Twilight over Burma by kawtai harn

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢၼSCEၼSၸCS ၼၢCSSCႆSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS ၾၢၼS CEၼSCIၵS CႆS

Twilight over Burma My life as a Shan princess By Inge Sargent

CၢႆCCSSCCS “ၸUCSSCUၵS CMCS ၽူ ၵCS ၶEၼS ၵူၼSSၶIူCSSCႆSၶCS ၶIUCSAMၵS ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS ၾၢၼS CEၼSCIၵS CႆS

ၸMႆ CCSS

- ၶUၼSCIူၼS

ၸCS ၶMCS

- ၸၢႆSၶCSSၸUၼS (CUCS CၢCSS)

CၢCS ႁၢCS CCS

- Aၢႆ Cီ

ၽIUၼSCIူၼS

- 500

AICS AMၵS

- Cီ 2011 CIူၼSEAႃSၵၢCS (Cီ CႆS 2105 ၼီ CIူၼSၵCS )

(CC့SCCS)

CMၼSSCIUCS CIUCS CၼS Cႆ CCS ႁၢၵS ၸCSSCEၼSS CIၼS CူCIၵS CႆSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CIUၵS CIUၵS CIUၵS ႁၢCS S CIူCS ႁၢၼSၼMCSSၶူCSS ECႃ CIUCS ၵMၼSSEၶႃS ၸIူCSSCECSSS CIUCS CၢCS S CၢCSSCS ECႃ CIUCS CEၼSCၢႆSS CၢႆCEၼSS ... ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSCၢႆၵCS ၶIUၵS CMၼSS AၼSၽူ CECS CCSSၼCS CECS CECS CၢၼSSCၢႆSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၢႆၵCSEၵႃ CECS AၼSCECS CECS ႁCSSၵMၺSSS AၼSCIၼS CECS CIၼS ၽႃ Cႃ S CIUၼSSCူCS ၽူ ၼၢCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CီSEA EC EC S ၵMၺSSCီS CCS CၢCSSS ၸIူCSSS CMၵSSS ၵၢCSS CMၵS ၵၢCSSCS ၵCS ၼCSၼCSS “CIUCSSၵႆCCSSၵCSS CCS CIၵS CIUၵS CCS S AEၵႃ ၵMၺSSCMၼSSCMCS CECS ၽECSSCၢၼS” ၼCS ၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၽECSS Dr. ၸၢႆSၶCSSCEၵSS CECS Cႆ CECSၼႆ CIUၼSS ၸCSSCEၼS ACS CMCS ၸUCS CMCSS EC CMၵSSAူၼS ၼMCSS ၶMCSCႆSႁCSSCီCီS CူၵSSCUၵS CEၼS Cႃ CEၼS S ၵၢCSၸSEC ၶS AS CႆS AMၼSၵၼSCူCSCECS CူCSCူ EC CCS CIၵS CႆS AS AMၵS CႃSCႆ ၵူ CၢႆSCၢႆSၼၼS ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S CIူCS Cီ 2008 Cႆ CူAၢၼS CCS “ၶႆ CECSၾၼSSၶCSS” (Lords of the Sunset) AၼS ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS CIၼS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸS Cႆ CCS Twilight over Burma EC ၸCS Cႆ CUၵSSCMၼSS AS CၼSSCIUCS CIၼS CECS CECS CCS S AIၵS CIူCSၼIူCS CၢCSSၼIူCS Eၵႃ CီAMၼSၵၼS ၶCS ၸSS Cီ CMCSSႁCS CၢႆSၶCS CၢႆSCECS CၢႆSCECS CIၵS CၼSSၼၼS Cူ S CUCS CCSCIUၼSCၼSCႃ CCS “ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ” ၼႆ ECCEၼSCCS AၼSႁECSSAS CIူCS CူCSSႁCSS ၶီSၸECS CႃSS CIUၼS CၢၼS CႃSCႆ Cူ

CMCSS

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Eၵႃ CၼS

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ၵCSၶႃ Cႆ ၸူCSSၸMCSS

AECSSၾCECS AECS CSSႁၢCS

CMCS EC ၸCS EၵSၸူSၵCSၶႃ

Eၵႃ ACSCMCS CICSSCႆ CၼS CIၵS ၸIူCSS ၵCSၶႃ

Cူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ EC CECS ၸူSCၼSSၼၼS S ၵMCS CIူCS

Cႆ CူၺSSCIၵS ၸIူCSS

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ii ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႃ ECCIUၼS AMၵS CCS ၼႆ 8

ECႃSACS CႃSCၢCSSၸMႆ CECS

CMCS

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Cီ

Eၵႃ CူၼSၸSCူၼSEၶႃS ၼIူCSCCS

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8 Bob Pritzker 9 Charles Goodman 10 Bil Hamilton 11 University of Hawii

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၶႃ ၼCSS CၼSSၶၢCSSACS CIူCS CၢCSSCၢႆSCၼSSS CECS Cႆ CECS CECS CၼSSၼIူCS S CEၼS CIူCS Cီ 1966 CIူၼSၸUၼS S CီSၵႃSCMၵS CEၵS ၵEၼS Cီ CCS ၶCSSၸူS CMCMCS CCS CၼS

CCSSၼIူCS

AၼSCEၼSEႁႃၵCS CIူCS CၢၼSၸူCS CၢၵS CICSS

ၸECSSS EႁႃၵCS CCSၼႆ CီSCႆ Cီ Eၸ CMၼS EC ၸၢၵS Cၢႆ (15)14 ၼSSCECSS CEၼS ၼS

AၼSCECSSCCS ၸIUCS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS ၶIUၼSSႁၢCS ၶIူCS ႁECSS

