Atlas - Future Alpine Metropolitan Landscape - Daniel Stiletto by syntheticlandscapelab

A T L A S DANIEL STILETTO

UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK IOUD I SYNTHETIC LANDSCAPE LAB SUPERVISORS: UNIV. -PROF. CLAUDIA PASQUERO I MARIA KUPTSOVA, MA

ATLAS FUTURE ALPINE METROPOLITAN LANDSCAPE

DANIEL STILETTO

MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED AT THE LEOPOLD-FRANZENS UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE TO OBTAIN THE ACADEMIC DEGREE DIPLOM-INGENIEUR

SUPERVISION PROFESSOR CLAUDIA PASQUERO INSTITUTE OF URBAN DESIGN IOUD INNSBRUCK, MARCH 2021

CONTENTS FOREWORD 9

ABSTRACT 12

PART ONE WATER AS A BASIC RESOURCE 14

PART TWO LOCATION 24

PART THREE LANDSCAPE MANIPULATION I SETTLEMENT CONSTRUCTION 38

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PART FOUR DESIGN APPROACH FOR NEW ALPINE SETTLEMENTS 56

PART FIVE CONTINUOUS FLOW WATER SYSTEM 70

PART SIX VERTICAL BIOSYNTHETIC CITY 84

PART SEVEN CONCLUSION 94

BIBLIOGRAPHY 102 APPENDIX 106

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 011 ATLAS PROJECT KEYWORDS 016 FUTURE CHALLENGES 018 ALPS AS WATERTANK 019 WATER CONSUMPTION TODAY 020 WATER RUNOFF AND CONSUMPTION 021 IMPROVED WATER CYCLE 022 FARMING LANDSCAPES 023 FARMING TYPOLOGIES 026-027 ALPINE TERRITORY ZOOM 01 028-029 ALPINE TERRITORY ZOOM 02 030 SATELITE DATA ALPS 031 DIGITAL WORKMODEL ALPS 032 SATELITE DATA WALCHENSEE 033 DIGITAL WORKMODEL WALCHENSEE 034 IMPRESSION IMAGES WALCHENSEE 035 LOCATION MAP WALCHENSEE POWERPLANT 036 WALCHENSEE POWERPLANT 040-041 FIELD MANIPULATION APPROACH 042 RUNOFF ANALYSIS WALCHENSEE 044 TERRAIN MANIPULATION ACTIONS 045 WATERPOND WITH BIOMASSPLATFORM 046 MATERIAL PRODUCTION CYCLE 047 LIME KILN & MATERIAL PRODUCTION 048 POINT CLOUD & NETWORK SIMULATION 049 POND LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY 050 POND SURFACE ZOOM 051 TRANSFORMED POND LANDSCAPE 052-053 CONTINUOUS WATERFLOW & ENERGY GENERATION 054-055 TRANSFORMED LANDSCAPE 058 EROSION CATALOGUE

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PAGE 060 MANIPULATED LANDSCAPE 061 LANDSCAPE ZOOMS 062 MANIPULATION PROCEDURES 063 TOWER MANIPULATION CATALOGUE 064 AXONOMETRY EXPERIMENTS RESULT 065 PLAN VIEW EXPERIMENT RESULT 066 VIEW SOUTH ORIENTATION 067 VIEW NORTH ORIENTATION 068-069 MODEL PICTURES 072 STRUCTURE WATER RUNOFF 073 ZOOM MANIPULATION FIELD 074 ROOT TYPOLOGYS 076 CATALOGUE PLANTS 077 EXAMPLES OF FLUID STORING AND CHANNELING CELLS 078 SIMULATION WATERFLOW & GATHERING POINTS 079 SIMULATION NETWORKS GROWING 080 AERIAL VIEW WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 081 CENTRAL WATER STORAGE ABOVE STRUCTURE I ZOOM WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 082-083 AXONOMETRIC VIEW WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 086 VERTICAL SETTLEMENT CARTOON BY A.B. WALKER, 1909 087 CITY OF MUNICH GIVEN BACK TO NATURE 088 VIEW NORTH ACROSS THE WALCHENSEE 089 PLAN VIEW STRUCTURE COMPONENTS 090 SECTION 091 INTERIOR VIEW 092 SCALE OF STRUCTURE - DUBAI 093 ATLAS VERTICAL CITY 096 COMPARISON FARMLAND I FARMINGSCRAPER 098-99 ADAPTATION OF STRUCTURE AROUND THE WORLD 100 CONCLUSION & BENEFITS OF ATLAS SYSTEM

