WOMEN AND YOUTH
68 % of all employed women
work in the food system.
NEEDS FOR JOB STRATEGIES Share of women’s employment by food system activity 100% 80% 60%
Off-farm food system activities are particularly important in providing job opportunities for women.
40% 20%
Women account for
83%
of total food processing employment
72%
of total food marketing employment
Youth are of particular importance in the jobs agenda given their high share in the total population.
36 % of the total working age population (15-65) is between 15 and 24 years old.
64 % of employed 20 to 29 year olds are in the food economy.
Processing Marketing
Food away from home
In urban areas, one out of three jobs for women (1 out of 7 for men) are in off-farm food activities. Food processing and food away from home services are growing and lucrative activities. “In the Attécoubé district of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), female attiéké processors The youth transition into non-agricultural activities is taking place in faster and in greater numbers than it is for older age groups. A decline in inactivity levels with age is accompanied with increases in
Food away from home and other food services are projected to grow faster than other food segments (Staatz and Hollinger, 2016, Tschirley et. al. 2016). The sector generates high value added (also on imported products) and creates strong linkages with other food system activities.
Policies and investments that promote off-farm food economy segments will have a particularly large impact on women’s economic activities.
employment in off-farm activities in both the food and the non-food system. 51% of employed 20 to 29 year old are in non-agricultural activities, of which twothirds are in non-food system activities.
100
in % of total population
88%
of total food away from home employment
Agriculture
earn on average 30 to 50% more than most other professions (hairdressers, mechanics, upholsterers, etc.)” (MADR/ Côte d’Ivoire, 2015).
The food economy presents a large and unexploited jobs potential that will continue to grow with population growth, urbanisation and income growth.
MARKETS
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY AND FINANCIAL SERVICES EDUCATION & TRAINING PEOPLE, GOODS AND INFORMATION
BUSINESS
EXTENSION SERVICES
DATA
RURAL-URBAN CONNECTIVITY
SMALL AND INTERMEDIARY CITIES
ENVIRONMENT
MOBILITY
ROADS AND ELECTRICITY
REGIONAL TRADE
YOUTH WOMEN
MARKETING AND LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE
AGRICULTURE, FOOD & JOBS IN WEST AFRICA
Where food is produced, by whom and how it reaches the consumer is a central element of food economy development.
Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal
80
Inactive 60
Unemployed
40
Non-food system
20
Off-farm food system Food agriculture
0 15-19 20-24
Developing these new employment opportunities - on- and off- farm and in rural and urban areas – depends on an understanding of food systems, capturing the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural and urban areas.
25-29
30-34
35-39 40-44 age group
45-49
50-54
50-59 60-64
Food stall, Accra. ©FAO/Christiana Asantewah
More information: Allen, T., P. Heinrigs and I. Heo (2018), “Agriculture, food and jobs in West Africa”, West African Papers, N°14, OECD Publishing, Paris. www.oecd.org/swac/topics/food-system-transformations Contact: philipp.heinrigs@oecd.org SWAC/OECD, 2, rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA
Club Secretariat
FOOD ECONOMY: WEST AFRICA’S LARGEST EMPLOYER
THE IMPORTANCE OF OFF-FARM FOOD ECONOMY JOBS
RURAL EMPLOYMENT DIVERSIFICATION
66 % of total employment
22%
The transformation of food systems creates new off-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
in West Africa is in the food economy.
The food economy, including all activities from the farm level, to processing, packaging, transportation, distribution and retailing, provides jobs for 82 million people.
People employed (in millions) Gambia Senegal Cabo Verde Liberia Benin Mauritania Ghana Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria ECOWAS West Africa Guinea-Bissau UEMOA Togo Sierra Leone Guinea Burkina Faso Mali Niger Chad
0.2 1.3 0.7 2.3 0.5 7.1 5.0 34.5 76.7 81.7 0.5 28.0 2.2 5.9 5.4
20%
40%
60%
80%
5.3 4.4 100%
Off-farm 15%
Food away from home 2%
Food agriculture 78% Food Processing 5%
31 % of all nonagricultural jobs in West
Africa are in the off-farm segments of the food economy.
Food processing is the largest manufacturing sub-sector in several countries.
