TRANSACTIONS.
OUR SPHERE OF ACTIVITY. BY average folk it m a y be thought that, after a Century and a half of concentrated, if merely personal and so isolated, investigation into the Natural Science of any county (and at that period William Kirby, F.R.S., was already versed in respect of Suffolk), little would remain unachieved. But average folk have no idea of the vast extent of the material awaiting research within such limits : they would as lief argue, from our recent accomplishment of Aying, that by now we ought to be able to control the weather, the farmer pulling down the rain and the milier the wind, both of which the Seaman holds up to his own required level. To comprehend a county we must obtain a knowledge of the strata, and of the species that both do inhabit and have lived upon its surface. With us the superficial strata themselves are not numerous ; but the extinct animals and plants embedded therein have never yet been adequately classified, while those we constantly see around us are bewildering in their multiplicity : the very air is fĂźll of them, and the water contains as many. No single individual, in the longest lifetime, is capable of attaining more than a mere nodding acquaintance with the whole (after which we need details of the economy of each) ; and nothing short of a Society of experts, and those of the most energetic sort and after long study, can hope to grapple with every kind of past and present life within the limits of so small an area as that of Suffolk. The first step, obviously, is to put ourselves in possession of what has been done already, in order to find out what,. beyond it, our future work shall be in the Mineral, Vegetable,. and Animal worlds.
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SPHERE OF ACTIVITY.
I. GEOLOGY. F R A N C I S H. A . E N G L E H E A R T , M . A . , F.G.S. the many fascinating aspects of our County, t h a t of its Geology must of necessity hold a high place, not only because the scenery, coast-line, water-supply, qualities of soil, various industries, etc., depend (as in other counties) on the types and structure of the rocks that build it up, but also because it is pre-eminently a district to furnish us with relics of the early inhabitants of Britain. The " solid " geology, i.e., that below the Pleistocene, is relatively simple : there are no igneous complexes and very little distortion of beds. With the " Drift,'' however, we are confronted with a number of complicated problems, largely unsolved and highly controversial. The area forms part of the " London Basin," the general dip of the rocks being to the south-east. A synopsis of the strata in order of their deposition may be given, as follows. BY
AMONG
Starting with the deeper rocks, proved to be present only by borings, we find that the ancient PAL^EOZOIC strata rise in this neighbourhood a great deal nearer the surface than we should ordinarily expect; their upper limit is not more than 994 feet below sea-level at Stutton and 1,627 feet below that level at Lowestoft, and this is an uplift which has suggested the occurrence of Coal at very possibly workable depths. No doubt an old land area existed here in the.Lower J U R A S S I C and other periods, when much of the surface of England was under the sea. However, time submerged the hills, so that, immediately over the Paleeozoic " floor," we find in the northwest of the district Kimmeridge Clay overlain by Lower Greensand, while above this the G A U L T clay stretches probably across the entire County. Thus all the Trias, Lias, and Oolite formations are apparently missing; and the presenoe of the cretaceous Upper Greensand is very doubtful, though a boring that was made at Bures in 1914 showed some sort of " greensand " below sixteen feet of chalk : this is a most anomalous result, which needs further investigation. Of the deposits outcropping at the surface we have : 1.— The Chalk. This stretches throughout the whole County, but is mostly covered excepting upon the western boundary. It is from five to eight hundred feet thick and yields the flints which make our churches so strikingly beautiful, while at Brandon what is probably the oldest human industry in the world still survives : that of flint-knapping. The gun-flints, made there, are now sold only to Indian Frontier tribesmen and the like. This Chalk was formed in a sea of some depth ; the area now exposed, or covered only by " Drift," has been
S P H E R E OF
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3