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PAGE 108 FUNCTIONS & LIVING 109 BIOMATERIAL USAGE 110 HAND DRAWING FUNCTIONS 111 CONSTRUCTION PRINTING DRONE

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FOREWORD This book is written in belief that human life can change the environment in a positive way and that an awareness of responibility for our environment needs to be awaken from the sleep of selfishness. Indeed, the freedom of mankind is a crucial need of today‘s gobal society. Nevertheless, we cannot remain on top of the evolutionary pillar when we do not care about our environment and the life within. For reaching the goal of a real sustainable future not only for us but for generations to come, we have to make fast steps forward in our use of highly efficient structures while at the same time making two steps back regarding territorial sprawl and the way we treat our habitat. Through the implementation of super efficient bio-synthetic settlements in strategic positions we can solve problems of the human species e.g. foodshortage, thus becoming independant from more and more existing harsh environmental conditions. Furthermore, we will decrease our devastating influence on the planet turning our species from the most agressive, wasteful and destructive one into a guardian of nature.

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“Architects have to become designers of eco-systems. Not just designers of beautiful facades or beautiful sculptures, but systems of economy and ecology, where we channel the flow not only of people, but also the flow of resources through our cities and buildings.“ Bjarke Ingels

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COEXISTENCE OF HUMAN I MACHINE I FLORA & FAUNA

SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION

ATLAS

TERRAFORMING LANDSCAPE

CLOSED WATER CYCLE

ATLAS PROJECT KEYWORDS

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ABSTRACT The supply and availability of fresh water is a crucial need of every plant, animal and human being. Not only organisms are highly dependent on water. In fact, the whole ecological and geophysical system is in danger without it. As Dr. Dickson Despommier mentions in his book “The Vertical Farm”, we are not only witnessing the risks and effects of an inadequate water management and wrong usage, but also have the opportunity to improve e.g. agriculture systems in the urban environment. Vertical farming using waste water (grey or black water) to grow plants and by this implementing human waste into these systems can improve the water cycle and create a better water purification. Indeed, we can see that the availability of purified water is more common in well-developed countries than in underdeveloped ones. Monitoring the shortcomings, the UN and WHO are estimating the number of people without a secure accessible water source to be 2.2 billion. About 4.2 billion people do not have a reliable sanitary infrastructure. As an example of a critical, non-stable system of water generation, we will have a closer look on the European Alps. Here, we can see that water stored underground throughout the history of the planet is still necessary to supply human settlements lying around and along water catchment areas. For a first evaluation, we will give a basic overview of the major lakes and rivers, especially the greatest and most influential ones.

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Axiomatically, we can see a dependency on water supply from snow, ice and rain in the alpine region. Facing climate change, e.g. more extreme weather conditions and the high amount of co2 production in the Anthropocene, we can also see a rapid melting of glaciers and the absence of snow throughout the winter. As we cannot be fully independent on water as a key resource, we need to improve the existing systems and look beyond the edge of today’s and future technological approaches. Preservation and cautious use of water will become a main issue in the future. Therefore, the intoxication of the water system by agriculture, industry and households has to be stopped. On a territorial point of view, we can see that e.g. the city of Munich has a sustainable water supply system. However, the question arises, what will happen to the water gathering alpine foreland, if the melting of snow, ice and glaciers will stop to sustain the ground water level where most of the water is stored. To support this major system, we can implement large underground reservoirs in the Alps storing rainwater flowing down the mountain sides. The general water cycle will be improved by the redevelopment of indoor farming facilities reusing water and thus constantly creating its own water cycle.