Share of food economy employment in total employment
78%
Share of food economy in total employment Niger Total 89%
West Africa
Nigeria
Total
Total
66%
62%
Rural
Rural
Rural
96%
81%
77%
50%
Urban
35%
Urban
35%
Urban
of food economy jobs are still in agriculture.
of jobs in rural areas are in the food economy. 15% are in food processing, food marketing and food away from home.
35%
of jobs in urban areas are in the food economy.
40%
60% of food system jobs in urban areas are in marketing and food away from home.
Many of the new jobs are linked to agriculture. Specialisation of agricultural production systems towards higher-value food products (fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat) and processed foods, leads to increased
15 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Rural food employment by food system activity
West Africa
agriculture.
“(…) food manufacturing stands out as the most important contributor to [formal] value added and the second biggest contributor to [formal] employment. (…) While the share of firms in the agribusiness sector was only 4 percent in 2012 it generated 18 percent of jobs.”
Nigeria 60%
40%
off-farm segments. They are the entry points to markets, linking food production to food consumption and are crucial for agricultural growth, income generation and rural transformation.
20%
0%
Agriculture
Processing
Niger
Nigeria
Ghana Burkina Faso
Many of these jobs are vendors in small shops, street markets, hawkers or food stalls and street food. These mostly informal activities provide the bulk of urban food supply. In particular, poor
Mali
Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire
Brazil
United States
South Africa
urban households are dependent on these distribution networks. In Abidjan, Cotonou and Lomé people spend more than 30% of their food budgets on food away from home.
Food away from home
Non food systems
In Nigeria, agricultural employment accounts for less than 50% of rural food economy employment in 1 out of 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs).
10 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in food away from home activities.
Marketing
Strong regional differences in rural employment transformation
transport, storage, wholesale, retail. It is the largest off-farm segment accounting for 27% of all service sector employment.
10%
demand for rural labour in the offfarm segments of the food economy. Increasing agricultural productivity will be central in developing the job potential in off-farm employment opportunities, as well as in agriculture itself.
Niger 80%
food marketing activities –
30%
0%
In Côte d’Ivoire
70 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in
50%
20%
81%
85 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Food marketing 15%
- World Bank 2017
Share of food processing employment in total manufacturing employment
The share of agriculture in food economy employment varies significantly across countries – in Mali and Niger it is more than 90%, whereas in Cabo Verde, Ghana and Nigeria it is closer to 60%.
Off-farm 33% On-farm 1%
Beyond the direct effect on employment, these activities are also important for driving agricultural development and broader structural transformations.
1.8 4.3
Non-food economy employment: 34%
On-farm 51%
of total food economy employment is in offfarm food activities.
0.1
0%
Food economy employment: 66%
Share of off-farm employment in total rural food employment (%) >50% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% 10-20%
>10%
no data
Proximity to output and input markets clearly matters. Areas connected to urban markets and with specialised production offer more productive offfarm opportunities in the downstream segments of agricultural value chains.
FOOD ECONOMY: WEST AFRICA’S LARGEST EMPLOYER
THE IMPORTANCE OF OFF-FARM FOOD ECONOMY JOBS
RURAL EMPLOYMENT DIVERSIFICATION
66 % of total employment
22%
The transformation of food systems creates new off-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
in West Africa is in the food economy.
The food economy, including all activities from the farm level, to processing, packaging, transportation, distribution and retailing, provides jobs for 82 million people.
People employed (in millions) Gambia Senegal Cabo Verde Liberia Benin Mauritania Ghana Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria ECOWAS West Africa Guinea-Bissau UEMOA Togo Sierra Leone Guinea Burkina Faso Mali Niger Chad
0.2 1.3 0.7 2.3 0.5 7.1 5.0 34.5 76.7 81.7 0.5 28.0 2.2 5.9 5.4
20%
40%
60%
80%
5.3 4.4 100%
Off-farm 15%
Food away from home 2%
Food agriculture 78% Food Processing 5%
31 % of all nonagricultural jobs in West
Africa are in the off-farm segments of the food economy.
Food processing is the largest manufacturing sub-sector in several countries.
Share of food economy employment in total employment
78%
Share of food economy in total employment Niger Total 89%
West Africa
Nigeria
Total
Total
66%
62%
Rural
Rural
Rural
96%
81%
77%
50%
Urban
35%
Urban
35%
Urban
of food economy jobs are still in agriculture.
of jobs in rural areas are in the food economy. 15% are in food processing, food marketing and food away from home.
