Bats N Rats - Marco Pecora, Manjeera Kancharla, Marion Edye

alus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) - Wirambi BATS N’ RATS

DESTIGMATISING BATS AND RAKALI URBAN ROOSTS FOR ECOSYSTEM REGENERATION MULTISPECIES COHABITATION MARC5010 / 5020 MARCO PECORA MANJEERA KANCHARLA MARION EDYE

(Gould’s wattled bat)

H

ersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing-Bat)

ODESK STUDENT VERSION

PART 2 INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOCUS SPECIES FOOD CHAIN

PART 1 CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY LEARNING TO LOVE THE BAT VIA THE BAT TOWER

TIME OF DAY SEASONAL CALENDAR URBAN PARK ROOSTS OUR PROPOSAL

CASE STUDY TREASURED PETS AND TROUBLESOME PESTS: THE DIYARBAKIR DOVECOTS

CASE STUDY BEE BOLES

LONG TERM LANDSCAPE REMEDIATION CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO MULTISPECIE COHABITATION THE DESIGN AXONOMETRIC VIEWS MOMENTS THROUGH DETAILS ARTIST’S IMPRESSIONS SIR JOSEPH BANKS HOTEL: A NOT SO ORDINARY ACCOMODATION

CASE STUDIES

PART 1

The following case studies were part of exploratory research into the study of multispecies cohabitation. A series of drawings, mappings, and diagrams at varying scales illustrate the concepts and ideas discussed in each report. Where circumstance binds humans and non-humans through elements of the built environment, these case studies demonstrate how both entities can cohabit in a modernising world destined to keep them apart.

In response to the evolving relationship between humans and non humans, each study addresses key Sustainable Development Goals relevant to their research.

INTRODUCTION The typology or human promoted ecological mechanism known as the Bat Tower, or Bat Roost, is a simple elevated timber structure that facilitates a natural predator/prey relationship in order to generate profit, produce and health. This vernacular architectural system is an example of promoted symbiotic mutualism in order to combat parasitism. The structure itself provides a safe and comfortable environment for the bats to live that protects them from humans and predators as well as locating them right beside an abundant food source.

The leading character in the development of this typology is Dr. Charles Augustus Rosenheimer Campbell, who through his work with bats as dollar making disease eradicators, has framed them as desirable cohabitants. His work shall be paralleled with the ongoing work of the ‘Merlin Tuttle’s Bat Conservation’ which seeks to combat Dracula’s grasp on the image of bats to promote their conservation and the ecosystem management they are integral to.

However, the bat is the true hero of this story and shall hopefully undergo a destigmitisation that shall improve its survivability, the ecosystems in which it dwells and the human systems around it. Too often has the bat been represented as a blood sucking fiend, on the contrary they are our little winged guardians against the real bloodsucking fiends, malaria carrying mosquitoes.

This report in conjunction with the attached multi-scale drawing analyses the Bat Tower as a non-aggressive system for humans to co-existing in a positive relationship with bats. It also places the Bat Towers as integral monuments within the communities they are found which have fundamental roles in the local experience, narrative and improving relationships with bats.

MULTI-SCALE DRAWING

Species Stakeholders Species Stakeholders

Microbat species in the Florida Keys, particularly the Southeastern Myotis, Ŝ Ŝ

Sp St

Due to the humid and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the

Ŝ Due to the humid and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the ř

Species Species Stakeholders Stakeholders

Species Stakeholders

Microbat species in the Keys,Keys, particularly the Southeastern Myotis, Microbat species in Florida the Florida particularly the Southeastern Myotis, Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ

8.

8.

Due to and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the Duethe to humid the humid and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the

Ŝ Ŝ ř ř Ŝ Ŝ 9.

9.

Due to the humid and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the

352'8&(' %< $1 $872'(6. 678'(17 9(56,21

Hist ory o f the Human R espo ns e

to Mos uitoes in the Florida

K ey

s

In order to protect themselves

wear long garments and hats

Ŝ laborers or slaves, on the other hand, would not be protected and would have to Ŝ

10.

Smudge Pots were used from the 1920s to ward

by burning oil or other fuels to generate a thick smoke that is unpleasant » Ŝ

11.

Ŝ Ũ Ŝ Ũ ŧ ř Ũ ŧ ř Ũ

Ŝ ſɩɰ ř ɨɯɭɪ ŷ ɩɩ ř ɨɰɪɨƀ Ŝ ſɩɰ ř ɨɯɭɪ ŷ ɩɩ ř ɨɰɪɨƀ ř Ŝ ř Ŝ ř ř ř ř º Ŝ º Ŝ

GuanoGuano is the valued accumulation of bat excrement whichwhich is is is highly the highly valued accumulation of or batseabird or seabird excrement harvested for use fertiliser rich rich in nitrogen, phosphate harvested for as useanasagricultural an agricultural fertiliser in nitrogen, phosphate Ŝ Ŝ

Ŝ Ŝ ‘Hygiostatic Bat Roosts’, many many of which failed to succeed due to ‘Hygiostatic Bat Roosts’, of which failed to succeed duepoor to poor ř º ř º Ũ Ŝ ř Ũ Ŝ ř to bats, reduced ratesrates of malaria and allowed for bite-free comfort afterafter to bats, reduced of malaria and allowed for bite-free comfort Ŝ Ŝ

Ŝ º ɨɰɩɬ ř ũ ř Ŝ º ɨɰɩɬ ř ũ ř Ū Ū

Ŝ

Ŝ

Right: Right: Ŝ Bats, Mosquitoes, Ŝ Bats, Mosquitoes, and Dollars, 1925.1925. ɩɥɩɥŜ and Dollars, ɩɥɩɥŜ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ Ş Ş ŵ Ş Ş Ş Ş ŞɨɰɩɬŵŜ Ş Ş ŞɨɰɩɬŵŜ

14.