much denuded. 2.—The Thanet Sands. At Sudbury, etc., is the Lower Eocene, with a basal bed of greensand and rolled green flints ; it was formed in a shallow sea, and is up to only fourteen feet in thickness. 3.—The Reading Beds. These are of clay and sand with some concretionary sandstone, which appears to be the origin of the local Sarsen Stones or " greywethers " ; it is unfossiliferous, and in thickness from thirtyseven to eighty feet. 4.—The London Clay in the V a l l e y s and at Felixstow, etc.; this is much eroded, being here only a hundred and thirty to as few as fifty feet thick more or less, and was formed in a sea of some depth. Then follows the Pliocene Crag series of sands, gravels and laminated clays, so valuable for its water-supply, and formerly dug for manure. This indicates that, after the London Clay period, the area was land for an age, until in a shallow sea was deposited 5.—The White or Coralline Crag, consisting of sands and sandstones with abundant Molluscan and Polyzoan fossils ; it is a so-called " Coprolite " Bed with " box-stones " and phosphatized nodules and fossils occurring at the base : only patches of this bed are left. This Pliocene Sea was open to the south, tili later came a great geographical change when, the sea being open to the north, the climate grew colder and on the borders of the new sea were deposited unconformably 6.—The famous Red Crag, a sandy, ferruginous, false-bedded and very fossiliferous strata, apparently less than forty feet in thickness ; and 7.—The Norwich Crag, some eighty to a hundred and fifty feet thick, which replaces the last deposit to the north of Aldeburgh but is quite possibly in part contemporaneous with it. At this time the climate was colder and the fauna more boreal. It consists of sands and gravels with some clay, which in the more persistent masses is called Chillesford Clay. This last is confined to a narrow belt of country meandering northward from Chillesford into Norfolk and, as the south part of the North Sea was then land, these persistent masses may represent an estuary of the Rhine. 8.—The Cromer Forest Bed at Kessingland, etc., which is a freshwater and estuarine series of gravel and peaty clay. Next comes the Pleistocene " Drift," of what is generally known as the Great Ice Age, rendering the climate arctic, though possibly with those temperate intervals which go to divide this Age into several such Ice Ages. 9.—It is composed of Glacial sands, gravels, loam and brickearth, up to a hundred feet in thickness. Here some of the lower beds are highly contorted by the action of ice ; some, in the east, were formed apparently under the sea; but most are land and freshwater deposits. The majority of the-pebbles are flints, though many " foreign" stones occur, drifted from the north of
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SPHERE OF ACTIVITY.
England and even, in certain cases, from 'Norway. 10.—The Chalky Boulder Clay or Till, which is fifty to a hundred and fifty feet in thickness, caps most of the County. It is a blue clay t h a t weathers brown and contains many fragments of chalk and grey flints, with some Jurassic and other boulders; it was formed, if one m a y judge from its contents, largely of t h e Midlands clays. This superincumbent and consequently most conspicuous Stratum probably marks the melting of a vast ice sheet which had moved south and east across England. 11.—The High Level Gravels, which are mainly of flints in a loamy matrix, occur in a few districts. These are of somewhat obscure origin, probably torrential deposits, and generally quite thin. Most of the chief of the Suffolk Valleys contain buried Channels filled with such Glacial Drift, that at Glemsford being 470 feet deep ; these would indicate a rise, and subsequent fall, of the area of from three to four hundred feet. 12.— Finally we have the post-glacial River Gravels, Sands and Brickearths which occur in the Valleys, forming the River Terraces ; they were probably deposited when the rivers were larger and swifter than is now the case, and they should yield evidence of Early Man. 13.—Alluvium, along the valley-bottoms, consists chiefly of mud and silt, or sometimes of peaty earth. To make all this quite piain : it is easy to see that we are now Walking on P O S T G L A C I A L deposits, such as 12. River Gravels and Sands and Brickearth, with 13. Alluvium in the Valleys beside us. Below these is P L E I S T O C E N E Drift, such as 11. High level Gravels which are often wantmg, revealing 10. Chalky Boulder Clay in Mid-Suffolk, or 9. Glacial Sands or Gravels, Loam. Under them is the PLIOCENE
8.
