AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT by
B.
M.
FUNNELL.
account is primarily intended as a guide for the use of local naturalists and schools. Firstly, the general nature of the individual formations is indicated, and some selected present-day exposures described. However, since the district was originally surveyed by H.M. Geological Survey, there have been changes both in the size of workings and in the type of deposit worked. Therefore, for the sake of completeness, this account incorporates some notes taken from H.M. Geological Survey Memoirs ; the source of these introductions is noted throughout. THIS
Secondly, a provisional Interpretation is presented as a separate discussion of the chronology* of geological events which, it must be recognised, is liable to revision in the light of further research. Certain aspects of the T O P O G R A P H Y around Bungay deserve brief mention. First and highest is the Boulder Clay plateau of " the Saints " area, with its small fields and tree-lined hedgerows. Secondly, there are the steep valley sides of Sand and Gravel; roads run down these slopes in natural cuttings, and some of the field boundaries, especially on the south side of the valley, are marked by a steep step down to the east. Thirdly, the Valley Gravel forms a distinct terrace, well seen near Flixton and Earsham; it lies at a mean height of 50 feet O.D., rising upstream and declining downstream. Near Earsham Park Farm, and at Broome, it can be seen that the terrace is lower at the sides of the valley and higher towards the centre. These marginal lows modify the courses of tributary streams entering the main valley. Fourthly, there are spreads of Other Valley Gravel lying just above the lowest level of the modern alluvium. *—In discussing the chronology the local deposits have been related to the succession outlined by Baden-Powell (1948). T h e correlation with the N o r t h European chronology set out below is based on the interpretations of pollen analyses given by Woldstedt (1950) and West (1954). T h e generally-assumed Alpine equivalents are given in brackets. Gipping Till Saale (Riss) Hoxne interglacial Lowestoft Till Corton Beds Cromer TiH Cromer Forest Bed Norwich Crag Series
probably = Great Interglacial,
Elster-Saale (Mindel-Riss)
Elster (Mindel) pre-Elster (pre-Mindel)
116
A
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
SUMMARY O F T H E N A T U R E O F I N D I V I D U A L F O R M A T I O N S AND A D E S C R I P T I O N O F T H E EXPOSURES IN S T R A T I G R A P H I C A L ORDER
The CHALK is nowhere exposed at the surface in the area. Boring records (all boring records referred to in this account are to be found in Woodland 1942) indicate that the Chalk everywhere forms a base to the Pleistocene* deposits of the area. Its surface forms a trough running slightly west of south, from Kirby Cane ( - 1 3 3 feet O.D.) to Ilketshall St. Margaret ( — 90 feet O.D.). The west flank of the trough rises to at least 20 feet O.D. within the district. For the most part it is immediately overlain by the Norwich Crag Series (as defined by Woodward 1881, p. 31), but this formation may be overlapped towards the north-west, near Alburgh, by the Sand and Gravel. The NORWICH CRAG SERIES has been much better exposed in the past and only one current exposure corresponds with older descriptions of the deposit. Two divisions can be made out in surface exposures and borings around Norwich, and these have also been distinguished in the following account of the Bungay region compounded from Woodward (1881), and Reid (1890). Division I consists generally of sand or gravel, or both. The gravel consists mainly of sub-rounded flint pebbles, and only a small proportion (or none at all) consists of material other than flint. The recorded fauna consists of the following common species grouped according to geographical prevalence :—Nucella [.Purpura] lapillus, Mya arenaria ; Littorina littorea, Cardium edule, Tellina obliqua; Tellina praetenuis, Cyprina islandica; Cerithium tricinctum, Turritella incrassata, Polinices [Natica] catena, Mytilus edulis, Phacoides [Lucina] borealis, Spisula [Mactra] ovalis, and Spisula \Mactrd\ subtruncata. (See also Woodward 1881, p. 86.) Division II consists of flint gravel and sand with conspicuous (e.g. as much as 50 per cent.) " foreign " (e.g. quartz and quartzite) pebbles. No fauna is recorded. This division has been variously named and correlated (e.g. Pebbly Series, Pebbly Gravel, Bure Valley Beds, Westleton Beds), but none of these terms is acceptable, for some are demonstrably misleading and the others are ill-deflned. The lower gravel at the Mile End (II) exposure probably belongs here. Boring records indicate that a general sequence may be observed in the Series as a whole. From the base upwards we have (a) * — T h e base of t h e Pleistocene is now drawn, in this country, or beneath the Red C r a g (e.g. Boswell 1952).