14.

15.

15

º 7.

5.

4.

6.

8.

3.

9.

1.

2.

16.

ś ɨŜ ɩŜ ɪŜ ɫŜ ɬŜ ɭŜ ɮŜ ɯŜ ɰŜ

Ŝ Ũ ś Ŝ º Ŝ ř Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ º Ŝ Ŝ ř Ŝ 17.

Ŝ

Sugarloaf Key Bat Tower ‘Perky Bat Tower’ Built in 1929

By Richter Clyde Perky

Bat tower sited close to

population with walls facing direct sun during the day to keep warm

º entry to allow bats in and block predatory or nest stealing birds

40mm spaced plywood roosts hung vertically for varied sized bats to rest within Hopper to funnel falling guano to collection point for harvester Post capping to protect from climbing predators

Section @ 1:50 18.

Remains of destroyed tower after Hurricane Irma in 2017, as seen by aerial imagery Plan @ 1:2000

Ŝ ũ

ŜŪ ř ɩř ɩɥɨɮŜ śŵŵ Ŝ ŵ ŵ 19. ŵɰɨɫɬɮɬɫɩɰɥɬɥɩɨɭɫɫɰŜ

20.

17m tall

Ŝ Bat Roost, San Antonio. ɨɰɨɬŜ Ŝ ɬ ɮ Ŝ ř Ŝ Ŝ ɩɥɬɫɥ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ Ŝ ŵ Ŝ Ŝ

San Antonia Municipal Bat Roost

12m tall Sugarloaf Key Bat Tower

BAT TOWER

12m tall DRCAMPBELL'S

ř Ŝ Ŝ 1. NORTH AND EAST ELEVATIONS - Perky Bat Tower, Airport Road, Key West, Monroe County, FL. ɨɰɭɮŜ Ŝ ɫ ɬ Ŝ Library of Congress Prints and Pho ř Ŝ Ŝ ɩɥɬɫɥ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ Ŝ ŵ Ŝ Ŝ

Sugarloaf Key Bat Tower

11m tall

Ŝ Bat guano crop from the Mitchell’s Lake “Malaria-Eradicating, Guano-Producing Bat Roost” was 4,012 pounds. ɨɰɨɯŜ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ Ş Ş laria-eradicating-guano-produc Ş Ş ŵŜ

Mitchell’s Lake Bat Roost

ɰŜɬ

ɯŜɬ

ɪŜɬ

ř Ŝ Hygieostatic Bat Roost - Comfort, TXŜ ɩɥɨɫŜ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ com/waymarks/WMM276_Hygieostatic_Bat_ ɏ ɏ Ŝ

MUNICIPAL BAT-ROOST

21.

h Myt

nd

a

Paralleled Stories Destigmatising Bats

Sti

g

Ŝ

ma Ŝ

Same core Ŝ me

Ŝ

llinator as po s a s t nd a B se e

ing bats by igmatis pre Dest se nt in

Ŝ ped

ersŜ e rs

g

p »i

sp di

roºtŜ or p m f

t gis lo

22.

d

is an ch

t B a c er i o

C on s

st contr a s pe ol s t an a B d

er

vationist

23.

Break-down Back-ground Break-down Back-ground

Species Stakeholders

Bat Swarm

Bat ř Ŝ Mexican Swarm

free-tailed ř Ŝ Mosquitoes swarming ř Ŝ Mexican free-tailed ř Ŝ Mosquitoes swarming bats exiting Bracken Bat Cave. ɩɥɨɩŜ in the air. Ŝ ɪɥɥɥ bats exiting Bracken Bat Cave. ɩɥɨɩŜ in the air. Ŝ ɪɥɥɥ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ɩɥɥɥ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ɩɥɥɥ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ» Ŝ ŵ Ş Ş Ş Ş Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ» Ŝ ŵ Ş Ş Ş Ş ŵ ŵ ŵɯɥɥɭɯɪɩɮɯɮŵŜ ŵɯɭɪɭɫɮɪɭŜ ŵ ŵ ŵɯɥɥɭɯɪɩɮɯɮŵŜ ŵɯɭɪɭɫɮɪɭŜ

Malaria Microscope Malaria under under Microscope ř Ŝ Plasmodium falciparum ř Ŝ Plasmodium falciparum in stage ring stage in red human red blood in ring in human blood Ŝ ſ º Ŝ ſ º tion xtion 400)x a400) protozoan parasite. a protozoan parasite.

VectorVector is theisfemale Anopheles mosthe female Anopheles mosquito quito the most dangerous species of the most dangerous species of Plasmodium. º Plasmodium. º Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ ŵ Ş Ŝ ŵ ŵ ŵ Ş parum-in-ring-stage-in-human-red-royparum-in-ring-stage-in-human-red-royalty-free-image/139813972?adppopalty-free-image/139813972?adppopup=true up=true

24.

24.

ʫ ś -blood ʫ ś -disease -blood -sugars -disease -pineapple -sugars -discomfort -pineapple -chaos -discomfort

-chaos

25.

