Urban Agro Park in Bahrain I Architectural Undergraduate Thesis 2021 I MOSA

AGRO FOOD PARK, DENMARK

INFERENCE

It is a center for food and agricultural innovation, To develop an urban environment that promotes innovation, knowledge sharing and interaction between companies in the Agro Food Park.Five focus areas have been identified to improve AFP through the new expansion: Healthy Materials, Clean Energy, Increased Biodiversity, Healthy Air, and Clean water.

1. Preservation and renovation of existing building structure.

2. Green rooftop with leisure areas.

3. Promotion of traditional and urban farming, knowledge and environmental education opportunities.

Three primary spatial and landscape concepts are called “The Strip”, “The Plazas” and “The Lawn”. These three concepts relates to what are the key elements for the future cluster, namely the urban and the agro culture.

4. Local food supply provision within the building with over 200 diverse vegetal species, for consumption in cafeteria for employees and general public.

The Lawn is the central open green area in the masterplan. It functions as the showroom for experimentation and innovation within agriculture and food production.

5. Green wall balconies with seasonal flowering climbing plants, towards South, providing microclimate and environmental modulation.

INFERENCE

The Strip is a street and campus course with open facades and shared amenities. It is here the companies and knowledge institutions of Agro Food Park display their identity and products. The main street is built in a density that create life and activity, kept in a human scale.

MASTER PLAN The Plazas are a number of plazas that have urban density and experiential qualities and gives local character to the surrounding buildings.

1. Emphasis on the public realm is key to creating awareness and public participation.

6. Indoor vegetation improvement on working environment, quality of space and air quality.

2. Design decisions have be taken into consideration based on sustainability.

7. Iconic urban design and influence on corporate identity.

3. The energy & water cycle engages continous recycling wherever possible.

8. User participation in the maintenance and harvesting of crops, and envelope control through operable windows.

4. Apart from the production spaces informative and innovative spaces have been developed.

9. Interaction of urban population with farming activities and boost of agriculture economic dynamics.

5. The master plan creates a density of activity and interaction making it more sociable to the urban enviornment.

10. As the crops harvested in Pasona HQ are served within the building cafeteria, it highlights 'zero food mileage' concept of a more sustainable food distribution system that reduces energy and transportation cost.

PASONA URBAN FARM, JAPAN

The creation of the new headquarters for Japanese recruitment firm Pasona consisted of refurbishing a 50 year old building. Inside the 19,974 square metre office building there are 3995 square metres dedicated to green space that house over 200 species of plants, fruits, vegetables and rice.Located in downtown Tokyo, Pasona HQ is a nine story high, 215,000 square foot corporate office building for a Japanese recruitment company, Pasona Group. It is a major renovation project consisting of a double skinned green facade, offices, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and most notably, urban farming facilities integrated within the building. The green space totals over 43,000 square feet with 200 species including fruits, vegetables and rice that are harvested, prepared and served at the cafeterias within the building. It is the largest and most direct farm-to-table of its kind ever realized inside an office building in Japan.

11. An intelligent climate control system monitors humidity, temperature and breeze to balance human comfort during office hours and optimize crop growth during after hours. This maximizes crop yield and annual harvests.

MAIN PUBLIC LOBBY

Spatial Program : Office areas, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and urban farming facilities.

Site area: ~ 2700 sq m Total floor area: 20000 sq m Constructed area: ~ 2250 m2 83% [of Site Area]

Sustainability is promoted on all levels, with cars being restricted to a parking lot which doubles as an orchard, while the many facilities have an additional social and educational value in teaching people about the origin of food.

~Seasonal flowers and orange trees are planted on the balconies between the 3' deep double skinned facade.

Innovation within agriculture and nutrition is the focus of Agro Food Park, reflected in the central position of “The Lawn”: A compact agricultural land strip, functioning as an living outdoor showroom for new crops, as well as an inspiring space for a walk and talk.

Through the built environment, the plan creates a density of activity by placing different actors and innovative businesses in close orbit around each other, thereby facilitating knowledge-sharing within the field of agricultural research.

