrama path for circulation along garbha griha. in the garbha griha lies the das samskara, mukti peeth, shraadh centre, ceremony complex and divine discourse convention SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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centre. out of these the former three have a rised platform for establishing the grandeurness and splenour.

Throughout the site an elevated shell wall is visible which also acts as a retaining wall for the conceptual shell shape which takes different forms in different zones and acts as a binding element of the whole site. It becomes the ghat in the river front side and the front wall for the marriage complex, a stage for divine discourse convention centre, front facade of each hall in meditation centre (bhangas) and finally the wall is pointing north in the grand entry point.

The shell wall throughout the site takes only 108 degree angle which stands for the pentagon.and stability of the form. a pentagon is the trinity put in a man made structure.the human microcosm, a human being with out streched arms and legs forms a pentagon which is without any end.the five is a circular number, which, if potentiated creates itself as the last number of the result.

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16.3 Mukti Peeth 16.3.1 Need: The city of puri has 248 temples and 208 mathas. A need of a multipurpose space was felt.The place will serve as a sadhna space for kirtan and chadhava (offering to the god).

16.3.2 Number: The design of Mukhti Peeth has been done with the relation to number 16. SIXTEEN, a feminine number, signifies completeness and its formation is propitious.(1+3+5+7=16, 4+4+4+4=16, 4X4=16, 8+8=16 or 2x8=16). It also signifies balance being made up of opposites – The Sun and the Venus. It denotes divine of man and the visible world.

16.3.3 Application: The design is done with 16 + 16 columns which themselves are 16 faced in relevance to the ancient temple which had 16 columns for 16 different village heads (mukhiyas) and thus the same is incorporated here.

The diameter of the column is 16 cubits (1 cubit is half meter).

It consists of sixteen steps and a central space.

Also in relation with the sixteen stupas on the eight level of borobudur, java, with the square openings in the anda and octagonal harmikas.

The whole mukhti peeth is surrounded by alternate water and green patch. Water allows suddhi before entering the mukhti peeth as mainly followed in the hindu tradition.

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16.4 Dasa Samskar 16.4.1 Need: The dasa samskar will serve as the place for performing the yagya.

16.4.2 Number: The yagya fire is believed to purify the air and the surrounding, with its spiritual power. The elements of air are 10 in number in yoga philosophy,being the five inner body (pranadi) air located in the heart (prana) located in the anus (apana) located in the navel (samana) located in the throat(udana) located throughout the whole body (vyana) the five outer body(nagadi) air of belching (naga) opening the eyes (kurma) hunger and thirst (krikara) yawning (devadatta) and hiccupping (dhanamjaya).

Therefore the number taken for the centre is 10.

The human life has been adorned with 10 samskars and by following it the name of the space is derived.

10, a feminine number, is the first compound number, which represents unity emerging from multiplicity. This integer’s constitution infers completeness ( 1+2+3+4 = 10 , 2 x 5 = 10 or 5+5 = 10).

Ten denotes perfection, completeness, success and cosmic wisdom, as well as karma.

16.4.3 TEN IS EXEMPLIFIED IN: The Ten Avatars Of the lord vishnu, ten directions and ten powers of the buddha and ten powers of vital fire.

16.4.4 Application: Hich cothe perimeter of the ritual centre is 40 cubits (10 x4 cubits) wmes out as a multiple of 10.

The outer diameter is 60 (10 x6) and it consists of 10 columns.

The construction is done using the mankada stone s(a type of laterite stone) as in the rock caves shed or the stone temples.

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16.5 Shraadh Centre (7) 16.5.1 Need: For shraadh puja is of immense importance in hinduism, it is performed the departed souls of the ancestors. Shraadh is observed so that the souls of one’s ancestors can attain peace and liberation.

The significance and importance associated with shraadh puja is mentioned in various hindu puranas.thus a separate ghat space is designed to meet the requirements.

16.5.2 Number: In the whole ceremony of shraadh the seven ancestors are recalled and prayed for. The number taken for the shraadh centre is 7.seven, also the griha sutras prescribe 21 (3x7) yajnas to be performed by a brahmana: 7 pakayajnas, 7 haviryajnas and 7somayajanas.

A masculine number is often considered as the number of creation and perfection, as well as natural law. It is a most sacred number and mystical being made up of the spiritual three (3) (masculine) plus the practical four (4) (feminine) (3+4 = 7) 16.5.3 Seven Is Exemplified In: The seven hindu mothers being brahmi, maheshvari, kaumari, vaishnavi, varahi , narasimhi and aindra also in seven living buddhas and also seven sites of buddha’s meditation AFTER ENLIGHTENMENT. 16.5.4 Application: The column placed is in multiples of 7.

The anna daan is basically done for 7, 14 or 108 brahmins in the shraadh puja. Therefore the centre is designed for the maximum accommodation of 108 brahmins at a time. As going by the ritual of the brahmins of sitting and getting up together while the meal is served the maximum occupancy is kept in mind while designing.

The centre is approached by 21 steps (7x3) where three steps forma a platform for conduction of ceremony.

A separate closed room which serves as the resting place for the priests and also for performing the shraadh puja in rainy season is kept adjacent to the ghat.