Due to the humid and warm, tropical-maritime climate experienced in the

25

BAT TOWER MODEL

TREASURED PETS AND TROUBLESOME PESTS People and Pigeons A rise and fall in sentiment, use and dependancy

Case study

Diyarbakir Dovecotes Turkey MANJEERA KANCHARLA 470393479 MARC5020

1 1

ERIMLI ERIMLI CARLOS SAINZ FOR LIFE

HAVACILAR HAVACILAR

CARLOS SAINZ FOR LIFE

KARACALI KARACALI

HANEFI HANEFI KERVANPINAR KERVANPINAR HAMZELI HAMZELI SUKURLU SUKURLU YUVACIK YUVACIK

DIYARBAKIR DIYARBAKIRCITY CITY N N WW E E S S

INTRODUCTION

S ARE PIGEONS ARE PIGEPOENSTS!!

S E P TS

In Turkey, pigeons are one th emost popular domestic animals. The dovecotes of Diyarbakir are a symbol of Turkish culture and local vernacular of the last few centuries. They embody the dynamic of human-animal relationships. A relationship spawned from serving each other. Whilst people have provided a space for the pigeons to inhabit, safe from predators like snakes they have also used these pigeons to collect fertiliser and produce crops.

6060 LIRA/KG SQUAB MEAT LIRA/KG SQUAB MEAT The fear of zoonotic transmission that has arisen in recent years and the advent of industrialisation and the growing use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers has made the need for pigeon fertiliser (guana) superfluous despite its natural potency.

BE BIRBEWWAR B D AE

FL RE lack of neccessity in raising and breeding pigeons they are still bred for meat, sport and as a DespiteIRDthe FLU! U! prized possession yet the dovecotes have fallen into disrepair. Their need for annual maintenance and the resurgence of organic farming, a renewed awareness of health and affect of chemical fertilisers Popular media has presented pigeons as the rats of the sky. A rodent and a pest.

The dovecotes of Diyarbakir are made from locally sourced materials, to house pigeons and collect their guano (excrement) for highly potent and effective fertiliser.

Pigeons were domesticated thousands of years ago and have played various roles in human history, from messengers, pets and food SOLD to being revered and prized as religious symbols.

FOR 11.8 MILLION LIRA SOLD FOR 11.8 MILLION LIRA

WILD DOVES (SYNONYMOUS TO PIGEONS) NEST ON ROCKY OUTCROPS WHICH ARE NOT A COMMON FEATURE OF DIYARBAKIR’S LANDSCAPE. PIGEONS HAVE A STRONG AFFINITY TO MAN-MADE DOVECOTES.

WILD DOVES (SYNONYMOUS TO WILDPIGEONS) DOVES (SYNONYMOUS TO NEST ON ROCKY PIGEONS) NEST ON ARE ROCKY OUTCROPS WHICH NOT A OUTCROPS WHICH ARE NOT COMMON FEATURE OFA COMMON FEATURE OF DIYARBAKIR’S LANDSCAPE. DIYARBAKIR’S PIGEONS HAVE ALANDSCAPE. STRONG AFFINITY PIGEONS HAVE A STRONG AFFINITY TO MAN-MADE DOVECOTES TO MAN-MADE DOVECOTES

DOVECOTS PROTECT THEM FROM THEIR PREDATORS, THE SNAKES AND FALCONS ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN PROXIMITY TO WATER SOURCES TO ALLOW FOR SELF SUSTENANCE ARE BUILT ON NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL HILL SLOPES TO ADD HEIGHT APERTURES ARE ORIENTATED ON THE SOUTH FACADE, PROTECTED FROM THE WIND, FACING THE SUN AND WATER FOR LIGHT AND ACCESSIBILITY

THE DOVECOTES: THE DOVECOTES: PROTECT THEM FROM THEIR PREDATORS, THE SNAKES AND FALCONS PROTECT THEM FROM THEIR PREDATORS, THE SNAKES AND FALCONS ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN PROXIMITY TO WATER SOURCES TO ALLOW FOR SELF SUSTENANCE ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN PROXIMITY TO WATER SOURCES TO ALLOW FOR SELF SUSTENANCE ARE BUILT ON NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL HILL SLOPES TO ADD HEIGHT ARE BUILT ON NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL HILL SLOPES TO ADD HEIGHT APERTURES ARE ORIENTATED ON THE SOUTH FACADE, PROTECTED FROM THE WIND, FACING THE SUN AND APERTURES ARE ORIENTATED ON THE SOUTH FACADE, PROTECTED FROM THE WIND, FACING THE SUN AND WATER FOR LIGHT AND ACCESSIBILITY WATER FOR LIGHT AND ACCESSIBILITY

LOG STONE

EARTH

LOG STONE

STRAW/ GRASS 5mm POLES EARTH STRAW/ GRASS 10-15mm WOODEN BEAMS 5mm POLES DOVE ENTRANCE APERTURE 10-15mm WOODEN BEAMS DOVE ENTRANCE APERTURE MUD BRICKS MUD BRICKS PERCH PERCH

NEST NEST

HUMAN DOOR GUANO FERTILISER HUMAN DOOR GUANO FERTILISER

SINGLE PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE) SINGLE PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE)

THE WEST BANK OF THE TIGRIS RIVER FORMED AFTER THE KARCADAG VOLCANO ERUPTION SPEWED BASALTIC LAVA THAT SOLIDIFED. AS A CONSEQUENCE, DIYARBAKIR CITY HAS MANY PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF STONE ARCHITECTURE.