within
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
117
Shells and grit or large stones, (b) Blue or blackish (unweathered) clay, (c) Running sand with shells, i.e. Division I, (d) Pebbly gravel or sand and shingle, i.e. probably Division II, at least in part. The STONY LOAM or BRICKEARTH is not now exposed in the district, but it has been recorded (Woodward 1881) on the north side of the Valley as a stony loam with flint pebbles and chips. It also contained Macoma [Tellina] balthica, Cardium edule, Cyprina islandica and Mya sp. A crude bedding or lamination, and in other places contortion, was recorded. The SAND AND GRAVEL which follows is not always distinguishable from the upper part of the Norwich Crag Series in the absence of the Stony Loam. It is equivalent, at least in part, to the Corton Beds (see Baden-Powell 1948, etc.). It has also been referred to as the Middle-Glacial (see Woodward 1881, and Harmer 1902). In the portion now exposed around Bungay, the sand, at least in the higher parts, contains abundant chalk grains, and the gravels, which generally occur in Channels, small seams or strings, similarly contain chalk pebbles. The sand is frequently false-bedded, and the scale of the false-bedding varies from 4 to 6 inch seams showing complete sigmoidal curves (especially common a few feet below the Boulder Clay), through extensive, sweeping false-bedding 2 to 3 yards long, and in seams 3 feet or more thick, to even-bedded sub-horizontal laminations. The sand sometimes contains coal or " s m u t " . The gravel is usually a mixture of angular and rounded flints along with chalk. There are frequently black dendrites on the pebbles, and erratics of Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks are not uncommon near the upper limit. Woodward's records (1881, pp. 107-8) suggest that the highest levels immediately under the boulder clay may be in places either cemented into calcrete or contorted. Shells, including Macoma [Tellina] balthica, Cardium edule, Cyprina islandica, Mya arenaria, " Leda " sp., Nucella [Purpura] lapillus, and Littorina littorea, were recorded from Barsham (Woodward 1881, p. 109), but fragments only from further west in the area. It is not certain that these shells occur in numbers in the same environment as that described above. The BOULDER CLAY is undoubtedly that called Lowestoft Till (see Baden-Powell 1948). It is a blue-grey clay with chalk pebbles and angular flint fragments. Near the surface it weathers brown and may be decalcified in pipes to a dark brown stony clay. The basal layers are sometimes crudely laminated. An analysis of the tili fabric, made at Watch House (I), indicated a direction of movement in the depositing ice somewhat north of east (75° - 80°).
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AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
In addition, Woodward (1881) records that the lithology may vary to include loamy clay or marly brickearth. Erratics are relatively infrequent but septaria, Liassic limestone and shale, quartzite, etc. are recorded. Information from borings shows that the base of the Boulder Clay is consistently above 100 feet O.D. under " the Saints " Boulder Clay plateau. Elsewhere levels Cluster around 65 to 85 feet O.D., but we have an exceptional level of - 17 feet O.D. under Valley drift at Broome, and areas of low-lying Boulder Clay are mapped near Mettingham and Gillingham. In general, therefore, the sub-Boulder Clay surface has a degree of relief of the same order as that of the present topographical surface, and moreover, the main depressions and elevations correspond. INTERGLACIAL LAKE DEPOSITS were described as resting on
the Boulder Clay at St. Cross South Elmham by Candler (1889). Investigations recently carried out on the pollen content of these deposits suggest that they are probably of the same age as the Hoxne interglacial deposits (West, personal communication). The exposures are now overgrown.
List of exposures mainly in Sand and Gravel and Boulder Clay. E x p o s u r e I, WATCH HOUSE.
N.G.
354897.
