A dissertation for Masters of Architecture
Cultural Perspective in Material Selection : Malaysian Modern Contemporary Architecture Sept 2013 – Apr 2014
Saidatul Syahirah Shazri | 13146646
Figure 1: The First Existence of Materiality According to Vitruvius, 1536 Source : (Weston, 2003)
Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
DECLARATION
No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or another institute of learning. Copyright Statement (1) Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the John Rylands Library of Manchester. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Manchester School of Architecture, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of Department of the School of Environment and Development.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The
accomplishment
of
this
study
depends
on
the
encouragement and support from many others. I would like to express my gratitude and greatest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Albena Yaneva for the patience and helpful guidance she gave me. I am truly fortunate to be able to work with her. Without her encouragement and comments, I would not have a better understanding in completing this study. Special thanks to the participants of the online interviews, Ar. Shuhemi Bahaudin and Ir. Shazri Shuib who assisted in providing opinions and ideas. Thank you for spending your time to answer the questions. Without their help, this study may not be fully completed. I would also like to thank my families and friends (Anwar Fader, Tengku Inda Syazwi, Fatin Thurayyah, Mohd Fakhruradzi, Dayang Fatin, and many more) for their understandings helps and supports in completing this study. Without their help, I would face many difficulties in doing this study.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to study the cultural perspective on construction material and the selection process in Kuala Lumpur. Previous researches focused on the technical aspects in material selection. This paper is to determine whether current architectural practice
considered
culture
in
selecting
construction
material
especially in modern architectural style of Kuala Lumpur and what other contributing factors that determined the selection of material. The study is based on secondary sources which involve the literature on Asian architecture and Malaysian modern contemporary architectural style; materials and cultural perspectives in material which will be supported by case studies and some primary sources collected through interviews. The study concludes ‘new culture’ emerges in achieving and implementing culture in this technologically driven environment. The definition of culture as a ‘distinct traditional’ characteristic which was established by the people who lived in that particular place may be redefine in a new perception due to present environmental issue, social satisfaction and higher level of education attainment which henceforth helps in creating a better architecture and preserving the new identity of a place.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
CONTENTS Declaration & Acknowledgement ABSTRACT
3
INTRODUCTION Introduction
8
Importance of Study
13
Research Framework & Methodology
14
LITERATURE Introduction
16
Materiality in Architecture
17
Cultural Perspective in Material Selection
18
Asian Architecture
21
-
23
Kuala Lumpur / Malaysia Architectural Style
Summary
27
METHODOLOGY Research design & approach
31
Methodology -
Email Interviews
32
-
Case Study
35
Limitations
36
4
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
CULTURE & MATERIALITY Interviews of Views on Cultural Perspective
38
Case study -
Petronas Twin Towers
42
-
348 Sentral
49
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Discussion -
Material Culture in Kuala Lumpur
57
-
Culture & Technicality
58
-
Culture & Economy
59
-
Other factors
60
Conclusion
61
References & Appendices
5
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The First Existence of Materiality According to Vitruvius, 1536 .. 0 Figure 2: TAUBMAN MUSEUM OF ART; the impossible become possible with the advancement of material technology ............................................ 8 Figure 3: CRYSTAL PALACE expressed the highest accomplishment in steel fabrication of that period ................................................................. 10 Figure 4: Meaning of Materials Model ..................................................... 18 Figure 5: Important aspects to architects while selecting materials ......... 20 Figure 6: Kuala Lumpur City Skyline ...................................................... 23 Figure 7: SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING; impact of colonization in Malaysia ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 8: Mapping on key aspects of technical and cultural attributes in materiality .............................................................................................. 29 Figure 9: Sample of interview question of Part 1 ..................................... 33 Figure 10: Sample of interview question of Part 2 ................................... 34 Figure 11: Petronas Twin Towers at night ............................................... 42 Figure 12: Contextualization of Petronas Twin Towers plan .................... 43 Figure 13: Intrication of the facade system ............................................. 44 Figure 14: An artist impression on 348 Sentral ...................................... 49 Figure 15: The division of different function of the building .................... 50 Figure 16: Intelligent technological cladding ........................................... 51 Figure 17: 348 Sentral in blaze during construction ............................... 53 Figure 18: In creating a 'new' culture of materiality ................................ 61
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
INTRODUCTION
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Introduction
Figure 2: TAUBMAN MUSEUM OF ART; the impossible become possible with the advancement of material technology Source: (archdaily.com, 2009)
Developments of technologies and emergence of new materials in the construction industry allow the possibilities of new innovative design and complex form to be built. Common materials used in nowadays’ construction already showed the advancement in material selection which mostly based on their properties and aesthetics aspect. Decision in selecting material is important to ensure the durability and longevity of the building apart that of aesthetically prominent. Modern
Architects
have
acknowledged
through
their
radical
commitment to the ‘honest’ expression of material and structure. They preferred to be known as people who practice ‘the art of building’ rather than with what they believed as ‘bankrupt compositional method as Ecole de Beaux Arts.’ Relatively, they are enthusiastic in embracing new materials such as steel, glass and reinforced concrete in their practices. 8
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Throughout the history, the production of iron started massively in England in the early 18th century. Initially, it was produced for industrial structure such as cotton mills and warehouse. Iron was and ideal material for such big projects as it was used primarily in addressing
structures
in
tension
which
developed
through
combination with bricks as the exterior wall to create multi-storey, fire resistant constructions. Due to its durability and strength, iron has allowed the possibilities in constructing high-rise buildings in Chicago despite its nonsensical economic sense in a low-rise building. By mid-19th century, iron was recognized as “not only the soul of every other manufacture, but the mainspring, perhaps, of civilized society” (Francis Horner quoted in Weston, p. 26). Steel or iron has become universal in material industry towards the 20th century. Its technology and machinery had eased the beginning of production lines by minimizing craft skills required, thus enabling various aspects of mechanical and structural design to be reduced according to an organized schedule. As stated by Gordon (1988) in The Science of Structures and Materials, steel “facilitate the dilution of skills” (p. 135).
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
Figure 3: CRYSTAL PALACE expressed the highest accomplishment in steel fabrication of that period Source: History and Criticism of the Crystal Palace. 1852
Concrete had always been favoured by architects. Throughout the time, bare concrete walls and a host of concrete products for the residential and landscape are being supported as enrichments of chic contemporary lifestyle. The brutal rendered surface and details of concrete in early Modern architecture were ‘declarations of faith in reason and industry’ as a way towards an idealistic future. As said by Richard Weston (2003) in his book entitled Materials, Form and Architecture, “In the history of modern architecture, glass is inseparable from its framing by steel and reinforced concrete” (p. 32). The transparent quality of the glass was both beneficial and awful as it allows light to penetrate through in creating a source of healthy living environment yet it also was a ‘metaphor for demystification.’ Concrete, steel and glass are the most popular materials usually selected in modern contemporary architectural design. Even in states where they are not locally produced and manufactured, concrete, steel and glass are widely used in high-rise and modern buildings. 10
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Locally made materials are always understood as implying the sense of belonging to that place, or known as ‘dwelling’ that many writers regard local material as one of its key quality. Relation of place and the crucial role of materials can play in promoting the visual and tactile qualities, which dominates our sensory experiences. Their role could be prominent or dull to earn comments, or it might express the unspoken ‘sense of place’ or genius loci as in the Classical origin. As stated by Kathryn Moore, genius loci were adapted from the Greeks, which manifest the meanings of “to whom ‘place’ evoked the unchanging qualities or ‘essence’ of a location, associated with a local spirit or deity” (quoted in Weston, p. 100). As a culture was being defined as the distinct ways of living, it is related to the place which resulted in different representation of experiences and actions. In this paper, culture is also being defined as the essence of the place which involves climate, temperature, symbolic, ecological properties and
social
understanding.
Therefore,
aspects
of
sustainability,
economy and politics might be recognized as cultural aspects. This research is conducted as culture is important in distinguishing different countries in the world. Culture portrays the lifestyle and human civilization that was established across time in that place hence creating trends and common preferences for the habitants. Therefore, in understanding changing of preferences and its effect on the society or even world, physical structure called architecture is to be learned. Modern Architecture was inevitably associated with technologies and innovations which became possible through the production of steel, glass and reinforced concrete in creating an ideal aesthetic. In this present century, many concerns especially regarding issues of global warming and the sustainability of resources have begun to inflict. Building industry is the second largest consumer in raw materials in
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 the world after food production. It is also one of the largest waste and pollution contributors. In relation to waste and consumerism, sustainable and local material has always been the solution. The most reasonable material is almost always locally available on site, and the production of it is responsive to the surrounding climate and temperature. Throughout its lifespan, such buildings can be completely recycled and contribute back to the earth which they are made of. Another way of minimizing the construction waste is through the adoption of standardized solutions. While steel dominates the architecture of 20th century, the 21st century architecture proved to be more diverse in bringing together traditional, industrial and indevelopment materials in unpredictable ways that widened the potential of the construction industry. “Many contemporary buildings are designed to impress more via the instant impact of printed photographs than through direct encounter, let alone the gradual familiarization of use and inhabitation.” Juhani Pallasmaa, The Eyes of the Skin. Architecture and the Senses (Weston, 2003) Ruskin argued that the common materials for most contemporary architecture which consists of glass, metal and synthetic materials were just showing their rigid surfaces to the audience without carrying their material essence or age. Respecting and emphasizing the ‘essence’ of material has been the most
seek
approach
in
current
exploration
for
‘reality’
and
‘authenticity’ in architecture. However, the pursuit in defining the functional
‘nature’
of
the
material,
the
recommendation
on
apprehending sensual qualities directly and independent of context or culture is fraught.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the architectural industry in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on their attitude regarding material essence or culture in choosing construction material. Apart from creating a visual imagery from architecture as being manifested by PostModernism and Deconstructivism, the richness and specificity of the architectural experience can provide a way in resisting the common obscurity of the ‘non-place.’ The presumption of material expression can only be achieved in a larger context that accommodates the place, the power to handle the materials, social expectations and the designer’s intention. Louis I. Kahn stated that, as for most Modern architects, working ‘in the nature of the materials’ meant immersing them in a suitable function which is usually structural (quoted in Weston, p. 96).