Food culture house

Innovation house

~Partially relying on natural exterior climate, these plants create a living green wall and a dynamic identity to the public. ~This was a significant loss to the net rentable area for a commercial office. ~However, Pasona believed in the benefits of urban farm and green space to engage the public and to provide better workspace for their employes.

SECTION OF DOUBLE FACADE

~Such benefits are beyond aesthetic and visual improvement. ~It is the largest and most direct farm-to-table of its kind ever realized inside an office building in Japan.

In combining urban and agricultural development into one larger concept, AFP aims to create economic value within the urban and agricultural infrastructure.

~Using both hydroponic and soil based farming, crops and office workers share a common space.

This is further supported by the area’s shared facilities such as the Food Lab, green house meeting rooms and the testing fields.

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

~The green space totals over 43,000 square feet with 200 species including fruits, vegetables and rice that are harvested, prepared and served at the cafeterias within the building.

TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR Green / farm space Green / farm ceiling Vertical circulation

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CASE STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

02

AGRICULTURAL INCUBATOR CENTRE, BAHRAIN

VERTICAL HARVEST FARM, WYOMING

A 30 feet by 150 feet sliver of land located next to a parking lot in Jackson, Wyoming is transformed into a vertical farm that produces up to 100,000 lbs of greens each year. Using 90 percent less water than conventional farming, and absolutely no pesticides, the three-story Vertical Harvest greenhouse will enable the cold, land-locked city to provide locally-grown produce for its residents all year round.

Spatial Program : Production area(vertical farm)

This government agricultural center collaborates with Tamkeen and other companies that support small businesses and want to join this field. This building employs several agricultural engineers who oversee the success of technology throughout the season and train and qualify trainees.

Site area : 355,000 sq m

Spatial Program : Green houses, nursery Site area : 15,000 m² sqm

1ST FLOOR RENDERED LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION

As for natural ventilation, incubators open from above during the morning where the sun is beneficial and harmless and close during the afternoon.

This technology reduces the intensity of sunlight and also helps in the cooling process and reduces the voltage on large fans. This system operates automatically by temperature or time timing by sensors in the middle of the incubator to take the real temperature.

Talking about shading, a fabric cover is provided to cover the incubator, which automatically operates to open and close, reducing the sun's harmful rays.

Water is pumped into the plant basin through water tanks, pumps and pipes, some above ground and some underground.

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

2ND FLOOR

Technologies: Agricultural incubators need to be cooled and heated depending on climatic conditions. In Bahrain’s context, incubators need to be cooled for most of the year. In the nurseries, the cooling system used is evaporative cooling pads and fans. A “fan and pad” system uses exhaust fans to pull air through evaporative cooling pads. This technique utilizes the cooling effect produced when water evaporates and cools the air as it is pulled through the pad. Cooling pads cool by creating large amounts of surface area that are exposed to air being drawn into the greenhouse by exhaust fans. This large surface area allows for quick evaporation. Common pad materials include cellulosic materials or aspen fiber pads.

Agricultural incubators produce several different types of crops produced using hydroponics technology.

One plantation is tomato, where 32 lines of tomatoes are grown, one line contains 140 plants . The average productivity is 55.680 kg. The other species grown by hydroponics is lettuce. 150,528 plants are cultivated, and the total productivity during the year is 602,112 kilograms. Cucumber is an essential vegetable with a short life cycle. It is planted four times a year through 32 lines, each line carrying 140 plants. The total planted from option 4640 and the total yield is 92,800 kilos . Other valuable plantings are coloured peppers and roses. The number of coloured pepper plants is 4640, with an average yield of about 49260. The productivity of roses may reach 71680 stems through 8960 plants. The centre produces other varieties of crops such as strawberries and beans.

3RD FLOOR

INFERENCE 1. The 150-foot-long greenhouse facade of the building optimizes the potential for natural light, which both improves photosynthesis and cuts down on energy costs for the facility.

2. It also serves as an educational facility, with a "small but functional ‘living classroom’" and access for visitors to view the growing areas without contaminating the crops.