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WATER AS A BASIC RESOURCE

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P A R T

O N E

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FUTURE CHALLENGES

POP GROWTH

CONTAMINATION

ADDITIONAL AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE CHANGE

URBAN HEATING

COMPLEX TRANSPORT

FLOODING

LESS WATER

CROP FAILURE

As a result of a growing world population we have to rethink water usage for food production and farming. Having this in mind and to solve increasing future challenges, e.g. less safely available water without contamination a surface of the size of South America is needed to secure a sufficient food production. A more efficient and sustainable way of producing food is mandatory. To successfully deal with this complex problem we have to undertake innovative approaches utilizing the whole potential of biological and synthetic technologies including direct manipulations of the existing limited landscape. Hydroponic and vertical farming techniques operating all year round independent of disrupting factors reduce land consumption. Industrial material and consumer goods are produced locally based on biomaterial providing all necessary commodities for the inhabiting population. At the same time, environmental pollution is limited to a minimum consequently improving the water cycle management.

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ALPS AS WATERTANK

WATER CONSUMPTION TODAY

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WATER RUNOFF AND CONSUMPTION

IMPROVED WATER CYCLE

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FARMING LANDSCAPES

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FARMING LANDSCAPES

FARMING TYPOLOGIES

OUTDOOR 2D

INDOOR 2D

INDOOR 3D

FARMING TYPOLOGIES

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LOCATION

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P A R T

T W O

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ALPINE TERRITORY ZOOM 01

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ALPINE TERRITORY ZOOM 02

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MUNICH

INNSBRUCK

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SATELITE DATA ALPS

DIGITAL WORKMODEL ALPS

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SATELITE DATA WALCHENSEE

DIGITAL WORKMODEL WALCHENSEE

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IMPRESSION IMAGES WALCHENSEE

LOCATION MAP WALCHENSEE POWERPLANT

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WALCHENSEE POWERPLANT

Located in the Central European Alps, between Munich and Innsbruck, the Walchensee forms an important site of water supply and storage. The location offers a great potential for future vertical settlements operating independently due to its natural resources. Regarding the wide water catchment area which can be further improved and due to natural materials (e.g. limestone deposits along the mountain valleys), we can predict a technologically advanced material production. Furthermore, the lake is fuelling the Walchensee Powerplant connecting the northern Walchensee with the Kochelsee using the height difference of 200 meters to generate electric power. Hereby, eight turbines produce electricity for 100.000 households and the train infrastructure of the „Deutsche Bahn“ since 1924. This method of generating power was formerly used all around Bavaria when water driven smiths and mills were the backbone of society and economy in this area. Today, the idea of decentralized small water powerplants come back more and more into consideration as a sustainable constant power source.

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LANDSCAPE MANIPULATION AND SETTLEMENT CONSTRUCTION

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P A R T

T H R E E

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FIELD MANIPULATION APPROACH

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RUNOFF ANALYSIS WALCHENSEE

In addition to the existing natural lakewater reservoir, the landscape around it is converted into a pond network along the local rivers and streams. A tool is used to locate the surfaces runoff and watercatchment areas for the implementation of these manipulations. In a structured production process with exclusive use of autonomously working interacting drones the main construction steps are executed: at first limestone is excavated to create ponds for the cultivation of biomaterial. In a second step these ponds are flooded by use of local water resources. In the next stage biomaterial producing platforms are installed in the prepared ponds. Algae and bacteria are entered into these bioreactors and production of biomaterial starts. The next phase begins as soon as enough biomaterial is available for harvesting. Again drones are used to pick up and transport the biomaterial together with the previously excavated limestone to the construction site at the northern bank of the Walchensee. Here, all components are blended thus producing the bioconcrete for the building construction. The fabrication of the building is done by drones using 3D-printing technique fuelled by bioconcrete. Upon completion of this step the sourrounding area of the new construction is cleared of man-made objects e.g. roads, houses and power pylons consequemtly giving back the former occupied land to nature. The working phase of the established settlement starts and the former ponds are now integrated into the entire supply chain of the whole system.