CEၼS ACSSႁECSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSCႆ S Cီ ၾၵSSCူCEၵSS CၢCSSEႁႃၼႆ CီSCCIၵS EAႃS CC M ီSCSSၶCSCS CၢCSSEC CECS CၢCSၵႃS ၸIူCSSECၶCS ၼၼS S ECႃSCီSEၶႃ CၢCSS ၸCS CၼSၶCS ၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cီ ၵႃSၼႆ EC CႃSCႆ CSၵCS CၼS ၵၢၼSၶECS Cီ CUCSSၶECSCIူCSSCႆS CECSSCEၼS ၼS CႃSS ၵႃSCCSSၼႆ ၶCSSCႃS ECႃSၶUၵSSၶUၵSSၶၢၵSSၶၢၵSS ၼIူCSCၢCSSAၼSCIူCS CၢၵS ႁIၼSCEၵS CEၵS CMၵS CMၵS AMၼS ၼSSၵၢCSCူၼSCMၵS AၼSCMCS ACS Eႁႃ CူCSCႆ ၼၼS EC ECႃSၽECSၶၢCS Eႁႃၽၢႆ ၶႃၼၼS Eၵႃ ၵIUCSSCECS S ၼၢCSSCICSS AMၼS

ၸၢCSSCူSAူCS

Eၵႃ ၸMၵSSACSCECS CၢCS

CIူCSSၸECS ၸၢၼSSCၼSSAMၵS

EASCီSCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CူCSSၵႃSCႃSS CၼSSCႆၶIUၼS ၶူCSCႆEC AၼSၶIUၼS ၸူS ၾၵSSCူCူCSၶCS EႁႃS CီSEACICSSAMၼS CUၵS ၶIUCS CူSAူCS EASCီSCSS CၢၼS CICSSၶူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ၸECSSၶူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸUCSCIUCSSCႃSၸMCSSCႃSS ၶCSCၢCS 12 Volkswagen Beetle 13 Schloss Laudon 14 15th Bezirk 15 Vienna

iii

iv ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eၵႃ

CၢCS ၶCS CႃSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS

ၼSSEႁႃAၼS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ CCSS ၶူCSSႁI ူၼSS

ၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS CၢၼSၸူCS CၢၵS CICSSCECS ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSၶEၵS ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS ၼSSEႁႃ ၸIူCSSCEၼSၸၢCSSEASCီSCSSၵCS ၼCSၼၼS

AMၼSၵၼSCIUၼSSCႃCူၺSSECႃ ၶCSCၢCSEၵႃ S ၼၢCSSCICSSၼၼS

Eၵႃ ၸUCSCIUCSSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ EC ၼECS ႁႃCူၺSS Eၵႃ CၼSSၶS ႁၼSS Cႆၵႃ ၸူS ၼၢCSSCICSS Eၵႃ ၼUCS Cႆ CIူCS ၶူCSSCၢၼS ၶECS ၶECS CECS CECS ၼၼS S ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CူSAူCS ၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ “ၶႃ ၶS CူCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS” ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸၢႆ CႃCူၺSSၵႃ CၢCSSၶူCSCႆ AၼS ၶIUၼS ၸူSႁၢCS ၼIူCSၼၼS S CၢၵS Cႃ ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CူSAူCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CူၺSS ၸMCSSCၢႆCႃ ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၵႃ EC

ၸCS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCUCSCUCS

ၸၢCSSEASCီSCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CီSCူ Cီ ႁၢCS ၼIူCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၼECS Cၢႆ CCS CIUCS ၾၵSSCူ Cၢႆ ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼSSS ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS CၼS CၼS CၢႆCၢႆCႃ “ၼCS Eႁ ၵIၼS ၼCS ၼECS ၵMၵSSၼIူCS Eၼႃ ” ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS ၸၢCSSCူSAူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CUCS ၶူၼSACSCၼSSEC CၢCS Cႃ “ၸူCSSCCS ၶႃ S ACS ၵIၼSၶႃ CCS S ၶႃ CႃSCီ ၼႆ ၼႆ ၶS CႃSၵUCSၵၼS CCSSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS CMCS CUၼS CူCSၶႃ AICSSၼIူCS EAႃ ” CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ CIUၵS CICSSCIUCSSEC ၶCSCႆ S ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၼၼS ၶၢၼSၶIUၼSS ၶCSၶIUCS ၶCSၶIUCS Cႃ “AIUCS ... CၼSSCIUCS ႁI ူCS Cႆ AIူCS S CၼSSACS ECႃSCူ Cီ CူၶS A ” ၼၢCSSCICSSCူSAူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CUCS CMCS ၶIUၼSSၵCSSCECSCႃ “ACS Cူ Cီ? CၢCSSAၼSCၼSSACS Cူ CီၼၼS CIUၵS CီSႁECSSCႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CEၼS Cၢႆ ၶCS ၵႃ ႁၢCS ၼIူCSၼၼS ၵMၼS ၶႃ ႁႃ ” Cီ EC ၼၼS

ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSEၵႃ CUCSCUCS Cၢႆ ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSACS

CEၼSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS

CၢCSSၼIူCS

ၸCS ႁECSSCMCSCIUၵSS Eၵႃ CIUCSSႁECSS

CMCSCၢၼS CIူCSS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCီ Cီ ၼၼS CCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၼၼS EC CEၼSECSၼၢCSSCၼSS ၸIUCS ACS Cႃ ၶIၼS EC CၢၼSS17S CၢCS Eၵႃ EC ECA ၸၵSSၸIUCS CၼSS ၶICS Cီ Cႃ CၢၼSS18ၼႆၵMၺSSS ၶႃCူ AMၵS CႃSၽECS CECSSCEၼS ၼS Cႃ CူCSSCႃ CၢCSSCEၼSၸSCUCS CၢCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS AၼSACS ၸၢCS ၶႆ CၢCS EၼCႆ CIူၼS ၼၼS S ၵMCS CIူCS CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS Cၢႆ ၸIူCSSCEၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSCၢၼS CUCSၶCS CCSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCS CႃSၸMCSSCႃSCီSႁႃ CICSSCၢႆEC ၸူCS ၽECSCECSSCEၼS ၼS Cႆ ၸCS Cႆ ၶၢCS ACS EႁႃCMCMCS CCS CၼS Cႆ CCSSCCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSEၵႃ Cူ Cီ EႁႃCCSၼႆ EC ၵႃ Eၼ ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSCၢႆSCႃၸS ႁEၼSSCSAၾS

