RE-SENSITIZE USING COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM TO CREATE MULTI SENSORY PUBLIC SPACES
Suvarna Agrawal DA1705
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DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE PROJECT REPORT
RE-SENSITIZE USING COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM TO CREATE MULTI SENSORY PUBLIC SPACES Submitted by
Suvarna Agrawal Thesis Guide : Ar. Swapnil Gawande Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Arch ( Digital Architecture )
SEMESTER lV, Second Year M.Arch ( Digital Architecture ) September 2020
Department of Digital Architecture M.K.S.S.S’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture for women, Karve-nagar, Pune
Savitribai Phule Pune University
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RE-SENSITIZE USING COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM TO CREATE MULTI SENSORY PUBLIC SPACES Suvarna Agrawal
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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that student has worked under my supervision on “RE SENSITIZE- USING COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM TO CREATE MULTI SENSORY PUBLIC SPACES” towards the partial fulfillment of her research for Master’s program. This is her original work and can be submitted as a thesis on major area of research.
Ar. Swapnil Gawande Thesis Guide Date : September 18, 2020
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APPROVAL Dr. B.N College of Architecture, Department of Digital Architecture Masters’s Program Name of the student: Suvarna Agrawal Research Topic: Re Sensitize- Using Computational Algorithm to create multi Sensory Public Spaces The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the subject, carried out and presented in a manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the Master’s Program for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusions drawn therein, but approve the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies as to requirement laid down in the academic program. This is to certify that the student has worked under my supervision on the topic towards the partial fulfillment of her research for Master’s Program. This is her Original work and can be submitted as a Digital Architecture Project . The copyright of this work remains jointly with BNCA, Guide/ Co-ordinator and the student, whenever and/ wherever presented and/or published. The above said work shall not be presented or published without written permission from BNCA and the guide/ coordinator.
Suvarna Agrawal Student Date : September 18, 2020
Ar. Swapnil Gawande Thesis Guide
Ar. Dhanashree Sardeshpande HOD/Coordinator
Date : September 18, 2020
Masters in Digital Architecture Department
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY Program : M.Arch Digital Architecture ( 2017 - 2019 ) Thesis Guide : Ar. Swapnil Gawande Titled : Re Sensitize- Using Computational Algorithm to create multi Sensory Public Spaces
Declaration This work has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis on Minor/Major contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the report itself. I have given due credit to the sources and have acknowledged them appropriately.
Suvarna Agrawal Student Date : September 18, 2020
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my thesis guide (Ar. Swapnil Gawande) as well as our HOD (Ar. Dhanashree Sardeshpande) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (Re-Sensitize, Using Computational Algorithm to create multi Sensory Public Spaces ), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. I would also like to thank the International Cell of BNCA who gave me the opportunity to spend a semester in Europe which helped in me my research for the thesis.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Suvarna Agrawal Student Date : September 18, 2020
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RE-SENSITIZE by Suvarna Agrawal
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M. Arch. Digital Architecture Thesis Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture Thesis Guide Swapnil gawande Submitted By Suvarna Agrawal
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WHAT IS RE-SENSITIZE?
Human mind perceives the environment around it through the power of the 5 senses. Through Re-sensitize I am making an attempt at finding how we can create a relation between the senses and use this approach to design our public spaces. This concept is used to explain in what ways a person relates to a place. Even if one sense is absent it alters a person’s behavior in the way they react in their physical space. so if we wish to have a better control on how our physical environment is, we need to consider the effect it has on our brain through the senses. Primarily parameters like object, form, color, light, sound, etc. dominates our senses. Perception and cognition are achieved by the senses. By studying various cases, a pallet of multi-sensory design principles have been identified which will aid in designing a multi-sensory urban experience. This will be achieved by use computational tools to generate a catalogue of designs where urban utopias are imagined to achieve different combinations of multi- sensorial experience.
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CONTENT
01
INTRODUCTION
14
NEED FOR RESENSITIZE 16 OPPORTUNITY
17
THESIS PROGRAM
02
18
PUBLIC SPACES
20
WHAT IS A PUBLIC SPACE TYPOLOGY
24
INFERENCE
03
36
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC SPACES AND SENSES SENSES AND PUBLIC SPACES ACTIVITIES
40
46
CASE STUDY 1
48
CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSIS
38
42
HUMAN SCALE
04
22
58 70
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
74
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS
78
80
ALGORITHM DEMO DESIGN INTERVENTION CONCLUSION
76
88 94
108
APPENDIX
110
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INTRODUCTION NEED FOR RESENSITIZE OPPORTUNITY THESIS PROGRAM
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La Rambla Street, Barcelona
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NEED FOR RE-SENSITIZE An urban environment should appeal to all the senses. It is not just about what you see, although visual stimulation is important. The more opportunities to observe living phenomena the better—seeing other people doing activities, viewing the big sky, shadows and light, flowers and trees, and birds and animals. Seeing a diversity of color and materials, as well as a variety of patterns and decoration, is also important. The human being is designed to walk and has the greatest capacity to interpret, engage with, and respond to the surrounding environment at eye-level.
Fig 1.1: Transit oriented development
Human scale in general terms means dimensions rooted in the human senses and behavior, resulting in smaller built components and lower heights. In particular, it means designing with attention to the experience at eye level, including appealing to sensory stimuli, and using dimensions that relate to the human body. In current ages due to boom in automobile industry, cities are being designed by prioritizing cars. City should give importance to the pedestrians. This should be interpreted through using senses as a basis of developing design parameters. Hence, an attempt at re-sensitizing our streets has been hypothesized.
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Fig 1.2: People oriented development
OPPORTUNITY With the advancement in technology, there are opportunity to use computational tools to be used to design urban environments using subjective parameters. These tools can be used as a standard toolkit for developing urban areas using the multi sensory experience. Even though multi-sensorial experiences are subjective, the elements activating them can be defined as objective elements and incorporated to either design urban area from soil or redevelop existing areas. This topic was hence taken up to incorporate a good quality of life in a city. Fro example cities like Finland and Copenhagen have the best quality of life due to the considerations of design principles. Using those cities as a point for research, various principles can be analyzed and incorporated and implemented using the iterative process of computational design. The computational design process will help in designing a more informed design which has a desired set of constant and variable parameters. Ultimately, a mobile application has been planned to be designed where this awareness of multi-sensory experiences can be brought amongst the users of the city and make them more informed about their surrounding. The city map will be overlayed to help users find spatially appealing public spaces. This will promote users to stay outdoors and enjoy the quality of city life.
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THESIS PROGRAMME The entire thesis project is divided into 5 parts. The first part aims at studying how public spaces work. Second on that studying the sensors and their relationship with the different public spaces. Third comes the design system wherein all the computational tools and relation with activities and various senses has been formulated and a design system has been developed. After that a design intervention has been proposed on a hypothetical.
Public Spaces
Plaza
Street
Park Analysis of kinds of users, activities and relation to land use around the study area
Fig 1.3: Design Programme
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Senses
Computation
Design Intervention
Visual
Olfactory
Tactile
Auditory
Kinetic Study the impact of surroundings Combination of various senses in Analysis of site and incorporating on our senses relation with the activities, users sun, wind and thermal comfort with and land use senses and activities.