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TRANSFORMATION TERRAIN MANIPULATION PROCESS ACTIONS

Drones Analysing Terrain

Excavating Ponds

Ponds filling with Water

Harvest Platforms Implementation

WATERPOND WITH BIOMASSPLATFORM

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Terrain Analysis

Calcination

Limestone Calcium Carbonate

Excavation

CaCO3

Water

Ponds

H₂O

Calcium Oxide

Heat 1000 °C

Carbon Dioxide

CaO

CO₂

cement kiln dust

pressure

CKD

Platforms

Biomaterial

Granulates

Cement

Water H₂O

Calcium CA

CLOSED PRODUCTION CYCLE

Water

H₂O

Carbon Dioxide CO₂

Carbonate

-2

CO3

Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

Bacilus Pseudofirmus Bacilus Halodurans Bacilus Cohnii

Calcium Lactat

encapsulated spores

Erosion Recycled Concrete

Carbon Fibers

Bioconcrete

Rain, Snow, Ice

STRUCTURE Cracks encapsulated spores activate Limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

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Cracks sealed TRANSFORMATION MATERIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS CYCLE

Walchensee Powerplant

providing electricity for manufacturing processes

CO₂ Tank

compression of CO₂from gas to liquid

CKD Tank

byproduct of burning limestone stored as cement component

Water Tank

stored after running through Wachensee Powerplant for chemical reactions

CO₂ LIQUID OUTPUT

CO₂ GAS INPUT

Mirror Accumulation

reflecting sunlight and heating the calcination chamber

Recycled Concrete

concrete is stored after deconstruction of buildings

Calcination Chamber

limestone is broken down into CaO + CO₂

Granulate Tank

biomaterial granulate e.g. polymeres and artificial sand are stored for cement production

Limestone Tank

limestone is stored after pond excavation

Bacteria Tank

Biomass Tank

harvested algae from pond platforms are stored to produce carbon components

heat of the calcination process is used to produce limestone producing bacteria

Heating Cooling

WATERPOND LIME KILN WITH & MATERIAL BIOMASSPLATFORM PRODUCTION

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POINT CLOUD & NETWORK SIMULATION

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POND LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY

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POND SURFACE ZOOM

Walchensee Powerplant & Material Production

ATLAS Construction Area

TRANSFORMED POND LANDSCAPE

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CONTINUOUS WATERFLOW TRANSFORMED & ENERGY GENERATION LANDSCAPE

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TRANSFORMED LANDSCAPE

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DESIGN APPROACH FOR NEW ALPINE SETTLEMENTS

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P A R T

F O U R

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EROSION CATALOGUE

The creating of dense tower-like structures that can be introduced in the alpine landscape thus forming an artificial yet natural mountain like settlement were the goal of digital analyses and observation of terrain samples. The different simulations were analyzed under the aspects of water runoff and sunlight availability. Both of these factors were considered as mandatory for a perfect vertical settlement with farming and water cycle improvement lying in the focus.