Eၵႃ ၸIUCS

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CCS S ECႃSCႃ Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC AMၼSၵၼSA ၸၵSS

ၸCS ၼၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆCCS S CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ

CီSၼIူCSCEၼS

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AၼSCၢၵS CီSCီCEၼSECCIူၼS S CူၼS ႁI ူၼSS CၼSSCCS

CEၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CIUၼSSCUCSSS EACICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ၽECSၼSSEႁႃ CMCMCS CCS CၼS ၸMCSSEC ၶCS CIူCS CIူၼSၸUၼS 1966 ၼၼS Eၵႃ CEၼS CUၵS CICSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS AICSSၵIူCSSS ၸIUCS ၶႃACS Cႃ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC 16 CIUCSCMAUCMS C ီSECCCSS 17 CCSECCCSS 18 Kitty CCCSS 19 Hans Hoff 20 Inge Eberhard

vi ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵICS ၼCီ ၼႆCCS S AICSSၵIူCSS CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁၼSၵၼSCီ CECSSCEၼS CS

Eၸ CIူCSSEၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSS22 CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS CIူCS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ ၶCS ႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCS CIူCS 1950 ၸူCS CICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၽMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS Cၢႆ AICSSၵIူCSS Cူ ၼၼS AICSSၵIူCSS A ၸၵSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSS ၽECS CIူၼSCIူၼS CIူၼSႁCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆၵMၺSSS CၢႆSၼၼS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ CEၼS ၸူ ၸူCSSၵၼSCCS EC ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS CIူCS CIူၼSCၢၶMS 1953 ၼၼS S Cီ EC CၼSSEC ၸECSCIူCS CIူၼSၸၼS Cႃ Cီ 1947 ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CႃSၶCS ၸၼS ၸMCS Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSၼၼS ECႃSCၼSS Cႆ CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CူCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ Cႆ CCS S AICSSၵIူCSS EC ၽECSEႁႃCီ ECႃ CCS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS 1957 ၸCS Cႆ CUၵS CUၵS CEၼS ၼၢCSSCIUCSSၸUCS CူCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၸMCSSၾICS ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSS EႁႃS ၶႃCူ AMၵS

CEၼSၵူ AၼSၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ECCIူၼS

ၼSSCIူCSSၸCS

ၾႃ CႆS CၢCSCICSSCၢႆCီ CIူCSSS CIူCSSၸCS ၾႃ CႆS CIူCS CၢၼSၼၼS ACS CCS CEၼSၸIUCS CႆSAၼSCECSၵၼSEC CီSၸၼS CၢၼS ၵၢၼSSCMCSႁCSSEၶႃ ၼSSCIူCSS ACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ Cႆ Cူ S ၽူ CECS CIၵS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCEၼSSၼICMS 23 ၸIUCS ACS Cႃ AEၵS ၶCႃ CCS ၼECS CEၼS

Eၵႃ CၢCS ၾၢႆ ၸMၼS ၽECSCီ ECႃ CႃS CIူCS ၶၢCSS 1950

ၸူCS CICSSၸCSCUCSSၼၼS CECS CS ၼSSCCS CၼSS ၽEၼS CIၼSၵMCSSCူSၶCSS25 ၼၼS Cႃ “AၼSCီAၢCSSၼၼS EC ၵူၼSSCIUၼS Cီ ၶCS ACSၸူCSSCMCSSႁCS ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CူSAူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CEၼSၼၢCSSCIUCSSၸUCS CူCSၶCS ၼၼS CCS S CIူCS ၸCS EC

CEၼSCႆ ႁIUCSACS CEၼSCႆ ၼႆ CၢCS Eၵႃ CCSSCႆ ၸSၸC M SSCူ S

Cူ ႁIUCSCႃSEC ၸSCCSSCCSSၶCSEၵႃ CCSSၽIူCS ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ EC CIူCS CECSEC 21 Denver 22 Colorado 23 Danish 24 Aage Krarup‐Nielsen 25 The Land of the Golden Pagodas

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ CCSSCIူCSS AMၼSၵၼSႁၵS ACS ၼၢCSSၾႃ ၶCSS CMၼS CEၼS ၼCS ၼIူCS ၸSCECSၵၼS CCSSၶCSCူ CCS S” CၢႆSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁEၼSSCIၵS Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS CCS

CIူCSSၽECC S IူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆEၵႃ

ACSCၢႆSCူၼS

ၵၢCS CၢၼS CၢၼSCIူCSSCS

CႃSၸS CIUCSS ၼSSCၵSSCIူCSၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSS Cီ CIူCSSCၼSSCCS S Eၶႃ ႁCS ႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၼSၶIUၼS CၢCS CၢCSSၼႃ CUCSSၼၼS ၸCSS CၼSSAၢၼSS ACSCIူၵS ႁႆ CMၵSSၼႃS ၶMCSၶIူCSSၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS CIUၼS CECS CၼS ၵူၼSSႁECSSႁႆ ႁECSSၼႃSၶCS EC EC ၼၼS CCS S ၼMၵS EC ECCECS CၼSၼႃS ECCICS CၼSCႃS ၸၢၵS CႆၼႃSCSS ၶIူCS CICSS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽၵ U S CMCS CၢၼSCS CS ACS ACS ၵႃ ACSACSၼႆCCS S ECAS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS Cီ ၽECS CIၼSCCS CIၼS CၢCS EC ၸၢCSSၽUၵS CူၺSS ၸIူCS ၾၼSSCၢၵS CၢၵS CS S ECCMၵS ႁႃEႁ ၼSS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆS ၵMCS CၼSSCီSၸS ၸႃ ACS ၶီCီACS CIူCSSCူၺS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ CCSSCIူCSSEC ECႃSCႆ ၼCS CMၼSSCႃSEၵႃ ECACSCS ၼSS ၵၢၼSၶူၼS ၶႃ CCSSCIUၼSS EC ၵၢၼSႁUၼS CUၼSSၶIUၼS CS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆCCS S ECႃ CIUCS CၼSSCIူCS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSCCS Cီ ECႃ ၶCS CIUၵS ၶူၼS ၶႆ

