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NAME CHANGES IN STACE’S NEW FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES MARTIN SANFORD Ten years ago, I wrote a note for Transactions with this title (Sanford, 2010) covering changes in nomenclature in the British Flora following publication of the 3rd edition of Clive Stace’s New Flora of the British Isles (Stace, 2010a). Now that the 4th edition of this essential reference work is out (Stace, 2019), it is time to bring this up-to-date and review a further round of name changes. The driving force behind these changes continues to be advances in molecular systematics. The construction of a new phylogeny based on DNA sequencing rather than external features as described by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group is currently in its fourth edition (known as APG IV) (APG, 2016). Twenty years after its first iteration, the system, which represents the natural relationships between groups of plants based on their changes through evolution, has become the standard followed by most modern floras. The classification aims to divide plants into monophyletic groups (arising from diversification of a single common ancestor). There are still families and genera that are polyphyletic (comprising similar taxa derived from more than one ancestor) that will require further division. There are also some paraphyletic groups (comprising some, but not all, of the descendants arising from diversification of a single ancestor) – these can result in different, but equally valid, interpretations and Stace (2019) explains why he has retained some of these groupings. For more details on the APG classification see their page on the Missouri Botanic garden website: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Stace described the impact of molecular systematics on plant classification, particularly in the British Flora, in a useful summary paper for the BSBI journal Watsonia (Stace, 2010b). The changes are discussed under four headings which I think are still relevant here: No change here then (little or no impact) Many of the large, well-known families such as Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae are the same whether defined by molecular or phenetic data. The fact that these families remain largely unchanged from APG III to APG IV is a strong endorsement of the molecular system and it works even in families like Rosaceae where there is a wide variation in the features of flower and fruit morphology. There are numerous small changes in family structure with for instance, Fumariaceae sinking into Papaveraceae, Tiliaceae sinking into Malvaceae and Hydrocotylaceae split from Apiaceae, but overall the arrangement of taxa has not changed much. Welcome back old friends (changes that represent reversions to previous classifications) The ‘resurrection’ of taxa like Reynoutria for Fallopia japonica and F. sachalinensis reflects the ongoing debate on the limits of Fallopia. Elymus for Elytrigia, Lycopsis for Anchusa, and Buglossoides for Lithospermum (arvense) have also been used before. The reversion to a broader scope for Cupressus encompassing Chamaecyparis,
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Xanthocyparis and X Cuprocyparis is welcome. The anagrammatic Logfia for some Filago feels familiar, and the ‘sinking’ of genera like Meconopsis (into Papaver), Conyza (into Erigeron), Myosoton (into Stellaria) and Anagallis and Glaux (into Lysimachia) should also be fairly easy to accept. A cautious welcome to new friends (changes that seem novel at first, but are readily explicable by previously available data) Moving the succulent-leaved Golden Samphire out of Inula into the new genus Limbarda makes sense. Likewise, Sea Aster moving to Tripolium is understandable, though raising a specific name to generic level means it also has a new specific epithet pannonicum. The loss of an orchid ‘species’ will disappoint some, but the limits of the narrowleaved Dactylorhiza traunsteineroides have always been difficult to define; it is better placed as a subspecies of the widespread D. praetermissa. Unwelcome newcomers (changes that seem unavoidable, but which are not supported by exomporphic characters) If, like me, you found it hard when Picris echioides moved to Helminthotheca, you will find there are a number of new names that are difficult to pronounce and hard to justify from their external characters. The new genus for most Asters is Symphyotrichum; Mimulus moves to Erythranthe; Apium to Helosciadium; Potamogeton pectinatus moves to Stuckenia and some, but not all, Senecio move to Jacobaea. Sedum has been split with familiar species moving into several new genera: Phedimus, Hylotelephium and Petrosedum. Chenopodium, already a ‘difficult’ genus, has had new genera split from it: Lipandra, Chenopodiastrum, Oxybasis and Blitum - they are not easily separated from Chenopodium using morphological characters. The smooth, and slender ‘Tares’ Vicia tetrasperma and V. parviflora move to Ervum whilst hairy tare V. hirsuta moves to Ervilla. It is also hard to see why a ‘comfortable’ genus like Deschampsia has been split, with just cespitosa left in Deschampsia. D. flexuosa moves to Avenella and D. setacea (not in Suffolk) to Aristavena. Significant name changes between A Flora of Suffolk (2010) and Stace Ed 4 are listed in the Appendix. A version of this table in a format suitable for pasting into the blank pages at the end of A Flora of Suffolk is available from the SBIS downloads page http://www.suffolkbis.org.uk/downloads Acknowledgements I am indebted to Martin Rand for his work extracting new names and sharing this data. References APG (2106). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181: 1-20.