35%
of jobs in urban areas are in the food economy.
40%
60% of food system jobs in urban areas are in marketing and food away from home.
Many of the new jobs are linked to agriculture. Specialisation of agricultural production systems towards higher-value food products (fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat) and processed foods, leads to increased
15 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Rural food employment by food system activity
West Africa
agriculture.
“(…) food manufacturing stands out as the most important contributor to [formal] value added and the second biggest contributor to [formal] employment. (…) While the share of firms in the agribusiness sector was only 4 percent in 2012 it generated 18 percent of jobs.”
Nigeria 60%
40%
off-farm segments. They are the entry points to markets, linking food production to food consumption and are crucial for agricultural growth, income generation and rural transformation.
20%
0%
Agriculture
Processing
Niger
Nigeria
Ghana Burkina Faso
Many of these jobs are vendors in small shops, street markets, hawkers or food stalls and street food. These mostly informal activities provide the bulk of urban food supply. In particular, poor
Mali
Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire
Brazil
United States
South Africa
urban households are dependent on these distribution networks. In Abidjan, Cotonou and Lomé people spend more than 30% of their food budgets on food away from home.
Food away from home
Non food systems
In Nigeria, agricultural employment accounts for less than 50% of rural food economy employment in 1 out of 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs).
10 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in food away from home activities.
Marketing
Strong regional differences in rural employment transformation
transport, storage, wholesale, retail. It is the largest off-farm segment accounting for 27% of all service sector employment.
10%
demand for rural labour in the offfarm segments of the food economy. Increasing agricultural productivity will be central in developing the job potential in off-farm employment opportunities, as well as in agriculture itself.
Niger 80%
food marketing activities –
30%
0%
In Côte d’Ivoire
70 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in
50%
20%
81%
85 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Food marketing 15%
- World Bank 2017
Share of food processing employment in total manufacturing employment
The share of agriculture in food economy employment varies significantly across countries – in Mali and Niger it is more than 90%, whereas in Cabo Verde, Ghana and Nigeria it is closer to 60%.
Off-farm 33% On-farm 1%
Beyond the direct effect on employment, these activities are also important for driving agricultural development and broader structural transformations.
1.8 4.3
Non-food economy employment: 34%
On-farm 51%
of total food economy employment is in offfarm food activities.
0.1
0%
Food economy employment: 66%
Share of off-farm employment in total rural food employment (%) >50% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% 10-20%
>10%
no data
Proximity to output and input markets clearly matters. Areas connected to urban markets and with specialised production offer more productive offfarm opportunities in the downstream segments of agricultural value chains.
FOOD ECONOMY: WEST AFRICA’S LARGEST EMPLOYER
THE IMPORTANCE OF OFF-FARM FOOD ECONOMY JOBS
RURAL EMPLOYMENT DIVERSIFICATION
66 % of total employment
22%
The transformation of food systems creates new off-farm employment opportunities in rural areas.
in West Africa is in the food economy.
The food economy, including all activities from the farm level, to processing, packaging, transportation, distribution and retailing, provides jobs for 82 million people.
People employed (in millions) Gambia Senegal Cabo Verde Liberia Benin Mauritania Ghana Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria ECOWAS West Africa Guinea-Bissau UEMOA Togo Sierra Leone Guinea Burkina Faso Mali Niger Chad
0.2 1.3 0.7 2.3 0.5 7.1 5.0 34.5 76.7 81.7 0.5 28.0 2.2 5.9 5.4
20%
40%
60%
80%
5.3 4.4 100%
Off-farm 15%
Food away from home 2%
Food agriculture 78% Food Processing 5%
31 % of all nonagricultural jobs in West
Africa are in the off-farm segments of the food economy.
Food processing is the largest manufacturing sub-sector in several countries.
Share of food economy employment in total employment
78%
Share of food economy in total employment Niger Total 89%
West Africa
Nigeria
Total
Total
66%
62%
Rural
Rural
Rural
96%
81%
77%
50%
Urban
35%
Urban
35%
Urban
of food economy jobs are still in agriculture.
of jobs in rural areas are in the food economy. 15% are in food processing, food marketing and food away from home.
35%
of jobs in urban areas are in the food economy.
40%
60% of food system jobs in urban areas are in marketing and food away from home.