3. Uses 90 percent less water than conventional farming, and absolutely no pesticides.

4. Through an efficient building design, and the use of hydroponic farming techniques, the 4,500 sq ft footprint has 18,000 sq ft of growing area.

5. More than half the employees are affected with a disablitiy, design caters to them through barrier free access.

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

INFERENCE

Production process: When the planting season starts, the first planting stage begins, which is to plant the seeds, which are in small incubators. This stage extends until the plantings reach a height of 5 cm, and the distance between the plant and another is 5 to 7 cm. After the completion of this stage, the plantings are transferred from these small to large incubators, where the rest of the growth stages. During the growth phase, some of the plantings grow longitudinally and at a very high altitude. This process is repeated as the length of this plant increases, such as tomatoes, cucumbers and coloured peppers.

The plant feeds on a solution containing the proportions it needs of nitrogen, potassium, phospho-

rus, and other foodstuffs, which are placed inside a basin filled with water. The separate basin is a drainage basin that receives water after passing through plants to feed them. This water used to irrigate the trees planted in the open field, which falls under the ownership of the government and is part of the center, where large trees such as canar, almonds and others are planted.

After finishing the plants, the workers pick them and then transfer them to the cooling room available in the centre until the plant is cooled at a temperature of not less than 5 degrees. Then the production goes to the traders who win the tender or to the trainees who are entrepreneurs.

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1. Provide two types of incubators that are divided according to the stages of plant growth.

2. Provide a desalination plant for the centre.

3. Large stores to store spare quantities of crops need to be provided.

4. Production is possible for crops only for 6 months in a year.

5. There are markets, restaurants, children’s play area nearby which creates a public realm.

6. The market is completely air conditioned so as to preserve the greens since the climate is extreme in summers.

CASE STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

03

SPANISH-PORTUGUESE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (CIALE) / CANVAS ARQUITECTOS

Curtain wall

Shading device

ICTA-ICP RESEARCH CENTER, CERDANYOLA DEL VALLÈS Located in the UAB campus in Cerdanyola del Vallès, the ICTA-ICP building is a research center in environmental science and paleontology. In tune with its function, from the beginning the building was designed according to sustainability criteria.

This laboratory is meant for research and experimentation in farming and plant maintenance.

It has the infrastructure required to conduct research related to agricultural activities in the field of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of plants, fungus and microorganisms.

The project features five floors above grade and two underground ones. The ground level houses a lobby, a cafeteria, several classrooms and meeting rooms, and the administration offices; and the three floors above house offices and laboratories, with kitchen gardens and breakout spaces on the roofs. For its part, the basements contain the storage areas, the other laboratories, the parking lot, and the machine room.

The site is part of a bigger area of environmental interest close to the river Tormes. The proposal of the architecture is not imposed but rather becomes part of the territory. The design intends to rethink the existing terrain into a new transformed landscape and discover a hidden morphology in the site through the activation of the current topography. Working on it emerged a series of folds and movements that have defined a landscape in which is recognized the former one.

The offices and laboratories are warmer, so the building is designed to collect heat in winter and release it in summer. The center is a flexible infrastructure, adaptable to possible changes in use.

Spatial Program : Production area (vertical farm) Green roof

Site area : 4,800 sqm

Year : 2014 Ground Cover : 1,600 sqm

Site Plan

Section

Green roof

Through a glass wall protected by the eaves of the roof garden, light flows in this elongated and complex space that, despite undergoing the strictness demanded by the functional program, is energized with ramps and galleries that give way to the platforms of the different laboratory volumes, the exit zone or the teaching building; this varied sequence receives more interest having as a background reference the dense layer of trees and river water.

Section

Ground Floor

1st Floor

Bar

Meeting room

Outdoor seats

Offices

Classroom

Administration

Labs

Mezzazine

The structure is of concrete, so it has a long life cycle and thermal inertia, and contributes directly to passive comfort in the building. This structure is protected with a bioclimatic exterior skin, built from industrialized systems of agricultural greenhouses, which opens and closes automatically to control solar gain and ventilation.To guarantee these conditions

inside the building, four vertical courtyards rise in the center of the building. In this way, artificial lighting needs are reduced, and thanks to the vegetation humidity is controlled. Insulated wood boxes with operable glass sheets are embedded in in this improved climate. Their position changes on each floor, adjusting to the needs of the users.