Importance of Study This study will conclude with the knowledge on Asian specifically Kuala Lumpur perspective on culture in selecting construction material which may involve sustainability, symbolic, identity and society perception, along with other possible aspects which are important in maintaining the building life. It is believed that the conclusion of this research could be used as guidance to other architectural projects of the same climate and cultural region to create an appropriate understanding on the identity of the country. This research might also help in defining a new architectural identity or even a new definition of culture in this modern time.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Research Framework & Methodology The study will be executed using two phases which started with the literature review. The researcher will concentrate in understanding the concept of cultural perspective on construction material. The second phase involves distribution of email interviews to a number of participants in order to gather supplementary information that would aid the background research of the report. The researcher will inspect on the importance of culture in the process of selecting material by Ar. Shuhemi Bahaudin, a Malaysian architect and Ir. Shazri Shuib, a civil engineer. To help the findings, the researcher will look into case studies of building design for the sake of understanding the cultural aspects and perspectives that involved in selecting the materials and how it affects the society.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
LITERATURE
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Introduction In this modern era where sense of visual and aesthetic dominates the physical environment, caused many modern buildings lacking in the qualities of experience and culture. The engineer Peter Rice (1996) suggested
that
his
members
have
obligations
to
“use
their
understanding regarding materials and structures to make the existence of the material of the building in use truthfully, so that people will have feelings to them, encouraging touch to them, feel a sense of material itself and of the people who made and designed it” (p. 76). Satisfaction of people towards the building was not the aim of most modern
architecture.
Although
Aalto
didn’t
consider
anything
sentimental in his work, yet he flourished the materials and it details with the intention to humanize the physical environment. (Weston, 2003) In order to have a clear understanding in the relationship between materiality in architecture and the cultural perspective on Kuala Lumpur’s material selection, we have to know what is meant by the culture of materials itself with the key factor of the concept of cultural perspective on the building material. Does it include climatic conditions, symbolic aspects and human perception of the place? Different places do affect the cultural perspective. In relation with material selection, history and architecture of the place also need to be studied. The historical and architectural aspects of Kuala Lumpur will determine the aspects of material selection which are important to be known, and cultural perspective may be one of the factors. Cultural perspective does influenced the selection of construction material. But, what are the theories and controversies in choosing the material that correspond to the culture of the place. It is important to know what have been discussed regarding the material during design phase and construction process in a building project. 16
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Materiality in Architecture Building materials are established by the whole collaboration of construction practices. The contribution of their distinctive properties to practices will produce new objects and situations. They can be socially and culturally composed, produced through the involvement of regulation and legislation, through method of manufacture and assembly, and through language and use. In the aftermath, possibilities and limitations were created along the means of working and experiential conditions which are specific and personalized. (Thomas, 2006) The Classical discourses on architecture, starting with Vitruvius, emphasized more about material selection and usage rather than a matter regarding design, and a major focus with durability which was in debate from then until now. Durability of the material was directly related to the building ability to stand within the environment for a period, or known as its lifespan. Ruskin argued that the record of the building’s life should be preserved with the traces of time, not eliminated under the guise of returning it to its original state. (Weston, 2003) French architectural theorists argued on the dependence of the character of the building to its details definition and mutual adjustments. Materials still experience changes in shape and size in respond to the variation of temperature and humidity. Therefore, fixings and jointing must able to allow these changes. For example, non-porous stone as granite has minimal to insignificant ability in allowing the movement, and in case of timber it is always critical especially the poorly-weathered timber. Other factor that influenced the selection of material for architects was the economies of construction which supported the choices in ‘cheap’ industrial or non-architectural materials.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The obsession with context and eagerness concerning daily global have become significant themes of postmodern theory which include architecture. Most of the architects are absorbed in developing building as miniature cities as to create a ‘place’ which consists of ‘compacted composition’ of various forms and materials. Curl and Sambrook (1999) observed that ‘considerable intervention’ or the development of new buildings, always coincided the existing environment by respecting and enhanced the fabric ideally, either through form or material experiment.
Cultural Perspective in Material Selection
Figure 4: Meaning of Materials Model Source: (Karana, Hekkert, & Kandachar, 2009)
A study was conducted to formulate a tool in selecting material by understanding the meaning of the material itself (Karana, Hekkert, & Kandachar, 2010). The study has developed a new approach in choosing material for designers based on the essence of the material which were extracted by the relativity of the material properties and the form of the product in relation to the application of the product over time and users. The Meanings of Material (MoM) tool was generated by the process of surveying users’ perspective, evaluations 18
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 and interpretation process by the researcher. The data found that the difference in culture does affect the meaning of the material as Turkish and Dutch perception for elegant materials are differ. The study showed culture as one of the main factors that play an important part for a certain meaning other than sensorial properties, gender and shape. The study demonstrates “the idea of understanding the
relationships
between
material
and
meanings
can
then
systematically manipulate meaning creation in material's selection process” (p. 10). Different culture and gender resulted in different interpretations on the
meanings
of
the
materials.
However,
the
definition
and
classification of culture itself is still perplexing. Therefore, a discourse on the study regarding the elements of culture is needed to get clarification.
Based
on
a
study
investigating
the
architects’
consideration in selecting material that was carried out by Wastiels and Wouters (2012) in Belgium, the study explored the possibilities of factors in selecting building material. The paper compared the diversity between architecture and industrial design selection process other than generating basic material considerations in architectural projects. Focusing on the sensory effect and users’ experience, the considerations for building material became more innovative and creative instead of considering the structural and functional aspects of the material. Through interviews and observations, the data was organized and analysed to categorize the considerations. Context, manufacturing
process,
material
aspects,
and
experience
were
identified as the main categories which are divided into more detail sub-categories. Cultural element was incorporated in the context which involves the ethics, style, ecology, time and money apart from the physical aspect of the context (orientation, accessibility, and adjacent structures). The study showed that cultural and physical context aspects are influential in selecting material since they are
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 directly related to the cultural and environmental properties of the place.
Figure 5: Important aspects to architects while selecting materials Source: (Wastiels & Wouters, 2012)
To get an in-depth view and theory regarding the construction material and its cultural context especially on social aspects, a study done
by
Love
(2013)
analysed
whether
the
materiality
of
a
construction material specifically mudbrick is affected by the social culture of the place. The study discussed on how the innovation in building materials related to the social conditions, the development of mudbrick architecture in Anatolia, and architectural form and building materials in relation to the choice of the place. Love (2013) found that even the resources of the material is local; it did not mean it will determine the architectural scheme and material selection. However, culture did play some role in the architectural scheme through the material selection and their usage since it is a symbol of human nature. Aside from social aspects, other elements of culture also may be involved in selecting material. Ecology and sustainability of the material also considered as culture since it relates to the place itself. A study conducted by Franzoni (2011) investigates the means of choosing building material in achieving a green building grade, peculiarly at the delivery stage, where available materials on the market are chosen. The study discussed the rationale of green building materials and the tools available for the selection in nowadays. According to Franzoni (2011), apart from environmental 20
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 friendly and environmental responsive, green building materials also sustainable throughout their life-cycle and safe for human health. The element of culture relating with green material was described as the aspects of temperature, acoustic, resources and economics properties of the material. In this current time, the development of green and sustainable architecture is expected. Technical aspects of culture are widely measured when selecting building material to assure good environmental impacts. In tracking and relating the studies on cultural perspective in material selection, study on construction material in the context of Asian Architecture need to be done to narrow down the general scope. As Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia has the same climatic and topographical attributes as any Asian countries specifically Southeast Asia region, general overview regarding the culture of the common climate need to be known before scrutinizing architectural style in Kuala Lumpur.
Asian Architecture Culture has always been associated with a sense of place. According to Weston (2003), “Sense of place is necessarily a function of people’s relationships with specific locations. For many people, it may well have as much to do with intangible memories, associations, scents or other qualities, which do not register visually or emerge largely on most architects’ intentions” (p. 112). Architectural
narrative
regarding
place
told
the
advocacy
of
‘townscape’ to the phenomenological approach of Christian NorbergSchulz that tends to treat it as if it were a quality that resides in a specific location and can be discovered through insight and analysis. In Switzerland, apart from general cultural and technical factors, local conditions also played an important part in determining the material. As the buildings of sustainable architecture, materials are also 21
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 considered cultural artefacts which are constructed in social and political background and subject to the same critical analysis. A review done by Vellinga (2007) discussed on the study of material culture and its affiliation with Southeast Asian architecture. The essay discussed
on
architecture,
the
house
material
of
culture,
Southeast
Asia,
objectification
anthropology
and
agency,
of and
materiality. The discussion involved the anthropology of Southeast Asia’s House which was known for its social organization and its entity that reflects its identity. Towards the process of development in time, urbanization, migration, and modification gave impacts on the significant and use of the house. It also affects the use of material as process of development will create layers of political views, ownership, assimilation of customs and technological innovation. As sustainability element was considered within the technical aspects of culture, reviews that relate to green architecture and sustainable architecture were taken into account in understanding the culture of a specified context. A study regarding the progression of Green Architecture was conducted in Vietnam by Lang (2013). It examined the effect of local climate, economy and culture on the architectural development in Vietnam. The study has discoursed about emergence of green architecture in there due to climatic adaptation and socioeconomic situation; challenges and opportunities due to urbanization of Vietnam. The process of modernization results in neglects of climate adaptability within the context hence forgets the local society. According to Lang (2013), the effort towards Green Architecture should be addressing the technologies and innovation that reflect the culture of a specific place – climate, society and economy. Selecting locally produced, and manufactured material is the way in complying Green Architecture strategies. In a particular context of Vietnam, timber or wood were used in traditional architecture. Timber did accommodate the climate and culturally belonging in the nature of the
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 context. By using local material, it’ll lead to the establishment of a healthy and harmonious environment.