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MANIPULATED LANDSCAPE

LANDSCAPE ZOOMS

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FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

CLIFF LANDSCAPES

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MANIPULATION PROCEDURES

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TOWER MANIPULATION CATALOGUE

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AXONOMETRY EXPERIMENTS RESULT

PLAN VIEW EXPERIMENT RESULT

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VIEW SOUTH ORIENTATION

VIEW NORTH ORIENTATION

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MODEL PICTURES

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CONTINUOUS FLOW WATER SYSTEM

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P A R T

F I V E

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STRUCTURE WATER RUNOFF

ZOOM MANIPULATION FIELD

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ROOT TYPOLOGYS

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ROOT TYPOLOGYS

To achieve an independency from the consumption of a large amount of land, a highly efficient water cycle is important. In order to generate a dense, vertical water supply network, examples of water-storing cells of plants and animals were analyzed. Hereby, especially collapsible cells in cacti and lacunary systems in sheep femur came into consideration. These cell networks were converted into 3D space building the essential tool of water distribution around the inner core of the vertical city. Using point clouds referring to water runoff curves were intersected and a continuous water supply system was implemented. The foundation of the system is located underneath the planned structure. A giant water reservoir is erected where lakewater is used to produce electricity taking up the previously explained role of the Walchensee Powerplant and is later pumped up to the water storage spine in the upper structure. From here, the water is distributed through a complex carbon fiber-bioconcrete pipe network. This structure is also the space-forming element within the vertical city. Every apartment and all infrastructure are connected by this system. Fresh water is supplied to the location where it is needed and wastewater is drained to biological sewage plants in the foundation before it is channeled into the water reservoir. Through this kind of closed water cycle the vertical city is able to survive dry periods that will occur more often in the future. Additional water can be supplied through aerial condensation systems and in winter through melting ice and snow.

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CATALOGUE PLANTS

ECHEVERIA ECHOC

ECHEVERIA SUKKULE

ALOE COSMO

HAWORTHIA RETUSA

LEAF

SIDE VIEW

SECTION

COLLAPSIBLE CACTI CELLS

LACUNARY SYSTEM IN SHEEP FEMUR

EXAMPLES OF FLUID STORING AND CHANNELING CELLS

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SIMULATION WATERFLOW & GATHERING POINTS

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SIMULATION NETWORKS GROWING

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AERIAL VIEW WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

CENTRAL WATER STORAGE ABOVE STRUCTURE

ZOOM WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

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AXONOMETRIC VIEW WATER NETWORKS SUPPLYGROWING SYSTEM

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VERTICAL BIOSYNTHETIC CITY

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P A R T

S I X

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“Buy a cozy cottage in our steel constructed choice lots, less than a mile above broadway. Only ten minutes by elevator. All the comforts of the country with non of its disadvantages“ 086

Celestial Real Estate Company VERTICAL SETTLEMENT CARTOON BY A.B. WALKER, 1909

CITY OF MUNICH GIVEN BACK TO NATURE

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VIEW NORTH ACROSS THE WALCHENSEE

Plan View Structure

Exterior Walls

Interior Walls

Park

PLAN VIEW STRUCTURE COMPONENTS

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SECTION

INTERIOR VIEW

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SCALE OF STRUCTURE - DUBAI

ATLAS VERTICAL CITY

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CONCLUSION

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P A R T

S E V E N

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COMPARISON FARMLAND I FARMINGSCRAPER

16.700.000 HECTARE CURRENT FARMLAND

5.344 HECTARE FARMINGSCRAPER

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ADAPTATION OF STRUCTURE AROUND THE WORLD

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TERRAFORMING EARTH POP GROWTH

CROP FAILURE

ADDITIONAL AGRICULTURE

ACCELERATED CROP GROWTH

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

ADDITIONAL AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE CHANGE

URBAN HEATING

COMPLEX TRANSPORT

FARMING DIVERSITY

LESS LAND USAGE

LOCAL CONSUMPTION

FLOODING

LESS WATER

CONTAMINATION

IMPROVED WATERCYCLE

LESS WATER CONSUMPTION

SOIL PROTECTION

FUTURE CHALLENGES

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CONCLUSION & BENEFITS OF ATLAS SYSTEM

VERTICAL URBANITY & FARMING

The vertical city tower concept provides the inherent potential to face future challenges using sophisticated architectural structures supported by a breathing biodynamic fuelling system, consequently carefully managing the precious natural resources from ground to water and air. This system ensures the establishment of a well-balanced equilibrium of living standards for the inhabitants and the pristine environment. With people living, working and farming in vertical ecologically self-supplying settlements, urbanity will change fundamentally. Subsequently, putting up more and more similar structures in strategic areas will provide the oppurtunity to give most of today’s occupied territory back to nature, thus supporting the environment to recover and stabilize.