LOWER
Cromer Forest Bed, wherein are found great Mammalian bones ; the 7. Norwich Crag, similar to and perhaps contemporaneous with t h e 6. Red Crag, füll of fossilised Mollusca, etc., and the 5. Coralline Crag in sparse patches, producing Coprolites. Beneath are E O C E N E Beds, of which 4. London Clay forms rocks off Felixstow; 3. Reading Clay a n ^ S a n d , containing concretions; and 2. Thanet Sands at Sudbury, etc., only 14 feet thick.
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the earliest visible Stratum, is 1. Chalk of great density, covering GAULT Clay that likely extends below the whole breadth of Suffolk, over the J U R A S S I C Lower Greensand and Kimmeridge Clay, extending down to the PAL^EOZOIC " floor," which is a thousand feet thick and rests upon the primeval CRETACEOUS,
IGNEOUS
ROCK.
II. BOTANY. BY
ARTHUR MAYFIELD, F . L . S . ,
M.C.S.
IN this attempt to give a brief outline of what has been done and what left undone in the various branches of Suffolk Botany, I have thought it best to make a comparison between our records and those of the sister-County of Norfolk, which has been persistently recording since 1869, on account of the similarity of conditions, favourable or otherwise to plant-life, in the two counties. It is with regard to the FUNGI, and especially the Micro-Fungi, that most work remains to be done. The somewhat ancient list of them given in Henslow and Skepper's " Flora of Suffolk " is the most complete of any that has been compiled up to the present time, and this comprises 521 species. A report upon the larger kinds by the late Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, published in the Transactions of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society (vol. viii., p. 246), adds seventy-two species to that of 1860 ; but this unsummarised work falls far short of what has been accomplished in Norfolk. There the late Charles B. Plowright, F.L.S., M.R.C.S., in a paper contributed to that Society (Trans., 1884) writes : " In October 1872 I had the honour of submitting to the Society a list of Fungi, which had been recorded from various parts of the county. This list embraced upwards ot eight hundred species. In the twelve years which have since elapsed very nearly seven hundred species have been found new to the county " ; and a third catalogue, submitted by Dr. Plowright in 1889, brought up the total of known Norfolk Fungi to about sixteen hundred different kinds. Better work has been done with the Suffolk LICHENS, and our numbers exceed those of Norfolk. Bloomfield, in the Victoria History, mentions the occurrence here of 207 species and varieties. I have been enabled to increase this total to no less than 2 8 3 ; yet I am convinced that a good deal of investigation remains to be done upon the group.
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S P H E R E OF ACTIVITY.
Owing to the unfavourable nature of the East Anglian coast in its paucity of rocks for the growth of Seaweeds, our Suffolk catalogue of them is necessarily a small one. The same authority as above enumerates 137 species—and a comparative Norfolk list, by H. D. Geldart, gives 156 there— excluding the Diatonis ; along with a list of Freshwater A L G , E which numbers sixty-five kinds, with the same exclusion. In its account of recorded DIATOMS, our northern neighbour again runs ahead ; for the number of kinds hitherto noticed in Suffolk is 179, of which one hundred are marine and the remainder have been found in fresh-water ; whereas, against these figures, the late F. Ivitson (Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc., ii, p. 336) records the occurrence of 264 Norfolk species. The Stoneworts, i.e. CHARACE^E, require some attention. Our county list of them in the Victoria History exhibits no more than thirteen kinds, while Nicholson's " Flora of Norfolk " gives localities for sixteen species and nine variations from the typical forms. Present knowledge of the distribution within our County of the Muscinese, which group includes the Hepatics and Mosses, may be considered very fairly complete. The scanty rainfall of the Eastern Counties is not conducive to a wealth of these moisture-loving plants ; and especially is this the case with respect to the Hepatics or L I V E R W O R T S . Out of the 2 7 4 British Liverworts, the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (lib. cit.) has enumerated forty-five species; and, out of the 619 British MOSSES, he compiled a list of 196 Suffolk kinds (Trans. Norf. Soc., vii, p. 227). Düring the time that I have devoted to the collection of these plants, I have been able to increase these figures to 53 and 221 respectively, and this in addition to a goodly number of well-marked varieties. The Vascular Cryptogams, that is to say the F E R N S and their allies, such as the Horsetails and Club-Mosses, etc., have received füll attention and the records are given in Dr. Hind's " Flora of Suffolk." Finally, concerning the Flowering Plants, with which the main body of that work deals, I have little to say. For our County is so well known to possess a rieh and varied Flora as far as the PHANEROGAMS compose it, and the study of them has always been so populär a hobby among Naturalists, that, if hope is to be entertained of adding much to our knowledge of their distribution, it must be with regard to such obscure and intricate genera as Brambles (Rubus), Briars (Rosa), Hawkweeds (Hieracium) and Sallows (Salix), in which the work of specialists has rendered further local investigation promising of interesting results.