Many of the new jobs are linked to agriculture. Specialisation of agricultural production systems towards higher-value food products (fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat) and processed foods, leads to increased
15 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Rural food employment by food system activity
West Africa
agriculture.
“(…) food manufacturing stands out as the most important contributor to [formal] value added and the second biggest contributor to [formal] employment. (…) While the share of firms in the agribusiness sector was only 4 percent in 2012 it generated 18 percent of jobs.”
Nigeria 60%
40%
off-farm segments. They are the entry points to markets, linking food production to food consumption and are crucial for agricultural growth, income generation and rural transformation.
20%
0%
Agriculture
Processing
Niger
Nigeria
Ghana Burkina Faso
Many of these jobs are vendors in small shops, street markets, hawkers or food stalls and street food. These mostly informal activities provide the bulk of urban food supply. In particular, poor
Mali
Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire
Brazil
United States
South Africa
urban households are dependent on these distribution networks. In Abidjan, Cotonou and Lomé people spend more than 30% of their food budgets on food away from home.
Food away from home
Non food systems
In Nigeria, agricultural employment accounts for less than 50% of rural food economy employment in 1 out of 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs).
10 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in food away from home activities.
Marketing
Strong regional differences in rural employment transformation
transport, storage, wholesale, retail. It is the largest off-farm segment accounting for 27% of all service sector employment.
10%
demand for rural labour in the offfarm segments of the food economy. Increasing agricultural productivity will be central in developing the job potential in off-farm employment opportunities, as well as in agriculture itself.
Niger 80%
food marketing activities –
30%
0%
In Côte d’Ivoire
70 % of all off-farm food system jobs are in
50%
20%
81%
85 % of rural food economy jobs are in
Food marketing 15%
- World Bank 2017
Share of food processing employment in total manufacturing employment
The share of agriculture in food economy employment varies significantly across countries – in Mali and Niger it is more than 90%, whereas in Cabo Verde, Ghana and Nigeria it is closer to 60%.
Off-farm 33% On-farm 1%
Beyond the direct effect on employment, these activities are also important for driving agricultural development and broader structural transformations.
1.8 4.3
Non-food economy employment: 34%
On-farm 51%
of total food economy employment is in offfarm food activities.
0.1
0%
Food economy employment: 66%
Share of off-farm employment in total rural food employment (%) >50% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% 10-20%
>10%
no data
Proximity to output and input markets clearly matters. Areas connected to urban markets and with specialised production offer more productive offfarm opportunities in the downstream segments of agricultural value chains.
WOMEN AND YOUTH
68 % of all employed women
work in the food system.
NEEDS FOR JOB STRATEGIES Share of women’s employment by food system activity 100% 80% 60%
Off-farm food system activities are particularly important in providing job opportunities for women.
40% 20%
Women account for
83%
of total food processing employment
72%
of total food marketing employment
Youth are of particular importance in the jobs agenda given their high share in the total population.
36 % of the total working age population (15-65) is between 15 and 24 years old.
64 % of employed 20 to 29 year olds are in the food economy.
Processing Marketing
Food away from home
In urban areas, one out of three jobs for women (1 out of 7 for men) are in off-farm food activities. Food processing and food away from home services are growing and lucrative activities. “In the Attécoubé district of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), female attiéké processors The youth transition into non-agricultural activities is taking place in faster and in greater numbers than it is for older age groups. A decline in inactivity levels with age is accompanied with increases in
Food away from home and other food services are projected to grow faster than other food segments (Staatz and Hollinger, 2016, Tschirley et. al. 2016). The sector generates high value added (also on imported products) and creates strong linkages with other food system activities.
Policies and investments that promote off-farm food economy segments will have a particularly large impact on women’s economic activities.
employment in off-farm activities in both the food and the non-food system. 51% of employed 20 to 29 year old are in non-agricultural activities, of which twothirds are in non-food system activities.
100
in % of total population
88%
of total food away from home employment
Agriculture
earn on average 30 to 50% more than most other professions (hairdressers, mechanics, upholsterers, etc.)” (MADR/ Côte d’Ivoire, 2015).
The food economy presents a large and unexploited jobs potential that will continue to grow with population growth, urbanisation and income growth.