Kuala Lumpur / Malaysia Architectural Style Kuala Lumpur is known as the capital city in Malaysia which undergoing the rapid urbanization development. Lots of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings started to cover the land. According to Thomas (2006), in experiencing modern metropolitan subject, everyday lives will encounter the network of environment which involved production, circulation and exchange of capital and commodities. These network environments play a vital role in changing our understanding in relation to objects, environments and each other which will affect the way we produce our sense of space.
Figure 6: Kuala Lumpur City Skyline Photo by: Tan L.C., 2009
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The market network where it was experienced as an extension of the local environment is one of the networks that can shift an individual’s sense of space. Shift in the sense of space can be defined as the means of people in producing cognitive maps portraying their relations to their social and physical environments which can be seen clearly in the production or architecture and artistic. In achieving a modern and developed image, the traditional vernacular architecture of Kuala Lumpur started to deteriorate in time. According to Weston (2003), visionary dreams which appeared to be the periphery of Modernism have fed directly into mainstream thought. All are seeking towards the all-glass building as an aesthetic goal to which various definitions and contents were freely associated. For an instant, transparent architecture was often linked with the theoretical view of ‘open’ government. To understand the contributing elements toward the changing physical and cultural environment of Kuala Lumpur, a study was carried out to investigate the effects of socio-spatial of a developed Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area (KLMA) based on three associated scopes which are information and communications technologies (ICTs), transportation, and housing (Bunnell, Barter, & Morshidi, 2002). The research discussed on the effects of globalization on Kuala Lumpur city centre. The emergence of Kuala Lumpur city as an urban region was showed through the increasing development of networked infrastructures and urban structures. It was known as ‘Western Corridor’ in early 1970s. Transformation of agriculturalland use to urban-land use has changed the identity of Kuala Lumpur
through
the
expression
of
‘monumental
regionalist
architectural forms.’ The globalization has changed Kuala Lumpur’s urban landscape and structures towards a world class and metropolitan characteristics. The expansion of megaprojects, large shopping centres and sophisticated infrastructures has brought 24
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Kuala Lumpur to a globally oriented state. Thus, new technology and material in the building industry also expand through time. Another study that relates closely with the transformation in identity of Kuala Lumpur was conducted which is to determine the relationship between racial politics and identity of Kuala Lumpur as a metropolitan area (Fujita, 2010). The study discussed on interrelation of urbanization project and image of the city. Due to rapid urbanization growth, Malaysia has experienced in rise of economic state. Huge and humongous projects and development that took place within the city changed the profile of the city into a global and modern style. Symbolic building such as Petronas Towers beholds an aesthetic, urban and modern view for the citizens through it advancement of technological accomplishment. As said by Fujita (2010), the identity of Kuala Lumpur would be showed through the facade of the building which can give a ‘new way of seeing’ to the citizens or tourists, since symbolic of a global architecture can be seen in the ‘mechanisms of development and commerce’ (p.14). Before
undergoing
urbanization
and
modernization
process,
Malaysia once was a nation with a humble architectural culture with respect to the nature. A study done by Sim (2010) investigates the complicated nature of Malaysian architecture that was derived from the process of intercultural transaction and localization of foreign cultures. Malaysia was dictated by different colonization before securing its independence. Therefore, process of cultural assimilation widely occurred and changed the traditional culture of the place especially through reinforcements and governments’ legislation, other than the ability of local people to acquire foreign knowledge and culture. The study has initiated that transformation of material usage was due to scarcity of resources, material durability, symbol of power and prosperity, and functionality satisfaction and preferences. “As the timber was a flammable 25
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 material, the vernacular was restricted to image-making, with concrete as the universal building material” (p. 94). Concrete is one of the materials that can be manipulated in infinite ways. Symbolization
of
Malaysia
as
an
independent
country
with
technology and economic prowess were initiated through European colonists’ doctrine on power through the value of scale, design intricacy,
imported
building
materials
application,
and
the
introduction of building typology that had no hypocrisy of an unfamiliar culture and lifestyle on local people.
Figure 7: SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD BUILDING; impact of colonization in Malaysia Source: Malaysia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wisma Putra)
However, overpowering considerations on material technology may not be suitable culturally – environment and ecological attributes even though it is technically and aesthetically viable. A study has been done to re-examine the methods and architectural analysis in finding Malaysia’s national architectural identity in approaching a sustainable society (Surat et al., 2010). The attribution on an Architectural identity involves context, place, time, consumerism’s status and, etc. which were investigated through critical discourse, essays and design. Surat et al. (2010) found that rapid urbanization 26
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 and architectural development have negligence in environmental and
natural
resources
concern,
which
eventually
caused
complications to the public in urban areas such as heat dome occurrence, flash flood, crimes, and, etc. Architectural approach which emphasized on materials and technology to suit the project requirements proved to disregard aspects of sustainability, safety environment and thermal comfort which lead to failure in a project. Despite in application of modern or new materials in Traditional Malay culture, the architecture should be able “to carry the spirit of its time, place and culture” (p. 29). In relation to Kuala Lumpur cultural context, a study done in Johor, Malaysia to investigate the significance of culture, belief and history in built environment (Ismail, 2012). The study examined how built environment is affected by culture, belief and history by scrutinizing Bugis House’s concept and culture of the society. In relation to construction material, Ismail (2012) found that Bugis House was constructed using originated material from the origin of the Bugis society before they migrated to Malaysia. This shows that the culture plays an important role in building construction. Even in
modern
contemporary
environment,
the
qualities
and
sensitivities of the design should suit the cultural background.
Summary “The material, at any particular point in time, is brought into it existence through a developing chain of events, both ‘natural’ and cultural, and has the potential for a myriad of future interactions and transformations.” Material Matters: Architecture and Material Practice, (p .06) (Thomas, 2006)
27
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The implicit of materiality in architecture was how the intention and imagination were realized through coexistence with its functionality and technicality. The materiality should be able to sustain over time and users as a nature of cultivating culture of the place. Aspect of culture was often ambiguous. In architecture, culture did an indication in shaping the style and scheme, which commonly integrates with the symbolic of human nature consisting of ethic, ecology, period, and economy. Culture of materials in current practices was considered as its ability to assure safe and healthy environmental impacts through adaptation of thermal and acoustical aspects and its reasonable resources. Hence, allowing better endurance to the building and environment. ‘Traditionally’ cultured materials may not be able to withstand the unforeseen phenomenon of present day. Therefore, alternative and innovation of new materials technology started to replace the importance of culture in selecting materials. Diverse political views and assimilation of culture also played a part in making people overlooking the traditional culture. In the case of Malaysia and Southeast Asia, the trend of displaying wealth and economic status was expressed through the employment of materials and styles which they assumed as modernization. These had led the architecture in that place to experience morphology of style and perception. The term of contemporary vernacular started to get a place in the architectural world. Contemporary vernacular defined as a self-conscious responsibility to discover particular tradition’s exceptional reactions towards climate and place, and consequently to represent these formal and symbolic identities into new artistic forms that adopted the current realities and continuous human values.
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Malaysian Contemporary Architecture arises with the arrival of International Style in Malaysia. The architecture of Malaysia was influenced by Modernists architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Mies van Der Rohe, Le Corbusier, etc., hence culminating the thriving application
of
durable
and
modern
materials
in
architectural
construction. The abstract quality of culture itself has determined the subjectivity of the subject. Whether it is true or myth, different perceptions and various models are needed to provide an ideology regarding cultural perspective in construction material, in Malaysian context. Thus, qualitative data analysis was used in the study.
Figure 8: Mapping on key aspects of technical and cultural attributes in materiality Source: Author
29
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
METHODOLOGY
30
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Research Design & Approach The study involves intangible sense of data where it can’t be precisely measured and analyzed. This study used qualitative data analysis where subjective point of views and opinion play as important sources in concluding the study. It does involved personal theories and interpretations in getting the result. The findings can be vague and arguable. Since the data and information can’t be collected directly from the respective subjects, case studies and written interviews were used as the research design. It is the most approachable ways to collect data for a non-technical type of study which will produce new ideologies and comprehensions.
Methodology This chapter will discuss how the data will be collected for the research. Case study and interview were chosen as the research instrument. Email interviews / questionnaires will be conducted to reflect present theory and opinion regarding the matter from a different point of views. The case study will be conducted to inspect the current and wellknown projects and their construction materials and its relation to Malaysian culture. All information and issues regarding the projects will be acquired through Malaysian online newspaper (e.g.,. The Star Online, Utusan, The Sun Daily, etc.), the official website of the developer of the projects, published book regarding the project, and media
journals
which
includes
architectural
journal
(e.g.,.
Skycrapercity, The Edge Malaysia, etc.)