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PUBLIC SPACES WHAT IS A PUBLIC SPACE TYPOLOGY INFERENCE
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Duomo Plaza, Stroget Street, Superkilen
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WHAT IS A PUBLIC SPACE Public open spaces of the city are all those areas that are open for freely chosen and spontaneous human activities (lynch, 1960). They are intended for residents and visitors of the city and are not for use, while private open space (gardens, yard) intended only for the owner and his use. Open urban space consists of green and other areas that should different needs of residents and visitors. Green areas are lawns with lawns, ornamental plantations, parks, treelined avenues, playgrounds, green areas in front of and during multi-apartment we buildings, gardens, cemeteries, natural areas with forest etc. Other open areas of the city, however, are those areas that are not landscaped, such as paved playgrounds, sports areas, walking and cycling paths, courtyards, squares, platforms, etc.
https://www.pps.org/article/ grplacefeat
According to a study carried out by Project for Public Spaces, a good public space generally has the following four qualities: Fig2.1 What is a public place they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable Source: https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat and has a good image; and finally, it is a sociable place: one where people meet each other and take people when they come to visit. ACCESS & LINKAGES You can judge the accessibility of a place by its connections to its surroundings, both visual and physical. A successful public
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space is easy to get to and get through; it is visible both from a distance and up close. The edges of a space are important as well: For instance, a row of shops along a street is more interesting and generally safer to walk by than a blank wall or empty lot. Accessible spaces have a high parking turnover and, ideally, are convenient to public transit. COMFORT & IMAGE Whether a space is comfortable and presents itself well - has a good image - is key to its success. Comfort includes perceptions about safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places to sit - the importance of giving people the choice to sit where they want is generally underestimated.
“Great public spaces are those places where celebrations are held, social and economic exchanges occur, friends run into each other, and cultures mix. They are the “front porches” of our public institutions – libraries, field houses, schools – where we interact with each other and government. When theses spaces work well, they serve as the stage for our public lives.” Project for Public Spaces
USES & ACTIVITIES Activities are the basic building blocks of great places: They are the reasons why people visit in the first place, and why they continue to return. They are also what makes a place special or unique. When there is nothing to do in a place, it will sit empty and unused—a sure sign something needs to change. SOCIABILITY This is a difficult quality for a place to achieve, but once attained it becomes an unmistakable feature. When people see friends, meet and greet their neighbors, and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place or attachment to their community - and to the place that fosters these types of social activities.
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PLAZA / SQUARE A plaza is an urban public space where people can sit, congregate, walk and commute through. There are plazas that are mainly open spaces for pedestrians, sometimes including statues, fountains and benches. In some cases, eating stands, shopping areas area also placed. The plaza plays a significant role of the city. In some cases they are even considered landmarks of the city. Important congregations and events can take place in the plazas. Piazza del Duomo, Milan, Italy Piazza del Duomo in Milan is the main piazza(city square) of Milan named after the Milan Catheral (Duomo). Originated in the early 1300s, it is one of the oldest plaza sin Italy and serves as a major tourist and shopping attraction. It also connects the entire city to different parts of Italy and sub-urban regions. The entire area marked by the red line depicts the pedestrianized streets around the plaza. The plaza acts as an informal space, a festive gathering, an exhibition space, a sports area, a protest ground and even a transit point. It is an identity of the city and is an attraction for all.
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Fig2.2: Map of Plaza del Duomo, Milan Source: www.cadmapper.com
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AN INFORMAL SPACE
A FESTIVE GATHERING
AN EXHIBITION SPACE
The plaza acts an informal space. Due to its centric location it attracts people from all over the place. Locales and tourists find it a great spot for hanging in during the evening and just sitting on the steps of the church. The area is surrounded by pedestrian streets which have shops, eateries and museums lined along them.
During Christmas, the plaza hosts the city Christmas tree along with Christmas markets. From mid-November to New Year, the plaza becomes very festive with the lights and decoration of all the building around it. Plaza acts like common celebratory zone where everyone comes to visit the Christmas tree and market. New Year concerts and other music concerts and events are also organised in the plaza.
Milan Design Week and other events showcase their works on the plaza for open exhibition which are open to all. The scale of the displays are decided dramatically. It in turn helps in spreading awareness about the design events.
Fig2.3: Different activities on Plaza del Duomo, Milan 26 Re-Sensitize
A SPORTS ARENA
A PROTEST GROUND
A TRANSIT POINT
The plaza also serves and allows conduction of sport related events which makes these events very inclusive of the people of the city. The experience of being in the area watching sports, listening to the chatter, enjoying the street food and walking around the promenade really enhances the experiential quality of the space.
Various protests related to PETA or fascism all took place in the plaza in a controlled and secure manner. This space allows people to display their thoughts in a common space in a safe way.
The Duomo is easily accessible and connects to major metro lines along with different regional railways of the city. This allows people from all parts of the city to congregate or just pass by to different areas around the plaza.
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STREET A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact, and move about From compact alleys to wide primary roads, all play unique and important role in the city. Outside the house this is where the urban spaces thrive and even form identity of the city. There is immense opportunity to incorporate a multi sensory experience into a street. It is used for commuting, shopping, eating, exploring city, or just strolling around for leisure. Stroget Street, Copenhagen, Denmark Stroget street in Copenhagen was the first and longest pedestrian street in Europe at 1.1kms, proposed in 1962 in Copenhagen with a public plaza at both ends. The street was porpoised as a pedestrian as an experiment to transform the street by Jan Gehl. After its success, the entire length increased 5 times in a span of 30 years. The street also has different uses: shopping street, a food street, an informal space, a social street or an exhibition space.
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Fig2.4: Map of Stroget Street, Copenhagen Source: www.cadmapper.com
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A SHOPPING STREET
A FOOD STREET
AN INFORMAL SPACE
The street boasts small to elite brands along the street. Depending on the brand there are different stores and methods of how these stores display their merchandise. The street is very famous for its shopping alleys.
Along with shopping, food stops also forms a major part of this street. The restaurants usually have outdoor seating, window seating and stands. Copenhagen is known for these kind of outdoor seating which allow people to spend time on the street and relax.
As an informal space, there are multiple wider sections on the street where impromptu performances take place. These could be street dancers, musicians or people displaying other talents.
Fig2.5: Different activities on Stroget Street, Copenhagen 30 Re-Sensitize
A SOCIAL STREET
AN EXHIBITION SPACE
A TRANSIT POINT
From morning to evening, the street is filled with pedestrians walking around and shopping and eating. It acts as a meeting and socializing point for everyone.
Various events showcase their works on the plaza for open exhibition which are open to all. The scale of the displays are decided dramatically. It in turn helps in spreading awareness about the design or social events.
The street is easily accessible and connects to major metro lines along with different regional railways of the city. This allows people from all parts of the city to congregate or just pass by to different areas around the street.
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URBAN PARK An urban park is a park in cities and other incorporated places to offer recreation and green space to residents of, and visitors to, the municipality. The design, operation and maintenance is usually done by government agencies, typically on the local level, but may occasionally be contracted out to a park conservancy, friends of group, or private sector company. Common features of urban parks include playgrounds, gardens, hiking, running and fitness trails or paths, bridle paths, sports fields and courts, public restrooms, boat ramps, and/or picnic facilities, depending on the budget and natural features available. Park advocates claim that having parks near urban residents, including within a 10-minute walk, provide multiple benefits. Superkilen Park, Copenhagen, Denmark Superkilen is a half a mile-long urban space wedging through one of the most ethnically diverse and socially challenged neighborhoods in Denmark. It is conceived as a giant exhibition of urban best practice – a sort of collection of global found objects that come from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area around it. The urban parks serve as a sports center, an informal space, an event space, an urban museum, a thoroughfare.