Also a pind daan centre is designed nearby the shraadh centre for offering food and attaining salvation. Following the ritual of not giving the daan to land creatures the space is kept isolated from the ground and kept in an elevated platform from the ghat above the flowing water which adds to the purification.

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The whole area is surrounded by fruitful trees which will act as aluring element for the birds and help in the pind daan activity.

Accomodation for the families doing shraadh is provided separately keeping in mind that during the morning days, the immediate blood family is considered to be in a state of extreme ritual impurity and bound by several rules. Thus 49 accomodating blocks are made for them (7x7=49)

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16.6. Marriage Hall 16.6.1 Need: The city of puri happens to conduct large scale marriages and sacred thrad ceremonies all the year round and thus a need for a mariage hall was rightly felt.

16.6.2 Number: The number taken for the marriage hall is five.

Five, a masculine number which is created from the first masculine and the first feminine number and, therefore, too many represents love i.e. the union of the masculine and the feminine (2+3=5). This important integer represents a normal man. It is revolutionary and reduces all to the meaningful through its magical/mystical power. Five denotes magical properties, mental ctivity, intelligence and the natural elements both positive and negative.

Five possess numerous iconographic examples both in hindu and the buddhist faith and arts five sense particulars being sound (shabda), touch (sparsha), form (rupa), flavor (rasa) and odor (gandha). five buddhas or five tathsgata or five mystic budhas.

16.6.3 Application: Columns are given in multiples of 5.

10 (5x2) outer columns given and 10(5x2) inner columns provided.

Vaas griha or the accomodation for the families taking part in the marriage with guests is provided with 40 rooms (5x8).

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16.7 Meditation Centre The city of puri defines itslef to be in an essence of divine and nature due to which both the tourists and pilgrims ponder over here in search of peace and spirituality. A meditation centre for them will give them a platform for enjoying spiritual benefits of puri.

16.7.1 Number: The number taken for the meditation centre is four (4).

Four, a feminine numeral, possesses a makeup which is of some importance (2+2=4, 2x2=4, or 1+3=4). This numeral is the perfect number of a higher plane, a number whose square root is 2. Four denotes completeness, perfection, the practical element, wordly balance or order, and the creating fluid which is the soul of the universe.

16.7.2 Four Is Exemplified In: The four fundamental and sublime meditations (chatur-appamannaya) four vedas being the rig veda, sama veda, yajur veda and artha veda and four basic elements of tatvas being wind, fire, water and earth.

The numer four is visually represented by the square which for the hindu represents the STABILITY, and the unchangingness of the absolute.

Also, in the heavens of meditation there are three parts 1. The four meditations in the realm of form (rupa-dhatu) 2. The four meditations in the realm of formlessness (arupa-dhatu).

16.7.3 Application: 4 meditation halls are provided.

The side measure 40 m (4x10) and form a square (4 equal sides).

The area of the hall is 1600 m square (40x40).

Each hall is supported by four columns.

A spa is also provided parallel to the meditation centre which inserts another level of spirituality for the visitors. The region is filled with trees and shrubs of medical value and green spaces are fused with the spa area to provide a close to nature feeling.

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16.8 Welcome Centre And Market 16.8.1 Need: The welcome centre acts the first point of contact for navigating furthur inside the site. The market area will help in promoting the traditional art and culture.

16.8.2 Application: Each person passing through the welcome centre is made to pass through the commercial strecth as per the business and marketing stratergy in designing.

The welcome centre is marked by the elevated north pointing shell wall.

As per the evolution of orissan temple the temple elevations were used to showcase interesting features.both the sanctum and porch was divided into three parts along the vertical plane viz. Bada, gandi and mastaka. The bada or the vertical wall portion of the temple is divisible into pabhanga, jangha and baranda. This type of three fold divison of triangabada is found in early temples and in later temples, bada has five elements namely pabhanga, tala jaangha, bandhana, upara jangha and baranda. On elevation bada is a triangle with three divisons i.e pabhanga, jangha, and baranda.

The pabhanga in the 3 stages of development of odishan temple has been incorporated to be showcased along the plinth of the market area.

In the formative phase pabhanga or the foot portion consists of three mouldings of khura, kumbha and pata.the sculptures are in low relief flattish and entrusted on the surface of the stone. Beginning with disproportioned and rigid limbs assumed flexibility and proportion during the bhauma- kara period.

During the transitional phase there was introduction of rampant erotic sculptures due to the influence of vajyarana philosophy. Pabhaga had four mouldings.introduction of naga-nagi pilasters and chaita medallions as decorative motifs, introduction of vyala and jagrata motifs in the jangha portion, branda recess is carved with base reliefs, kanik is divided into the five horizontal bhumis by bhumiamlas.

Parsvadevata images are carved of separate single stone unlike the earlier tradition of blocks of stones that constitute a part of the temple wall.

In the mature phase bada is divided into five segments i.e. pabhaga, talajangha, bandana, upara jangha

and

baranda.

Pabhanga

has

five

mouldings

(khura,

kumbha,

pata,

kani

and

basanta).introduction of sculptural motifs like pidhamundi, khakharamundi and vajramundi in the jangha portion.the whole elevation was used to potray stories and intoduce sculptures. The sculptures are excellent in their plasticity and modeling as in parshu rameshwar, mukteshwar and raja rani temples.