LATIN NAME: COLUMBA LIVIA (DOVE OR BIRD OF BLUE-GREY FEATHERS) COMMON NAME: DOVE/PIGEON

PIGEON,

DOVE,

ROCK

DERIVATION: PIGEON COMES FROM THE THE EAST BANK OF THE RIVER HAS AN ‘PIPIO’, MEANING ‘YOUNG CHEEPTHE WEST BANK OF THE TIGRIS RIVER FORMED AFTER THELATIN KARCADAG VOLCANO ERUPTION ABUNDANCE OF SAND, MARLSTONE AND ING BIRD’ SPEWED BASALTIC LAVA THAT SOLIDIFED. AS A CONSEQUENCE, DIYARBAKIR CITY HAS MANY CLAY. THESE ARE WIDELY USED IN SUNEXAMPLES OF STONE ARCHITECTURE. DRIED MUD-BRICK CONSTRCUTION PROMINENT LIKE VARIETIES: 350 KNOWN THE WEST BANK OF THE TIGRIS RIVER FORMED VOLCANO ERUPTION THE WEST BANK OF THE TIGRIS RIVER FORMEDAFTER AFTERTHE THEKARCADAG KARCADAG VOLCANO ERUPTION THESE DOVECOTES. MOST COMMON: FERAL PIGEON // 10-15 ALONGSIDE THESE LARGE SCALE DOVEMILLION ORIGIN: NORTH AFRISPEWED BASALTIC LAVA SOLIDIFED. AS AACONSEQUENCE, DIYARBAKIR CITY HAS MANY SPEWED BASALTIC LAVA THAT SOLIDIFED. ASABUNDANCE CONSEQUENCE, DIYARBAKIR CITYEUROPE, HASCLAY. MANY THE EAST BANK OF THAT THE RIVER HAS AN OF SAND, MARLSTONE AND THESE COTES MANY LOCAL FARMERS OWN THEIR CA, ASIA PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF STONE ARCHITECTURE. PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF STONE ARCHITECTURE. ARE WIDELY USED IN SUNDRIED MUD-BRICK CONSTRCUTION LIKE THESE DOVECOTES. OWN DOVECOTES TO OBTAIN DROPPINGS FOR GUANO (PIGEON FERTILISER).

DIET: SEEDS, INSECTS, HUMAN REFUSE

THE BANK RIVER HAS OF SAND, MARLSTONE AND CLAY. THESE THEEAST EAST BANKOF OFTHE THE RIVER HASAN ANABUNDANCE ABUNDANCE OFMANY SAND,LOCAL MARLSTONE AND CLAY. THESE ALONGSIDE THESE LARGE SCALE DOVECOTES FARMERS OWN THEIR OWN ARE WIDELY USED IN SUNDRIED MUD-BRICK CONSTRCUTION LIKE THESE DOVECOTES. ARE WIDELY USED IN SUNDRIED MUD-BRICK CONSTRCUTION LIKE THESE DOVECOTES. DOVECOTES TO OBTAIN DROPPINGS FOR GUANOLIFE (PIGEON FERTILISER).

THE DOVECOTES ARE DESIGNED TO FOSEXPECTANCY: 3-15 YEARS

TER ROOSTING AND BREEDING, FACILIDOMESTICATION: MESOPOTAMIAN PICTOTATE THE SEARCH FOR SUSTENANCE IN GRAPHICALOWN WRITING CLAY SEARCH TABLETS ALONGSIDE THESE LARGE SCALE DOVECOTES MANY LOCAL FARMERS THEIR ALONGSIDE THESE LARGE SCALE DOVECOTES MANY LOCAL FARMERS OWN THEIRONOWN OWN THE DOVECOTES ARE DESIGNED TO FOSTER ROOSTING AND BREEDING, FACILITATE THE THE LANDSCAPE AND RAISING A FAMILY DATING BACK OVER 5000 YEARS GIVES DROPPINGS FOR GUANO (PIGEON FERTILISER).

DOVECOTESTO TO OBTAIN DROPPINGS FOR GUANOA (PIGEON FERTILISER).

FOR DOVECOTES SUSTENANCE INOBTAIN THE LANDSCAPE AND RAISING FAMILY OF SQUABS IN THE HANGING OF SQUABS IN THE HANGING NESTS. EVIDENCE OF THE DOMESTICATION OF NESTS. THE DOVECOTES HAS VARIOUS SPATIAL ROCK DOVES THE DOVECOTES ARE DESIGNED TO FOSTER ROOSTING AND THE DOVECOTES ARE DESIGNED TO FOSTER ROOSTING ANDBREEDING, BREEDING,FACILITATE FACILITATETHE THESEARCH SEARCH ARRANGEMENTS TO ACCOMODATE FOR AS MANY FOR PIGEONS AS DOVECOTES POSSIBLE. THEY DIFFUN FACT: PIGEONS BEEN FOUND TO SUSTENANCE IN LANDSCAPE AND AAFAMILY SQUABS IN HANGING FOR SUSTENANCE INTHE THE LANDSCAPE ANDRAISING RAISING FAMILYOF OF SQUABS INTHE THEHAVE HANGING THE HAS VARIOUS SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ACCOMODATE FOR AS MANY FER BY THE NUMBER OF PARTITIONS BUT PASS THE ‘MIRROR TEST’.