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B I B L I O G R A P H Y

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Pfeiffer, B.B. (2004): Frank Lloyd Wright 1867 – 1959 Building for Democracy, Taschen, Los Angeles

Kondoh, K. (1990): An Introductional Note for Ecoscape Architecture – Historical and Environmental Dynamism in Landscape Designs for Human Settlements, Nara Women’s University.

Dirk, R. (2019): Histologische Evaluation der Osteozytenmorphologieund -lokalisation bei einem Schafsmodell der Osteoporose, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

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Christopher, A. (1977): A Pattern Language – Towns – Buildings – Construction, Oxford University Press

Wright, T., Katsuhiko, M. (1990): Zen Gardens –Kyoto’s Nature Enclosed. Mitsumura Suiko Co., Ltd, Kyoto

Joshua L. H. (2012): Developmental Reaction Norms for Water Stressed Seedlings of Succulent Cacti, Plos One.

Scott C. (2015): The Four-Dimensional Human – Ways of Being in the Digital World, William Heinemann, London

Bruno, T. (2005): Das japanische Haus und sein Leben ,Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin

Hosch, A. (2018): Winzig Alpin – Innovative Architektur im Mini-Format, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt,München

Robert, R. (2017): Orographischer Niederschlag im Alpenraum ,Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz

Hildner, C. (2011) : Kleine Häuser – Zeitgenössische Japanische Wohnbauten, BIRKHÄUSER Basel

Dirk, R. (2019): Histologische Evaluation der Osteozytenmorphologieund -lokalisation bei einem Schafsmodell der Osteoporose, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

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A P P E N D I X

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FUNCTIONS & LIVING

INPUT

SUNLIGHT BLUE WATER GREEN WATER NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS CARBON DIOXID ELECTRONICS FRESH AIR

BIOMATERIAL FACTORY

BIOFUEL BIOMATERIAL WASTE

ELECTRICAL ENERGY ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

ELECTRICAL ENERGY ARTIFICIAL LIGHT HEAT

FOOD CLOTHES FURNITURE CHEMICALS BUILDING MATERIALS

HOUSING & INFRASTRUCTURE

GREY WATER

BIOMATERIAL REACTOR BIOMATERIAL PROCESSING

BIOMATERIAL WASTE

BIOLOGICAL LIGHT HEAT

BIOMATERIAL FOOD BIOMATERIAL CONSTRUCTION

ATLAS

OUTPUT

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HAND DRAWING FUNCTIONS

The concrete and carbon fiber printing drone is designed to climb up structures by a negative pressure system, supplied by flying smaller drones to produce the entire structure of the Atlas project.

CONSTRUCTION PRINTING DRONE

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EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG ICH ERKLÄRE HIERMIT AN EIDES STATT DURCH MEINE EIGENHÄNDIGE UNTERSCHRIFT, DASS ICH DIE VORLIEGENDE ARBEIT SELBSTÄNDIG VERFASST UND KEINE ANDEREN ALS DIE ANGEGEBENEN QUELLEN UND HILFSMITTEL VERWENDET HABE. ALLE STELLEN, DIE WÖRTLICH ODER INHALTLICH DEN ANGEGEBENEN QUELLEN ENTNOMMEN WURDEN, SIND ALS SOLCHE KENNTLICH GEMACHT.

DIE VORLIEGENDE ARBEIT WURDE BISHER IN GLEICHER ODER ÄHNLICHER FORM NOCH NICHT ALS MAGISTER-/MASTER-/DIPLOMARBEIT/DISSERTATION EINGEREICHT.

DATUM

UNTERSCHRIFT

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