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Fig16.3 Mukteshwar Temple

Fig16.4 Parasurameswar Temple

Fig 16.5 Raja Rani Temple

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The commercial region is divided by several pathways for increasing the interesting factor among the visitors and can be approached in several different ways.the below path accessible would have intricate design carved throughout the elevation and will run a story, the climax of which will be revealed in the exhibition centre continuing the interest and alluring people furthur .

The design of the exhibiton centre is inspired by that of the konark temple of orissa with two horses and a chakra.

The exhibiton centre is surrounded by gardens which is separated by an existing naala which also acts as a physical barrier so that it can be approached only through the exhibition region.

Amphi theatre is also provided which will hold regular dance meets and music festvials throughout the year.

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16.9. Accomodation Block 16.9.1 Need: Around 20,000 to 30,000 people visit puri everyday and therefore a proper environment has to be provided for them.

Also accomodation for the priets and saints of the region has to be given for the regular functioning of the centre.

16.9.2 Number: The number taken for the acoomodation block is 108 which is a multiple of 9.

One hundred an eight, feminine number is auspicious in its makeup (100+8=108, (10x10)+8=108, (4x25)+8=108. It is also an important astronomical number.

16.9.3 It Is Exemplified In: One hundred and eight units in the buddhist rosary.

One hundred and eight feelings.

One hundred and eight gopis who danced for krishna.

16.9.4 Application: Three floors has been provided in the block.

Each floor consists of 36 beds and thus the total number of beds in each floor accounts to 108.

The courtyard is provided with side 18x18.

The whole building will be marked as low cost and will stand for multiple occupancy.

A balcony is provived for a double bed room and no balcony is provided for the dormitory to prevent intervention in the double bedroom.

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16.10. Goushala 16.10.1 Need: According to the indologist madeleine biardeau, kamdhenu or kamaduh is the name of the sacred cow who is regarded as the source of all the prosperity in hinduism. The sacred cow denotes purity and non erotic fertility, sacrificing and motherly nature and sustenance of human life. Thus a shed has been provided inside the premises.

16.10.2 Application: All the angles in the gaushala region are of 108 degrees.

The animals here will be free for any kind of movement and will be subjected to no bondage.

The area is elongated in shape for the periodic exercise of the animals.

The open space and the close space are interconnected. Close association is provided among the two.

A central partition divides the region and a common kund is provided for the ease of feeding.

Narrow escape route is provided for the cows to move out of the closed areas to prevent them from creating havoc for proper management of the animals.

Separate sheds are given to sick animals, calves, bulls, cows, milch cows and bullocks.

Vehicular movement has been kept away from the area to prevent the animals from getting disturbed and to prevent the intervention with the site.

With so many animals under one roof,the amount of excreta and the waste given out by them will reduce the soil quality of the region and thus ducks and hens are placed in the same compound which will be allowed to feed on the worms in the soil of the region and will help in the decompositon process.

The region is having fruit bearing trees which will attract the birds and will add on to the decomposition of the worms.

A dog shelter has also been provided to create a terror in the minds of the animals and stop them from attacking.

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16.11. Divine Discourse Convention Centre 16.11.1 Need: The city of puri due to its location and cultural aspect has a potential of catering and hosting international and national conventions.the city has a divine abode for hindu religion and nationally acclaimed as the universal religious hub to divine discourses.

16.11.2 Number: The number taken for the divine discourse convention centre is nine.

Nine is a perfect numbe whose root is three as well as a number possessing an imposing formation (3+3+3=9, 3x3=9 and 1+3+5=9). It is called perfect since it is formed from three and nine always reduces itslef when multiplied with any number (9x9=81=9, 9x18=162=9). It is the magnificatio of that most sacred number, and by association and as a derivation from three, nine also becomes one of the most sacred number. It is the last whole number before the commencement of the compound numbers. Nine denotes completion, perfection, force, wisdom, and silence and when associated with three it connotes space.

16.11.3 Nine Is Exemplified In: The nine planets being the sun, moon, jupiter, the ascending node of moon, mercury, venus, descending node of moon, saturn, and amrs.

Nine jewels which are associated with nine planets.

Nine durgas 16.11.4 Application: The side of hall is taken to be 90 m.

The area of hall comes out to be 90x90 m square.

The shell wall takes the form of stage here.

The angle of the shell wall is 108 degree (multiple of 9) A separate stage is provided in the front, on both the sides which will act as the music stage.