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The black square
Superkilen
Fig2.6: Map of Superkilen, Copenhagen Source: www.cadmapper.com
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A SPORTS CENTRE
AN INFORMAL SPACE
AN EVENT SPACE
The urban park has a whole part dedicated to various sports and allows conduction of related events which makes these events very inclusive of the people of the city. Cyclists, Basketball Players, racket sports, or even skateboarding etc has been seamlessly weaved into the park to allow people to really spend time in the park. Even games like chess tables etc have been incorporated in the hardscape. The activities of the Green Park with its soft hills and surfaces appeals to children, young people and families. A green landscape and a playground where families with children can meet for picnics, sunbathing and breaks in the grass, but also hockey tournaments, badminton games and workout between the hills.
The urban park is open to all. With the addition of seatings, playground and sports area, it really brings together all the age groups. A place where people can spend quality time with their loved ones or alone.
Various events showcase their works on the plaza for open exhibition which are open to all. The scale of the displays are decided dramatically. It in turn helps in spreading awareness about the design or social events.
Fig2.7:Activities of Superkilen, Copenhagen 34 Re-Sensitize
AN URBAN MUSEUM
A THOROUGHFARE
It was conceived as a giant exhibition of urban best practice – a sort of collection of global found objects that come from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area surrounding it. Ranging from exercise gear from muscle beach LA to sewage drains from Israel, palm trees from China and neon signs from Qatar and Russia. Each object is accompanied by a small stainless plate inlaid in the ground describing the object, what it is and where it is from – in Danish and in the language(s) of its origin.
The urban park has a cycling path which allows cyclists of Copenhagen to go through it. The park is also well connected with Bus stops.
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Piazza del Duomo, Milan
Stroget Street, Copenhagen
PLAZA/SQUARES
STREETS
_an informal space? _a festive gathering? _an exhibition space? _a sports arena? _a protest ground? _a transit point?
_a shopping street? _a food street? _an informal space? _a social street? _an exhibition space?
Fig2.8: Comparison of the three typologies of Public Spaces 36 Re-Sensitize
INFERENCE
Superkelin, Copenhagen URBAN PARKS
_a sports centre? _an informal space? _an event space? _an urban museum? _a thoroughfare?
The various public spaces display few commonalities. They all act as an informal space in a city. These could be used to commonly exhibit and acts as urban living rooms of the city. The referred public spaces helped in pointing the importance of public transport, pedestrian spaces to allow users to move around freely. These spaces directly effect a person’s mental health which is governed by their senses. As quoted by Juhani Pallasama, Architecture enhanced not five but seven senses which area: Sight: ‘retinal architecture’ Hearing: ‘acoustic intimacy’ Smell: ‘space of scent’ Touch: ‘shape of touch’ Taste: ‘taste of architecture’ Movement (vestibular): ‘images of muscle and bone’ Bodily awareness (proprioception): ‘bodily identification’ Further in the research, I will be discussing these senses and ideologies behind them in detail and form a relation between the public spaces(built and unbuilt) with the senses.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC SPACES AND SENSES SENSES AND PUBLIC SPACES ACTIVITIES HUMAN SCALE CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 2 ANALYSIS
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SENSES Senses are a : the faculty of perceiving by means of sense organs b : a specialized function or mechanism (as sight, hearing, smell, taste, or touch) by which an animal (or human) receives and responds to external or internal stimuli (Mariam’s dictionary) “Every touching experience…is multisensory; qualities of matter, space, and scale are measured equally by the eye, ear, nose, skin, tongue, skeleton, and muscle.” ~Juhani Pallasmaa Sense of smell is the one of the srongest senses we have. It is sirectly linked to our memory, and humans are able to recall a place from a particular smell. Using our olfactory sense in architecture goes beyond plugging in an air freshener. It means tapping into fragrant construction materials to create a naturally scented environment: some trees emanate a resinous perfume and much of the wood used in construction or furniture, like juniper wood, cedar of Lebanon, Atlas cedar, cypress, Thuja or Laurel emanates a particular scent. Moving on to sense of touch, “The door handle is the handshake of the building” was one of the lines that summed up the sense of touch in the architecture world. A person is able to feel the texture, weight, density and temperature of surfaces with a gentle stroke. With a quick gaze upon the surface a human can instantly identify the 40 Re-Sensitize
Fig3.1: Relationship between Public spaces and senses
URBAN PARKS
STREETS
PLAZA/SQUARES
tactility of a surface, therefore the sense of sight and touch are very closely related (Pallasmaa, J.). Sight/Vision is associated to the sense of taste. Pallasmaa argues that you’re able to sense the gentle coldness of a delicately polished stone surface with your tongue by using your visual sense. When it comes to hearing, Pallasmaa suggests the idea that tranquility is the key experience of architecture. The experience of the hearing sense in architecture in theory is linked to time, silence and solitude. The commotion of building resolves in utter silence and solitude (Pallasmaa, J.). The sense of bodily awareness’ theory is that just as a bird frames its nest, our body reacts to the surrounding space genuinely, for instance, our body naturally has the ability to measure the steps we take before climbing a staircase, shift sideways as we go through a tight door, or feel spaciousness within when walking through an infinite park. Bodily identification in architecture is about the self-consciousness and awareness of a person within a space which consequently affects how we experience a building (Pasqualini, Llobera, and Blanke, 2013). Movement, balance, distance and scale are felt by architects unconsciously within their skeleton, muscular system and inner organs. Pallasmaa’s seven senses idea truly gave a great insight on how architecture affects our senses, and his addition of the two senses truly only works in the world of architecture, but with that being said, his mythological theories always serve to a great knowledge on space. S o u r c e : h t t p s : / / n o w a n d z e n s i t e .w o r d p r e s s . com/2017/02/24/sensory-design-an-architecture-ofthe-seven-senses-by-juhani-pallasmaa/ 41 Re-Sensitize
TYPES OF ACTIVITY Coined by Jan Gehl through his years of research, it is also necessary to understand the types of activity of people reaching the public spaces. The optional and social activities are key to city quality. In a poorly designed public space, only necessary activities are found. In good quality city area, one will not only find necessary activities but also a magnitude of recreational and social activites. Hoewver these activities will happen only if public space circumstances are good , i.e. if the space offers tempting, and good quality spaces. 1. The Necessary Activities: commute to work or schools which occur all year round despite the weather conditions and year round. A good public space provides opportunity for many necessary activities and retail it over a long period of time
NECESSARY ACTIVITIES
OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES
2. The Optional Activity occurs on the desire to participate in an activity and at a time and a place favorable to participating in these activities. Unlikely to occur in poor weather. A great public space may be recognised by the fact that many people spend time in a public space. 3. The Social Activity people congregate in a place and socialize. Activities include children playing, friends coming together to converse, and passersby briefly SOCIAL ACTIVITIES acknowledging each other. These activities are often spontaneous in nature and can Fig3.2: Types of Activities occur in a wide variety of settings. Source: Life between Building by Jan Gehl 42 Re-Sensitize
Necessary Activities
NECESSARY ACTIVITIES
Optional Activities Necessary Activities
SocialActivities Optional Activities
OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES
Necessary Activities
SocialActivities Optional Activities
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES SocialActivities
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Piazza del Duomo, Milan
STREETS
The activities are related to the different kind of public spaces and all the three types of activities and users are brought together. The public spaces and their quality defines the activities carried out. Thus these should be designed to accommodate the different activities.