THE ABILITY NESTS. NESTS. PIGEONS AS POSSIBLE. THEY DIFFER BY THE NUMBER OF PARTITIONS BUT MAINTAIN A SINGLE MAINTAIN A SINGLE FACADE OF APERTO RECOGNISE ITS OWN REFLECTION. IT FACADE OF APERTURES AND A SIMPLE RECTANGULAR PLAN. TURES AND A SIMPLE RECTANGULAR PLAN. IS ONE OF 6 SPECIES TO DO SO AND THE THE FOR THEDOVECOTES DOVECOTESHAS HASVARIOUS VARIOUSSPATIAL SPATIALARRANGEMENTS ARRANGEMENTSTO TOACCOMODATE ACCOMODATE FORAS ASMANY MANY ONLY NON-MAMMAL

PIGEONS PIGEONSAS ASPOSSIBLE. POSSIBLE.THEY THEYDIFFER DIFFERBY BYTHE THENUMBER NUMBEROF OFPARTITIONS PARTITIONSBUT BUTMAINTAIN MAINTAINAASINGLE SINGLE FACADE FACADEOF OFAPERTURES APERTURESAND ANDAASIMPLE SIMPLERECTANGULAR RECTANGULARPLAN. PLAN.

1

TWO PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE)

2

3 m

THREE PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE) 11

22

33 mm

FIG.1 SURVIVING FIG.2 DOVECOTE OFATKARACALI FIG.2 PERCHES AT TWO DIFFERENT HEIGHTS FIG.1 SURVIVING DOVECOTE OF KARACALI PERCHES TWO DIFFERENT HEIGHTS FIG.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A FIG.3 INTERNA VILLAGE IN DIYARBAKIR DIYARBAKIR DO VILLAGE IN DIYARBAKIR DIYARBAKIR DOVECOTE

FIG.4 A DOVE

FIG.4 A DOVE

FIG.5 APERTURES ONOFTHE WALL OF A DOVECOTE FIG.5 APERTURES ON THE WALL A DOVECOTE SUKURLU VILLAGE, DIYARBAKIR PERTURES ONININTHE WALL OF A DOVECOTE SUKURLU VILLAGE, DIYARBAKIR RLU VILLAGE, DIYARBAKIR

FIG.6 CLOSE-UP OF THE APERTURES

FIG.6 CLOSE-UP OF THE APERTURES FIG.6 CLOSE-UP OF THE APERTURES

TWO PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE)

THREE PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE)

SINGLE PARTITION BORANHANE (DOVECOTE)

DOMESTIC PIGEONS ARE BRED FOR ENDURANCE AND SPEED AND ARE USED FOR COMPETITIVE RACING. THEY CAN REACH OVER SPEEDS OF 145KM/HR

IN THE LAST THREE DECADES THE DOVECOTES HAVE FALLEN INTO DISREPAIR FROM 283 DOVECOTES IN 17 VILLAGES, MERELY 24 BORANHANE (DOVECOTES) IN 8 VILLAGES REMAIN (2006)

THEIR INCREDIBLE NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS HAVE BEEN EXPLOITED FOR CENTURIES FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO WORLD WAR II

1

URAL DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE IS ON AGRICULTURE. IN AGES PAST E PREDOMINANT FERTILISER USED F CHEMICAL FERTILISERS AND INDUSTRIALISATION HAS CED THE NEED FOR KEEPING

THE CHALLENGE OF BREEDING SPECIFIC COLOURS AND HYBRIDS AND BREEDING RACING PIGEONS ARE POPULAR TURKISH HOBBIES

ERIMLI

HAVACILAR TIGRIS RIVER

FLUENZA VIRUSES SUCH AS AVIAN LY KNOWN AS BIRD FLU ALSO LLING OF MANY BIRDS, INCLUDING TED TO THEM.

PIGEONS IN TURKEY ARE COMMONLY USED FOR : SOURCE OF POTENT FERTILISER

KARACALI

RACING (ITS VERY LUCRATIVE IF YOU ARE INTERESTED)

PIGEONS ARE TRADED AND BRED TO BE PRIZED POSSESSION. THEIR APPEARANCE AND SIZE ARE KEY DIFFERENTIATORS OF PRICE

N

PIGEON DROPPINGS IS HIGH IN POTASSIUM NITRATE (SALTPETRE) THAT IS USED TO MAKE GUNPOWDER

MEAT STATUS SYMBOL BREEDING

HANEFI KERVANPINAR HAMZELI SUKURLU YUVACIK

DIYARBAKIR CITY

THE ECONOMY OF RURAL DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE IS HEAVILY DEPENDANT ON AGRICULTURE. IN AGES PAST PIGEON GUANO WAS THE PREDOMINANT FERTILISER USED BUT THE ADVENT OF CHEMICAL FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FROM INDUSTRIALISATION HAS DRAMATICALLY REDUCED THE NEED FOR KEEPING PIGEONS FEARS OF ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA VIRUSES SUCH AS AVIAN INFLUENZA, COMMONLY KNOWN AS BIRD FLU ALSO CONTIRBUTED TO A CULLING OF MANY BIRDS, INCLUDING PIGEONS BUT NOT LIMITED TO THEM. IN THE LAST THREE DECADES THE DOVECOTES HAVE FALLEN INTO DISREPAIR. FROM 283 DOVECOTS IN 17 VILLAGES, MERELY 24 BORANHAVE (DOVECOTES) IN 8 VILLAGES REMAIN (2006).