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17 Area statement 17.1 Site Total site area – 367155.4 sq.m Total built up area – 77837 sq.m Groud floor area– 55286.7 sq.m 1st floor area – 22550.3 sq.m 2nd floor area – 1065 sq.m Basement area – 9827 sq.m Ground coverage – 21.2%

Built up area- 21.2 % Road- 17.6% Parking- 18.8% Water body- 8.5%

Built up area

Road

parking

Water body

Green/ open space

Green/ open space- 33.9%

17.2 Marriage complex

Fig 17.1 Chart showing percentage of landuse

Site area – 20744.94 sq.m Total built up area (ground floor + 1st floor) – (5088.67 + 1661.96) sq.m Ground coverage – 24.53% Double bed room – 15.75 sq.m Toilet – 5.53 sq.m Store bride – 87.33 sq.m Store groom – 87.33 sq.m Bride room and toilet – (19.49 + 3.65) sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Groom room and toilet –(19.49 + 3.65) sq.m House keeping - 25.16 sq.m Store - 29.2 sq.m Dormitory and dormitory toilet – (112.55 + 17) sq.m Garden store –7.16 sq.m Serrvice machinery – 99.3 sq.m Kitchen – 16.75 sq.m Hall – 384.5 sq.m Marriage hall + mandap + toilet (m +f+c) – 629.45 + 12.25 + 13.49 + 6.84 + 4.5 sq.m Multi-purpose hall + store – 391.87 + 2.2 sq.m Utility + staff toilet – 86.94 + 2.4 sq.m Utensil store – 23.03 sq.m Preparation area – 40.1 sq.m kitchen – 225.16 sq.m Grain storage – 44.96 sq.m Cold storage – 20.67 sq.m Green room – 12 + 12 sq.m Chief/superviser cabin – 7.65 sq.m Back stage store – 46.83 sq.m Stage – 75.68 sq.m Banquet hall – 1395.03 sq.m Elec. And control room + toilet(m+f+c) – 17.76 + 5.45 + 5.19 + 5.64 sq.m Loading deck – 16.92 sq.m Hand wash area – 10.71 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Restroom + toilet – 10.2 + 4.1 sq.m Duty room – 10.2 sq.m Gents toilet + ladies toilet – 20.12 + 24 sq.m Admin. Office – 11.3 sq.m Reception – 75.35 sq.m Lobby – 94.06 sq.m

17.3 Divine discourse

Site area - 17900 sq.m Total built up area – 11754.4 sq.m Ground coverage – 65.67% Office(l) – 19.9 sq.m Store room –46.3 sq.m Media office – 22.8 sq.m Green room (m +f) – 50 + 50.8 sq.m Security(l+r) – 5 + 3.8 sq.m Waiting lobby– 28.5 sq.m Control and elec. Room – 42.9 sq.m Pre-stage area + toilet(m+f) -105+63 +8.4 + 6.5 sq.m Toilet (r(m+f)) - 12.2 + 6.5 sq.m Stage – 587 sq.m Meeting room –49.5 sq.m Asst. Control room –15.7 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Waiting room –39.2 sq.m Private room 1 + toilet –30.7 + 4 sq.m Private room 2 + toilet –18.2 + 3.1 sq.m Performance stage – 117+117 sq.m Office(r) + toilet – 21.2 + 2.5 sq.m Rest room + toilet -29.1 + 3.7 sq.m Multipurpose space + store(side) – 308 + 45.9 sq.m Toilet(m+f) – 77.6 + 119.9 sq.m Toilet(ph) – 4.7 + 4.7 sq.m Public foyer – 34.6 + 200..3 + 34.6 + 200..3 + 379.6 sq.m Divine discourse space – 8100 sq.m

17.4 Accomodation Site area –16444 sq.m Total built up area on site –9900 sq.m Ground coverage – 60.5 % Accomodation type a Built up area Ground floor– 390 sq.m 1st floor – 372.5 sq.m 2nd floor – 372.5 sq.m Super built up area - 555.8 sq.m Accomodation type b Build up area SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Ground floor – 727 sq.m 1st floor – 692 sq.m 2nd floor – 692 sq.m Super built up area–1050 sq.m Total built up area – 3247 sq.m Garden – 980 sq.m Bed room – 15.5 sq.m Toilet – 5.5 sq.m Dormitory- 4 + toilet – 28.5 sq.m Dormitory-6 + toilet – 42 sq.m Dormitory- 8 + toilet – 60 sq.m Balcony– 5 sq.m

17.5 Welcome Centre & market Site area – 12005.5 sq.m Total buitup area– 4010 sq.m Ground coverage-33.4% Welcome centre – 754 sq.m welcome centre – 269 sq.m public relations – 29 sq.m Tourist information – 24 sq.m Administration + stairs – 69 sq.m Waiting area – 55.5 sq.m Meeting room – 25 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Office room + toilet – (16 + 2) sq.m Deputy manager - 11.5 sq.m Security + toilet – (40 + 5) sq.m Duty room –13 sq.m Manager room + toilet - (14 + 2 ) sq.m Accounts and maintainance – 76.5 sq.m Toilet – 24 sq.m Atm – 6 sq.m Market area (atm) – 6 sq.m Shop type a(10 shops) Retail area- 105.5 sq.m Changing room- 1.8 sq.m Store– 36 sq.m Shop type b(20 shops) – 9.5 sq.m Shop type c(8 shops) – 70 sq.m Saree show room shop Retail area – 327.5 sq.m Changing room – 1.5 sq.m Tailor room – 3 sq.m Govt. Of odisha art and craft – 334.5 sq.m Open garden –456 sq.m

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17.6 Trade and fair Site area –51756 sq.m Total buitup area(ground floor + basement)–23230 sq.m Ground coverage–25.9% Basement – 9827 sq.m Ground floor – 13403 sq.m Store – 450 sq.m Loading deck – 593.5 sq.m Atm–11.5 sq.m Toilet – 122 sq.m Waiting hall – 46 sq.m Security– 52 sq.m Hall 1– 7021 sq.m Hall 2 – 3245 sq.m Verandah – 1862 sq.m Multi level parking – 13740 sq.m Toilet – 36.6 sq.m Storage + gabage -36.6 sq.m