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7
Thus we see that our known Flora is composed of the following grouped Species :— Fungi 593 Liverworts ... 53 Lichens 283 Mosses 221 f Algae 202 40 Ferns, etc. ... \ Diatoms 179 1,455 Phanerogams Characeae 13 TOTAL 3,039 species. III. ZOOLOGY. B Y T H E HON.
SECRETARY.
As a whole the Animals have been a good deal less worked than the Plants of Suffolk, and, in general, the lower one looks down the scale of life the less thorough has such work been. Thus nothing has come to my knowledge treating of our lowest form of animals, included in the single-celled PROTOZOA, which Class embraces the Rhizopoda and Heliozoa, Foraminifera and Infusoria. Of them " many thousands of species " are said to exist, of which no more than two (Nodiluca miliaris and an infusorian of the genus Peridinium) are enumerated by Dr. Sorby in his comprehensive article on Marine Zoology, the sole one vouchsafed us respecting all animals below the Class of Molluscs in our Victoria History of 1911. There, too, is a list of but nine different PORIFERA or Sponges, though Bowerbank's 1882 monograph upon the British species runs into four volumes. Upon both Sponges and COELENTERATA no Suffolk student is now forthcoming, despite the peculiar interest of the latter Class, embracing comparatively large animals like the Hydrozoa (twenty-five kinds in fSorby), the Jelly-fish Ctenophora, and Sea-anemones with Corals called Anthozoa; but such things seem to be rare upon our unrocky coast (five sorts in Sorby). Seven species of the Class ECHINODERMATA or Sea-urchins, Star-fish and Sea-cucumbers, are upon record. Among ANNELIDA, comprising the mainly marine Worms, we have but two kinds of Nemeritinea, one Nematopoda, twenty-eight Polychaeta whereof many build tubes of sand (I have dredged such Tubicola off Southwold), one Gephyrea, and eighteen of the 235 British sorts of Polyzoa which are Sea-mats, Scurfs and Mosses. Nowhere do I find Oligochseta mentioned from our county, though represented by the ubiquitous Earth-worm and sixteen other British kinds, nor Hirudinea or Leeches, some of the circa twenty sorts of which are frequent in Suffolk ditches. Copepoda have been recorded, though none are specifically identified ; and of our two Pantopoda Sorby was unable to instance the Sea-spider
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SPHERE OF ACTIVITY.