PIGEONS ARE NATURAL NAVIAGATORS WHO USE THE SUN AND THE MAGNETIC FORCE FIELDS OF THE EARTH TO NAVIGATE LONG DISTANCES. THEY ALSO RECOGNISE LANDSCAPES AND LANDMARKS.

PIGEONS ARE NATURAL NAVIAGATORS WHO USE THE SUN AND THE MAGNETIC FORCE FIELDS OF THE EARTH TO NAVIGATE LONG DISTANCES. THEY ALSO RECOGNISE LANDSCAPES AND LANDMARKS

RATS OF THE SKY RATS OF THE SKY DOVES ARE PIGEONS AND PIGEONS ARE DOVES THEY DESERVE REPUTATION DOVES ARE PIGEONS AND PIGEONSTHE ARESAME DOVES THEY DESERVE THE SAME REPUTATION PIGEONS HAVE BEEN AWARDED THE LOVING NICKNAME, PIGEONS HAVE BEEN AWARDED THE LOVING NICKNAME, ‘RATS OF THE SKY’, AN ODE ‘RATS OFAWARDED THE SKY’, AN TOCITYSCAPES THEIR ABUNDANCE IN URBAN AT EXCRETING PIGEONS HAVE BEEN THE LOVING NICKNAME, TO THEIR ABUNDANCE IN ODE URBAN AND THEIR PROFICIENCY ON AN A MYRIAD OFTHEIR SURFACES, PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS. CITYSCAPES THEIR PROFICIENCY AT EXCRETING ON A ‘RATS OF THE SKY’, ODE TOAND ABUNDANCE IN URBAN MYRIAD OF SURFACES, PEOPLE AND CITYSCAPES AND THEIR PROFICIENCY AT EXCRETING ONPOSSESSIONS. A PIGEONS HAVE BEEN AWARDED THE LOVING NICKNAME, ‘RATS OF THE SKY’, AN ODE MYRIAD OF SURFACES, PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS. TO THEIR ABUNDANCE IN URBAN CITYSCAPES AND THEIR PROFICIENCY AT EXCRETING ON A MYRIAD OF SURFACES, PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS. DOVES ARE PIGEONS AND PIGEONS ARE DOVES THEY DESERVE THE SAME REPUTATION.

PIGEONS HAVE BEEN AWARDED THE LOVING NICKNAME, ‘RATS OFAWARDED THE SKY’, AN TO THEIR ABUNDANCE IN URBAN PIGEONS HAVE BEEN THEODE LOVING NICKNAME, CITYSCAPES THEIR PROFICIENCY AT EXCRETING ON A ‘RATS OF THE SKY’, AN ODE TOAND THEIR ABUNDANCE IN URBAN MYRIAD OF SURFACES, PEOPLE AND CITYSCAPES AND THEIR PROFICIENCY AT EXCRETING ONPOSSESSIONS. A MYRIAD OF SURFACES, PEOPLE AND POSSESSIONS.

S ARE N O E G I E S ARP !

PESTS PIGEON !

PESTS

BE BIR WAR DF E LU !

BE BIR WAR DF E LU !

worker

drone

queen

Figure 10. Bee castes top view

Bees are fundamental to our continued existence and life and earth. The most pressing threats to long term bee survival include climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive plants, diseases and parasites spread by commercially managed bees, pesticides, limited floral resources, and colony transportation.

Whilst bee boles were used for centuries from as early as the 1500s, their decreased use over time parallels industrialisation and changing societal priorities. However, the recent restoration, preservation, and upkeep of Bee boles in the French Maritime Alpes Roya Valley has had a dramatic impact on the health of bee colonies, positively influenced local honey and wax production, and ultimately regenerated fading local biodiversity. Located on the outskirts of the Mercantour National Park and within the flora and fauna interest and protection zones, bee colonies from local bee boles are surrounded by a diversity of flowers and plants to forage and collect pollen and nectar from.

To better understand the roles of bees in our environment, we have to be able to differentiate how they work within their colonies. Worker bees are female bees in ‘reproductive self-restraint’ a term that refers to their underdeveloped reproductive system. Worker bees gather pollen, care for eggs and larvae produced by the queen, make wax, clean the hive, build honeycombs and defend the hive when needed. Hierarchically, young worker bees start working within the hive and move outside once they have grown big enough. Drones on the other hand, do not perform meaningful labour in the hive.

As males who do not have a sting, their only role is to fertilise the queen. Yet when the drone mates with the queen, he dies. Finally, there can only be one queen bee per hive, and she lays up to a hefty 2000 eggs a day in a brooding chamber. The health of the queen bee dictates that of her colony. If she gets too frail and is unable to produce eggs, she is killed or replaced. The worker bees groom a new queen by feeding a select number of larvae, royal jelly. The first to emerge is the new queen.

While worker bees are out of the hive travelling up to 5 kilometre perimeter from their colony to collect pollen and nectar, drones pass on nectar through each others mouths. This nectar is passed into a drones nectar sac (stomach) and regurgitated into another drones mouth. In the nectar sac, the nectar combines with enzymes. This process is repeated until the moisture content of the nectar reduces to around 20%.

At this point, the nectar is now honey and is placed into a wax storage cell for safe keeping. Honey production not only depends on the level of nectar collected and processed, but also the health of the hives’ surrounding environment.