PLAZA/SQUARES
ACTIVITY VS PUBLIC SPACE
URBAN PARKS
Stroget Street,Copenhagen
Superkelin,Copenhagen
Fig3.3: Types of Activities vs Public Spaces 44 Re-Sensitize
Necessary Activities
Necessary Activities Optional Activities
Necessary Activities
Optional Activities
SocialActivities
SocialActivities
Optional Activities
Necessary,Optional and Social activities SocialActivities
Necessary Activities
Necessary Activities Optional Activities
Necessary Activities
Optional Activities
SocialActivities
SocialActivities
Optional Activities
Necessary,Optional and Social activities SocialActivities
Necessary Activities
Optional Activities
SocialActivities
Social activities
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THE HUMAN SCALE The human scale is an important factor to consider while designing a public space responding to the senses. It creates a sense of personal interaction between the user and the built environment around it. In this image we can see La Rambla street in Barcelona which is one of the most vibrant streets of the city. Here the importance is given to pedestrians more than vehicles. The scale of the surroundings is user friendly. It won’t make the users feel lost. Everything seems accessible. This allows accommodation for foot traffic.
La Rambla Street
In this example which is of an American city we see that the complete importance given to the vehicles and the lack of human scale with relation to the building. Comparing the two images we can notice a radical difference in the kind of urban design that has been implemented.
American Street Fig3.4: European street vs American Street 46 Re-Sensitize
42m 16 15 14 13 12 11 D 10
30m
9 8 7 6 C 5
15m
4
9m
B 3
6m
2 A 1 Source: Cities for People by Jan Gehl
Fig3.5: Understanding the human scale 47 Re-Sensitize
COPENHAGEN
The first case study is based on Copenhagen which is a Scandinavian city in Denmark.. The street I have analyzed is Stroget street located in the old center of Copenhagen. The maps show various important landmarks like the Central Railway station, Tivoli Garden which is Europe’s oldest amusement park which is located in city center. The Stroget Street is the most popular shopping street in Copenhagen. It has multiple plazas in the center and as well as at the ends of the street. It is well connected by metros, buses and Has cars allowed on parallel streets.
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Fig3.6:Map of Copenhagen
Fig3.7: Map of Europe, with Denmark marked in red
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EVOLUTION OF STREET In 1962, only one stretch of the street was pedestrianized as an experiment to see how people respond to it. The pedestrian streets became so popular that by 2013, the length of pedestrian zones increased five times. The number of plaza increased from 1 to 15 and even the number of people engage in stationary activity was increased around four times a day. We can see in the 2 pictures how the scenario of street completely changed. in pictures show how the street used to be. Earlier, where street was covered with cars and now in 2013 it’s completely covered and occupied by synonyms.
1962
2013 Fig3.8: Plaza in 1962 vs 2013
The street bustles with crowd in the beginning of summers once the temperature rises. People step out in quite literally use the plaza like living rooms.
Fig3.9: Plaza of Stroget Street, Copenhagen
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1962
1968
1973
1986
1997
2013
Fig3.10: Evolution of Stroget Street, Copenhagen 51 Re-Sensitize
STREET STUDY Copenhagen is famous for its seasons. It can be seen that even if it’s summer, rainy or winter season, you can always see people sitting hanging out in the streets. The changes in urban outdoor life were striking. When the data is put together over almost 40 years it shows great changes in public life from a city that was dead in the evenings to a city that was alive day and night, from a city center almost totally absent of outdoor seating to a city full of outdoor cafe. Most of all it shows how the city center was transformed from a place dominated by shopping and window shopping to a place with a multitude of cultural activities and opportunities. The most striking results of the data showed that while the city had increased the number of car-free square meters by almost four times from 1968 to 1995, the number of people spending time on the same squares and streets had also almost quadrupled. This was not because a lot more people came downtown, but because people spent more time doing a much wider range of activities than before. The city center had become the most important meeting place.
Summer
Rainy
Winter Fig3.11: Seasons in Stroget street 52 Re-Sensitize
1962
2013
Fig3.12: Comparison of street in 1962 vs 2013
Length of Pedestrian Zones : 1.1 kms Number of Plazas : 1 Pedestrian area : 20.500 sqm No of people engaged in stationary activity between 12pm to 4 pm : 1750
Length of Pedestrian Zones : 6 kms ( 5.5 times of 1962) Number of Plazas :15 ( 15 times of 1962) Pedestrian area : 71.500 sqm ( 3.5 times of 1962) No of people engaged in stationary activity between 12pm to 4 pm : 5550( 4 times of 1962) 53 Re-Sensitize
STREET SECTIONS To analyse how the streets evolved in Copenhagen, I have extensively studied and diagrammed different street sections. First section shows a typical 10-12 mt wide street with vehicular access. In 1962, this was stopped and only bicycles and people were allowed on the street. One of the things that we see in Copenhagen is an active faรงade. to this is the clothing Fig3.13: Stroget Street store for our there always have a glass which helps people interact with the store. another case we can see space has been occupied by loading or unloading services. on a typical 14 mt wide street we can see restaurants with outdoor seating or a retail stores with outdoor displays. in a typical 1416 mt wide street we can see that instead of just one by one side having an active facade both the sides of the street engages people with restaurants and stores. As a stopping junction and to break the monotony of the street, a plaza is located in the middle. the plaza provides spaces for seating for the restaurant which is a private seating or even public spaces with all the marked by using a different floor material. The street at the end opens into Amergatov plaza which is a 25 metre wide plaza. This gives a nice break from the existing street and adds as a great break in the linear street. You can always see people like sitting there and having fun on the centre. You can hear music and live Fig3.14: Amergatov Plaza street musicians playing there.
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Fig 3.15 Typical Road Section on Stroget Street before pedestrianization on a 10m - 12m wide road
Fig 3.16 Typical Road Section on Stroget Street after pedestrianization on a 10m - 12m wide road in 1962
Fig 3.17 Active Facade with retail stores creating an active facade typical 10m - 12m wide road
Pedestrian Traffic Mixed Traffic Retail Space Retail + Services Space Restaurant Space Plaza 55 Re-Sensitize
Fig 3.18 Space occupied during loading/unloading services typical 10m - 12m wide road
Fig 3.19 Retail stores with outdoor display typical 14m wide road
Fig 3.20 Restaurant with outdoor seating typical 14m wide road
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Fig 3.21 Retail stores with outdoor display and Restaurant with outd0or seating typical 14m - 16m wide road
Fig 3.22 Restaurant with outd0or seating with a plaza in middle 22m wide road
Pedestrian Traffic Mixed Traffic Retail Space Retail + Services Space Restaurant Space Plaza
Fig 3.23 Amagertorv Plaza 27m wide road The street at the end opens into Amergatov plaza which is a 25 metre wide plaza. This gives a nice break from the existing street and adds as a great break in the linear street. you can always see people like sitting there and having fun on the centre. You can hear music and live street musicians playing there.
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BARCELONA Second case study has been carried out for two streets of Barcelona. Barcelona is located in north-eastern Spain. In case of Barcelona I have studied two streets. First one is La Rambla which is located in the old part of Barcelona which grew organically. The second street is Sant John de Passiage which lies in Eixample area in the planned new city parts.