(Pycnogonum littorale), of which I possess several dredged by fishermen off Southwokl. Few counties have had their Land and Fresh-water MOLLUSCA more complctely investigated (cf. Mayfield in Journ. of Conch. 1903 et seqq.), and none but those whose ascertained distribution precludes the probability of their occurrence here are now outstanding: of Britain's 145 kinds we have at the least 112. The Marine Shells, on the other hand are poor, on account of a dearth of rocks and the eastward aspect of our coast-line : ninety-four kinds have been listed from Suffolk (Suff. Inst, xi, 1903, p. 320 ; Journ. Ipsw. Field Club i., 1908, p. 5 ; Vict. Hist. 1911, 93). Fossil Shells are frequently found embedded in stones, and of these nothing is published; but those constituting whole beds of crag are among the best known and most celebrated fossils cf the county; from Searles Wood's prolix work upon the latter, I compute the local kinds at 775, though many are unique and more certainly mere varieties. Among ARACHNIDA, I possess the hundred Spiders enumerated in the Victoria History, with a few additional kinds, and the British total is 535 ; of Harvestmen we have records of only seven, out of twenty-four that are British ; of False-scorpions three, out of twentv, though I can add another two ; and of Mites a mere one, despite the prevalence of a great number everywhere in Suffolk. A good ground-work, no more, for future investigation of the Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimps, Barnacles, etc., termed CRUSTACEA, is laid down by Stebbing in the 1911 Victoria History and I have some material for its extension, taken by dredging off our coast and in rivers. Somerset possesses over seven hundred kinds ; but the fact that we know only six species here of the score of British Woodlice well illustrates the paucity of our Crustacean knowledge as a whole. The Class MYRIAPODA is altogether omitted from that History ; but, though I have met with no records of them, these animals are abundant with us and I have collected many Centipedes and Millepedes for future study : Webb's monograph shows Britain to contain about twenty-six of the former and about twenty-four kinds of the latter. The multitudinous INSECTS have received steadier and more persistent attention during the past entire Century than in probably any other English county, and I have no hesitation in asserting that none of them have been so thoroughly and systematically investigated by many Entomologists during the last forty years. Since writing the account of the Suffolk Insects that the Victoria History published in 1911, I have paid a good deal of attention to the more obscure groups of smaller ones, with the result that the total of British Hymenoptera has been raised from the 5,004, there instanced, to 5,255.
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With this modification, the figures of 1911 may be considered still approximately correct. They show that the seven great Orders of the Class Insecta were then represented by : (1) Coleoptera or Beetles 1,930 different kinds, since raised to 2,052, out of 3,268 in Britain ; (2) Hemiptera or Bugs 537, since raised to 602, out of 1,233 in Britain ; (3) Orthoptera or Earwigs and Crickets twenty-two, since raised to twenty-six, out of fifty-three in Britain ; (4) Neuroptera or Dragon-flies and Caddis-worms 164 out of 443 in Britain ; (5) Lepidoptera or Butterflies and Moths 1,290, since raised to 1,356—cf. Rev. A. P. Waller's article, post-—out of some 2,100 in Britain ; {6) Hymenoptera or Ants, Wasps, Bees, Sawfiies and Parasitiertes 1,241, since raised to 2,090, out of 5,255 in Britain ; and (7) Diptera or all the two-winged Flies 1,623—cf. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1915, Suppl., p. 180—now raised to 1,857.' The whole gives us the goodly local Company of 7,857 different kinds of Insects ; that is to say, well over half the slightly less than fifteen thousand species known to occur in these Islands. Yet it may be noted that certain families, such as the Aphidas and other inconspicuous Hemiptera, especially bird-lice, the Trichoptera or Caddis-worms, and the Hymenopterous Chalcididse, are easily open to further extension. Though the Class TUNICATA, Ascidians or Sea-squirts as some of the species are termed, is apparently of the lowest Organization as one sees the mature forms attached to seaweeds, yet in their earlier stages quite a complex structure exists, for the egg discloses a free-swimming larva that is rather like a tadpole. The latter so closely resembles the embryo of a vertebrate animal that the Class is regarded as having formerly been free-swimming Chordata and, consequently, it is now placed next in the scale of Nature below the lowest form of Fishes. Dr. Sorby enumerates, ut supra, nine Simple and five Compound Ascidians as occurring in the estuaries of the Deben, Orwel] and Stour. The first Class of Vertebrata is the F I S H E S and of these the Victoria Historv's list of a hundred and seventeen species for our maritime county compares well with the hundred and three, a great number of which are from Breydon, Lowestoft, Aldburgh, etc. in Suffolk, that have been enumerated in Patterson's 1905 " Nature in Eastern Norfolk," where the British kinds are placed at 263 only. Of AMPHIBIANS we possess the Frog, Toad, and Natterjack, with two kinds of Newt; and of R E P T I L E S the Lizard, Slow-worm, Common Snake and Viper are ever with us. Babington's " Birds of Suffolk " long ago laid a firm foundation for the study of our ORNITHOLOGY ; now that work has become somewhat obsolete, both in nomenclature and the compass of its records.