31
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 1) Email Interview The
primary
data
will
be
gathered
through
interviews
/
questionnaires to a different background of professions who involved in the construction industry. Different background will result in different cultural perspective in material. The interview questions are open-ended and opinion-based. The aim was to explore different theory and opinion in the process of selecting construction material. The participants include:
Ar. Shuhemi Bahaudin, Architect / Director at Hijjas Kasturi Associates Sdn, an architectural firm based in Kuala Lumpur that produced various iconic building in Kuala Lumpur (Appendix 1.)
Ir. Shazri Shuib, Structural Engineer at Skaz Consultancy, a civil and structural engineering firm based in Kuala Lumpur that involved in different typology of building projects (Appendix 2.)
The questions are divided into 2 parts. Both participants are required to answer the first part which will clarify their theory and opinions regarding cultural perspective in construction material. For the second part, only Ar. Shuhemi was involved since he’s the one who involved in the case study project. Part 1 As shown below, part 1 of the questionnaires is aiming to understand the aspects of materiality in architecture. The first question is to clarify the probable debates and arguments on material selection during design and construction phase, whether the culture is overshadowed by technicality in deciding the final construction material, which linked to the fourth questions.
32
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Question 3 and 5 are trying to define what is considered as culture and what aspects involve in it within the context of construction and material selection. Question 2 and 6 are intended to get the overview of what is the cultural perspective in Malaysian modern contemporary architectural context.
Figure 9: Sample of interview question of Part 1 Source: Author
33
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Part 2 Questions in Part 2 are associated with the case study done on the 348 Sentral project. As a support and to get clearer interpretations on the case study, direct questions regarding related matters were conducted. The basis of the project and its materiality might provide further understanding regarding the affiliation of the project and culture.
Figure 10: Sample of interview question of Part 2 Source: Author
34
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 2) Case Study Case studies will be used in the study to create a more targeted area of study within the wide range of the architectural environment in Kuala Lumpur. Focusing on just one typology of architectural style rather than being mingled in variety of typology can avoid indistinct information. Focusing on current development and booming urbanization, the most prominent style applied in Kuala Lumpur was modern contemporary. Based on two projects located in Kuala Lumpur, the case studies should be able to create an interrelation through the chosen construction material. Projects involved are: 
Petronas Twin Towers, an iconic architecture project in Kuala Lumpur.

348 Sentral, one of current leading projects in Kuala Lumpur.
The case studies will highlight the background of the projects itself to have a perception on the typology and architectural influence it holds. Other than that, knowledge on what construction materials was adopted in the projects and potential reasons of why the materials were chosen. Possible issues and controversies regarding the projects will be investigated to find its relativity with the cultural perspective towards the projects and its materiality. To conclude the case studies, comprehensive comparison will be made to find any similarities and collation between the two projects which can lead to an agreeable ideology of cultural perspective in construction material, in Kuala Lumpur or Malaysia context. Both of the projects were widely disclosed in press and media during its design and construction stage, making them well-known locally and even one of them, globally. Being recognized by the public indicates that the projects manifest a meaning in shaping 35
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 the identity and ‘modern’ culture. Other than that, the newest system in material technology are applied in the projects in their respective construction year suggested the level of modernity achieved in Kuala Lumpur.
Limitation Definition of culture has always been in discussions and debates along with the development in time. Changes that occur in the city create vague cultural qualities which cause its assimilation with other qualities such as political, technical and environmental aspects. Hence, the rationale of culture itself is not definite and is very subjective. Since the context of the study is in Malaysia, which is far from the research base – Manchester, all primary and first hand data are unable to be collected and analysed. Therefore, gathering secondary data and discourse from physical and online publication are to be used as the main sources apart from the long distance interview based. The data from the interviews may not be well-equipped with information regarding particular issues. Limited and constrained questionnaires, results and discussion may influence the study viability and validity. Thus, the expected result of this study shall be within the perimeters of the limitations.
36
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
CULTURE & MATERIALITY
37
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Interviews of Views On Cultural Perspective The interview process involved an architect and an engineer, people who are involved in the process of realizing a building project. Both participants were interviewed separately. The interviews are extracted according to the questions before inducing the conclusion to discover the different views regarding materiality in architecture and their opinion about culture during the process. All quotes are referred to the participants; the architect, Ar. Shuhemi (Appendix A.) and the engineer, Ir. Shazri (Appendix B.) Question 1 is intended to determine whether the proposed material will be used in final construction process or not. The architect: the determination of final material usually occurs during construction process since “the designer usually has a fair idea on material to enhance the design aesthetically.” Other than thinking about aesthetical values of the materials, initial material proposal should also consider the budget cost and technicality so that the construction is feasible and durable. “Budget is always an issue.” Other related matters that affect the initial selection of material are the law and requirements of local authority and client’s approval. The engineer: the determinants of the final material should meet all structural requirements to avoid any structural failures. Material of similar architectural qualities but higher performance with reasonable or cheaper cost usually will be an alternative to the initial selected materials. “A project that emphasize on the cultural aspect in the architectural design has to consider the cost of materials as secondary so as to achieve the status or aspiration required by Client.”
38
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Second enquiry regards their interpretation on what material was regard as cultural within the context of Malaysia contemporary architecture. The architect: Due to cost constraints, concrete and bricks with plasters became common materials in construction. Competitive cost and durability have led to the global application of it. The chosen material should be able to adapt and perform in various local conditions. The engineer: Due to scarcity and preservation, shift of material from timber as ‘traditional’ culture to a more durable materials occurs. As an alternative with the advancement in technology, engineered timber may replace the timber, , but the cost is of concerned. The chosen material should have flexibility and ability to be casted in various forms and designs. After gaining their interpretation on which material is considered as a culture in Malaysian architecture, the third question is aiming to get the participants’ overview and opinions regarding the role of culture in construction material selection. The architect: Role of culture in material selection may not be concerned as aesthetic and technical properties are more familiar towards constructible building projects. Culture is always superficial due to its subjectivity which consequently being envisaged through forms rather than materials. Materials are linked in enhancements of quality of the form to express the functionality of the project itself. The engineer: Culture does play a role in maintaining the nation’s authentic symbol. However, it’s still related to the building form as culture was translated through building design in preserving the national and political stature towards retaining the symbolic and identity of the place.
39
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The next question regards the comparison of technicality and cultural aspect in selecting material. What are the preferences in material selection process and does the selection was due to the designer’s favour alone or it was affected by other circumstances. The
architect:
Between
technical
and
cultural,
technical
weighed more in determining the material. However, good building
design
was
determining
through
correlation
of
enhancement and reinforcement between technical and cultural. “A
building
with
no
soul
is
like
a
square
box.”
Other
circumstances that affect material selection are practicality, safety, and healthy requirements, while economy plays a role in balancing the technicality and cultural. The engineer: The material was chosen due to its durability, availability, strength and costs which are considered under technical properties of the material. In terms of cultural, aspects of origin and locality of the material were implied. Yet, the technical aspects do overwhelm the cultural aspects since longevity of the materials was vital in securing long-lasting performance of the material by avoiding frequent maintenance. Social and inhabitants are closely related in forging particular characteristics
of
the
place
called
culture.
Therefore,
human
perception and acceptation towards new elements in the environment also need to be studied. Through this question, human perception is considered as the smallest mean to measure culture. The architect: Human perception was given less consideration when designing since people need a ‘decision-maker ,' a person to decide which material will be used. Sometimes, people with a good understanding regarding materiality, may be involved in the consultation. Strong historical value of a place may involve as the reference for the design.
40
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The engineer: Public people may not be proficient in the knowledge of materials. Therefore, human perception and desire on having a good and creative environment should be scrutinize in searching for suitable materials that will achieve the aspiration. For example, in creating green buildings, users’ comfort and energy efficiency was the vital factors which affect the choices of materials. The last question is about reaching a resolution to preserve Malaysian culture in this dynamic environment especially through architectural structures, which can possibly define a ‘new’ guideline in choosing construction material. The architect: Creating culture or identity of a nation was the hardest part of the design - “to give birth to an image that will be remembered by the society for the generation to come. It is the masses and more importantly, the occupants of the building that will make a statement as to its successfulness.” The engineer: Malaysian identity may be culturally preserved through architectural symbolism and sustainability design, “but the choice of materials may have to be open to various technical requirements to address the aspects involving climate and economic aspects.” Both designer and structural professional have almost the same views regarding the process of materiality in an architectural project and cultural views on the materials. As an architect who was involved essentially in the creative and imaginative process of construction, deeper understanding regarding culture and aesthetic values of the construction elements such as materials and forms are definite. As an engineer who was mostly involved in the structural process of construction, technical criterion was greatly scrutinized in selecting material. Further investigation on different prominent projects in different time setting was conducted to support the thoughts. 41
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Case Studies 1) Petronas Twin Tower BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Architect :
Cesar Pelli & Associates
Construction :
March 1993 – March 1996
Figure 11: Petronas Twin Towers at night Photo by: Author
Petronas Twin Tower is the iconic building that gave the global identity to Malaysia as a country. Being the tallest building in 1990s, Petronas Twin Towers became the megastructure that marked the country as a new symbol in economy world in meeting the demands of urban growth. The outset was come from a design competition to develop a 100-acre site in the middle of the commercial district of Kuala Lumpur, and Petronas is the main occupant of the office-tower 42
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 building indicating the new gateway into the city center. It comprises of 88-storeys twin tower with a connecting bridge which reached 451.9 meters in height. Petronas Twin Towers consists of shopping centre, public spaces and building tower block. Architect
of
the
building,
Cesar
Pelli
created
a
global
architecture through the fusion of east and west spirit. West view on skyscrapers was embodiment of spirits of ‘buildings that reached to the heavens.' In contextualizing the building as a Malaysia’s structure, the spirit of geometry – 2 overlapping squares – brings out Islamic element since it’s the dominant culture in Malaysia.