(All grid references refer to O.S., 1 : 63360, Sheet 137). The lowest 20 feet or so is a yellow, false-bedded sand with chalk grains and " smut ". The uppermost deposit is boulder clay, up to 10 feet thick and usually a brown loamy clay with chalk pebbles, but in the thickest portion there is some blue-grey clay. An analysis of the fabric of the tili indicated a mean direction of glacier flow, at the time of deposition, somewhat north of east (75° - 80°). E x p o s u r e I I , MILE END.
N.G.
351897.
The lowest 20 feet consists of almost horizontal alternations of pebbly sand and gravel. The gravel portion consists of angular to rounded flints (sometimes with dendrites) and a conspicuous number (e.g. 30%) of quartz and quartzite pebbles. This lower gravel is provisionally referred to Divison II of the Norwich Crag Series. The middle portion of 20 feet consists of false-bedded sands with chalk grains and some " smut". There are scattered pebbles throughout and a small Channel at the top is filled by chalk-and-flint gravel. The junction with the overlying boulder clay is relatively even.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
119
The uppermost 6 feet consists of a light brown boulder clay with chalk pebbles ; in places it is penetrated by dark brown decalcified Solution pipes. The base is crudely laminated and breaks away in slabby fragments. Exposure III, BUNGAY. N.G. 343888. Various types of false-bedding in yellow sands with chalk grains and also a little " smut ". Exposure IV, HEDENHAM. N.G. 306935. A small exposure of 10 to 15 feet of gravel, presumably of the sand and gravel division. At the top the ferruginous product of decalcification can be seen, whilst underneath is normal chalkbearing flint gravel.
The VALLEY GRAVEL of this account includes deposits described under Gravel (" Cannonshot" gravel), Alluvial deposits, and Post-glacial : River Gravels, in the H.M. Geological Survey Memoirs (Woodward 1881, Whitaker 1887). It can be divided into at least two divisions of which the lowest (Div. I) contains few or no chalk pebbles. Division I consists of extensively current-bedded gravelly sands below, overlain by sub-horizontal but irregularly-bedded sandy gravels. The sands especially are often unstained and silver white, but there isalso patchy iron-staining which is most developed in the gravel. The pebbles are mainly sub-rounded to subangular flint but a high proportion (e.g. 30%) of pebbles of quartzite and vein quartz are present. There appears to be a tendency for increased angularity towards the top of the division. The division contains a " cold " or periglacial mammalian fauna of Elephas primigenius (mammoth), Diceros antiquitatus (woolly rhinoceros), Megaceros giganteus (Irish elk), and Bos primigenius wild ox or urus). Freshwater mollusca collected from a sandy loam Coming at the top of the division (the only interruption in a virtual transition) include Sphaerium corneum, Pisidium nitidum, Valvata piscinalis and Limnaea pereger ; all these will tolerate a wide ränge of climate. (A skull of rhinoceros and a molar of mammoth are preserved at Ipswich Museum ; a skull of elk and a tusk of a young mammoth are to be found at the Castle Museum, Norwich.) Division II consists of a loose flint, chalk and erratic gravel at the base, followed in places by a horizon of fawn false-bedded sands, and capped by a coarse gravel of brown ferruginous flints and resistant erratics. The loose gravel contains a number of erratics, along with balls of clay and chalky boulder clay, in
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AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
addition to large chalk, and angular and sub-angular flint stones. T h e coarse ferruginous gravel forms the surface of the terrace at Wortwell, Homersfield and Flixton, Earsham, Bungay and Broome. It contains boulders of microgranite (up to 2 feet long), ganister, septaria, shelly limestone, etc., at Broome. T h e OTHER VALLEY GRAVEL, which does not form part of the terrace mentioned above, occurs in patches rising above the present alluvium at Wortwell and Earsham, etc. T h e excavations are mostly below water level and it is consequently virtually impossible to establish any stratigraphical relationships. Mammalian bones are sometimes brought up by the mechanical drag lines (see details below).
List of exposures in the Valley Gravel, etc., in order west to east. Valley
Gravel.