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S P H E R E OF
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Consequently the exact total of the local kinds cannot be decided until Dr. Claude B. Ticehurst's forthcoming revision of it is published ; but, meanwhile, we may accept Tuck's 1911 summary of 283 different sorts to be approximately correct. Fossils of forty-four different Fishes, four Reptiles (a Lizard, two Turtles and an Ichthyosaurus) and two Birds (Albatross and Guillemot), have been noted in Suffolk. Nowadays no more than forty-three MAMMALS, including the marine Cetacea, have succeeded in evading extermination by the chase or natural causes ; but mammalian bones, found in our Eocene strata, the Forest Bed or various Crag deposits, suggest a far richer fauna in prehistoric times. Some of the latter are indicated by Patterson ut supra and by Dutt's 1906 " Wild Life in E. Anglia " ; such fossil species seem to amount to a hundred and eight quadrupeds. The present S t a t e of our knowledge, the extension of which is the main object of the Suffolk Naturalists' Society, does not admit of finality in Zoology. But it were well to recapitulate the above local Species in tabular form :—• Protozoa 2 — • Myriapoda Porifera 9 Insecta .. 7,857 Coelenterata Tunicata 14 31 Echinodermata 7 Fishes ... .. 117 Worms, etc. ... 54 5 Amphibians ... Mollusca 206 4 Reptiles Fossil Mollusca 775 Birds .. 283 Arachnida 111 Mammals 43 Crustacea 114 Fossil Vertebrata .. 158 TOTAL
9,790 species.
IV. ROUGH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
LITERATURE.
As a complement to the above papers and for convenience of students of our County, it is well to collect here a list of Literature dealing with individual groups. A much more comprehensive knowledge, however, than that at present brought to bear, would be necessary to render such a list complete ; the Editor will be glad to receive additions from Members. GEOLOGY.
" Geological Structure, etc. of Suffolk " (Trans. Geol. Soc., sec. ii., p. 359). " Geology," by Dr. John Ellor Taylor (in White's Suffolk 1874, p. 11 and 1885, p. 67).
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" Geology around Ipswich, Hadleigh and Felixstowe " (Geol. Survey 1885,134 and 1891, 121). Carboniferous Rocks (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1895, p. 667 and Geol. Mag. 1895, p.466). " Jurassic Rocks of Britain," by H. W. Woodward, v., 1895 (and Geol. Survey, p. 172). Cretaceous (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 11. 491, et seqq.). Chalk : " Geology of Bury and Newmarket " (Geo. Survey 1886, p. 2 and 1891, p. 4). " Geology of Stowmarket " (lib. cit. 1881, p. 18). Eocene: " Geology around Haiesworth and Harleston " (I.e. 1887, p / 3-38 and Geol. Soc., lix). " Treatise on Soils of Suffolk, etc," by Capt. H. Alexander 1841, 15. Pliocene : cf. Mollusca and Mammals, post. Pleistocene et seqq. : " Geology near Lowestoft" (Geol. Survey 1890, p. 17). " Geology around Eye, Botesdale and Ixworth " (I.e. 1884, p. 12 ; Suff. Inst. iv„ 244 ; etc.). Boulder Clay, by Rev. Edwin Hill (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Iii., p. 302). " View of Agriculture of Suffolk," by Arthur Young, 1804 ; and Journ. R. A. Agric. Soc. vii., 261. "Relation of Sand-flood " in N.W. Suffolk, by Thomas Wright (Phil. Trans, iii., 1668, p. 725). BOTANY.