Ground Floor

INFERENCE 1. Long life & low cost concrete structure.

The architecture is clear and easily understandable, seeks a flexible and versatile scheme, able to solve the appearance of new programs that will necessarily be incorporated into the research complex.

Movable partitions are used in order to reshape the plan according to its functions

2. Using 4 patios to provide natural ventilation and lighting to reduce artficial lighting and energy consumption.

Lab section

3. The building has been designed to host three types of climates associated with different intensities of use: a) Climate A: in-between spaces, that are exclusively acclimatized/heated by passive and bioclimatic systems; b) Climate B: offices, that combine natural ventilation with radiant and semi-passive systems; c) Climate C: laboratories and classrooms that have a more hermetic and conventional functioning.

Office climatic section

INFERENCE

Lab section

1. Use of green roof feature acting as a cooling strategy in summer.

4. The concrete structure is wrapped and protected by a low cost exterior bioclimatic skin. By installing a greenhouse industrialized system that opens and closes its mechanisms automatically, the solar gain and ventilation are regulated.

2. Use of curtain walls in order to allow natural lighting 3. Usage of Shading devices

1st Floor Primary Circulation

Secondary Circulation

5. Enhanced regular ventilation, Cross ventilation.

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

5. In the middle of the building four patios, with stairs that connect the different levels at certain points, guarantee light and ventilation in all workspaces reducing the consumption of artificial lighting.

4. Multilayer façade to control the heat gain & sunlight.

Office plan

Lab plan

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CASE STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

04

AL SHAHEED PARK, KUWAIT

PHASE 2

PHASE 1

To celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Constitution of Kuwait. The transition is shown through the landscape design, where the garden representing the Kuwait without constitution is untidy, scattered and rugged.

The pathways are not defined properly only through bricks and sand, the plants lack

Al Shaheed Park, which directly translates into “Park of the Martyrs”, takes its place on the outer rim of the city in one of the oldest and most historical ring roads of the country.

Area : 355,000 sqm Location : Soor Street, Opposite Al Tijaria Towers, Kuwait City, Kuwait Year : 2013-2017 Nearly all of the buildings are green roofed. aprox. 56.750 sqm of building area, Habitat Museum, Memorial Museum, sculptures, Visitor Centre, Administration&Management Offices, Botanical gardens, walkways, lakes with fountains and a waterfall,restaurants and souvenir shopsCelebration Gate, Old City Gate, Amphitheater with 900 spectator seats and Underground Parking for 900 cars.

CONSTITUTION GARDEN

MEMORIAL ZONE

GREEN BELT ZONE

CELEBRATION ZONE "PARKING AREA"

Park gates

In relation to kuwait history

Sculptures of shaheed

Places of interest

THE HABITAT ZONE

Facilities

CELEBRATION GATE

VISITORS CENTRE In the Visitors Centre, the ground is lowered -80cm under the garden level, and opened in two directions allowing the cross ventilation of air and its cooling movement through the building when connected to the internal patio. The programmatic instability of this building during the design stage generated a

diversity. While, the Kuwait with constitution has diverse plants and shrubs in many colours and sizes, pathways are straight and clear cut. The whole being a planned oasis with 183 trees representing the number of articles in the constitution. The plant diversity represents the social and cultural diversity of Kuwait.

series of additions around the core, almost as an old town villa with its later additions. The mass resulting out of this process will define the constitution of the mound in its topography and volume - the soil is covering all annexes.

Al Shaheed Park’s main entrance gate, which showcases a gabion wall and green wall (living wall) as its architectural elements among others. The green wall is installed at five exterior spaces, one being the Celebration gate, and others being the ticket and lobby space and two terraces, and also within the park itself.