Exposure V, WORTWELL. N . G . 277850. A mixture of coarse, angular flint gravel and sand. There is much false-bedding. T h e gravel usually lines the bottoms of cut-outs which dip down successively to the south-east. Some of the sand contains coal or " s m u t " . (Carboniferous microspores were kindly isolated from the " s m u t " , at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, by R. A. Couper.) In all about 20 feet is exposed. Exposure VI, TUNBECK FARM. N . G . 277853. T h e succession, from the top downwards, on the south-east side of the exposure, in all about 25 feet, is gravelly sand ; contorted clayey loam ; false-bedded sand ; shingle. There is a tendency to festooning* in the surface layer. Elsewhere in the working only coarse, angular and sub-angular, brown flint gravel is seen. . Exposure VII, HOMERSFIELD. N . G . 288856. T h e description of all but the coarse ferruginous gravel given in the general account of the Valley Gravel is essentially a description of this exposure ; this is, for example, the only place where undoubted Division I occurs. T h e thicknesses are approximately : coarse ferruginous gravel 7 f e e t ; false-bedded fawn sand, maximum 7 f e e t ; loose gravel 7 to 10 f e e t : loam, maximum 2 f e e t ; gravel and sand (to water-level) 20 feet. Blue clay, probably Lowestoft Till such as is found under the Valley Gravel at Shotover Heath, was found under the gravel in trial holes. (I am indebted to Mr. Spencer for this last piece of information.) * — F e s t o o n i n g in soils and u n c e m e n t e d deposits of gravel, a p r o d u c t of periglacial conditions.
etc.,
is
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
121
Exposure V I I I , FLIXTON PARK. N.G. 294862. This working is being rapidly extended. At present about 12 feet deep, it displays a brown, angular flint gravel roughly bedded and with false-bedded sands towards the bottom. Resistant erratics such as gneiss, schist, grit, ganister and chert are common. At the bottom of the working, chalk pebbles are being turned up ; these have a clean pitted surface, like those found at Homersfield, but unlike the smooth variety with dendrites whichcharacterise the Sand and Gravel formation. Exposure I X , Overgrown.
RIVER FARM.
N.G. 3 1 2 8 8 2 . A coarse sub-angular yellow-brown flint gravel.
Exposure X,
DUKE'S BRIDGE.
N.G. 346895.
A sub-angular, yellow-brown flint gravel. Exposure X I , BROOME HEATH. N . G . 348915. A sub-angular gravel at the top, underlain in part, at about 5 feet from the surface, by a wedge of false-bedded sand up to 8 feet thick. Buff sandy gravel continues to water-level at about 20 feet from the surface. Large erratic blocks taken from the sorting plant included microgranite, gneiss, ganister, septaria and shelly limestone. A derived mineralised portion of antler has also been found in these workings. Other Valley Gravel. Exposure XII, WORTWELL H A L L . N.G. 279848. Overgrown. Some blocks of calcrete were lying in the general melange of sandy sub-angular gravel. (Bones, marked Wortwell and probably from this exposure, which are preserved in the Castle Museum, Norwich, includeElephasprimigenius (mammoth).) Exposure X I I I , CHURCH FARM. N.G. A coarse sub-angular yellow-brown flint gravel.
319887.
Exposure XIV, STONYFEN FARM. N.G. 318901. A coarse sub-angular brown flint gravel up to about 6 feet above water-level. The stones are mostly flints (up to 1 foot across), but there were also numerous resistant erratics. Portions of Bos or Bison, Elephas sp. and Megaceros giganteus were found alongside the sorting plant. Exposure XV, M I L L HOUSE. N.G. 335907. A coarse, yellow-brown sub-angular flint gravel with grits, quartzites, sandstones and quartz. Stones up to 6 - 8 inches in diameter were found. The water-level is about 10 feet below the surface.