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Fig 3.24: Map of Barcelona showing La Rambla and Sant John De Passaiage
Fig 3.25: Map of Europe, with Spain marked in red 59 Re-Sensitize
LA RAMBLA La Rambla is a large boulevard which runs through the heart of the city centre. It is filled with Barcelona action at its best. Las Ramblas is approximately 1.2 kilometres long with Port Vell (near the cruise port terminal) at the Southern most end and Plaça de Catalunya at the northern most end. La Rambla is primarily pedestrianized with only two narrow one-way traffic roads which run on either side of the central Ramblas Boulevard. The Ramblas is serviced by three Metro stops along its length making it a superb transport point to see the rest of the city. Walking through La Rambla is a unique experience. There, a melting pot of tourists and locals take place at all times. As a result, La Rambla is fully crowded and busy all day long. EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN LA RAMBLA Once you start walking, you’ll notice typical newsstands, kiosks selling souvenirs, cafes, restaurants, fruit and flowershops. As the walk progresses, more untraditional establishments and peculiar characters start to appear, such as the human statues and street performers, a must see spectacle in La Rambla.
Fig 3.26: View of La Rambla Street
Source”Cyclists & Cycling Around the World – Creating Liveable and Bikeable Cities Edited by Juan Carlos Dextre, Mike Hughes & Lotte Bech; Published by Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013 60 Re-Sensitize
Fig 3.27: 3D View of La Rambla Street
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STREET STUDY
Canal
The map depicts various ways in which La Rambla has been planned
Two Way Street
Before Pedestrianization
Pedestrianised boulevard One way road
After Pedestrianization Fig 3.28: Plan of La Rambla
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Human mind perceives the environment around it through the power of the 5 area senses. Through Re-sensitize ISpill am over making an attempt at finding how we can create a relation between the senses and use this approach to design our public spaces. This concept is used to explain in what ways a person relates to a place. Even if one sense is absent it alters a person’s behavior in the way they react in their physical space. so if we wish to have a better control on how our physical environment is, we need to consider the effect it has on our brain through the senses. Primarily parameters like object, form, color, light, sound, etc. dominates our senses. Perception and cognition are achieved by the senses. By Pedestrianised studying various cases, a pallet of multiboulevard sensory design principles have been After Pedestrianization identified which will aid in designing a multi-sensory urban experience. This will be achieved by use computational tools to generate a catalogue of designs where urban utopias are imagined to achieve different combinations of multi- sensorial experience.
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STREET SECTION Before pedestrianization there were a central canal which run along the entire la Rambla on 30-metre-wide road with two lane road on either sides. Later it was converted into a highly commercial area and instead of the canal a metro line was developed which connected the street to all parts of Barcelona. The entire street is lined by a lot of cafe and restaurant that popped up over there. The central street also acts as a celebration zone with the addition of light. There is also area with supermarket on one side, since this is located in a recreational as well as essential residential zone there are supermarkets as well. At the wider zones of the street, a change in building morphology with balconies incorporated which creates a more interactive space with th street. The insertion of a small plaza also promotes art galleries to come up here as the plaza allows a spill over area for the events.
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Fig 3.29 Before Pedestrianization A central canal with a 2 lane road on either side. 30m wide road BEFORE PEDESTRIANISATION
Fig 3.30 1 A highly commercial areaSECTION with cafes, restaurants and bar. Very good connectivity by Underground Metro 30m wide road
Fig 3.31 SECTION 1 The street acts like a celebratory zone with addition of Lights. 30m wide road
Fig 3.32 SECTION 2 Restaurant seating in pedestrian zone with Supermarket on one side(Essential with Recreational) 30m wide road
FigSECTION 3.33 3 At the wider zones of the street, a change in building morphology with balconies incorporated which creates a more interactive space with th street. The insertion of a small plaza also promotes art galleries to come up here as the plaza allows a spill over area for the events. 30m wide road 65 Re-Sensitize
PASSIAGE DE SANT JOHN The layout of paseo de St Joan as an important 50m boulevard was first laid down by Ildefons Cerdà in his Ensanche project, approved in 1859. Two basic objectives: to give priority to the pedestrian use of the boulevard and turn it into a new urban green zone extending right up to Ciutadella park are achieved in this design. In order to achieve these objectives the project has adopted three fundamental urban planning criteria:. 1. to guarantee the continuity of the section along the length of the boulevard. The new Fig 3.34: View of Sant John de Passiage section is symmetrical and extends the width of the current pavements from 12.5m to 17m, maintaining the century old trees and accompanying them with two new rows of trees. 2. to adapt the urban space to different uses. The 17m of pavement have been organised in such a way that 6m are allocated to a pedestrian pavement whilst the remaining 11m under the rows of trees are for recreational uses (benches, children’s play areas and bar terraces). The new proposal reduces the number of traffic lanes, creates leisure zones under the trees and segregates the bicycle lane. . 3. to promote the passeig de St Joan as a new and sustainable urban green zone. In order to achieve this, two new rows of trees were planted on both sides of the existing century old trees to create an area Source: https://archello.com/project/remodellingof natural shade that will accommodate the of-st-joan-blvrd new recreational zones. 66 Re-Sensitize
F
Fig 3.35: 3D Map of Sant John de Passiage
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STREET SECTION Passaig de Sant John. The street is located in a residential zone of the city and hence the kind of activities in the ground floor changes. Dentists, Salons etc can be seen at ground level which interacts with the street. Also a high priority has been given to the pedestrian with wide sidewalks and dense vegetation to give ample shade. In another section of the street, the central zone of a wide pedestrian road is assigned with ample shade and vegetation. This promotes street interaction and different age groups can be seen coming together. The center zone in a certain part of the street has a supermarket which is conveniently located and forms a part of the circulation of the entire street.
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Fig 3.36 The street is located in a residential zone of the city and hence the kind of activities in the ground floor changes. Dentists, Salons etc can be seen at ground level which interacts with the street. Also a high priority has been given to the pedestrian with wide sidewalks and dense vegetation to give ample shade. 50m wide road
Fig 3.37 In another section of the street, the central zone of a wide pedestrian road is assigned with ample shade and vegetation. This promotes street interaction and different age groups can be seen coming together. 50m wide road
Fig 3.38 The center zone in a certain part of the street has a supermarket which is conveniently located and forms a part of the circulation of the entire street. 50m wide road 69 Re-Sensitize
ANALYSIS Street section that I have study from starting from 10 to 12-metre-wide road in Copenhagen, 30 and 45-metre-wide roads in Barcelona. The analysis is that through visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory and kinetic senses a catalogue of 15 factors has been achieved which will be used to further develop the design.
Fig 3.39: Catalogue of activities as per the senses 70 Re-Sensitize
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Food Market
Scale
Linearity
Restaurants
Color
Urban Fruit & Flowering Trees
Olfactory
Visual
Material & Pattern
Niches
Active Facades
Tactile
Music
Chatter
Traffic
Auditory
Breaks in Streets
Stopping Points
SECTION 3
Walkways
Kinetic
SECTION 3
PARAMETERS
After proposing the interventions, the primary and secondary networks and building height, depth, length and typologies of Copenhagen and Barcelona case studies was analysed and a rule set was generated using this information. this information was further used to develop the rule set used for the computational design system.