Handmade beehive model with pine dowel lid

INTRODUCTION

PART 2

The heart of our project is to reframe the relationship between people and stigmatised bats and rats, to celebrate moments of mutual benefit and ecosystem generation. From our preliminary research of the flora and fauna of the Botany Bay region we discovered that the grey headed flying fox and microbat species like the Eastern Bentwing Bat and Gould’s Wattled bat, are native and transient to and in the area. We also came across the presence of the Rakali. The Rakali is a semi aquatic native rodent also known as the golden-bellied water mouse or water rat. Our intervention promotes the cohabitation of bats, rats and people. The existing site conditions have been minimally and non-invasively intervened to invite the Rakali and native bat species and to provide spatial opportunities for them to inhabit and engage in ecosystem generation.

Chalinolobus gouldii Gould’s Wattled bat

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

FOCUS SPECIES

Habitat Habitat chrysogaster (Native Water Rats Hydromys Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) Hollowed tree Trees & Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing-Bat)

Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) - Wirambi

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1:10 @ A3 Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) - Wirambi

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing bat

Hydromys chrysogaster Rakali: Native water rats

Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) & Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern Bent Habitat

Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s bat) Caves wattled and undercrofts & Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing-Bat) &

Habitat

Hydromys chrysogaster Rats) - Rakali Wetlands, burrows, hollows along waterways 1:10 @(Native A3 and Water

Hydromys chrysogaster (Native Water Rats) - Rakali

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing-Bat) 1:10 @ A3

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

1:10 @ A3

Pteropus poliocephalus Wirambi: Grey headed Flying Fox

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN

Pteropus poliocephalus (Grey-headed Flying-fox) - Wirambi

FOOD CHAIN

AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Rakali

Gould’s Wattled bat

h

& Nectar

lows

als

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Eastern Bentwing bat

Wirambi

Acanthopagrus australis: Yellowfin bream Fish Pseudomys delicatulus: Little native mouse / small mammals Cherax destructor: Yabby / crustaceans Limndonyastes peronii: Stripped Marsh Frog / amphibians Eulamprus Quoyii: Eastern Water Skink / reptiles Charadrius bicinctus: Double Banded Plover / Small birds Charadrius bicinctus: Eggs

Acheta domesticus: House Crickets Chelepteryx collesi Caterpillar: Caterpillars Chelepteryx collesi: White Stemmed Gum Moth / Moths Anoplognathus: Christmas Scarab Beetles / Beetles Periplaneta Australasiae: Australian Cockroach Musca domestica: House Fly

Eucalyptus cineera: Silver Dollar Eucalyptus Tree / Pollen + Nectar Ficus macrophylla: Moreton Bay Figs / Fruits

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TIME OF DAY

SEASONAL CALENDAR

Charting the activities of the Rakali, the bats and people in a 24 hour cycle informed our focus on a design with solid and permeable boundaries that facilitates our focal nocturnal species nighttime hunting and foraging activities with the diurnal activity of people walking, gathering and relaxing in the space.

In observing the site it was important to consider the transient and temporal nature of Australian weather shifts and conditions rather than a simplistic reduction to seasons and this led us to facilitate opportunities for wetland generation.

URBAN PARK ROOSTS The stigmatisation of bats and rats has been embroiled in our fear of zoonotic disease. These creatures have been culled, poached, and type casted as pests and perceived with disgust for years. They are blood sucking vampires and vermin of the underground. However, in submitting to this perception we fail to recognise and celebrate their significant role in environmental sustainability as ecosystem amenity boosters and their contribution to balancing the population of introduced species.

Bats are seed spreaders, pollinators, fertilisers who can thrive in the hollows and cavities of our urban environment. By creating a condensed environment that allows people to observe and experience the shifts and transformations in nature, we learn to appreciate these magnificent creatures.

Our design proposal centres around a roost structure that accommodates the lives of both bats and the Rakali. It is a modular system that can be repeated in various conditions around Australia. Research from the University of Sydney and footage of the Rakali has provided evidence that they are one of the only known mammals that can safely consume cane toad‘s. It would be particularly useful in Queensland where there is a persistent problem of cane toad populations as the Rakali is known to remove the venomous glands before consumption. It would also be useful near farms as the recent rodent infestation problem in South Australia has caused damage to crops and destroyed harvests. The Rakali has been known to drive them away. Promotion of the Rakali is also positive in platypus habitats as they often share, though not at the same time, burrows made by the other. On the other hand bats reduce disease carrying mosquito populations and are also critical pollinators. By reproducing a modular unit we will be promoting the conservation of native species and destigmatising them.

As we pan through our site we see the carnivorous Rakali emerges from its micro-climatic burrow on the banks of shallow water bodies to hunt for aquatic crustaceans, insects and plants during the quiet hours of dawn and dusk, to feed on it’s favoured location of tree roots. We also see them leave remnants of their feed on visible and elevated platforms which creates opportunities for small rodents and insects to find accessible food. In the roosts we see the collection of guano thermally insulating the Rakali burrows. Throughout the site people continue to engage in the environment that is blossoming from the Rakali and the native microbats’ intervention.

The addition of dim lighting highlights roosting points and minimises the swarming of flies and bugs alongside boardwalks.

OUR PROPOSAL Our proposal has three main components, a landscape plan that invites bats and rats to our site with flora and shallow estuaries, a roost and burrow system for the Rakali and native bats to reside within, and a guano collection mechanism within our building that celebrates harnessing the relationship between bats and people.