CMCS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS Eၵႃ

ၼႆ Cူ CCS S ၸၼS CၢၼS Cူ CCSSၶCS CIူCS CၢၼSၼၼS CီCIူCSEC ၵၢCS CၢၼSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CIူCS CECSCူ CCS S ၵူၼSSCCS Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ Cၢႆ ၽECSၵႃ Cီ CIူCSSCႆS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶႆ Eၼ Cႃ “ၼCS ၸSCၼSSၸCS ၼႆ CၢႆSCIူၼSၸCS ၾႃ ၽEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCႆSၸCS ၼႆ CCS ”S “CၼSSၸCS ၼႆ ၶၵSSၵႆ Cႃ ႁECSSၵၢၼSECACS ၵႃS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIUCS ၽECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CIူCS CၢၼSCၼSSၸCS ၼၼS EC

ႁCSSCီSၶCS Cီ Cႃ ၵIၼSS

ACS CIူၼSၵၢCS CၢၼSၸCS ၼႆ S CIူCS CECSEC ၵMCS CIူCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSCS CIUCS ACS CၢၵS ၶCS CCS ၼCS AMၵS Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CCSSCူCSS Cႃ ၶCSၵIၼS EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ႁCSS ၵMၺSSCႆ ၵIၼS ၶCS CၢၼS CECS AၼSCUၵS CၢCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CႃSၶၢႆၼၼS S” AၼSCီၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၼၼS EC

CIူCS ၸCS ႁႃၵIူCS

ECSၼၢCSSၵCSၶႃ

ၽMCSS 1960 ၸူCS CICSSၼၼS Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CီSၶECSSႁၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

vii

viii ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS EC ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCS ၶCSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSၼၼS CီSCူCSၵႃ ၵူ ႁI ူၼSS Cီ ႁICSSၶၢCS ၶECS MC ႃSႁI ူၼSSၽSECSCၼSSS CူCSCIူCSSၸMCSS CၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSႁCSS

Cီ CIူCSSCၼSCMႆၸIUCS CႆSၼႆ

Eၶႃ ၸၼS CၢၼS CUCSCႃS CၢႆၸူCS CၢၵS Cီ CIူCSSECCႃ Cႆ CUၵS ၸMCSCIUၵSS CူCS Eၼ CIၼSS Cႃ CECSCECS CIူCS 1962 S CၼSSACSCၵSSCIူCSၵၢၼSCIူCSS Cူ Cီ CCS CUၼSS

ၵUCSSၵCSၼၼS

ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSCၢႆSၵCS

CႃSCEၼSSCၢCSCီ

ၸCS ၾႃ CႆS AၼSCီSCႃS ၸECSCIUၼS CIUၼSSၵMၼS ၼၼS S CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS EC CCSS CၢၼS CၢၼSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSEC CCS ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵၢၼS ၽMCSSCCSSCၢႆSCS ၼၼS CၼSCႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS AMၼS ၸIူCS ၼCS CႆSၶCSS ၽူ CECS CIၵS ၸၢCSSCၢၼS ၶCS EC ၽူ CECS CIၵS ၸၢCSSCIူCSSCၼSS CူၵSSၶCSၵCS ၽMCS ၵႆ CECS CMCS CIူCS CၢၼSACSSၵICS ၶCS ၸS CIUCSSCMၵSSCၢႆS ၽEၼSၵၢၼS “CEၵS ECၽMCSSCCSS”26CႃS AS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူၼSSEA ၸIူCS ၼCS CႆS CၢၼSၵႆၵၼSCCSS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Cႆ ၼႆCူ S CIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ CီSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵIUၵSSCIူCSSၼCSCၢႆ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၶၢCSS CၢCSS ၽIူၵS S CၢCSSCECSS ၶMၢCSSS CAူCSSS ၵူၼSSCMႆS CMၼSSS CၢၼS S CၶECS EC CႆSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၸEၵS CEၵS Cႆ CၼSၵMၺSSS

CIူCS CECSၼႆ

CEၼSၽီCIUCSSACSSၵICS ၶCS

Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၼIူCSၼႆ

CၢCS CEၼSCIUၵSSCEၼS

CIူCS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSၼCS ၵၼSS ၼMၵS ECၼၼS Cႆ CUၵS ACSS ၵICS ၶCSS ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSS Eၶ ၶCS CူၼS CEၼSၸICSSCIူCSSEC Cီ CIူCSSCၼSCMႆ ၼၼS ၸCS ECႃSCီS ၸUCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CၢႆCၢႆၸUCSSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCူၼS CႃS CMCSCၢၵS Cီ ၼၼS ၸၢCS ၵUCSSၵCSCႆ

ACS

AEၼSႁECSSၸIူCSSၽICSSၽEၵS Cႃ CECS ၵၼSCႆ S ၸIူCSSCMၵS

CIူCS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Cူ ၼၼS S ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CၶECS S ၶMၢCSSS ၶၢCSS CႃSA S Cီ ECႃSS Aႃ ၶႃ ၶCSၸIူCSS

26 Divide and Rule

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼႆ EC

ၸUCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCူCS Cီ CECS CူCS CႃSCEၼSS27ၶCSS

CEၼSၵICS ၶႃ

CၢCSSၽIူၵS S CၢCSSCECS EC CAူCSS ၶCSEC CႃSၼSSၸUCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCူCSCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS EC CIUၵS CCSSCCSSၵၼSCႆ Cူ S CMၼSSS Cႃ EC ၵူၼSSCMႆ ၶCS EC

CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၸIူCSSCၢCS ၵၢCSS CMၼSS-ၶCEၼS28S CႆS AၼSCEၼS

ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶCSၼၼS EC

ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSSCECS

ၵၼSCCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢCS ၸIူCSS ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၸMCSSၼCS CEၼS CၢႆACSၵူၼSS CIူCS Cီ 1931 ၼၼS Cႃ EC ACSၵူၼSSၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS 7 CၢၵS ၼၼS CEၼSCႆSS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS AၼSCIူၼS ACS ECႃ ၸIUCS ၶCS CMၢၼSS/CMCSS/Shan AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CUၵS Cီ Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS Siam ACS ၼၼS Syam CEၼSSCEၼSCႃSEC CၢၼS ၶCS EC ACS ECႃ ၶCSCႃS AMၼSCၢCSSCIူၼS S ၶCSACS ECႃ ၶCSၶIUၼSSCႃ CႆS (Dtai) ၼႆၵMၺSSS (CၢCS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼS CECS Cႃ TaiS Eၶ CCS CECS CၼSCႃ Dai)S ၼMၵS ECၼႆ ၶCSCCS CEၼS ၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSSCECSၵၼS CCSS CႆS EC CၢCSS AၼSCEၼS CIၼS CICSSၸCSSCCSSCIူCSSၶCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၵECS CIူၺS

CCS Cႃ ၶIူCSSCႆSၼႆ

CIUၵS CEၼSCMCS CၢCSS ၽူ CCSS

CIUၼSSၶCSCCSSCၢႆ Cႆ CူၵSSCူCSSၵၼSCႆ CECS ၼECS S AၼSၶCSACS ၸSၵၼS CူၵSSCူCSSCႆ ၼၼS EC CႆSၼႆ CIူCS ၼႃ AMၼSCၢCSSCီ ၶCICS CMCSၸူCS CၢၵS ၼၼS CၢCS Cူ CCSSCႃS Cီ CEၼS Cီ ၽၢႆ ၸၢၼSS ၼCS EC CၢCS ၸIUCS29 CIူCSCS CၼSS Eၸ CIူCSSၵၢCSCီS30S ၵူၺS ၸIူCSCSS31 ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၸူCS CၢၵS Cႃ CIUၼSSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC ၵMCS CIူCS ၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSSEႁႃ CႆS Cီ CEၼS Cီ CIူCSSEၶ CMCSSၸၢၼSSၼႆ AူၼS AMၼS ၼႃ EC CႆS CၢCS ၸUCSS CEၼSSCEၼSEၶ S CၢCS ၸUCSSEၵႃ Cႆ ၵူCS ၼMCSSECႃ Eၶ S CၢCS ၸUCSS Eၵႃ

CIUCS ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ CႃSၸူSၸECS ၸၢၼSSCၼSSCူၵSSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSEC EC ႁႃ

EC CCS CၢၼS CS CIူCSSCS Cူ CCS S ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSၶCS EC ႁႃEC 27 Tibeto‐Burman 28 Mon‐Khmer 29 Yangzi (Yangtze) 30 Guangxi 31 Guizhou

x ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CCS CၢၼS CIူCSSCS ၼၼS CၢCSSCၼSSAMၵS EC Cီ ၵUၼSၼCS ႁၢႆၼၢၼS32EC CႃS CECS ၼCSS33 CMCSSACS S CIူCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSCႆSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၼIူCSCCS CၢCSSCၼSSCူၵSSၼၼS Aႃ CၢCS

CIUCSCUCS EC ၼCS Cီ CCSS34 ၽၢႆ ၼIူCS Eၸ CIူCSS

CIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSSS

ၸUCSSCႆS ၸIူCSSၽECSCႃS CၢCSSCၼSSCူၵSSၼၼS EC CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼS ACS Cႃ CMၢၼSS ၼႆEC CEၼSၸUCSSAၼSCUၵS CၢCSSACS CူCSSၸMCSSCၢႆၼCS ၶူCSS CႃSCၵSSCCSSCူ Cႆ ၼIူCSCၢCS CEၼS CUCS ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Cူ CCS S AICS ၼIူCS CUCS ၼCS EၵS AၼSၶCSCၵSSCူ CCSSCCSၼၼS EC CၢCS CIူCSSEၵႃ CEၼS CIူCSSCS CIူCSSCူCSS CၢCS CIူCSSEၵႃ CEၼSCIူCSSAMၼS CIူCSSAီ S CIူCSSAၼSCEၵS EC CIူၼS ၸCSS CEၼSCIူCSSၼCS CူၵSSS ၵၢCS 35 CMၵSSၵီSCူCSSCီSCSS (14 CMၵSS CၵSS)S CီSCၢၼS AMၼS CၢCSCၢၼS S ACSၵူၼSS CCSSACS CECSႁECSၼIူCS S CIူCSS AၼSCS ၵၢCS ECCIူၼS ၸCSS CEၼSCIူCSSၵECSSCUCSS ၵၢCS 32,000 CMၵSSၵီSCူCSS CီSCSS (12,000 CMၵSSCၵSS)S CS ECEၸ CIူCSSEC Cီ CEၼSS36S CIူCSSCီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CႃSၼSSCIူCSSၸIူCSSAၼSၵၢCS AၼSCS EC ၵၢCS 11,890 CMၵSSၵီSCူCSSCီS CSS (4,591 CMၵSSCၵSS)S ၶS CၢၼS CECSSၵၼSCCSS Eၸ CIူCSSၶMၼS ၼECS CEၼS 37S ၵူၼSSCႆSၵCS ၼCS ECႃၶCSSၸSႁႃႁECSSၵၢၼSS CEၼSၶIူCSSၵူၼSSCူCS CEၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၶCS S CူCS ၶူၼSS ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECS EC CၢၵS CၢၵS S ECႃSACSၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃ ၵCS ၼCSEC ၵူၼSSCႆSၶCS ACS CMၼS ၽMCS ACS ၵၼSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢႆSEC CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS CူSၵCS 38CUCSS CIူCS