MARKETS
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY AND FINANCIAL SERVICES EDUCATION & TRAINING PEOPLE, GOODS AND INFORMATION
BUSINESS
EXTENSION SERVICES
DATA
RURAL-URBAN CONNECTIVITY
SMALL AND INTERMEDIARY CITIES
ENVIRONMENT
MOBILITY
ROADS AND ELECTRICITY
REGIONAL TRADE
YOUTH WOMEN
MARKETING AND LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE
AGRICULTURE, FOOD & JOBS IN WEST AFRICA
Where food is produced, by whom and how it reaches the consumer is a central element of food economy development.
Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal
80
Inactive 60
Unemployed
40
Non-food system
20
Off-farm food system Food agriculture
0 15-19 20-24
Developing these new employment opportunities - on- and off- farm and in rural and urban areas – depends on an understanding of food systems, capturing the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural and urban areas.
25-29
30-34
35-39 40-44 age group
45-49
50-54
50-59 60-64
Food stall, Accra. ©FAO/Christiana Asantewah
More information: Allen, T., P. Heinrigs and I. Heo (2018), “Agriculture, food and jobs in West Africa”, West African Papers, N°14, OECD Publishing, Paris. www.oecd.org/swac/topics/food-system-transformations Contact: philipp.heinrigs@oecd.org SWAC/OECD, 2, rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA
Club Secretariat
WOMEN AND YOUTH
68 % of all employed women
work in the food system.
NEEDS FOR JOB STRATEGIES Share of women’s employment by food system activity 100% 80% 60%
Off-farm food system activities are particularly important in providing job opportunities for women.
40% 20%
Women account for
83%
of total food processing employment
72%
of total food marketing employment
Youth are of particular importance in the jobs agenda given their high share in the total population.
36 % of the total working age population (15-65) is between 15 and 24 years old.
64 % of employed 20 to 29 year olds are in the food economy.
Processing Marketing
Food away from home
In urban areas, one out of three jobs for women (1 out of 7 for men) are in off-farm food activities. Food processing and food away from home services are growing and lucrative activities. “In the Attécoubé district of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), female attiéké processors The youth transition into non-agricultural activities is taking place in faster and in greater numbers than it is for older age groups. A decline in inactivity levels with age is accompanied with increases in
Food away from home and other food services are projected to grow faster than other food segments (Staatz and Hollinger, 2016, Tschirley et. al. 2016). The sector generates high value added (also on imported products) and creates strong linkages with other food system activities.
Policies and investments that promote off-farm food economy segments will have a particularly large impact on women’s economic activities.
employment in off-farm activities in both the food and the non-food system. 51% of employed 20 to 29 year old are in non-agricultural activities, of which twothirds are in non-food system activities.
100
in % of total population
88%
of total food away from home employment
Agriculture
earn on average 30 to 50% more than most other professions (hairdressers, mechanics, upholsterers, etc.)” (MADR/ Côte d’Ivoire, 2015).
The food economy presents a large and unexploited jobs potential that will continue to grow with population growth, urbanisation and income growth.
MARKETS
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY AND FINANCIAL SERVICES EDUCATION & TRAINING PEOPLE, GOODS AND INFORMATION
BUSINESS
EXTENSION SERVICES
DATA
RURAL-URBAN CONNECTIVITY
SMALL AND INTERMEDIARY CITIES
ENVIRONMENT
MOBILITY
ROADS AND ELECTRICITY
REGIONAL TRADE
YOUTH WOMEN
MARKETING AND LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE
AGRICULTURE, FOOD & JOBS IN WEST AFRICA
Where food is produced, by whom and how it reaches the consumer is a central element of food economy development.
Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal
80
Inactive 60
Unemployed
40
Non-food system
20
Off-farm food system Food agriculture
0 15-19 20-24
Developing these new employment opportunities - on- and off- farm and in rural and urban areas – depends on an understanding of food systems, capturing the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural and urban areas.
25-29
30-34
35-39 40-44 age group
45-49
50-54
50-59 60-64
Food stall, Accra. ©FAO/Christiana Asantewah
More information: Allen, T., P. Heinrigs and I. Heo (2018), “Agriculture, food and jobs in West Africa”, West African Papers, N°14, OECD Publishing, Paris. www.oecd.org/swac/topics/food-system-transformations Contact: philipp.heinrigs@oecd.org SWAC/OECD, 2, rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA
Club Secretariat