Figure 12: Contextualization of Petronas Twin Towers plan Source: (Pelli & Crosbie, 2001)
The building was not only design as a depiction of the new image of Malaysia, but also adheres to the climate and cultural traditions. Environmental elements such as windows with deep overhangs create shades which help in reducing solar gain and cool the building.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL The tower was developed with a brilliant system by the structural engineer of the project, Charles Thornton. One tower 43
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 was supported by a ring of 16 high-strength reinforced concrete cylindrical column placed on the inner corner of the star-shaped plan.
Figure 13: Intrication of the facade system Source: (Pelli & Crosbie, 2001)
Apart from aesthetic, technical, ecological, environmental and philosophical were considered in the design. In an instant, type of glass used for the sunscreen design and the amount of glazing were considered through its effect on the overall exterior appearance of the building and the interior comfort and views. Other than that, the environmental impact of the building also weighed by reducing the usage of office lighting, cooling loads, sizes of mechanical equipment and operating costs annually.
44
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 The pinnacles feature a 23 segments – spire and a ring ball comprise of varying diameters. The exterior of the building was made of multi-faceted walls composed of 33,000 stainless steel and 55,000 glass panels, vision glass, specialized panels with light filtering and noise reduction properties. The multiple facets articulated projecting louvers which portray the manipulation of light and shadow on them other than reflecting the sunlight and sun rays. The facade also shines like the facets of a crystal and creates a feeling of belonging to the tropics. According to the engineers, concrete is the best choice to be used as a structural frame – core walls and columns –of the towers since most local contractors are more familiar and comfortable
working
with
concrete
rather
than
steel.
Technically, concrete has better stability to repress the sway of the towers due to winds and minimize vibration. Pelli has discovered that the architecture can grow based on a living tradition of building construction. Petronas Towers manifests the material realities of present tall buildings, and “how the architect can use them to give life and soul to architecture” (p. 83). He emphasized on the buildings’ skin construction. Stainless steel was used mostly in the skin. Stainless steel cladding is alternating with ribbons of glass shimmer in Malaysian sun. Stainless steel louvers shaded the windows and stainless steel bullnose moldings below the windows framed the spandrel panels. The Petronas Tower will look as fresh and sparkling in century from now.
ISSUES / CONTROVERSIES In the stage of realizing the external form, the designer proposed stainless steel for the exterior wall to the client since it best
45
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 express formal richness. The client authorized the intention with concern about the probability of high costs, thus establishing alternative in aluminium wall. Since Petronas Twin Tower is one of the tallest buildings in the world, the pragmatic requirements of function, structure, efficiency, and economy are greater. To make the building belongs
to
structure’s
Kuala
Lumpur,
characteristics
are
Malaysia, required
reviewing to
the
tall
disengage
any
associations with American and Northwestern European design.
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE IN MATERIAL In the verge of booming of Malaysia as a developing country, many high-rise buildings and skyscrapers started to loom the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. Since 1990s, Malaysia started to be seen as a country striving towards global economic achievement, and along with it the development of modernity which contributes to the architecture and townscape of the city. The first groundbreaking structure in Kuala Lumpur is Kuala Lumpur Tower which has prompted to the development of the Petronas Twin Towers. The construction of Petronas Twin Tower implied the social and economy development of the country during the reign of Malaysian’s Fourth Prime Minister, Father of Modernization, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. He said, “As internationally recognized landmark, the Petronas Twin Tower symbolizes courage,
ingenuity,
initiative,
and
determination,
energy,
confidence, optimism, advancement and zest of the nation” (Petronas Twin Tower Official Web). The characterization of Malaysian identity as a modern country was marked through this project as it involved the acculturation 46
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 which fused the Asian and Western architecture. Petronas Twin Tower has shown the cultural perspective in construction material
through
the
symbolic
and
ecological
aspects.
Symbolically, modern materials – concrete, steel and glass - can depicts the sense of political of democratic societies as said by Foster in Weston (2003)’s Material, Form and Architecture; and the technological accomplishment (Fujita, 2010). Although the materials chosen are foreign compared to the traditional Malay vernacular architectural material which are mostly found locally such timber, the materials are ecologically fabricated to suit the socio-cultural and environment in Malaysia. Therefore, aspect of technicality in culture which mainly involved its sustainability was emphasized in choosing the material and in efforts of adapting the material in this ‘foreign’
environment.
This
can
be
seen
through
the
manipulation of beneficial factors of the materials towards climatic conditions in Malaysia. Other than manipulating the environmental conditions of Malaysia
which
involved
manipulation
of
sunlight
and
controlling vibrations due to wind forces, other aspects of sustainability also were taken into consideration while selecting the materials, for example, the selection of reinforced concrete as the main structural material. Being locally accustomed by the contractors, the process of construction became easier and safer. According to Gaskin (2013), “Concrete tells us what it means to be modern” (p.14). He also defined that reinforced concrete corresponded to a new architecture due to its ability in developing new fabrication system which associated with speed, dynamism and durability. Until today, the building has become one of the architectural treasures in Malaysia cityscape, which proved its reputation as 47
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 national building and received public acceptance towards embracing the new culture of modernity. Even most of the materials were not being produced in Malaysia originally and contradicts with the nature of traditional vernacular Malay architecture, being able to ‘work’ the material has allowed the materials to infiltrate Malaysian construction trade.
48
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 2) 348 Sentral BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Architect :
Hijjas Kasturi Associates
Construction :
April 2009 – end of 2012
Figure 14: An artist impression on 348 Sentral Source: Hijjas Kasturi Associates Sdn.
348 Sentral is one of the leading high-rise building projects currently in the process of construction and completion. It was situated at the corner of Jalan Tun Sambanthan and Jalan Travers which is located in one of the busiest areas in Kuala Lumpur city center.
49
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 348 Sentral also known as a complex that consists of tower blocks and serviced residences which accommodate Shell Office Tower and Ascott Sentral residential units. It comprises of 3 main building components which are a 33-storey commercial office tower, a 21-storey serviced residences, and a 5-storey podium consisting of office, conference area, and a 4-storeys basement
parking
which
has
total
built-up
area
about
1,450,000 sqft.
Figure 15: The division of different function of the building Source: skyscrapercity.com, 2010
In achieving success and efficiency, Gapurna Sdn. Bhd., collaborated with MCRB in the development since “MCRB has the whole infrastructure and expertise. There is a synergy with MCRB as it is the master developer of Kuala Lumpur Sentral,� said Gapurna group chairman and CEO Datuk Mohd Salim Fateh Din. As stated in The Edge Malaysia, one of the developers of this project, Gapurna Sdn. Bhd. has invested in this project to create a high-end office and residential development built based on a 50
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 green concept. Having a big anchor tenant as Shell, gross development value of the new landmark will secured a sustainable rental yield. The construction was financially secured through the main anchor. The developer also searched for other multinational companies to occupy the building. Other than that, business connections, joint ventures, acquisition of new properties in utilizing the opportunities in the current economic crisis has marked the developer as looking forward in repeating the success achieved by overseas in developing the land. Shell as the main anchor also involved in establishing the guideline for the working environment – modern, effective, engaging and technology-based workplace that delivers value to the company through improving employee productivity.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Figure 16: Intelligent technological cladding Source: skyscrapercity.com, 2010
51
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 As stated by MCRB Media, 348 Sentral Tower implemented a new ‘concertinaed’ glass cladding system. The facades of the tallest tower are fully glazed. As the main focal point of the scheme, the design was inspired by the shape of diamonds. Prismatic sections with the diagrid pattern were used to create a rippled effect that reflects light in fascinating ways. The secondary building tower has a more traditional linear design with heavy exposed vertical beams and reduction in usage of glazing. Abiding by the Green architecture concept, the buildings ought to have ‘eco-hugging’ features which resulted in recognition of gold LEED certification and GBI compliance – thermal energy storage system, under floor air conditioning in raised floor system, rainwater collection and recycling facilities. The building targets to reduce about 3500 tonnes in carbon emission reduction. The high performance glazing was used to achieve a reduction in the overall heat gain through the envelope. The building aims to reduce potable water consumption by 50% by installing water efficient fittings and implementing rainwater harvesting for irrigation. Energy consumption of the building should be reduced
by
35%.
This
intention
was
seen
through
the
application of Underfloor Air Distribution System (UFAD) and internal light shelf in the internal environment. UFAD helps in improving the thermal comfort other than providing better indoor quality hence reducing the overall consumption for airconditioning. Internal light shelf brings in daylight and allows a reduction of artificial lighting usage. Datuk Mohamad Salim said this project aims to develop business sustainability which “balances progress with the
52
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 preservation of nature and low cost maintenance in the long term for building amenities." As for the substructure, concrete was used to construct the diaphragm walls and bored piles and pre-stressed steel as stiffening struts. However, the method of construction used, the top-down method helps in minimizing the strut lengths.
ISSUES / CONTROVERSIES While still under construction and still at the structural stage, this
project
has
confronted
the
worst
incident
in
the
construction industry which was in fire. On 18th of January 2012, local newspaper The Jakarta Post has reported on 348 Sentral catching fire incident which cause the closure of roads (Appendix D.) The fire started on the 30th floor of the 33-storey building. The process of extinguishing the blaze encountered obstruction as the fire-fighting system on that floor was not fully functional which caused some delay.