17.7 Goushala Site area – 10754 sq.m Total builtup area –2396 sq.m Ground coverage -22.3 % Admin office + toilet – (30 + 3) sq.m Food preparation tank – 17 sq.m Guard room – 5.5 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Garden room – 3 sq.m Kennel – 97 sq.m Chicken coop – 80.5 sq.m Duck house – 106 sq.m Cow shed – 406 sq.m Bull shed – 160 sq.m Calves – 90 sq.m Milking section – 73 sq.m Open space(cow) – 310 sq.m Open space(bull) – 234 sq.m Open space (calves) – 241 sq.m Bullock shed – 79 sq.m Sick shed/sp care unit – 90.5 sq.m Storage – 571 sq.m Living room – 13 sq.m Bed room – 15 sq.m Toilet – 10 sq.m Kitchen – 5.5 sq.m Verandah- 6.5 sq.m Workers cabin + toilet – (31.8+ 4) sq.m Medicine store – 6.5 sq.m Site maintainance + toilet – (6 + 3.8) sq.m Manure pit – 115 sq.m Bio-gas tank – 64 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Bio-gas & pumpcontrol room – 25 sq.m Farm land – 1022.5 sq.m Future expansion (for by product processing and prooduct unit)– 598 sq.m

17.8 Meditation centre Site area – 41028 sq.m Ground floor area – 9302.8 sq.m First floor area – 1042 sq.m Total built up area -10344.8 sq.m Ground coverage -22.7% Meditation hall – 130.5 sq.m Open stage- 130.5 sq.m Admin. And staff office – (9+9) sq.m Massage room+toilet- (48+ 21) sq.m Reception – 65.5 sq.m Shower room – 54 sq.m Boiler room – 5.8 sq.m Steam bath room – 33 sq.m Jacuzzi – 36 sq.m Purification plant – 75 sq.m Specialized therapy –53 sq.m Reception – 57.5 sq.m Consultant office – 7.5 sq.m Control room – 6 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Therapy - 67.5 sq.m Auditorium (sitting capacity - 552 peoples )–860 sq.m Stage– 80 sq.m Electrical room – 18.5 sq.m Sound and light control room – 18.5 sq.m Store – 27 sq.m Foyer– 161 sq.m Kitchen – 28 sq.m Utility – 5.5 sq.m Cocktail area – 83 sq.m Canteeen +toilet – (91.5 + 2.5) sq.m Toilet–42 sq.m Library and store – 182 sq.m Office + toilet - 8.5+ 8 sq.m Gymnasium –143.5 sq.m Lobby – 43 sq.m Toilet – 17 sq.m Security +toilet – (40+5) sq.m Administration – 41 sq.m Office + toilet – (30+4) sq.m Waiting lobby – 470 sq.m Laboratory – 19.5 sq.m Safe deposit – 26.5 sq.m Public toilets – 24 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Public relations –28.8 sq.m Foyer- 448 sq.m Cafe – 91.5 sq.m Workshop – 376 sq.m Admin. Office – 12 sq.m Staff room – 19 sq.m Store – 32.8 sq.m

17.9 Garbha griha Total site area – 21170 sq.m Build up area – 5120 sq.m Ground coverage – 26.2%

17.9.1 Mukti peeth – 783.8 sq.m Site area – 822 sq.m Store and control room – 38.2 sq.m Canteen area Built up area – 254 sq.m Sit out space – 108 sq.m Utility – 5 sq.m Store – 5 sq.m Kitchen – 15 sq.m Shop – 14 sq.m

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17.9.2 Dasa samskara Site area – 3117 sq.m Yagya hall – 615 sq.m Corridor space – 263 sq.m

17.9.3 Ghat Total build up area – 964.8 sq.m Shradha area – 420 sq.m Shradha sthala – 102 sq.m Ananda sthala – 274 sq.m Mass kitchen area - 43.8 sq.m Utensil store – 14.5 sq.m Utility space – 20 sq.m Preparation area – 11.5 sq.m Grain storage – 15 sq.m Barbour shop – 11 sq.m Toilet – 53 sq.m

17.9.4 Pindadana sthala – 78.5 sq.m Open air threatre – 1590.5 sq.m Back stage – 159 sq.m SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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Exhibition room Ground floor – 930 sq.m 1st floor Audio visual room – 265 sq.m Library – 44 sq.m Book store – 41 sq.m Temp. Exhibition room – 240.5 sq.m

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18 Survey Questionaire 18.1 Survey Type 1 The Pilgrims/Tourists/Residents Of The Puri Town A) 1. Pilgrim:-______Tourist:______ Resident:______ 2. Name:_________________________________ 3. Age:_________ 4. Sex: M_____ F______ 5. Mother-tongue:________________ 6. Whether Handicapped: Y_______ N_______ 7. Accompanying members (total including the person interviewed):_______ 8. Home town:_____________________ B) 9. Duration of stay:__________ days 10. Place of stay in Puri:______________ 11. Arrived via: Road_____ or Rail_____ 12.Purpose of visit:__________________________________________________ 13. Places visited:___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 14. Places yet to / planned to visit further: ________________________________ 15. Extent of places visited in Puri:______________________________________ 16. Problems in the town:_____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 17. Views to develop tourism:__________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

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18. Views to develop facilitation for Pilgrims:______________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 19. Facilities need to be developed in the city:_____________________________ _________________________________________________________________ C) 20. Knowledge of non-visited places in Puri:______________________________ 21. Were you properly informed about places to visit in Puri and facilities that could help you?