122
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
DISCUSSION
OF
THE
GEOLOGICAL
HISTORY
The CHALK of the district forms a foundation on which a succession of Pleistocene deposits has been built up. The first division of the N O R W I C H CRAG SERIES which I have distinguished above comprises the deposits of a shallow sea. The evidence preserved to us indicates that it reached little further than the west margin of our area. The abundance of Littorina littorea (the shore-living periwinkle) in shingle and sand at Ditchingham Lodge indicates the proximity of the shore. The rarity of this same species in the uppermost gravelly sand at Broome Place points to slightly more off-shore conditions which were still shallow however, as indicated by the rolled condition of the fossils (cf. Reid 1890, pp. I I I - 112). Strictly these remarks apply to the latest episode during the marine incursion of Norwich Crag times in this area. Underlying deposits of silty sand, etc., laid down earlier during that period, are insufficiently known to draw conclusions on the proximity of the shore-line, etc. The second division of the Norwich Crag Series adopted for this area presents considerable problems of correlation and interpretation. The following remarks are entirely provisional. These beds have no fauna but are characterised by a high proportion of quartz and quartzite pebbles. They belong to a period between the Division I Norwich Crag below and the Stony Loam or Brickearth above. There is a close correspondence between the lithology of the gravels of this division and that of the gravels in the Cromer Forest Bed Series, which must on other grounds be of the same general age (cf. Reid 1890, pp. 199 -200). However, there is at present no evidence for correlating Division II with one rather than another of the divisions seen beneath the Cromer Till, on the north Norfolk coast. On the basis of pollen analysis results Woldstedt (1950) has suggested a pre-Elster interglacial age for the Cromer Forest Bed Series. It is possible therefore that the Norwich Crag Series as defined and used here may span the Gunz glacial and the Gunz-Mindel interglacial of the Alpine chronology. The STONY L O A M is almost certainly a tili, equivalent to the Norwich Brickearth, and probably represents in this area the approximate limit of an Elster glacier. The Norwich Brickearth itself is probably equivalent to the Cromer Till because both have comparable tili fabrics indicating (West and Donner, personal communication) the same direction of flow, and deposition by the same glacier. T h e SAND AND GRAVEL formation is without doubt equivalent, in part at least, to the Corton Beds (see Baden-Powell 1948).
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
123
The difficulties of Interpretation are very much the same as for those beds. They contain in parts a fauna of marine mollusca which may be either indigenous or derived. It has been said in favour of the first alternative that they include numbers of fragile shells in places, and also some forms unknown from the underlying " Crags," e.g. Macoma balthica (see Harmer 1902, p. 458 et seq.). It can be said in favour of a derived origin that the shells are almost invariably fragmentary and that similar forms occur, for example, in the Stony Loam, e.g. Macoma balthica, Cardium edule, Cyprina islandica in the Waveney Valley. It now seems probable that the whole of the succession from Stony Loam (Norwich Brickearth) to Boulder Clay (Lowestoft Till) may belong to the Elster glaciation. (The Cromer Forest Bed is pre-Elster according to Woldstedt (1950), and the Hoxne deposits, which lie on Lowestoft Till, are probably Elster-Saale according to West (1954).) On this reckoning the Corton Beds cannot represent a true interglacial period. However, the question of the source of the marine shells—indigenous or derived —remains open and beyond the scope of this paper. The upper part of the Sand and Gravel formation is intimately connected with outwash from the Boulder Clay. The presence of chalk grains and pebbles, and the variety of types of false-bedding is characteristic of these conditions. Moreover, just beneath the Boulder Clay, erratics of Jurassic septaria and limestones, etc. have been found. The BOULDER CLAY or Lowestoft Till marks the culmination of the Elster glaciation in this region when a glacier spread eastwards beyond the limits of the present coastline. There is little doubt that this is the same tili as that found at the type locality, and it shows a tili fabric indicating west to east flow which has been found to be characteristic of the Lowestoft Till elsewhere in the region (West and Donner, personal communication). It is dated as Elster by the occurrence of probable Elster-Saale interglacial deposits lying on it at Hoxne and St. Cross, South Elmham (see above). The later deposits of the area are found mainly within the Waveney Valley. In the best sections at Homersfield it is possible to make out a two-fold division of the VALLEY GRAVEL. The mammalian and molluscan faunas described above from Division I are consistent with a " cold " or periglacial climate, but do not indicate* the chronological position of the deposit. The overlying Division II probably indicates more severe conditions and its relationships suggest a correlation. Division II is a * — T h e mammals so far known from Homersfield are commoner in the Saale-Weichsel period but are not unknown from the immediate pre-Saale.