1287 ၼၼS CႆSACS CCSSCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၼIူCSCCSSCIUၼS EC ၽMCSSCCSS ၼIူCSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCCSSCၢႆS ECႃSACSၵၢCSS ၸူCSSCECS CICS CS CCEၼSS39 ၽူ 32 Hainan 33 Vietnam 34 Bramaputra 35 Assam 36 Maryland 37 Conentiant 38 CUCS 39 Joseph Silverstein

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူCS CEၼS CMCS CIူCSSCၢၼS

Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSၼၼS ၼႆEC

“CႆS CEၼSၸUCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS AၼSCႃ CECS ၸUCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS Cႃ EC ၵMၼSSCMCSCCSSCIUၼS CCSSCIူCSS EC 1287 ၸIUCS 1604S CၢႆSၼၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSCႆ CMCSSCUCSSEC CMၼS Cူ CS ၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS” Cူ Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS

CၢCSSCUCS CECSSCUၼS

ၵCSၵIၼSSCႃS CIUၵSS

ၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS CCSSၼCS ၶIUၼS CႃSCၵSSၼSSCIူCSSCႆSၼCSCႃSECCႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSၶCS ၵၼS ၶCSSၸS Cႃ AS Cႆ ၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCSCႆ

CIူCSSၽSCIူCSSCၼSSS

CIူCSSEၶ Eၵႃ CီS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ Cီ ACS CMၼS CႃSၵMၼSSCMCSCႆ ၾႃ CႆSၶCS CီCီECCMၵS S CႆSEၵႃ

CIူCSSၸCS

CEၼSၸၢCSSCUCSCECCCႃC CIူၼS

Cီ ၼMCS ၶCS CၢCSS EC CႆS ၼၼS CCS S Cီ ၶCSEၵႃ CီSCCSSၸCS ၵCS S CီS CIUၼSSၸCS ၵCS S CီSCIၵS CၢႆSCၢႆCီ AၼSႁIUCSၼၢၼSSCႃSCၢႆCၢၵS Cီ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CCSSCၢႆSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CIူCS ၸူCS CၢၵS CICSSၵCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CႃS CႆSၼႃ S CMCSSEASCီSCSS ၸECS ၸၢၼSSCၼSSAMၵS ၼႆ ACSSၵICS

CEၼSAMCS Cီ

Cႃ

CCSS ၾCၢCS ၶCS ႁICSCၢၼS ႁICSCIူCSSၵၼSS CIူCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS

CIUCSSCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS

ၾCၢCS ၶCSEၵႃ CၵSSၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSS CၢCSSCၼSSAMၵS

CUၼS S CIူCS CECSEC ACS Cႃ CIူCSSCၢCSSS ၼIူCSCၢCS CEၼS CUCS ၼSSEၵ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၶMCSACSSၵICS EC CIူCSS CၢCSS ၶMCSၾCၢCS ၶCSၼၼS CီSCIူCSSၸCS ၾႃ CႆSCCSSၼCSS ၸMCSၶUၼSCူCSCIူCSS CၢၼS CSS ၶMႃSCS ၶCMCS CECS

EC CၢCS CECS ၸIူCS ၼႆ -

ECႃSECCECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS CUCS CIူCSS Eၵ ၼCS ၶူCSS EC ၼCS ၶMCS ၼၼS CEၼSCEၼS Cီ AၼSCီCီ CUCSSCႃ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSACS ႁၢၼS ၸS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSၶCS CMၼS Cူ CCSSCႆ CCS S ၵCS ၵႃ CီSၸCS ၾႃ AူၺSSCီ CၼS CၸSၸႃၼIူCSႁCSS Eၵႃ AEၼSႁECSSCS ၼၼS EC ၶEၼSSAICSSၼIူCS S ECႃSACS ၸS EC ၵူၼSS CUၵS ၽIUၼS ၶCSCSS

ၵူၼSSၸူၼSၵူၼSSCIူၵS ၶCSCS

ECCMၼS Cူ Cီ

40 Sir Charles Crosthwaite, Chief Commisioner of Burma (1887‐1890)

xii ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS EC ၸၢCS CMၵS CIူCS CၢCSSCICSSCEၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS Cူ CCS S CIူCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS CIUCSSACSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS CူၼS CMၼS Cႃ Cႃ AS CIူCSSCႆS

Cႆ CEၼSCEၼS Cီ

ၵUCSSၵCSCၢCS CIူၼSS

ၼSSEၵ CIူCSSႁၢႆSCူCS

CMCSCIူCSSၼၼS EC ၸCS ၶCSSၶIUCSCIUCSSACSCIူCSSCႆS ၼSSၶၢCSS 1885 ECႃ 1890 ၼၼS S CIူCS CIUၵSSACSSၵICS ၶIUၼS CIူCSSCႆSၼၼS ACS Cႆ CIUၵSSECႃS CEၼSCIူCS CEၼSCၢCS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ႁECSSႁECSSS CIူCSSAၢၼSSACSSၵICS ၶCSၼႆ ACS ၶS AS ၾCၢCS ၶCSCူၼS CႃS ၽၢႆ CၼSSCူၵSSၼCS ၶMCSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CIူCSCS CၼSSEC

ၶS CCSSၽၢၼS CIူCSSCႆS

EC ၵႃ ၶၢႆECႃ CIူCSSEၶ S ၼSSၽIUၼSႁၢႆSCၢၼSS CူCSCEၼSSၶCS Cၼီ AIၼSSCီS CSSCၼSSAMၵS 41ၶCS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS 1700-1824 ၼၼS CႃSCႆ CၢCS ၸECS Cႃ ECႃSCCSSၽၢၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၼIူCS EC CIူCSSCႆS ၵႃ ၶၢႆECႃ CIူCSSEၶ ၼႆ EC ECCႆ CူCSၼCS CMၼSSCCSSၼCSၼႆCCS S ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS

ၸECS ACS CၼSSAMၵS ၼႆ ၽUCSS

AMၵS CEၼSCႃS ၵMCS ACSSၵICS CCSS ၾCၢCS ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၵၼS Cႃ ECCႆ ၵႃ ၶၢႆECႃ CIူCSSEၶ