Yes:______ No:______

D) 22. What views do you have about the Beach Night Market?_________________ _________________________________________________________________ 23.What problems did you face and developments that should take place in the market?___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 24.How did you arrive the Night Market? Walking____Rickshaw______Auto_____ 25. How much time did you spend in the Night Market?_____________________ 26. What about the childrens’ play area adjacent to the Night Market?__________ _________________________________________________________________ E) 27. What was your Purpose in visiting the temple?_________________________ 28. Did you perform any rituals in the temple premises or the city?

Yes_____No_____ 29. Where did you perform the rituals?__________________________________ 30. What kind of rituals did you perform?_________________________________ 31. Time period the rituals conducted?___________________________________ 32. Would you entertain a separate place focused on rituals only?_____________ SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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33. What would to like to have in the place only for rituals?___________________ _________________________________________________________________ F) 34. What about the cows in the street?__________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 35. Did you face any problems due to the them and what?___________________ _________________________________________________________________ G) 36. What all places/sectors do you consider to come up in puri to make it a more pronounced Tourist Sector globally?____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

18.2 Survey Type 2 The Pandas/Brahmans Of Puri Town A) 1. Name:_________________________________ 2. Age:_________ 3. Sex: M_____ F______ 4. Mother-tongue:________________ 5. Whether Handicapped: Y_______ N_______ 6. Home town:_____________________ 7. Place of stay in Puri:__________________________ B) 8.How do you come to the temple and where do you park your vehicle?________ _________________________________________________________________ 9. What rituals are performed within the campus?_________________________ SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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_________________________________________________________________ 10. What rituals are performed out of the campus? _________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 11. Time of the day rituals are perfomed (Day to Night timings):_______________ _________________________________________________________________ Type/name of ritual

Place of conduct

Time of conduct

No. of pers. involved

12. Problems faced during the rituals:___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

13. What facilities are needed at present for the rituals?_____________________ _________________________________________________________________ 14. What more facilities should be provided in relation for smooth conduct of the rituals?________________________________________________________ 15. Is another centre exclusively for rituals be preffered and suitable?__________ _________________________________________________________________

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18.3 Survey Type 3 The Authority Of Swargadwara Of Puri Town 1. No. of bodies burnt per day:________________ 2. No. of relatives accompanying:______________ M:_______F:_______ 3. Places they come from:____________________________________________ 4.Where do they perform the rituals (Dashakarya) associated with the death? _________________________________________________________________ 5. Do the stay back in the town after burning the dead to perform the rituals?____ 6. If Yes, where do they stay?_________________________________________ 7. Where do they perform the rituals?___________________________________ 8. Is there any facility or the facilitation centre for the rituals?_________________ _________________________________________________________________ 9. Is any association or organization associated with it?_____________________ _________________________________________________________________ 10. Would it be good to provide some centre to stay and perform the rituals?_____ _________________________________________________________________ 11. What all spaces and facilities should be provided in the centre?____________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

18.4 Survey Type 4 Sri Sathya Sai Ashram, Puttaparthi 1. When was it built and how lung it took?_____________________________ 2. Why Puttaparthi?______________________________________________

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3. Basic concept built upon/vision of the space.________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. Size of the space (acres).____________________ 5. Justification of selection of spaces provided._________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Justification of the type of design/style followed.______________________ ____________________________________________________________ 7. What all spaces are provided? Spaces or services associated with them. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. Amount of people they accommodate.___________________ 9. Approx. size of the spaces_______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10. Is there a concept of flow of spaces within?_________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Special design features taken care of.( accessibility, old-age etc.,)_______ ____________________________________________________________ 12. How many visitors do come/day?______________________ 13. How many do take accommodation/day?________________ 14. How many rooms/pax accommodation available and categorization?_____ ____________________________________________________________ 15. Is night shelter present? Capacity & services associated.______________ ____________________________________________________________ 16. How many restaurants available?_______________ 17. Total capacity of the hotels at a time and amount of people they serve.____ 18. Kind of food served.____________________________________________ 19. Size of kitchen and other service areas. Utility provision._______________ 20. All types of rituals that take place within.____________________________ ____________________________________________________________

21. Facilities needed for the rituals.___________________________________ 22. Problems faced during rituals.____________________________________ 23. Where is the parking space and capacity: Cy_____2W_____4W_____ admin______________ services______________ visitors_____________ 24. Types of staff involved (security, reception, admin and mang.-types, devotees, pandits, teachers, cook, cleaners, laundry, drivers, etc.,) ____________________________________________________________ SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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25. Types of spaces provided for different service holders. (offices and residences/ accommodation) Their units.___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 26. Water tank location, units, capacity OR consumption/day or month._______ ____________________________________________________________