TREES LIST

ACACIA ARABICA - GUM ARABIC TREE

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

A dense built up area surrounds the park, which is located at ground level with a web of busy roads weaving the park. To combat the situation, the connection of individual areas of the park is done through tunnels under the road. The park welcomes pedestrians through entrances on all sides.

Car users can enter the park through stairs which are located in the multi-storey underground car park.

PROSOPIS CHILENSIS CHILEAN MESQUITES

PARKINSONIA ACULEATE JERUSALEM THORN

TABEBUIA ARGENTEA – CARRIBEAN TRUMPET TREE

PERSIAN CITRUS LIME

PHOENIX CALLISTEMON DACTYLIFERA VIMINALIS - WEEPING – DATE PALM BOTTLEBRUSH

AZADIRACHTA INDICA– NIMTREE OR INDIAN LILAC

FIG-FICUS CARICA

SHRUB LIST INFERENCE 1. Gabion wall used to provide thermal insulation.

LANDSCAPE DETAILING

2. Landscaping conducive to the dry desert climate similar to the proposed site context.

3. The water used to reduce micro-climate as an aesthetic feature is recycled.

ADENIUM OBESUMDESERT ROSE

4. Materials extensively used are steel and stone, which are locally sourced.

AGAVE ATTENUATE- FOXTAIL AGAVE

ATRIPLEX HELIMUS – SALT BUSH

CARISSA BOXWOOD NATAL PLUM

5. The master plan is segreagated into four zones for different purposes, showing a distinction of functional spaces.

6. Visitors centre acts as an information desk and also provides the first impression of the development.

7. Site at a prominent location, serves as a tourist attraction.

HABITAT MUSEUM SCALE 1:200

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DURANTA REPENS -GOLDEN DEWDROP,SKY FLOWER,PIGEON BERRY

JATROPHA PANDURIFOLIA SPICY JATROPHA

LEUCOPHYLUM FRUTESCENS - TEXAS SAGE

ZAMIA FURFURACEAE CARDBOARD PALM

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ROSEMARINUS OFFICINALIS ROSEMARY

NERIUM OLEANDER – ROSEBAY

TABERNAMONTAN A DIVIRICATA CREPE JASMINE

EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI -PENCIL CACTUS

CASE STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

01 05

GREEN PLANET DUBAI, UAE The Green Planet Dubai is an immersive science center based on the Equatorial Rainforest’s of the world. The architecture is based on a fragile origami cube that shields and protects a living biome within the shape of a cylinder.

Encased within a 30 metre by 30 metre origami-like glass cube, The Green Planet is comprised of four floors (plus two below-grade spaces) that encircle a 25-metre-high life-sustaining tree — the largest indoor man-made tree of its kind.

The exterior cube houses the support spaces required to sustain a living environment designed to accommodate over 3,000 species of tropical plants, mammals, insects and fish within the desert setting of Dubai.

Visitors enter the bio-dome at grade level, into a mossy flooded rainforest floor where a giant aquarium containing stingrays, freshwater turtles and arapaima is installed.

Its mandate is to provide the people of Dubai an opportunity to experience and gain a deeper understanding of the fragile ecosystem of the Equatorial regions and how these regions of the world need to be protected for our sustainable future.

A winding path takes patrons alongside the periphery of the tree and up to the very top of the building, offering a panoramic view of the forest; along the way, wildlife, like South American toucans and crocodile lizards, can be spotted nesting amongst the greenery.

The concept for the visitor experience was developed to show how the various species that inhabit the rainforest can be found in the vertical zones of a Kapok tree; from it flooded river bank setting to its upper canopy.

Built-up area : 4,365 sqm Year : 2016

LANDSCAPE PLAN DETAIL

LOWER LEVEL

PLATFORM LEVEL

LOW LINE, NYC, USA

INFERENCE

The Lowline is a plan to use innovative solar technology to illuminate an historic trolley terminal on the Lower East Side of New York City. The vision is an underground park, providing a beautiful respite and a cultural attraction in one of the world’s most dense urban environments.