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Sanford, M. N. (2010). Name changes in Stace’s New Flora of the British Isles. Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 46: 63–67. Sanford, M. N. & Fisk, R. J. (2010). A Flora of Suffolk. Privately published, D. K. & M. N. Sanford, Ipswich. Stace, C. A. (2010a). New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Stace, C. A. (2010b). Classification by molecules: What’s in it for field botanists? Watsonia 28: 103–122. Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles, 4th edition. C & M Floristics, Middlewoood Green, Suffolk. Martin Sanford, SBIS, Ipswich Museum, High Street, Ipswich IP1 3QH. Suffolk Flora X Cuprocyparis leylandii Xanthocyparis nootkatensis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Chamaecyparis pisifera *Mahonia aquifolium x pinnata Papaver pseudoorientale Meconoposis cambrica Papaver hybridum Papaver argemone Sedum hybridum Sedum spurium Sedum stoloniferum Sedum spectabile Sedum telephium Sedum rupestre Sedum forsterianum Vicia hirsuta Vicia parviflora Vicia tetrasperma Pisum sativum Malus pumila Potentilla fruticosa Rosa ferruginea Rosa canina 'group Dumales' Rosa obtusifolia Viola canina ssp. montana Viola persicifolia Salix fragilis var. decipiens Salix x rubens Radiola linoides Erodium lebelii
Stace 4th Edition Name Cupressus x leylandii Cupressus nootkatensis Cupressus lawsoniana Cupressus pisifera M. x wagneri P. setiferum Papaver cambricum Roemeria hispida Roemeria argemone Phedimus hybridus Phedimus spurius Phedimus stoloniferus Hylotelephium spectabile Hylotelephium telephium Petrosedum rupestre Petrosedum forsterianum Ervilla hirsuta Ervum gracile Ervum tetraspermum Lathyrus oleraceus M. domestica Dasiphora fruticosa R. glauca R. squarrosa R. tomentella V. canina ssp. ruppii V. stagnina S. euxina S. x fragilis Linum radiola E. aethiopicum Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 56 (2020)
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Suffolk Flora Chamerion angustifolium Persicaria bistorta Persicaria amplexicaulis Polygonum arenastrum Fallopia japonica Fallopia x bohemica Fallopia sachalinensis Minuartia hybrida Myosoton aquaticum Chenopodium hybridum Chenopodium murale Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodium rubrum Chenopodium chenopodioides Chenopodium urbicum Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodium bonus-henricus Chenopodium polyspermum Salicornia pusilla Salsola kali ssp. kali Salsola kali ssp. tragus Glaux maritima Centunculus minimus Anagallis tenella Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis Anagallis arvensis ssp. foemina Trientalis europaea Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum Lithospermum arvense Anchusa arvensis Physalis alkekengi Solanum physalifolium (var. nitidibaccatum) Sutera cordata Clinopodium calamintha Thymus polytrichus Mimulus moschatus Mimulus guttatus Mimulus x robertsii Orobanche ramosa Orobanche purpurea Filago vulgaris Filago minima Filago gallica Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 56 (2020)
Stace 4th Edition Name Chamaenerion angustifolium Bistorta officinalis Bistorta amplexicaulis P. depressum Reynoutria japonica Reynoutria x bohemica Reynoutria sachalinensis Sabulina tenuifolia Stellaria aquatica Chenopodiastrum hybridum Chenopodiastrum murale Oxybasis glauca Oxybasis rubra Oxybasis chenopoioides Oxybasis urbica Blitum capitatum Blitum bonus-henricus Lipandra polysperma S. disarticulata S. kali S. tragus Lysimachia maritima Lysimachia minima Lysimachia tenella Lysimachia arvensis Lysimachia foemina Lysimachia europaea Aegonychon purpureocaeruleum Buglossoides arvensis Lycopsis arvensis Alkekengi officinarum S. nitidibaccatum Chaenostoma cordatum C. nepeta T. drucei Erythranthe moschata Erythranthe guttata Erythranthe x robertsii Phelipanche ramosa Phelipanche purpurea F. germanica Logfia minima Logfia gallica
PLANT NAME CHANGES
Suffolk Flora Gnaphalium sylvaticum Gnaphalium luteoalbum Helichrysum bracteatum Inula crithmoides Aster novae-angliae Aster novi-belgii Aster x salignus Aster lanceolatus Aster x versicolor Aster tripolium Conyza canadensis Conyza floribunda Conyza sumatrensis X Conyzigeron huelsenii Anthemis tinctoria Soliva pterosperma Senecio cinerea Senecio x albescens Senecio x thuretii Senecio jacobaea Senecio x ostenfeldii Senecio aquaticus Senecio erucifolius Senecio paludosus Petasites fragrans Iva xanthiifolia Apium nodiflorum Apium inundatum *Apium repens (see p 180) *Hybrid Berula x Apium Petroselinum segetum Ammi visnaga Thyselium palustre Potamogeton pectinatus Ruppia cirrhosa Dactyorhiza traunsteinerioides Hermodactylis tuberosa Crocus vernus ssp. vernus Crocus vernus ssp. albiflorus Nectaroscordium siculum Eleocharis palustris ssp. vulgaris Carex oederi Oryzopsis miliaceum
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Stace 4th Edition Name Omalotheca sylvatica Laphangium luteoalbum Xerochrysum bracteatum Limbarda crithmoides Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Symphyotrichum x salignum Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Symphyotrichum x versicolor Tripolium pannonicum Erigeron canadensis Erigeron floribundus Erigeron sumatrensis Erigeron x huelsenii Cota tinctoria Cotula sessilis Jacobaea maritima Jacobaea x albescens Jacobaea x thuretii Jacobaea vulgaris Jacobaea x ostenfeldii Jacobaea aquatica Jacobaea erucifolia Jacobaea paludosa P. pyrenaicus Euphrosyne xanthiifolia Helosciadium nodiflorum Helosciadium inundatum Helosciadium repens X Beruladium procurrens Sison segetum Visnaga daucoides Thysselinum palustre Stuckenia pectinata R. spiralis D. praetermissa ssp. schoenophila Iris tuberosa C. neapolitanus. C. vernus Allium siculum E. palustris ssp. waltersii C. viridula Oloptum miliaceum Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 56 (2020)
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Suffolk Flora Deschampsia flexuosa Avenula pratensis Elytrigia repens Elytrigia x drucei Elytrigia x laxa Elytrigia atherica Elytrigia x acuta Elytrigia juncea
Stace 4th Edition Name Avenella flexuosa Helictochloa pratensis Elymus repens Elymus x drucei Elymus x laxus Elymus athericus Elymus x obtusiusculus Elymus junceiformis
*Taxon added to Suffolk list since publication of the Flora in 2010.
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