Cီ AၼSၸၢCS Cႆ ၼCS CMၼSSၼCS CIူCS ၶၢCSS ၸူCS CၢၵS

CICSSၵCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS Cႆ ႁၼS CႆS EC ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSAMၼS CၢCS ၸIူCSS CီSCႆ CCSSCEၼS CIၼSCMCSCႃ CMCSၽၢႆ ECႃ CIUCSCIူCS CECSS CႆS ၼႆ CီSၸMCS CူCS CIူCSSCၢၼS S CIူCSSCႆSS CIူCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSEၶ S CIူCSSCECS ၼCSS ၸECS ACS CၼSSCူၵSSၶCSၵႃ S ACSSၵICS ၶCS ACSCIူCSSၸCS ၾႃ CႆS CၢCSCICSSCၢႆ ၸEၵS AMၵS CS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC ACSCႆ CS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSၶCSၵCSSCECSS ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSၶCS CEၼSၽူ ႁၵS CႃCEၼS CIၼSS ACSSၵICS CIUၼSCၼSႁCS ACSS ႁECSS CMCSၶCSEC Cႆ ၼCS ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSSၶCS AၼSACS Cႃ 42

ၸႃ ၼၼS S 41 East India Company 42 Maharaja

Cႁႃ Cႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၾႃ ၵူ Eၵႃ

CီSၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSၼICSCCSS

ၸMCSSၼCS ၾICS CIူCSSၽSCၼSSS CီSCUၼS Cႃ CECS CCS

ၸUCSSCCIၵS S ၸUCSS

ၽMCSSCCSSS ၸUCSSCMၼS ၾICS CCSSCIၼS ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSS CIူCS 1922 EC ACSSၵICS ၶCS ႁUCS CMCS CIူCSSCႆSCCSSCECS CCSS CCS CၼSCIူCSSACS CUCS ၸIUCS CႆS43S

CူCSEC

AS CီSCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS AၼS

CECSS ၽMCS ႁEၼSSCၼS ၶMCS Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၸCS ၾႃ CႆS44S ၼSSၶMCS Cီ ၼၼS CႃSၸCS ၾႃ CႆSCCSSCECS EC ၶUၼSCMCSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS

Eၵႃ CၵSS

CUCSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS S ၶMCS Cီ ၼၼS CီSၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ECၸCSSၵၢၼS ၾၢႆ CၺS ၺႃ S ၾၢႆ Cူ CီS ၾၢႆ Eၵႃ CၢCS AၼSၵECS ၶMCS CCSSCIူCSSCႆSCCSS CIUၼS S ၵMCS Cႆ CၢCS CၵSSCIူCSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၸIူCS ၼႆEC CၢၼS CIူCSSCႆSEၵႃ CီS CၢCSSCICSSCEၼSCႃSECၵCS S ၵMCS CEၼSၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSS ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSEC ၵၢၼSCူCS ၶCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS

ၸူCS ၼႃ CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS

CIူCSSCႆSS CIူCS ၽMCSS ၼၼS ၸUCSSCူCS CCႃ

ACS CMၼS CIUCSCႃS

EC CUၵS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSCၢCS

ၸUCSSၶCS ၸၢCS CူၼSSCUCS ႁUCS CMCS Cႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCS CIUCSCီ CIUCS CၢCSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ S CၵSSCIူCSၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSႁၢႆS Cီ CIူCSSCႆSEC

ACS CီSCMCS ၵCSၵIၼSS

ၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cီ CူၼS CီS CီSၶUၼSCူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CၵSSCUCSSၸCSSၵၢၼSS Cီ CIူCSSၸCS ၾႃ ၸIူCSSCCS CMCS ၼၼS EC

CECS CCS CႆS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

ၾၢႆ

ၵၢၼSCIူCSS S ၶCSSၸSႁႃ CIူၼS CCS CIUၼSSCEၼSEC CUၵS CCSၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS CIူCSS CႆSS CIူCSSAၢၼSS ACSSၵICS ၶCSEC ECၽUၵS CMCS ၶCS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS AS AMၵS ၼCSၼCSEC AၢၼSSCECS CIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSS Cီ AၼSၵူၼSSCူ CCSS 43 Federated Shan States 44 Federal Council of Shan Chiefs 45 The Governor of Burma 46 CIU့CCာCACCSSCAAUSS 47 Commisioner 48 Political officer

xiii

xiv ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CူၼS ၼCSS CIူCSSCႆSEC CMၼS Cႃ ECႃSၵCSSCEၼSCႆ Eၵႃ ၸUၼSSCCS ၼႆ ၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၶၢCSSၼၼS ၵIUCSSCIUCS ၵႃ CECS S

CၢႆSEC 1930 ၼၼS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCIUၵSSEၶ ၶCS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSCIၼS ၼၢၼS

ၶCS

ၼCS ၵၼS ၵMCS ႁICSၼႃ CIၼSႁIၼSၽႃၵၼSS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSၵႃ ၶၢႆCႃ ၽIၼS Cႆ CIUၵSS ၵၼSCIUCSSၵၼS ၼSSEၸ CIူCSSCIၼS ၼၢၼS EC ၵၢၼSၵႃ ၶၢႆECႃ CIူCSSEၶ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၵIUCSSၵႃ CECS S CIူCS ၼႃ CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS CIူCSSAၼSၽUၵS Cႃ ၽIၼS ၼCSCီ CUCSS ၼIူCSCUCS ၾႃ ၼႆ