Figure 17: 348 Sentral in blaze during construction Source: thesundaily.my, Jan 18 2012
53
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Total of 10 fire engines and 72 firefighters was involved in fighting the fire. There 're no casualties reported, yet building's material were burnt due to the fast spreading fire. The cause of the incident is said to the negligence of the workers who did not monitor the fire when burning discarded construction materials. The fire has caused the three top floors of the uncompleted building undergo reconstruction.
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE IN MATERIAL Being one of the projects that involved in massive development of ‘Green’ buildings complex, 348 Sentral was designed tracing back to Malaysia’s image on arts and culture of Songket which relates to imagery of diamonds. In terms of material, the architect involved in the project, Ar. Shuhemi said that the selection of material may not reflect the Malaysian culture literally as all of the materials used are common building materials. Although timber, which is supposedly said to be the traditional and cultural material in Malaysia, the durability and economic are incompetent to suit the operation of the building. As Kuala Lumpur already accustomed to the modernity, glass, steel and concrete are widely used in the construction within the city. 348 Sentral involves technical and economic aspects as found by Ashby, Bréchet, Cebon, and Salvo (2004) in their studies regarding materials selection strategies which can be categorized into these aspects: Durability: Maximum performance which can create a maintenance free system and construction. The materials also must be able to withstand the climate and temperature of the surrounding environment to avoid the occurrences of corrosion and overheating. 54
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Economic: Optimum cost was always in pursuit and sometimes it was the primary aspects that influenced the selection of material. Alternative cheaper materials were chosen without compromising its durability and aesthetic. The locality of the materials was also being considered to minimize the overall cost of the project. Aesthetic: Colours and texture of the material are closely slinked to the technical properties and economic values of it. Process attributes are important in matching the materials to design requirement. The design
intention may be
exaggerated through the material proposal, but it need to be rationalized with strong arguments and logic – for example, ability of the material to be recycled and re-used back. Present days had shown that the aesthetical and cultural values of the material itself are already bounded by logic judgments based on technicality and economies. However, ‘new’ culture could be revived within both of the context. Based on technicality, theories of sustainability of the materials can trace back to the culture of the place – how it’ll affect the human settlement and environment. “Technologies bring together some of the materials and ideas that characterize culture and social life.” The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods, (p. 76) (Margolis & Pauwels, 2011)
55
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
56
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Discussion This study is intended to gain an understanding on what is a cultural perspective in the context of physical structure focusing on modern contemporary
architecture
in
Kuala
Lumpur
along
with
its
consideration in material selection. The study found that the material culture in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is not traditionally and spiritually bounded as technical factors are greatly considered in material selection.
Material Culture in Kuala Lumpur Cultural aspects can be secured through aesthetical values of the design, but it is hard to be translated through the choice of materials. In a study done by Prown (1982) shows that objects do reflects and express peculiar cultural beliefs. However, the modes of expression are uncertain. As culture is a trivial subject in all matters, the superstition and subjectivity of the architectural form as a symbolic interpretation was still in debate and discussion. The reality of the culture through the material selection might be ethereal yet historically attachable to the place and its people. What can be deduced is if the architectural project is well-designed and the materials suit the concept and responsive to the surrounding
condition,
it
will
become
iconic.
Hence,
the
architectural expression may be preserved as a product of the environment which will characterize the society. However,
as
stated
by
Margolis
and
Pauwels
(2011),
the
implication of materials differs across cultures. Living in current rational environment, logic and legit become important rather than sentiments. Therefore, the matters of materiality may differ for different reasons. This may be due to the changes of how people think and views. Process of transformation within the environment 57
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 will eventually change human perspective and needs towards achieving a better and comfortable settlement.
Culture & Technicality Logic and legit are usually associated with analytical and technical characteristics. Due to the process of modernization that occurs in Malaysia, people are having better knowledge and skills in architecture and material technology, hence allowing wider possibilities in innovation of construction system. In this constrained society and unexpected local conditions, technicality of the material was greatly considered in obtaining high efficiency for the project. In creating a long-lasting project, technicality of the material which often associated with the matters of durability was always in deliberations. In current practices, the material was chosen based on its technical ability and strength compared to symbolic and cultural factors. Though, through the amalgamation of technical and cultural elements, aspects of sustainability and ecology could lead to the birth of a new culture which relate through the respect towards our living environment. Knowledge on climates, thermal and environmental disasters had allowed the occurrences of the analytical process in creating a better way of applying and improving the material in construction process. As stated by Lang (2013) and Franzoni (2011), green architecture was a result from analytical of climatic adaptation and
socio-economic
condition.
The
attempt
towards
Green
Architecture should reflect that matters according to the place. The sense and qualities of the design should be able to accommodate with the cultural background even when the physical environment experienced transformation.
58
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Other than resolving sustainability issues, future prediction on potential incidents also should be considered in choosing material to avoid a complete failure of the structural system. In the 348 Sentral case, the choices of material which comprises of reinforced concrete and steel for their structural system have help in avoiding a disastrous occurrence. Despite being in the fire for almost four hours, the overall structure can still withstand the heat, thus saving the building from collapse.
Culture & Economy Another major magnitude in determining the material selection is the cost which relate directly to the client requirement. As stated by Sim (2010), “Economy is about showing respect for the client’s budget and to not waste resources”(p.90). Material chosen in the construction should be reasonable so that the building is buildable within the outlined budget. Therefore, good material choices also depend on the local availability of the resources. If it’s not locally available, alternative of material with lower price should be procured. A study was done by Dant (2006) said the classical sociologists has found that the evolution from traditional to modern societies are justified through work, religion, money, culture, and social class in the place. Economic and capitalism have directed towards the emergence of modern societies where people live in luxurious and globalized lifestyle. Monetary value has always become the major determinant in deciding the final material to be used in the construction stage. Economic or monetary can be seen as the touchstone of a civilization in achieving social success. Good economics will assure good trades hence achieving better living environment.
59
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
Other factors Aside from that, the flexibility and adaptability of the material to be formed into various forms and operate competently in diversified circumstances are also being considered in material selection in Kuala Lumpur. Although sensory perception of human is a coefficient in cultural implication, social participation usually was not contemplated in deciding the material. Nonetheless, social perception and wellbeing might be considered in designing since distinct historical and social values could establish a culture in that particular place through the architecture and vista. Resilient buildings in an environment can contribute to the process of constructing culture as identity of a place was driven by the acknowledgement of the inhabitants towards the structures. If the architectures were accepted by the public, it would ensure its accomplishments within the society and environment, hence lead towards the emergence of new cultures as modernity.
60
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
Figure 18: In creating a 'new' culture of materiality Source: Author
Conclusion This
study
has
uncovered
the
ambiguous
ideas
on
cultural
perspective in material through the analysis on Malaysian modern contemporary architecture. Being overwhelmed by technology and developments, sense of empathy and sentiments towards the place are getting suppressed with time. The revolution of material application from traditional to modern was due the intentions of developing new architecture. In the context of property development in Malaysia, the emergence on sustainability and green architecture are getting more attention. Green architecture can be referred generally as practices that are aiming towards more environmental friendly and ecologically sensible decisions and lifestyles, which can help in preserving the environment by sustaining its natural resources for current and future generations.
61
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 However, the implementation of the system is still immature in Malaysian context. There are unbalanced considerations in the implementation process. Whether it is economically unbalanced or ecologically unbalanced which may cause deprivation in getting the aspired design and qualities. Therefore, further studies should be done on how the culture relates to sustainability and ecology especially in materiality aspects and whether sustainable materials play a vital role in shaping the culture. These will provide better development and innovation in material technology towards improving the environment and culture of the place yet securing the economic benefits.
62
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
BIBLIOGRAPHY
63
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 BOOKS: Curl, J. S., & Sambrook, J. J. (1999). A dictionary of architecture: Oxford University Press. Gaskin, M. (2013). Concrete and culture: a material history (Vol. 28): Routledge. Gordon, J. E. (1988). Science of Structures and Materials (Scientific American Library). New York: Times Books. Margolis, E., & Pauwels, L. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods: SAGE Publications. Pelli, C., & Crosbie, M. J. (2001). Petronas Twin Towers: the architecture of high construction. Chichester: Wiley-Academy. Rice, P. (1996). An Engineer Imagines: Ellipsis London PressLtd. Thomas, K. L. (2006). Material Matters: Architecture and Material Practice: Taylor & Francis.
JOURNALS: Ashby, M. F., BrÊchet, Y. J. M., Cebon, D., & Salvo, L. (2004). Selection strategies for materials and processes. Materials & Design, 25(1), 5167. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(03)00159-6 Bunnell, T., Barter, P. A., & Morshidi, S. (2002). Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area: A globalizing city–region. Cities, 19(5), 357-370. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00036-7 Dant, T. (2006). Material civilization: things and society. The British Journal of Sociology, 57(2), 289-308. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00110.x
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Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Franzoni, E. (2011). Materials Selection for Green Buildings: which Tools for Engineers and Architects? Procedia Engineering, 21(0), 883-890. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2090 Fujita, M. A. (2010). Forays into Building Identity: Kampung to Kampong in the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area. Journal of Architectural Education, 63(2), 8-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01055.x Ismail, W. H. W. (2012). Cultural Determinants in the Design of Bugis Houses. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50(0), 771-780. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.079 Karana, E., Hekkert, P., & Kandachar, P. (2010). A tool for meaning driven materials selection. Materials & Design, 31(6), 2932-2941. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.12.021 Lang, N. T. (2013). Cultural and Social Elements in the Development of Green Architecture in Vietnam. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,
85(0),
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.333 Love, S. (2013). Architecture as material culture: Building form and materiality in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Anatolia and Levant. Journal of
Anthropological
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32(4),
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.05.002 Prown, J. D. (1982). Mind in Matter: An Introduction to Material Culture Theory and Method. Winterthur Portfolio, 17(1), 1-19. Sim, S. S. (2010). Redefining the Vernacular in the Hybrid Architecture of Malaysia: A Thesis Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture.