Primary Block size
Plot width threshold (Primary) SECONDARY NETWORK
DATA DERIVATION
PRIMARY NETWORK
Primary Road width
Secondary Road width
Secondary Block size
Plot width threshold (Secondary)
BUILT UP
Building Height (no. of floors)
Building Depth Building Length
Fig 3.40: Table with the data derived form analysis of case studies 72 Re-Sensitize
Building Type
COPENHAGEN
BARCELONA Sant John
3omt wide
3omt wide
5omt wide
30,000 sq. m.
10,000 sq. m.
10omt wide
6omt wide
10mt wide
8mt wide
8mt wide
7,000 sq. m.
6,000 sq. m.
14,400 sq.m.
14mt wide
10mt wide
10mt wide
10 mts-20mts
14,400 sq.m.
7 floors 6mts to 20mts
11 floors
10omt wide
9 floors
7 floors 15mts
10mts to 20 mts
7 floors
La Rambla
5 floors
Stroget Street
5mts to 15mts
22mts to 30mts
BLOCK TYPE BUILDINGS
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS ALGORITHM DEMO DESIGN INTERVENTION CONCLUSION
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PROPOSED INTERVENTION
VISUAL
The analysis of the research and case OLFACTORY studies have been used to arrive at a set of proposed interventions. These are building forms, skyline, volume, activating TACTILE ground floor, thermal comfort, vegetation, activities and transition through spaces. These 8 interventions have been related to the 5 senses that have been studied.
AUDITORY
KINETIC
Fig 4.1: Proposed Intervention
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BUILDING FORM SKYLINE VOLUME ACTIVATE GROUND FLOOR THERMAL COMFORT VEGETATION ACTIVITIES
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COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM Depending on the case studies, design standards and sensory experience variable parameters were identified for the different interventions proposed. The different parameters are input boundary and Streets, building typology which could be free standing, row or blocks , building Heights, layering of floors, thermal comfort, vegetation and ground floor facades. These were given domain of input values decided on the basis of aforementioned case studies. Using Rhino Grasshopper and plugins ; Elk, Decoding spaces, ladybug and fractal tree generator, a 12 step algorithm was developed which helps develop a public space with the required sensorial experience.
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Parameters Variable Parameters Dependent on the sense catalogue
Input Boundary and Initial Streets: identify a boundary condition in an existing city
Design Tools
Rhino+Grasshopper
Elk Isovist
Building typologies: Freestanding, Row and Block Volume Height: low rise from 5 to 7 floors. Occasionally high rise can be introduced
Analysis Tool
Decoding Spaces
Layering of floors through random scaling of floor in x and y axis: 0.75 to 1.25 Thermal Comfort: using shadow study for placing different outdoor activities
Ladybug
Vegetation: Placed in reference to the different uses of trees
Fractal Tree Generator
PedSim
Ground floor facade: Selecting equidistant facade at fixed distance of 10m
Fig 4.2: Design Parameters
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BUILDING FORM There are four typologies which have been introduced which are high rise tower, midrise slab tower, single and multiple courtyards. The multiple courtyard typology promotes the maximum interaction and has a number of floors from 5 to 7 is the desired typology
TYPOLOGY 1 Tower High Rise Low Interaction Street Perimeter : 3a
TYPOLOGY 2 Slab Towers Mid Rise Medium Interaction Street Perimeter : 4a
TYPOLOGY 3 Courtyard Single Courtyard Medium Interaction Street Perimeter : 7a
TYPOLOGY 4 Courtyard Multiple Courtyard High Interaction Street Perimeter : 12a Floors: 5 to 7
Fig 4.3: Building Form Typologies 80 Re-Sensitize
SKYLINE For skyline instead of giving the same height of building for a new development, the height have been varied and roof styles have been proposed . Unique blocks with different morphologies are desired.
REPETITION OF BLOCKS
UNIQUE BLOCKS Fig 4.4: Skyline Development 81 Re-Sensitize
VOLUME Instead of stacking the volume on top of each other which creates a very monotonous and low interaction spaces, Layering has been done which includes scaling of floors in different direction such that it forms niches and terraces which can increase the interaction the people have. Comparing the two kind of block we can see how the morphology changes between stacked and layered blocks change and in turn affects all the five senses Stacking of building layers forms a monotonous area with very minimal interaction and the layering of blocks creates a courtyard with forms a vibrant area and promotes more interaction.
STACKING BLOCKS
LAYERING BLOCKS
Fig 4.5: Block Volumes 82 Re-Sensitize
ACTIVITIES This shows a catalogue of public and semi public activities which can be proposed through the streets.
Recessed terraces from the street
External stairs as active facades
Topiary in Urban Plaza
Ramps splitting up as entries off the street
Pocket Parks along the street
Embedded Public amphitheaters
Embedded entry plazas to buildings
Vehicular separation/ basement parking
Retail shops and stores
Spaces for Fairs and Festival celebration
Daily/Weekly markets
Fig 4.6: Activities 83 Re-Sensitize
THERMAL COMFORT Thermal comfort is very important as the sun’s radiation and daylight could decide the activities like walking, commuting, cycling, outdoor eateries and shops which could be located under the shaded areas. So these and the cars could be placed on the nonshaded areas. This helps in planning very efficient and resilient urban spaces.
Outdoor activities can be assigned in the shaded areas and vehicular movements in non-shaded. Activities like Walking, Commuting, Cycling, Outdoor Eateries and Shopping Displays can be located in the shaded areas Fig 4.7: Thermal Comfort 84 Re-Sensitize
VEGETATION Addition of Vegetation can help in reducing the urban heat island effect and there is a constant and a very pleasant environment that is created. Vegetation including shading flower in urban fruit trees is very important. Trees with large canopies for shading, flowering for olfactory senses and topiary and urban fruit trees for visual.
Trees with large canopies for shading, flowering for olfactory senses and topiary and urban fruit tress for visual.
Fig 4.8: Vegetation Catalogue 85 Re-Sensitize
GROUND FLOOR FACADE The design of the ground floor facade has a high impact on the attractiveness of the public space. They can engage the users through seeing, smelling, hearing and engaging with the palette of activities the city has to offer. This is where people come close to the city. Active Facades are rich in detail and attracts people to interact, touch or to stand beside it. Pleasant Facade has a lower degree of attractiveness as compared to the active facade. Dull Facade mostly have windows and nothing interactive. Moderately active facades are the one where only necessary activity take place. For example entry doors to residences and offices etc. Inactive Facades don’t have any stimulating factor.
Active Facade
Pleasant Facade
Moderately Active Facade
Fig 4.9: Types of Ground Floor Facade 86 Re-Sensitize
Dull Facade
Inactive Facade
A 0.125 x A
0.25 x A
1xA
1.50 x A
0.50 x A
0.75 x A
2.5 x A
Fig 4.10: Rule for ground floor facade By activating the ground floor facade your basically we can have these yellow zone could be certain activities which interact directly with the street that is next to it or has a spill over area. this creates a first-hand interaction between people and buildings Through a research by Jan Gehl, at every 10 mt , there should be an active facade in order to keep people interested and attracted towards the city.
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ALGORITHM
01
02
03
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL STREETS
PRIMARY NETWORK (centerline)
PRIMARY PLOTTING & SECONDARY NETWORK (centerline)
Rhino created curves referenced in GH. Rhino created curves referenced in GH.