18.5 Survey Type 5 Monastries Of Mundgod Town 1. How is the daily lifestyle of the people?_____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Is there any difference with buddists in other region? If Yes, what?_______ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Do region of settlement affect your lifestyle?_________________________ 4. What kind of rituals do you perform? (Mundan, Marriage, Dharm graham, Death, Annadana, Kirtana, Mass ceremony etc.,)_____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 5. What all spaces do you need for such ceremony/rituals? (changing room, storage etc.,)_________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 6. What all spaces are there within the site/monasteries?_________________ ____________________________________________________________ 7. Is there any ritual associated with water?___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. What all festivals are celebrated in the whole year and peak season of the year?_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 9. Is any mass gatherings conducted?_______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10. How is meditation associated with Buddhism?_______________________ 11. What all forms of meditation are present? How do they differ and spaces suitable for them?_____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 12. Is meditation specific by religion?_________________________________

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13. What kind of spaces they have in home? Any special measures undertook? ____________________________________________________________ 14. What all types/posts of people are associated with the monastery/ rituals performed/ in the site? (security, reception, admin and mang.-types, devotees, pandits, teachers, cook, cleaners, laundry, drivers, etc.,) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 15. How are children and adults associated with the rituals?_______________ ____________________________________________________________ 16. What about the men and women indulgence in rituals?________________ 17. What role do women play in rituals? Are there any separation bet. Men and women?_____________________________________________________ 18. How do they arrive the monastery?________________________________ 19. What kind of food do they eat?___________________________________ 20. How do you cook food? What is the prime difference in the traditional food? ____________________________________________________________ 21. How many types of food are cooked? How are they served?____________ 22. Any special measures taken while cooking?_________________________ 23. Is any market place present ?____________________________________ 24. What would you need/sell in a market? (locally produces religious specific goods)______________________________________________________ 25. Other sectors they are employeed within the settlement? Basic source of income?_____________________________________________________ 26. What all facilities are needed for a ritual?___________________________ 27. How does a place gets its Buddhist identity? (Meditation hall, Homes/Hotels, Restaurant, Ceremony hall, Market etc.,) _______________ ____________________________________________________________ 28. What knowledge do you have about Buddhism in Odisha?______________ ____________________________________________________________

18.6 Survey Type 6 Goushala Of Govardhan Eco Village, Galtare, Thane 1. When was it built and how long it took?_____________________________ 2. Why this site?______________________________________________ 3. Basic concept built upon/vision of the space.________________________ ____________________________________________________________

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4. Size of the site (acres).____________________ 5. Justification of the type of design/style followed.______________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. How is the contour responsive to the design? (Slope, Lesse cut-fills)______ 7. What all spaces are provided? Spaces or services associated with them. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. Amount of people/animals they accommodate._______________________ 9. Approx. size of the spaces_______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10. Is the site zoned? Is there a flow of spaces within or inter-connectivity of spaces?_____________________________________________________ 11. What is the program/process undertook for the whole goushala?_________ ____________________________________________________________ 12. Special design features taken care of.( Accessibility of animals etc.,)______ ____________________________________________________________ 13. What measures are undertaken for the waste production and management?________________________________________________ 14. What services are considered for waste-outlets, water-supply and drainage?____________________________________________________ 15. Water tank location, units, capacity OR consumption/day or month._______ ____________________________________________________________ 16. How are the cows categorized in types?____________________________ 17. How much grains/food and other resources consumed/day?____________ ____________________________________________________________

18. How are the cows engaged daily? (Farming, Milking, Feeding grass)_____ ____________________________________________________________ 19. Where did the cows come from? (street, purchased, by resp. owners)_____ 20. What all sectors of by-products run along?__________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 21. Why the mixed use of sloped and flat roofs?_________________________ 22. What measures of hygiene is taken care of?_________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 23. What measures of security is undertook?___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 24. What does the administration deal with?____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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25. Measure taken during rainy season? (To protect animals from rain)_______ ____________________________________________________________ 26. All types of rituals/festivals (Goverdhan puja) that take place within.______ ____________________________________________________________ 27. Where is the parking space and capacity: Cy_____2W_____4W_____ admin______________ services______________ visitors_____________ 28. Types of staff involved (security, reception, admin and mang.-types, cook, milkman, workers, cleaners, etc.,) ____________________________________________________________ 29. Types of spaces provided for different service holders. (offices and residences/ accommodation, guard rooms, shelters, workshop/manufacture unit) ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 30. Can the site self-sustain in itself?_________________________________

18.7 Survey Type 7 The Authority Of Osho International Meditation Resort, Pune

1. When was it built and how lung it took?_____________________________ 2. Basic concept built upon/vision of the space.________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Size of the space (acres).____________________ 4. Justification of selection of spaces provided._________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Justification of the type of design/style followed.______________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Why Puttaparthi?______________________________________________ 7. What all spaces are provided? Spaces or services associated with them. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. Amount of people they accommodate.___________________ 9. Approx. size of the spaces_______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10. Special design features taken care of.( accessibility, old-age etc.,)_______ ____________________________________________________________ SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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11. How many visitors do come/day?______________________ 12. How many do take accommodation/day?________________ 13. How many rooms/pax accommodation available and categorization?_____ ____________________________________________________________ 14. How many restaurants available?_______________ 15. Total capacity of the hotels at a time and amount of people they serve.____ 16. Kind of food served.____________________________________________ 17. Size of kitchen and other service areas. Utility provision._______________ 18. Is there a concept of flow of spaces within?_________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 19. All types of rituals that take place within.____________________________ ____________________________________________________________