124
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
glaciofluvial deposit. This conclusion is based, in the first place, on the form of the terrace it makes. It is low on either side and higher towards the centre of the Valley—a characteristic of glaciofluvial deposits forming Valley trains (Flint 1949, pp. 135-6). In Valleys, streams issuing from a glacier may be extensively braided. In the second place, it is generally coarse and contains numerous chalk pebbles and large erratic blocks. Even then, within the limits of the evidence found in this area, little can be said about its age. However, other features, probably marginal to an ice sheet, can be seen westwards towards Needham and also north-westwards towards, and beyond, Woodton. It is most probable that these features are associated with the edge of the Gipping Till glacier because there is no evidence of any other post-Lowestoft Till glacier having approached closer than the north Norfolk coast. On this view the Division I gravels were deposited at the end of an interglacial period (the Great Interglacial), as the Gipping Till glacier was advancing, but while there was still a " cold " fauna in the area. T h e later Division I I gravels represent the maximum of the Gipping Till glaciation when the ice front stood close at hand to the west, and possibly the north-west, of the area. It is interesting to note the parallel between the succession :— Sand and Gravel (chalk-bearing deposits, with coarse gravel at the top in places) Norwich Crag Series, Division II (sands and flint gravels with siliceous " foreign " pebbles) and the succession :— Valley Gravel, Division II (chalk-bearing gravel followed by coarse gravel) Valley Gravel, Division I (sands and flint gravels with siliceous " foreign " pebbles). T h e OTHER VALLEY GRAVEL mentioned in the first part of this paper cannot be satisfactorily interpreted. It may be a degraded remnant of the Valley Gravel terrace or it may represent other later-formed deposits. Similarly the mammalian fauna, recovered by mechanical drags from below water-level, may belong to the Valley Gravel Division I lying hidden underneath, or it may belong to a later period ; certainly the State of preservation of at least some of the bones indicates that they have not been derived from an original deposit by reworking.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE BUNGAY DISTRICT
125
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful for assistance from the Morley Bursary towards the cost of fieldwork. The identifications were kindly made by Mr. E. A. Ellis (Mammalia and freshwater Mollusca), Mr. B. W. Sparks (freshwater Mollusca), and Mr. H. E. P. Spencer (Mammalia). I am indebted to Professor W. B. R. King for a discussion of general aspects and to Messrs. R. G. West and J. Donner for numerous discussions and permission to incorporate unpublished information. I also acknowledge permission to copy Geological Survey Maps, granted by the Director of the Geological Survey.
SELECTED Baden-Powell, D. W. F. 1948.
Boswell, P. G. H.
1952.
Candler, C.
1889.
Flint, R. F.
1949.
Harmer, F. W.
1902.
Reid, C.
1890.
Woldstedt, P. Whitaker, W. & Dalton, W. H.
1950. 1887.
West, R. G. Woodland, A. W.
1954. 1942 & 1946.
REFERENCES " T h e Chalky Boulder Clays of Norfolk & Suffolk," Geological Magazine, Vol. 85, pp. 279-96. " On The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in east England," Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. 63, pp. 301-312. " Lacustrine deposits at St. Cross, Sth. Elmham," Q.J.G.S., Vol. 45, p. 504. " Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch." " A Sketch of the late Tertiary History of East Anglia," Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. 17, pp. 416-479, esp. pp. 458-462. " Pliocene deposits of Great Britain," Geological Survey Memoir. Nature, Vol. 165, pp. 1002-3. " The Geology of the Country around Haiesworth and Harleston " (50 N.E.), Geological Survey Memoir. Nature, Vol. 173, pp. 187-8. " Water Supply of CambridgeIpswich District," Pt. IV & Pt. X, Geol. Surv. Wartime Pamphlet, No. 20.
126
A N ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE B U N G A Y
Woodward, H. B.
DISTRICT
1881. " T h e Geology of the country aroiind N o r w i c h " (66 S.E., etc.), Geological Survey Memoir.
T h e following are recommended for schools, etc. :— Chatwin, C. P.
1954. " E. Anglia and adjoining areas," British Regional Geology, 3rd Edn.
Himus, G. W.
1954. " Dictionary of Geology," (R8), Penguin Books.
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