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Input Parameters : Min Length of Street : 75 m Max Length of Street : 15 m Random Angle : 10 deg Probability to add arms : 3 Seed for Random :3
Input Parameters : Street Offset : 10 m Plot Width Threshold : 50 m
04
05
06
SECONDARY PARCEL
BUILD-ABLE AREA
BUILDING FOOTPRINT
Input Parameters : Street Offset : 0 m Plot Width Threshold : 10 m
Input Parameters : Road Setback: 0m to 3m (Random Value) Side Setback : 0m to 3m (Random Value) Back Setback : 1m
Input Parameters : Building Depth : 15m Building Length : 25m Building Type: Block FAR : 6 Floor Height : 15m to 21 m( Random Value)
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ALGORITHM
07
08
09
BUILDING FOOTPRINT (LAYERED)
SHADOW STUDY FOR OUTDOOR ACTIVITY
VEGETATION
(a) Input Parameters : Contour Distance: 3m Non Uniform Scale: 0.8 to 1.3 Extrusion: 3m of each floor
(b) Input Parameters : Site Location: (City’s Name) Sun Timing: 21st June, 8 am and 3 pm.
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Input Parameters : (a)Distance of tree: 10mts Canopy of tree: 8mts (b)Distance of tree: 10mts Canopy of tree: 6mts
10
11
12
DESIGNATING THE BOULEVARD
BREAKING THE CONTINUITY OF STREET BY USING PLAZA
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES ALONG BOULEVARD
Input Parameters : Shortest Distance in shaded time using Shortest Walk
Input Parameters : Distance between plaza: 180-200mt Cull Buildings in the range of circle: radii 20mt.
Input Parameters : Distance between plaza: 180-200mt Cull Buildings in the range of circle: radii 20mt.
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01 - 07 01
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL STREETS
02
PRIMARY NETWORK (centerline)
03
PRIMARY PLOTTING & SECONDARY NETWORK (centerline)
04
SECONDARY PARCEL
05
BUILD-ABLE AREA
06
BUILDING FOOTPRINT
07
BUILDING FOOTPRINT (LAYERED)
08
SHADOW STUDY FOR OUTDOOR ACTIVITY
09
VEGETATION
10
DESIGNATING THE BOULEVARD
11
BREAKING THE CONTINUITY OF STREET BY USING PLAZA
12
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES ALONG BOULEVARD
Fig 4.11: Grasshopper Script 92 Re-Sensitize
10-1
09
08
12
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DESIGN INTERVENTION The algorithm is demonstration on 3 real life conditions. To show the diversity and adaptability of the algorithm, it is demonstrated on 3 different climatic zones of India 1. Arid, 2. Composite, 3. Wet & Humid. The sites between area of 0.75 sqkm to 1.2 sq km was identified near Pondicherry in Wet & Humid; Gurgaon in Composite; and Pushkar in Arid Climatic zones.
Fig 4.12: Climatic Zones of India
Fig 4.13: Selected sites 94 Re-Sensitize
Warm & Humid Climate
Site Area 0.86 km2
Arid Climate
Site Area 0.75 km2
Composite Climate
Site Area 1.13 km2
Fig 4.14: Selected site with areas 95 Re-Sensitize
Warm & Humid Climate
APPLICATION OF DESIGN The Design algorithm was applied to different sites by altering the rule sets. The domains were iterated based on site location, existing urban fabric, climatic conditions and cultural context. These led to a very dynamic difference in the kind of spaces and urban fabric which was implemented using the algorithm. For example to get a more cohesive and a cooler micro-climate in Arid climatic zone, the urban blocks were denser than those in composite and warm & humid climate.
Arid Climate
The primary , secondary and tertiary plot width threshold have a great impact on the spaces created. This leads to a very human friendly scale of buildings.
Composite Climate
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DESIGN
RULE SET
Warm & Humid Climate Site Area Primary Road Secondary Road Primary Plot Width Threshold Secondary Plot Area Secondary Plot Width Threshold Tertiary Plot Street Offset Plot Width Threshold Building Depth Building Length
0.86 km2 12m 10m 100m 10000 m2 100m 10m 10m 30m 10m
Site Area Primary Road Secondary Road Primary Plot Width Threshold Secondary Plot Area Secondary Plot Width Threshold Tertiary Plot Street Offset Plot Width Threshold Building Depth Building Length
0.75 km2 8m 10m 55m 1250 m2 55m 0m 7 30m 7m
Site Area Primary Road Secondary Road Primary Plot Width Threshold Secondary Plot Area Secondary Plot Width Threshold Tertiary Plot Street Offset Plot Width Threshold Building Depth Building Length
1.13 km2 12m 10m 100m 4900 m2 100m 6m 10 30m 15m
Arid Climate
Composite Climate
Fig 4.15: Design Interventions with Rule sets
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Warm & Humid Climate
STREET STUDY
3. Alleyways: Between the tertiary blocks, pedestrian only alleys of 6 - 8mt with ample lighting and vegetation has been introduced to provide a shaded and very well connected ground floor experience. This is the closet and most personal space in the city. BOULEVARD VEHICULAR ALLEY
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42 mt wide
VEHICULAR
2. Vehicular: 16 to 28mt wide roads have been introduced which have 2 to 3 lane two way vehicular movement along with ample pedestrian pathways ample cycling space. These have ample street lighting and vegetation to curb down different pollutions and create a pleasant space in the city.
26 mt wide
16 mt wide
ALLEY
1. Boulevard: 26 to 28mt wide boulevards are introduced keeping the climate and indigenous vegetation varieties as design criteria. The boulevards are around 1 km long or a 10 to 12 minute walk. These are lined with multiple plazas and active ground floor facades which makes the streets as wide as 42mt to 46 mt in some sections of the road as seen in the sections. In Arid Climate, Boulevard with Canals have been proposed to further make a pleasant micro climate and increase thermal comfort.
BOULEVARD
A three stage transit network is planned to keep both humans and vehicular movement active.
6 mt wide
Fig 4.16: Street typologies and sections
Arid Climate
Composite Climate
46 mt wide
28 mt wide
24 mt wide
46 mt wide
16 mt wide
28 mt wide
6 mt wide
8 mt wide
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Warm & Humid Climate
BUILDING FORM. Single and Multiple Courtyard Building forms were adapted for composite and Warm and Humid climate and Slab towers and Courtyards in Arid to achieve maximum thermal comfort.
BUILDING FORM
DESIGN FEATURES
Courtyard
Multiple Courtyard
VOLUME. Layered floors enabled maximum interaction between humans at different levels. Vegetation was also put in the courtyard formed by the blocks.
VOLUME
SKYLINE
SKYLINE. Varying and unique skyline was achieved by varying the building heights.
Fig 4.17: Building Forms, Skyline, Volumes
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Arid Climate
Slab Towers
Courtyard
Composite Climate
Courtyard
Multiple Courtyard
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Warm & Humid Climate
ROAD NETWORK. The road network varies for each climate zones depending on the built-unbuilt and green space rations. Warm and humid and composite climates have more plazas as compared to arid climate zone.
GREEN
GREEN. The green vs built ration is quite equal in case of warm & humid climate and composite climate. In Arid Climate, only the canal has the maximum green areas.
ROAD NETWORK
FIGURE GROUND. The figure ground map shows the moderately dense warm and humid climate zone, highly dense arid climate zone and least dense composite climate.
FIGURE GROUND
URBAN CHARACTER
Fig 4.18: Figure Ground, Green, Road Network Map
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Arid Climate
Composite Climate
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Warm & Humid Climate
1.12 kms
ACTIVITIES
Activities along the highlighted boulevards have been realized to gain maximum interaction between streets, users and the buildings. A catalogue has been prepared with the proposed possible interventions.