" Flora of Suffolk : Cat. Plants found in Wild State," by Henslow and Skepper, 1860. " The Flora of Suffolk ; A Topographical Enumeration," etc., by W. M. Hind, LT.D., 1889. " Suffolk Fungi," by Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (Norf. Nat. Soc. Tr. viii., 1906, pp. 246-264). Characeae, Hepaticae, Algae, Diatoms, Fungi, by Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (Vict. Hist. 1911, pp. 69-81). " Mosses of a Boulder-Clay Area," by A. Mayfield (Journ. Ipsw. F. Club iv„ 1913, 27-31). " Lichens of a Boulder-Clay Area," by Arthur Mayfield (I.e., v„ 1916, pp. 34-40). Lists of local Plants given in the earlier Village Monographs: e.g. Hawstead, Framlingham, Burgh Castle, Pagets 1834 Yarmouth, and Gillingwater's 1804 Bury, p. 283. Colloquial Flower-names (E. Anglian Miscellany 1901, Nos. 30, 40, 43, 53, 57, 72, 77, 94, 113, 168, 184 ; 1902, Nos. 377, 426, 593 ; ? et seqq.). ZOOLOGY.
Protozoa, Sponges, Coelenterata, in (Victoria History ii., 1911, p. 89).
" Marine
Zoology"
WILLIAM
KIRBY
OI-
BARHAM,
b. a t W i t n e s h a m 19 September 1759; " The
F.R.S.,
d. a t B a r h a m 4 J u l y 1 8 5 0 :
Entomologist."
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Echinodermata, in the same, by Dr. H. C. Sorby, F . R . S . , etc. (p. 94). Worms. in the same Victoria History (pp. 90-92). Mollusca : Shells of Bawdsey Ferry (Gentleman's Magazine, lviii., p. 321). " Land Shells of Suffolk," by C. Greene (Suff. Inst. vii., 1891, pp. 275-87). " M a r i n e Mollusca in Suffolk," by id. (lib. cit. xi., 1903, pp. 320-5). " Marine and Estuarine Mollusca of Suffolk," by Arthur Mayfield (Journ. Ipsw. Field Club i., 1908, pp. 5-9 ; cf. also Journ. Conchology x., 295 and xi. 333). " A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca," in 3 vols., by Searles V. Wood, F.G.S. (Proc. Palaeontographical Soc., 1848-82). Arachnida : Spiders, Chelifers and Mites, by Claude Morley (Vict. Hist., ii„ 1911, 150—2). Crustacea, by Rev. T. R . R . Stebbing (in id. 1911, pp. 153-62, cf. also p. 92). Myriapoda—nothing published. Insects in general, by Claude Morley (Victoria History ii., 1911, pp. 102-49. " The Coleoptera of Suffolk," 1899 and Suppl., 1915, by i d . ; Plymouth. " T h e Diptera of Suffolk," by id. (Trans. Norfolk Naturalists' Soc., 1915). " The Hymenoptera of Suffolk : Part i., Aculeata," by id.; Plymouth 1899 (also cf. " The Ichneumons of Britain," 5 vols., by id. London 1903-14). " T h e Hemiptera of Suffolk," by id. ; Plymouth 1905. " The Dragon-Flies of Suffolk," by id. (Trans. Suffolk Naturalists' Soc., 1929). " The Lepidoptera of Suffolk " 1890 and Suppl. 1900, by E . N. Bloomfield ; St. Leonards. Tunicata : cf. " Marine Zoology " in Victoria History supra., p. 94. Fishes: " Nature in Eastern N o r f o l k " by Patterson, 1905 (and Vict. Hist. pp. 33-46 and 163). " Reptiles and Batrachians," by George T. Rope (lib. cit. ii., 1911, pp. 173-6). B i r d s : " Catalogue of Suffolk Birds," by Sheppard and Whitear, 1814. " Catalogue of Birds of Suffolk," by Dr. Babington, 1886 (and Vict. Hist. 177). Mammals : " Palaeontologv " (I.e. pp. 31-46) and " Mammals " (lib. cit., pp. 215-33)." " Wild Life in East Anglia," by W. A. D u t t ; London 1906.