These components create moments that highlight and celebrate the relationships that exist in nature and condense them to our site, allowing people to notice and learn about these micro processes in the diverse ecosystems that surround us. Humans not only observe, but engage in a production relationship with the bats through the use of guano fertiliser.

URBAN PARK ROOSTS BAT ROOST AND RAKALI BURROW MODULAR UNIT

LONG TERM LANDSCAPE REMEDIATION The material affordances of the landscape we have created in the Joseph Banks Park are a response to our research on the native environments the Rakali and local microbat species have an affinity to.

Flying-foxes for example, play a vital role in keeping our ecosystems in good health. They pollinate flowers and disperse seeds as they forage on the nectar and pollen of eucalypts, melaleucas and banksias and on the fruits of rainforest trees and vines.

The central circulation axis through the north entry, opens the centre of the building to the exterior landscape, whilst also providing guests a clear path to a more privatised area of the hotel upstairs and the greenhouse cafe.

LEVELS OF PRIVACY

- Connectivity between our site, the flora and fauna, and the neighbouring park in which we have a larger long term landscape proposal - A responsive environmental footprint between the existing built forms, our proposed alterations, and site landscaping for consumable produce.

- Clear boundaries between the public and private spaces available to guests.

The notion of connectivity through the site and the wider urban context is heightened through the introduction of a waterway connecting the neighbouring pond to the middle of our building, transgressing normative experiences of the built environment. Where stacked streams meet a central waterway, boardwalks meander through the site between consumable gardens and form a central axis through the building splitting laterally into a cafe and vertically to private hotel rooms. The covered garden vegetates an otherwise victorian interior and flows outside through a colonnade of bat roosts and permeable exterior walls.

LEVELS OF MATERIAL CONTRAST

The non-invasive nature of our project raised several challenges in response to the design of a multi-species hotel, yet demonstrates how humans and non-humans can cohabit with little interference. Key ideas driving the evolution of our multi-species hotel include:

Connectivity

LIGHT

SOLID

LEVELS OF FLUIDITY

CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO MULTISPECIE COHABITATION

LIGHT

PERFORATE

Boundaries However, boundaries are important when relating oneself to the natural environment and its non-human inhabitants. Our proposal suggests that boundaries enable a sense of perspective, where we learn to appreciate the non-human world by better understanding the natural processes involved. Suggestive boundaries in our proposal take the form of elevated boardwalks, and permeable openings. Boardwalks constructed out of metal grids allow light, water, and air penetration, and provide vertical spaces for vegetation overgrowth. On the other hand, softer, lower timber platforms provide softer, more comfortable surfaces to sit on and appreciate the landscape.

Creating permanent openings through existing window and door frames generates continuity between water and gardens through the site. Ultimately de-stigmatising bats and rakali rats by creating a modular system for ecosystem generation that is adaptable elsewhere in australia. The bats and the rakali become ecosystem amenity boosters, and architects of our landscape as they form burrows, aid in vegetation growth and facilitate opportunities for other animals and species.

INSIDE

OUTSIDE

Responsive Environmental Footprint In order to provide a responsive environmental footprint, the concept of the greenhouse enables interior spaces to take on a productive nature.

Where the light timber frame and glass structure of the greenhouse highly contrasts the historical nature of the building, new and old come together through notions of growth and regeneration.

Guano collection in the greenhouse allows direct access to natural and local fertilizer for consumable produce production and simultaneously generates a closed loop system in organic by-product reuse. This system enables a better understanding of the animals present in the hotel, the wider environment they live in, and becomes an important educational component of our proposal. Where natural processes become visible and each stage from production, collection, and decomposition become fully transparent, humans and non-humans are able to share aspects of their surrounding environment.

PRODUCTIVE COHABITATION

THE DESIGN GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:100 @ A0

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:100 @ A0

NORTH ELEVATION 1:125 @ A0

WEST ELEVATION 1:125 @ A0

LONG SECTION 1:125 @ A0

SHORT SECTION 1:125 @ A0

RENDERED DETAIL MODEL Roost to hotel connection

2790 1235

155 430

DETAILS

2700 1460

6240

1290

1690

INSERT TEXT

OLD ROOST AXONOMETRIC Traditionally, the Rakali build grass-lined nests at the entrance of their burrows, which are usually hidden amongst vegetation and built at the end of tunnels alongside river banks and lake edges. On the other hand, the primary roosting habitat for bats are caves. However, bats also use derelict mines, stormwater tunnels, building openings and other man-made structures. Over time, their vulnerability status has heightened partly because of habitat fragmentation, loss of roosting sites and human induced obtruction of migratory paths. Our modular roost centralises several habitats into one system that caters to both species.

Whilst flying bats and Rakali are native species that inhabit different landforms, are characterised by opposing traits and behaviours, they are alike in their relationship with humans - fleeting. Our roost celebrates both creatures and aims to destigmatise them from stereotypic cultural views, and encourage appreciation in the wider context outside of the Bats n’ Rats Hotel.

NEW ROOST AXONOMETRIC INSERT TEXT

RENDERED DETAIL MODEL Roost to hotel connection

RENDERED DETAIL MODEL Roost to hotel connection

RENDERED DETAIL MODEL Roost to hotel connection

RENDERED DETAIL MODEL Roost to hotel connection

ARTISTS IMPRESSIONS SIR JOSEPH BANKS HOTEL: A NOT SO ORDINARY ACCOMODATION