BOULEVARD
ACTIVITIES
Spaces for Fairs and Festival celebration
Daily/Weekly markets
Recessed terraces from the street
Retail shops and stores
Ramps splitting up as entries off the street
External stairs as active facades
Embedded entry plazas to buildings
Embedded Public amphitheaters
Vehicular separation/ basement parking
Fig 4.19: Boulevard and Activities for Ground floor facade
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Arid Climate
Composite Climate
0.75 kms
1.30 kms
Spaces for Fairs and Festival celebration
Daily/Weekly markets
Spaces for Fairs and Festival celebration
Daily/Weekly markets
Pocket Parks along the street
Retail shops and stores
Ramps splitting up as entries off the street
Retail shops and stores
Ramps splitting up as entries off the street
Recessed terraces from the street
Embedded entry plazas to buildings
Embedded Public amphitheaters
Embedded entry plazas to buildings
Vehicular separation/ basement parking
Embedded Public amphitheaters
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PERMEABILITY Isovist of radius 50mt has been used to analyse the permiability in planof the urban spaces.
Fig 4.20: Permeability Analysis
DESIGN FEATURES
Warm & Humid Climate
Different design features of the interventions have been highlighted using a 3d block representation of the design.
Plaza, Boulevard, Water Promenade
Boulevard with plazas
Fig 4.21: Design Features 106 Re-Sensitize
Arid Climate
Promenade
Composite Climate
Plaza with Boulevard
Row Building typology weaved in a dense urban fabric
Ample plaza and inner courtyards weaved into courtyard urban fabric 107 Re-Sensitize
CONCLUSION Implementing the different proposed interventions with regards to the built, unbuilt , vegetation, road network, by actively analyzing the climatic conditions and thermal conditions led to designing a space which was completely pleasing to the senses. The public spaces can be used all year round, have enough flexible public spaces and attracts a variety of user groups. There is some activity for all age groups at different times of the day. This kind of a resilient public space leads to a healthier city life and hence healthier citizens both physically and mentally.
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All seasons
Flexible Public Spaces
Diverse User Groups
Fig 4.22: Conclusion of Design
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APPENDIX
LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1: Transit oriented development Fig 1.2: People oriented development Fig 1.3: Design Program Fig2.1 What is a public place Fig2.2: Map of Plaza del Duomo, Milan Fig2.3: Different activities on Plaza del Duomo, Milan Fig2.4: Map of Stroget Street, Copenhagen Fig2.5: Different activities on Stroget Street, Copenhagen Fig2.6: Map of Superkilen, Copenhagen Fig2.7:Activities of Superkilen, Copenhagen Fig2.8: Comparison of the three typologies of Public Spaces Fig3.1: Relationship between Public spaces and senses Fig3.2: Types of Activities Fig3.3: Types of Activities vs Public Spaces Fig3.4: European street vs American Street Fig3.5: Understanding the human scale Fig3.6:Map of Copenhagen Fig3.7: Map of Europe, with Denmark Fig3.8: Plaza in 1962 vs 2013 Fig3.9: Plaza of Stroget Street, Copenhagen Fig3.10: Evolution of Stroget Street, Copenhagen Fig3.11: Seasons in Stroget street Fig3.12: Comparison of street in 1962 vs 2013 Fig3.13: Stroget Street Fig3.14: Amergatov Plaza Fig 3.15: Typical Road Section on Stroget Street before pedestrianization Fig 3.16: Typical Road Section on Stroget Street after pedestrianization Fig3.17: Active Facade with retail stores creating an active facade Fig3.18: Space occupied during loading/unloading services Fig3.19 Retail stores with outdoor display Fig3.20: Restaurant with outdoor seating Fig 3.21: Retail stores with outdoor display and Restaurant with outd0or seating Fig 3.22: Restaurant with outd0or seating with a plaza in middle Fig 3.23: Amagertorv Plaza Fig 3.24: Map of Barcelona showing La Rambla and Sant John De Passaiage Fig 3.25: Map of Europe, with Spain
Fig 3.26: View of La Rambla Street Fig 3.27: 3D View of La Rambla Street Fig 3.28: Plan of La Rambla Fig 3.29 Before Pedestrianization A central canal with a 2 lane road on either side. Fig 3.30 Street section after pedestrianization Fig 3.31: The street acts like a celebratory zone with addition of Lights. Fig 3.32: Restaurant seating in pedestrian zone with Supermarket on one side Fig 3.33: Wide section of Street with plaza Fig 3.34: View of Sant John de Passiage Fig 3.35: 3D Map of Sant John de Passiage Fig 3.36: Section 1 of Sant John de Passiage Fig 3.37: Section 2 of Sant John de Passiage Fig 3.38: Section 3 of Sant John de Passiage Fig 3.39: Catalogue of activities as per the senses Fig 3.40: Table with the data derived form analysis of case studies Fig 4.1: Proposed Intervention Fig 4.2: Design Parameters Fig 4.3: Building Form Typologies Fig 4.4: Skyline Development Fig 4.5: Block Volumes Fig 4.6: Activities Fig 4.7: Thermal Comfort Fig 4.8: Vegetation Catalogue Fig 4.9: Types of Ground Floor Facade Fig 4.10: Rule for ground floor facade Fig 4.11: Grasshopper Script Fig 4.12: Climatic Zones of India Fig 4.13: Selected sites Fig 4.14: Selected site with areas Fig 4.15: Design Interventions with Rule sets Fig 4.16: Street typologies and sections Fig 4.17: Building Forms, Skyline, Volumes Fig 4.18: Figure Ground, Green, Road Network Map Fig 4.19: Boulevard and Activities for Ground floor facade Fig 4.20: Permeability Analysis Fig 4.21: Design Features Fig 4.22: Conclusion of Design
REFERENCES https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street https://wn.com/Park_URBAN_PARKS https://wtango.me/architecture-of-the-seven-senses-juhani-pallasmaa-91/ https://www.scribd.com/document/333366275/Senses-in-Architecture-pdf https://wtango.me/architecture-of-the-seven-senses-juhani-pallasmaa-91/ Life between Buildings by Jan Gehl https://www.scribd.com/document/92573266/barcelona https://barcelonando.com/la-rambla/ http://landezine.com/index.php/2012/07/passeig-dest-joan-boulevard-by-lola-domenech/ Soft City by David Sim https://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/565_seattle_ pspl
BIBLIOGRAPHY https://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/issuu_270_ london_pspl_2004/30 Interrogating Place: A Socio-Sensory Approach by Kelum Palipane, Melbourne School of Design, Melbourne, Australia https://courses.washington.edu/gehlstud/gehl-studio/wp-content/uploads/documents/BirgitteSvarre_ Lecture_2015.pdf http://cyclists-world.com/onewebmedia/UK_CYKELBOG_LARS_GEMZ%C3%98E.pdf https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/procedural-vegetation-bim-pavlo-menshykh/ Thinking Architecture by Peter Zumthor Eyes of the Skin by Juhani Pallasama Copenhagen by Jan Gehl Sensory Readings in Architecture By Sheryl Boyle Less Vision, More Senses by Peter-Willem Vermeersch Perceiving architecture: A experiential design approach by Ashley Verbanic The thinking hand by Juhani Pallasama Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places by Mirko Guaralda