The increase and feeding habits of herring and lesser black-backed gulls at Orfordness, Suffolk

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THE INCREASE AND FEEDING HABITS OF HERRING AND LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULLS AT ORFORDNESS, SUFFOLK G . J. THOMAS, J. PARTRIDGE, R . S. WOLSTENHOLME, P. RICHARDS, M . J. EVERETT a n d C . J. CADBURY

Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus have been increasing substantially in the twentieth Century to the extent that their numbers have had to be controlled in some countries, for instance on nature reserves and near airfields (Spaans, 1971; Thomas, 1972; Chabrzyk & Coulson, 1976). Studies in the NE USA indicate that more recently the Herring Gull growth rate has decreased and the population is stabilizing itself (Drury & Kadlec, 1974). Both species often breed together in coastal areas, Lesser Black-backed Gulls preferring the flatter areas and Herring Gulls using rocky cliffs where available. In Suffolk the rnixed Herring/Lesser Black-backed Gull colony nests on the sparsely vegetated shingle at Orfordness. Nearest coastal colonies in the north are in Norfolk for the Herring Gull and Northumberland for the Lesser Black-backed Gull. To the south colonies of both species occur on the Kent coast. The Orfordness colony is of particular interest because of its close proximity to the RSPB reserve of Havergate Island, where in recent years between 48 and 118 pairs of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta have bred (Cadbury & Olney, 1978), in addition to other wader and tern species. There is also a colony of Little Terns Sterna albifrons on Orfordness beach. There were observations of predation by large gulls on Avocet chicks and other wader species so it was decided in 1973 to monitor the gull colony and investigate their foods. Systematic observations were made on Havergate as to the incidence of predation by large gulls and the species taken. The extent of any effect that the Herring/Lesser Black-backed Gull colony might have on the bird species nesting on Havergate could then be assessed. Two Visits per annum were made to the colony in the years 1974-77, and 1979, one in June and the second in July, while in 1973, 1980 and 1981, only Single Visits were made. On the June Visits the colony was counted from an Observation tower (Fig. 1) using binoculars. It was possible to subdivide the colony into sections due to ground features and head counts of adult Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls were done for each. Each observer (usually 2 to 4) counted and an average value was taken. Separation of the two species was done visually as it was easy to distinguish the darker-backed Lesser Black-backed Gulls. The observers then systemtically covered two of the sections and recorded the clutch/brood size of each nest. From the total number of nests in each area, a value for nests present/birds counted was worked out. It was then possible to estimate the total nesting population of both species of gulls for the area. To assess the food of the gulls, three methods were used on each visit, an analysis of food remains at the nest, pellets and the crop contents of any

Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 18 part 4.


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The increase and feeding habits of herring and lesser black-backed gulls at Orfordness, Suffolk by Suffolk Naturalists' Society - Issuu