Victoria
University
of
Wellington.
Retrieved
from
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1iLUZwEACAAJ
65
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Surat, M., Tahir, M. M., Usman, I. M. S., Che-Ani, A. I., Abdullah, N. A. G., Tawil, N. M., . . . Nor, M. F. I. M. (2010). Re-evaluating the idea of a Malaysian architectural identity towards a sustainable environment. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th IASME/WSEAS international conference on Energy \&\#38; environment, UK. Vellinga, M. (2007). Review essay: Anthropology and the materiality of architecture.
American
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10.1525/ae.2007.34.4.756 Wastiels, L., & Wouters, I. (2012). Architects’ considerations while selecting materials.
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ONLINE RESOURCES: PETRONAS Twin Towers Website [online] [available at http://www.petronastwintowers.com.my] [last accessed 27/04/14] 348 Sentral Office Tower from IEN Consultants Website [online] [available at http://www.ien.com.my/projects/sentral348.html] [last accessed 27/04/14] BAUER Malaysia constructs the foundation and underground floors for the 348 Sentral project in Kuala Lumpur from BAUER Group Website [online] [available at https://www.bauer.de/en/press/press_articles/2010/2010_08_20_b auer_malysia_sentral.html] [last accessed date 27/04/14] KL Sentral Projects (Lot 348) from Sara-Timur Group of Companies Website [online] [available at http://www.sara-timur.com/portfolio-view/klsentral-projects-lot-348] [last accessed 27/04/14]
66
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 New breed of young entrepreneurs embrace green tech from Gapurna Group Website [online] [available at http://www.gapurnagroup.com/files/New%20breed%20of%20young% 20entrepreneurs%20embrace%20green%20tech.pdf] [last accessed 27/04/14] Little-known Gapurna making a mark [Appendix C.] from The Edge Malaysia [online news] [available at http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/features/16473-little-knowngapurna-making-a-mark.html] [last accessed 27/04/14] High rise building under construction near KL Sentral catches fire from The Jakarta Post [Appendix D.][online news] [available at http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/18/high-risebuilding-under-construction-near-kl-sentral-catches-fire.html] [last accessed 27/04/14] 348 Sentral aiming for green certifications (Aug 17, 2009) from The Edge Property [online news] [available at http://www.theedgeproperty.com/news-a-views/57-by-e-jacqui-chanof-theedgepropertycom.html] [last accessed 27/04/14] Work on 348 Sentral on track from The Star Online [online news] [available at http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2011%2f3%2f1%2fc entral%2f8127939&sec=central] [last accessed 27/04/14] Fire at KL Sentral building under construction from New Straits Times [online] [available at http://www.nst.com.my/top-news/fire-at-klsentral-building-under-construction-1.33837] [last accessed 27/04/14] Massive traffic jam at KL Sentral due to fire at construction site from The Sun Daily [online news] [available at http://www.thesundaily.my/node/81903] [last accessed 27/04/14] 67
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
APPENDICES
68
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix 1.
69
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix 2.
70
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646
71
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix A. Ar. Shuhemi Bahaudin CULTURAL
INCLUDES
SUSTAINABILITY,
SYMBOLIC,
POLITIC,
ECOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTION. TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
INVOLVE
CLIMATE,
SPECIFICATION,
TEMPERATURE, STRENGTH, AND ECONOMIC. ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED BASED ON YOUR EXPERIENCE
AND
PERSONAL
ACTS.
THEY’RE
ALL
OPEN-ENDED
QUESTIONS. THERE’S NO LIMITS IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MATERIALITY IN ARCHITECTURE 1) DOES THE INITIAL MATERIAL PROPOSAL USUALLY END UP TO BE USED OR IMPLIED IN THE CONSTRUCTION STAGE ? Most of the time, initial thought of the right materials is incorporated during construction. During the inception of the concept, the designer would normally has a fair idea of the materials that will enhance the design aesthetically; whether the building will be clad in stone, concrete, curtain wall or cladding and etc. This initial selection of material will have to be made with some understanding of budget cost so that the scheme will in the end be feasible. The final selection of the material will be made at a later stage when the detail design development is completed. Most of the time the initial material selected is very close and technically the best to suit the design. Some people said “the first impression is always right” The designer is sure of his concept and what he wants to achieve in this case. Normally when building plan submission has been lodged to the Local Authority, the material selection for main components of the building 72
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 has been agreed with the client. You are not supported to change it when it has been approved by the Local Authority without their consent. Budget is always an issue on most jobs. For large size projects, clients, especially when they are developers would want to make considerable saving throughout the construction stage. At that stage you would have to convince them aesthetically and technically before compromising to suit their coffer.
2) WHAT MATERIAL DO YOU THINK SUITS THE MODERN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE STYLE IN MALAYSIA ? WHY ? Modern building in Malaysia, with reference to large projects, high-rise and similar; there is a consistent trend that you can see with regard to usage of material in buildings. Previously concrete and brick with plaster or tile finish have been commonly used on external faรงades probably due to cost constraint. Later aluminium cladding system and curtain wall are becoming affordable to the clients. But still you can find some schemes with innovative use of concrete and plaster on facades to give a contemporary and modern look at reasonable cost. So far these are the common basic materials which I believe would be specified by architects internationally for their competitive cost and durability to be able to suit various local conditions. It is important that a check is performed to ensure that the material can withstand local weather condition. We had used green copper patina sheets on one of our projects in KL but after a few years an oxidation process occurred and the green colour started to fade away due to poor air quality in Klang valley. So you have to be careful when choosing imported material that may not perform in local condition. Internally, granite panels, marbles, cladding, tiles are commonly used. Reconstituted
stones
(marble
and
quartz)
are
becoming
more
competitive with many colour and grain options. Timber being used in 73
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 selected areas likes stage, restaurant and outdoor pool deck and main reception area.
3) IN CURRENT PRACTICE, DOES CULTURE PLAYS A ROLE IN MATERIAL SELECTION ? WHICH ASPECTS AND WHY ? How many designers would think of the implication of culture on material selection at the onset of design? Architects are more familiar with the word “aesthetic” and “technical” with less mentioning of culture, simply because beautiful and great buildings have to be constructible.
Probably
without
realising
culture
has
always
contributed in our subconscious mind during the design stage and influenced toward material selection. They may be superficial discussions due to the fact that this is a “subjective matter” and an in depth discussion is a mental exercise for those eager to find the root in culture. Where appropriate, HKAS use forms to symbolically express culture inherited from history in modern term. Some of the examples are Menara Mayban, Tabung Haji and Menara Telekom. The forms create spaces that are interrelated between each other. At this level there is the opportunity if it makes sense to introduce materials culturally to enhance the function or purpose of the spaces. Taking Menara Telekom as an example, the concept is based on one of the painting by a local malay painter, Latiff Muhyiddin who drew a picture of pucuk rebong, one of the traditional source of “vegetable from bamboo shoot” The office tower resembles bamboo shoot growing up with it leaves (sky gardens) unfolding as it thrusts upward towards the sky; symbolising Telekom Malaysia economic growth and stability. While the surrounding lower ancillary buildings represent the expansion of Telekom subsidiary companies. The original pattern (done in pebble wash) on the podium slab resembles roots of the 74
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 bamboo shoot that grab and anchor solidly into the ground. The pattern was even extended into the landscape area. In this case, the “shoot is indirectly expressed using volume and spaces generated by the form. Aluminium cladding was chosen as a suitable material for the shoot/leaves due to its smoothness to enhance the growth and pebblewash was chosen for the root.
4) COMPARING TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND CULTURAL ASPECTS, WHICH ONE PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELECTING CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ? WHY ? Thinking practical and functional naturally, we would probably said technical is more important because we want the building to be constructible, withstand extreme climate conditions, durable, does not leak, economical and etc. etc. In that sense technical is more important. I think technical and culture is two different things that enhance and reinforce each other. In other words, they make perfection of each other’s. It is like body and soul. To bluntly say, a building with no soul is like a square box with no attention pay to sustainability or ecology and etc. You can still live in it but it is not interesting or have to cope with hardship. There is also the influence of economy on the design that determines the balance between the two. Culture is the “soul” that a society develops over years using their creativity; develop in different ways using the power of imagination bestowed by God and translated in different ways and forms. In building industry, practicality, safety and health are the basic requiremens of construction. Local authorities in conjunction with professional bodies have derived guidelines which form the By- Laws which the professional consultants including the architects have to follow. There is no compromise on these three basic requirements. 75
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Therefore it is a must that technically you have to choose materials to ensure these basic requirements are fulfilled. With the global warming which is a great concern as far as our earth is concern, there is a great increase in awareness on sustainability; less carbon dioxide emission, using recycle products, control on deforestation with replanting substitution and etc, there is a change in the human thinking as they realise that the inhabitants of this earth are actually contributing to the destruction of the planet they live in. They now learn of their ancestors’ respect for the environment they live in. Hence the enforcement of GBI and LEED requirements that give credits to buildings that fulfil their basic criteria. This has definitely give birth to a “new culture” for the dwellers of this earth, the pre- requisite of which can be traced back from our ancestors or the great designers of the past.