1. Unique MEP strategies employed include the use of a misting system; an evaporative cooling system that cools the space while also adding humidity.

2. CFD analysis to validate the HVAC air distribution strategy.

This hidden historic site is located in one of the least green areas of New York City— presenting a unique opportunity to reclaim unused space for public good. Designed by James Ramsey of Raad Studio, the proposed solar technology involves the creation of a “remote skylight.”

3. Destratification fans were incorporated in the canopy zones to ensure mixing of air in the bio-dome and prevent the stratification of air.

4. Daylighting analysis to optimize the UV light into the space to facilitate plant growth while rationalizing the solar gain.

DETAILED SECTION

SECTION

UPPER LEVEL

IMAGE : PERSPECTIVE

Site area : one acre Year : 2018

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

THE EDEN PROJECT: THE BIOMES CORNWALL, UK

Designing the biomes was an exercise in efficiency, both of space and material. Structurally, each dome is a hex-tri-hex space frame reliant on two layers.

The efficiency of the frame relies on the components of the geometric shapes: steel tubes and joints that are light, relatively small and easily transportable.

The cladding panels are triple-layered pillows of high performance ETFE foil and environmentally efficient, with maximum surface area and minimum perimeter detailing.

IVIEW OF UNDERGROUND PARK

SCHEMATIC SECTION

RENDER IMAGE

SECTION

INFERENCE

OBSERVATION

1. In this approach, sunlight passes through a glass shield above the parabolic collector, and is reflected and gathered at one focal point, and directed underground.

2. Sunlight is transmitted onto a reflective surface on the distributor dish underground, transmitting that sunlight into the space.

3. This technology would transmit the necessary wavelengths of light to support photosynthesis, enabling plants and trees to grow.

THE EDEN PROJECT PLAN SECTION ELEVATION

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

SUNLIGHT ANALYSIS

SOLAR COLLECTOR DIAGRAM

1. In this approach, sunlight passes through a glass shield above the parabolic collector, and is reflected and gathered at one focal point, and directed underground which can be implemented in the design.

2. Since the design needs to cater to the growing of crops on a vertical level, this particular technology can serve as a major advantage to energy efficiency.

4. During periods of sunlight, electricity would not be necessary to light the space.

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SPECIAL STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

06

DESIGN BASED REPONSES FROM THE END USER-USER-RESPONSIVE DESIGN The users are the people of Bahrain and the residents of Bahrain.

There is a need for more open green public spaces in Bahrain, considering the lack of vegetation and harsh climate.

PRIMARY SURVEY Total no. of reponses : 256 Region in which the survey was conducted : Bahrain Method : online google survey Questionnaire

PROFILE OF USERS

KEY PROGRAM INPUTS 1. Public Park.

5. Restaurants and cafes.

2. Agricultural training Area.

3. Different climatic eco-systems.

6. Well designed bicycle pathways.

4. Market for organic produce.

7. High tech vertical farms

KEY INPUTS FOR DESIGN 1. Majority of users are female from the age group 18-25 of which majority are students. A greater number of the residents of Bahrain are Expats who have lived in Bahrain for 10-20 years.

2. A large number of people use cars as their main source of travel, but if given a well designed bicycle path they would be more likely to use it. The people of Bahrain prefer to go out on weekends either to restaurants or malls, some percentage of people also go to public parks.

3. There is a need for more open green spaces in Bahrainas per the survey conducted. There is also a need for more diversity in these green spaces which explores the greenery of other eco-systems.

4. The vast majority of people know about growing food inside buildings and also want to learn more about it. A lot of people are willing to spend more on organic fresh produce which is pesticide free and fresh.

5. Many people believe that careers like Agricultural researcher, IT specialist, Scientists etc are persuable in the near future.

6. One of the main places to invest is manama for commercial purposes as per the survey.

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

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SPECIAL STUDY

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

07

ANTHROPOMETRICS

Anthropometrics is the science concerned with the measurement of humankind.

PEARL BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

EXHIBITION SPACE

LIBRARY

The aim of the Pearl Building Rating System (PBRS) is to promote the development of sustainable buildings and improve quality of life.