20. Facilities needed for the rituals.___________________________________ 21. Problems faced during rituals.____________________________________ 22. Where is the parking space and capacity: Cy_____2W_____4W_____ admin______________ services______________ visitors_____________ 23. Types of staff involved (security, reception, admin and mang.-types, devotees, pandits, teachers, cook, cleaners, laundry, drivers, etc.,) ____________________________________________________________ 24. Types of spaces provided for different service holders. (offices and residences/ accommodation) Their units.___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 25. Water tank location, units, capacity OR consumption/day or month._______ ____________________________________________________________ 26. Is night shelter present? Capacity & services associated.______________ ____________________________________________________________

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19. Bibliography 1.

2.

Census of India, District Census Handbooks, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001.

Sewerage collection and treatment system for Puri town: A NRCD Project, Puri Municipality.

3. Implementation of Project under jnnurm in Puri Municipality, Presentation by Housing and urban development department 9Chief Secretary), Govt of Odisha 4. Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhubaneswar Development area, Final ProposalVision2031, IIT Kharagpur.

5. Perspective Plan for BCUC urban complex, Vision2031, IIT Kharagpur.

6. Detailed Project report on 24*7 water supply scheme for Puri city, integrated piped water supply project for Puri city under jnnurm and integrating the water supply for Shamukha beach project, Puri, PHEO, Volume-1, TCS. 7. Details of toilet under Puri Municipality from MCL Council document.

8. Departmental environmental management Plan, Odisha-SPCB. 9. Hazard mapping by Odisha state disaster management authority.

10. A profile on agriculture in Odisha, Directorate of agriculture and food production, govt.

Of Odisha.

11. BSUP scheme for Puri municipality Phase-II 12. City development Plan for Puri Municipality- 2006, City Managers Association, Odisha.

13. Www.puri.nic.in 14. Www.puripolice.net 15. Www.Odishalinks.com/Odisha growth/archive-A platform to discuss infrastructure development of Odisha.

16. Puri: The divine destination, Sunil K Pattnaik 17. Essence of Jagannath culture, Dr. Rama Chandra Mishra 18. Central ground water board, south eastern region, Bhubaneswar Odisha, Ministry of water resource, Govt of India (http/cgwb.gov.in/SER/puri.htm) 19. Environmental impact on water and sanitation issues, Prashant Kumar Mahapatr, Project engineer, OWSSB, Bhubaneswar.

20. Eco city Profile Puri (www.ecocity/india.org) 21. Gujarat integrated township policy(www.foliage.in/docs/gujarat%20draft%20township%20policy.pdf) 22. Solid waste management in Puri municipality, April-2005 by engineer LK Bisoyi.

23. Ahmedabad heritage cell (http;www.egovamc.com/heritage/home.asp.

24. Odisha State Roads Project, works depart, govt of Odisha (http’/osrp.gov.in\index.htm 25. Http://www.shreekhetra.com/chandan.html 26. Http://jagannath.orissaculture.com/Photo%20Gallery.html 27. Shamukha Beach Project Master Plan 28. Puri City Development Plan 2006.

29. Draft Comprehensive Development Plan-2031( Puri- Konark Development Authority).

30. Statistics at a Glance 2011 Odisha Tourism .

31. Draft annual plan 2011-12 Orissa volume-I,II Government of Orissa 32. Draft city sanitation plan Pruda 33. Odisha tourism statistics at a glance 2011 department of tourism government of Orissa 34. Project information document shamuka beach, puri june 2007 Orissa tourism development corporation ltd.

35. Identification of tourism circuits across india interim report Orissa march– 2012 SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR

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36. Collection of domestic tourism statistics for the state of Orissa Reference period : april 2005 to march 2006 acnielsen org-marg pvt. Ltd New delhi 37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

Odisha tourism Entrepreneurs week 2012 shamuka beach project Ministry of tourism & culture (department of tourism) Org-marg research limited New delhi Puri The home of lord jagannatha parama karuna devi and rahul acharya Puri city development plan 2006 puri muicipality Master plan for shamuka beach area centre for environmental planning and technology (cept) Draft comprehensive development plan – 2031 volume – i centre for environmental planning and technology (cept) COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife) Http://www.tientai.net/teachings/dharma/6realms/meds.htm The Udayesvara Temple, Udayapur Doria Tichit ARCHITECTURE FOR THE POOR HASAN FATHY Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatattva#Hinduism Http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?Title=Mahābhūta&oldid=600624223#Hinduism

49. Http://www.tientai.net/teachings/dharma/buddha/buddha.htm 50. Www.vedah.com/vedah/maths/maths.htm#a7.

51. Http://www.geocities.com/vijaybalak/stars/nakshatra.html.

SUBHRANSHU PANDA, B.ARCH, N.I.T. RAIPUR