5) DO YOU CONSIDER USERS’ OR HUMAN’S PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE BUILDING IN SELECTING THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ? In my opinion less consideration is given to human perception in the selection of construction materials because they need designers to make the decision for them. Generally people do not have appreciation for materials and they would resort to designers for advice and decision. Some clients with artistic mind would have preference and “dictate” their taste of material to the designer. This is not a problem as they would normally have the same understanding or taste as the architect they choose to design. It was a great pleasure to have our client for Al Faisal University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to be deeply involved with the design of the project and selections of the materials that go into his building. Some time you could be involved with the development in an area that has strong historical values or culture. In this case you will be facing 76
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 with general people that are so accustom with their own way of life and may have established a common perception towards material or forms they familiar with. Probably in this case this “culture” would be the reference for the designer to consider in his design.
6) HOW DO YOU THINK WE CAN PRESERVE MALAYSIAN CULTURE OR IDENTITY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE ? Probably I have touched on some of these aspects in my response above. This is what we refer to as the ‘wow” factor as it is the hardest part of the design to give birth to an image that will be remembered by the society for generation to come. This has to be cleverly and literally done in modern language and not a direct interpretation of the concept chosen. In the end, it is the masses and more importantly the occupants of the building that will make a statement as to its successfulness. HKAS have attempted to achieved this on some of the buildings designed from this office. Examples are Menara Telekom ( puchok rebong), Tabung Haji (tabung), Putrajaya International Convention Centre ( pending), Putrajaya Bollevard ( kain songkit), Menara Mayban ( some said “keris”), Malaysian Pavilion,Milan, Italy ( tikar mengkuang) and etc.
77
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 348 SENTRAL PROJECT 1) WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT ? The prismatic form is inspired by diamonds, symbolising both strength and beauty. Diamond shape can be traced back to some images found in our culture, notably kain songkit and etc
2) DO YOU THINK THE MATERIAL CHOSE REFLECTS ON OUR MALAYSIAN CULTURE IN A WAY ? WHY ? Materials chosen for this building are common materials and may not necessarily reflect our culture literally. Not all materials that have roots in our culture, for example timber can be used extensively in building due to less durability and economic reasons. There are some timber paneling and fabric being used in the lobbies and apartment units, however they are being designed to suit the operators, Ascott (Service Residence) and Shell (Office Tower)
3) WHAT ARE OTHER ASPECTS THAT INVOLVED WHEN CHOOSING THE MATERIALS ? The grey, bare colour chosen for the scheme plays an important role in the material selection. Maintenance free and high durability are also the criteria for choosing the materials. Cost engineering exercises were carried out which affect the selection of materials. Basically, alternative cheaper materials were chosen without compromising colour and durability and aesthetic of the lobby and circulation areas. This has to be reviewed without compromising the technical specification of the materials
78
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 4) WHERE DID ALL THE MATERIALS ARE BEING SOURCED (LOCALLY OR IMPORTED) ? Materials are generally local with some finishes imported. General rule imposed on government buildings is 70% local and 30 percent imported. This requirement is not strictly imposed on private building as in this case, nevertheless it was generally followed. Basic construction materials like cement, sand, aggregate, brick, plaster, plasterboard, aluminium extrusion for curtain wall are locally sourced. While glass, reconstitute stone, tiles, aluminium cladding, lifts and escalators (locally assembled), waterproofing and etc are imported
79
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix B. Ir. Shazri Shuib CULTURAL
INCLUDES
SUSTAINABILITY,
SYMBOLIC,
POLITIC,ECOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTION. TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
INVOLVE
CLIMATE,
SPECIFICATION,
TEMPERATURE, STRENGTH, AND ECONOMIC. ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED BASED ON YOUR EXPERIENCE
AND
PERSONAL
ACTS.
THEY’RE
ALL
OPEN-ENDED
QUESTIONS. THERE’S NO LIMITS IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MATERIALITY IN ARCHITECTURE 1) DOES THE INITIAL MATERIAL PROPOSAL USUALLY END UP TO BE USED OR IMPLIED IN THE CONSTRUCTION STAGE ? Proposed architectural materials during design stage are usually being used in construction unless they are designed or used as structural materials which have to meet all structural requirements aspecially on the structural integrity to avoid any structural failures which may affect the safety and stability of buildings. If they are not structural related materials, the chances of not being used in construction stage are due to opting to alternative materials which are better in qualities and/or cheaper in costs but having similar or almost similar architectural effects or requirements. A project that emphasize on the cultural aspect in the architectural design has to consider the cost of materials as secondary so as to achieve the status or aspiration required by the Client
80
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 2) WHAT MATERIAL DO YOU THINK SUITS THE MODERN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE STYLE IN MALAYSIA ? WHY ? Timber has always been linked to the Malay culture when building homes but now due to the scarcity of good or high quality timbers and the preservation of forests, engineered timber maybe an alternative to maintain
the
timber
effect
related
to
Malaysian
architectural
requirements. Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete precast products are also becoming an alternative in today’s architecture style in Malaysia due to its flexibility in being able to be casted in various designs and forms.
3) IN CURRENT PRACTICE, DOES CULTURE PLAYS A ROLE IN MATERIAL SELECTION ? WHICH ASPECTS AND WHY ? Culture does play a role in material selection to maintain the country’s original symbol of architecture especially in the aspects of preserving the national and political stature of the country translated through the architecture designs of the buildings.
4) COMPARING TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND CULTURAL ASPECTS, WHICH ONE PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELECTING CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ? WHY ? Technical aspects are considered due to their requirements in terms of durability, availability, strength and costs while cultural aspects are mainly considered due to the origin, locality or the owner of buildings to be built to present their culture but still they have to meet similar requirements as the technical aspects to have the value of money and long lasting material usage avoiding too frequent maintenance which
81
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 will create bad impression of the building and becoming noneconomical in the long term.
5) DO YOU CONSIDER USERS’ OR HUMAN’S PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE BUILDING IN SELECTING THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ? In selecting construction materials for buildings, users’ or human’s perception
have to be considered especially in creating ‘green’
buildings where users comfort and energy efficiency are of utmost importance.
6) HOW DO YOU THINK WE CAN PRESERVE MALAYSIAN CULTURE OR IDENTITY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE ? Malaysian culture or identity can be preserved through architecture by its cultural, symbolic and sustainability design but the choice of materials may have to be open to various technical requirement to address the aspects involving climate and the economical aspects as well.
7) WHERE DID ALL THE MATERIALS ARE BEING SOURCED (LOCALLY OR IMPORTED) ? Construction material are locally available or imported even for the highest and advanced ones. If the chosen material is hard to get hold onto, the choice will be changed to cheaper material or materials that have the same qualities as the initial one yet available locally. The cost of the material is subjective. Well-funded project don’t have concerns regaring cost. If they do need the best quality of materials, they will go for it especially if they need to comply for certain requirements (eg. double glazing for green building) 82
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix C.
83
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Appendix D. Web Source The Jakarta Post http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/18/high -rise-building-under-construction-near-kl-sentralcatches-fire.html Date
18 January, 2012, Indonesia
High rise building under construction near KL Sentral catches fire The Star, The Asia News Network, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Wed, 01/18/2012 11:28 AM The 348 Sentral building under construction near KL Sentral caught fire about 3:50 a.m. Wednesday, forcing the closure of roads leading to KL Sentral and Jalan Brickfields and resulting in a massive traffic jam in the area. Kuala Lumpur Fire and Rescue Department deputy director Azizan Ismail said they received a distress call at 3:53 a.m. that the building was on fire and arrived at the scene five minutes later. "The fire started on the 30th floor of the 33-floor building, which was expected to be completed at the end of this year. We encountered some problems fighting the blaze as the fire-fighting system installed was not fully functional,� he said. "Due to this we had to set up a pump on the 25th floor to fight the blaze and this caused some delay in bringing the fire under control," he added. A total of 10 fire engines and 72 personnel fought the blaze.
84
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 Police were also at the scene to control the ensuing traffic jam in the vicinity following the closure of roads leading to KL Sentral and the Brickfields area. After
the
blaze
was
brought
under control,
only
Jalan
Tun
Sambanthan was closed to traffic. A police source said that the road was likely to remain closed until at least noon. Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB), the developer and owners of 348 Sentral, said in a statement later that the building was still under construction and still at the structural stage. “MRCB will take all necessary measures to ensure public safety within Kuala Lumpur Sentral. The investigation to the cause of the fire is underway. “MRCB is grateful to the Fire and Rescue Department for responding in time to the distress call and assisting in putting out the fire,” the statement added. Earlier, Twitter was abuzz with news of 'a building under construction near KL Sentral catching fire'. "The new building nezt to KL sentral is burning!” tweeted Adam Tuan Mukriz @ATM2U. "I can see a building on fire at KL Sentral from my house," said another tweet from Jonathan Mah @jonmah. "There's a fire in KL Sentral, and I can see the smoke from Jalan Loke Yew looking at KL. Gonna be late for work... don't matter," tweeted Victor Tan @vicjamm. "Fetched boyfriend to kl sentral, we caught a fire happening at a building nearby kl sentral!!!," said @angelinebabyy
85
Saidatul S. Shazri _ 13146646 "348 Sentral, the under construction building that is beside KL Sentral is now on fire, Jln Brickfields closed," said a tweet at KL Traffic Update @kltrafficupdate. Priscilla Lim, said in an e-mail to The Star Online: "We live opposite the fire site. It's the new Shell building. The fire started early in the morning. "We were jolted awake by the noise, somewhat like minor explosions around 6:40 a.m. By then, the fire was very rapid. "When we called 112 [emergency number], we were told that the fire brigade was already there. Around 7:10 a.m., people were trying to put out the fire – hose was directed at the site from the top floor of our residence." Meanwhile, Rapid KL said in a tweet that LRT and bus services at KL Sentral were not affected by the fire. "LRT operations normal, KL Sentral stn open," it added. (mtq)
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