Achievement of a sustainable building requires the integration of the four pillars of Estidama together with a collaborative and inter-disciplinary approach to building development known as the Integrated Development Process.

The PBRS encourages water, energy and waste minimization, local material use and aims to improve supply chains for sustainable and recycled materials and products.

ESTIDAMA Estidama, which means ‘sustainability’ in Arabic, is the initiative which will transform Abu Dhabi into a model of sustainable urbanization. Its aim is to create more sustainable communities, cities and global enterprises and to balance the four pillars of Estidama: environmental, economic, cultural and social.

BARRIER FREE ACCESS

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

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LITERATURE REVIEW

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

08

OFFICE SPACE

Primary Space Spaces for solitary work include: 1. Workstations 2. Carrel 3. Personal offices 4. Cell Spaces for collective work include: 1. Team rooms 2. Team spaces 3. Group spaces 4. Meeting areas 5. Meeting rooms

Service Space 1. Mail room 2. Staff rooms 3. Storage 4. Service storage 5. Plant rooms 6. Security rooms

Support Spaces

Support spaces serve the operation of the whole building, and may also present a public face.

These include: 1. Reception areas: 2. Restaurants 3. Resource centres 4. Gardens, terraces and atriums 5. Training suites 6. Presentation suite 7. Reprographic units 8. Shops 9. Clubrooms and bars 10. Health centres 11. Medical centres 12. Day-care centres

Ancillary Space

CLASSROOMS

Spaces which support departments or floors of an office - involving refreshment, paper handling and personal care - include: 1. Paper processing centres 2. Filing centres 3. Refreshment points 4. Toilets

ORGANIC MARKET

Circulation Space

Circulation space - which covers both primary & secondary circulation routes includes: 1. Corridors and passages 2. Lifts, lift lobbies and staircases 3. Escalators 4. Refuges 5. Delivery areas and goods lifts

LABORATORIES

URBAN AGRO PARK TOWARDS A SELF SUFFICIENT VERTICAL URBANISM IN BAHRAIN

WORKSHOP

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LITERATURE REVIEW

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

09

VERTICAL FARMING

KITCHEN

DINING

Hydroponics is a technique of growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of an inert medium such as gravel, vermiculite, rockwool, peat moss, saw dust, coir dust, coconut fibre, etc. to provide mechanical support.

Aquaponics is an integrated multi-trophic, aquatic food production approach comprising at least a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and a connected hydroponic unit, whereby the water for culture is shared in some configuration between the two units. Not less than 50% of the nutrients provided to the plants should be fish waste derived.

Aeroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. Instead, roots are suspended in the air and irrigated with a nutrient-dense mist. This differs from hydroponic systems where plant roots are regularly submerged in a nutrient-rich solution. In aeroponics, the roots have greater access to oxygen, which results in healthier plant root stock and significantly faster crop growth rates.

Typically in hydroponics, one submerges the plants in water and the water is oxygenated.

RESTAURANT

One study showed if the nutrients are misted at the roots, then the roots have a better oxygenation.

Root misting system helps reduce 95% less water than a regular field farm. No pesticides or herbicides used.

FIRE AND SAFETY

REFERENCES 1. Anon., n.d. Aquaponic Produce Standards. [Online] Available at: https://www.cngfarming.org/aquaponics_standards [Accessed 27 11 2019].

2. Joseph De Chiara, Michael J. Crosbie, “Time Savers Standards for Building Types”, McGraw Hill Professional 2001.

3. Ernst Neuferts, “Architects Data”, Blackwell, 2002.

4. Daniel Williams, “Sustainable Design: Ecology, Architecture & Planning”, John Wiley & sons Inc, NJ, 2007.

5. Richard P. Dober, “Campus Architecture: Building in the Groves of Academe”, McGraw-Hill, 1996.

6. Unified Guidebook of Building, Permit Regulations, Kingdom of Bahrain, First Edition 2018

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LITERATURE REVIEW

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2020-2021

10