ACS ၸS CIူCSSCႆSS CEၼSEၸ CIူCSS

CIၼS ၼၢၼS S ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSACSSၵICS ၼIူCSCIူCSSCႆSၼႆ ၵIUCSSၵႃ CECS CIူCS ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS CIUၵSSECႃSCIUCSSACS EASCီSCSS ၸECS ၸၢၼSSCၼSSAMၵS CIူCS 1942 ၼၼS S CCS CIUၵSSၵMႃ CၢၼS EC CCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၶCSCIUCSSၵၼS ၼIူCS CၼSCMႆCIူCSSCႆS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ႁECSSႁECSSS ACSSၵICS ၶCS CMၼSSCၢCSSၸMႆ EC ၸCS ၸMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSEၶ ၵMECSEၸ CMIAUCS50 ၸCS CMႆ CCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၶCS ၶCS CႃS ၸMႆ CIUၵSSၵMႃ CၢၼS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၵMCS CIူCS ၾၢႆ AူၺSSCီ EC ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS CCSSCMCSၾၢႆ ၽၢCS CၢၵS CMCSS ၼIူCSCIူCSSCႆS ၼSSၶူSၼSSCECSS ACS ၵႃS ၽၢCS CႃS CၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS EC CIူCSSCႆS CCS ECႃSCႆ CMၵSSၶၢCS Cူ CECS CECS CူCSSS CIူCS 1943 ၵMႃ CၢၼS CMႆ ၾႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS

AS CEၼSCIူCSSၵMၼSSEၶႃS CIူCS

CၼSSCီ 25 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS 1943 ၼၼS ACSCIူCSSCႆS CECS CS CၼS ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCSSၵECSSCUCS EC CIူCSSCၼS CMCSCIူCSSEC CECS CS CၼSၼSSCIူCSSCႆSS CIူCS 1944 ၼၼS EC AMၼSၵၼSCူၵSSCCS CUၵS ၸUCSSၵူၼSSၼUCS EASCီSCSSCၼSSAMၵS ၸMCS CူCS ၵႃ ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSၵူ Cီ ၵူ CEၼS S CၵSSCIူCS ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ Eၵ ၵၢCS CIူCSSCၢၼS 49 Yunnan 50 Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai‐shek)

CIူCSSCႆSEၵႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

EC ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ CီSCၢCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ CႃSS EC CၢၼSၼၼS EC ၵူၼSS CIူCSSCႆSEၵႃ CူCS ၼIUCSၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃSCCS S CၢႆSEC CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSCCS EC CIူCS EC CCS ၵၢၼSၽMCSS CCSSACSSၵICS ၶIUၼSSၼၼS

ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS CၢၵS ACS CUၵSSCMၼSS Cႃ

CMCS CECSSၵMၼSSEၶႃCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆ CႃSၸECSCIူCSSCႆS CူCS CIUၼS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃSCူ ECCႃ ACS Cႆ ၶIUCSSCႆ Cၢႆ ႁECSS ၵၢၼSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၼCS ၵCS S CIူCS 1946 CIူၼSCၢၶMS ၼၼS ၽူ ၼၢCSS CႆSS ၶၢCSS ၶMၢCSS ၶCSACS CူCSSAUCS AူCSSၵၼS Cီ CECSSၵၢCS AMၼS ၽၢႆ ACS CMႆCECS Cီ AၼS ACS Cႃ CၢCSCူCS ၼၼS S CIူCS CၢCSၵUCၵ S CSSၼIူCS ၼၼS AMၼSၵၼSAUCS ၵUCSၽEၼSၵၢၼS Cႃ EC CူၼS ECSCူၵSSCCS

CIူCSSCၼSCMႆ ၸIူCSSCႆ Cူ CECSၵႃ

ၵMCS CIUၵSSၵMCS CIူCSS

CMၼS Cႃ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS ၽMၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆCCSSCၢႆ ၼႆEC ၽMCS ႁEၼSS CUၵS ၸUCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆၽMCS ACS 51S CIူCS CၢCSၵUCSCၢCSCူCSၵCSSCMCS CIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ 1947 ၼၼS EC AMၼSၵၼSCူၵSSCူCSS Cႃ ACS ၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS EC CၢၵS ACS CMCS CECSS ၵMၼSSEၶႃ Cီ ACSSၵICS S ၽူ ၼၢCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢၼS

ၸMCႁ S ၢၼSAMCS CၢၼSS

EC ၽူ ၼၢCSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆၶCS AMၼSၵၼSCူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSS CIၵS ACS CၢႆCၢCSCူCS AၼSၵIUၵSSCIUၼSSCႃSၼၼS S CၢCSSၽIူၵS S CၢCSSCECSၶCS ACS ၶCS ACSႈ CၢCSၵUCS CူCSEC CၢႆSCႃSCCS CICSS ၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CူCS ၶCSSCႃSS CIၵS ACS Cၢႆ ၽIUၼSၼႆ CEၼSၽIUၼSCIၵS ၵIUၵSSCIUၼSS

AၼSCCS CMCS Cႃ CၵSSCIူCSၵCSSCIUCS

CICSSECႃ ၵၼS ၼSSEၵ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆ EC ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၶCS Cႃ ၵUCS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS

CၢၼSCၢႆSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS CCS S CၼSSAၼSCူCSS

CၢႆSCIUCSS CၼSSCီ 12 CIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CIUၼSCၼSCEၼS CၼSSCIူCSS ACS CUCS S Cႆ CEၼSCၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼS CCSSCIUၼS CၢၼS CIူCSSEC ႁECSSCMႆSႁECSS CၢCSSCႃSၵူ Cီ S ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSၶCSEC Cႃ ECACS ၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CUၵSSCMၼSSCႃ ၶS Cႆ CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSCႆ AၼSၼIူCS S ECႃSCႃ

51 Superme Council of the United Hill Peoples

xvi ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ACS ၵၼSႁIUCSCICSSCီ EC ACS ႁၼSၼCS CMၼSSၽMၼSSCီCCSၸIUCS AS Cႆ ၽၢCS AMၵS ၶIUၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS CၢCSၵUCSCၢCSCူCSEC CMCSCႃ CMCSၾၢႆ Cႆ ၽMCS CူၵSSCူCSSၵၼSCႃSCMCS ၼႆ S CၢႆၶEၼS CECS CS CႃSၼSSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS 1947S Cီ AၼSၸၢCS ၸS CIUCSS CUၼS Cႆ ၼႆ ၸCSS CEၼSCIူCS 1958 ၼၼS CCS S CMCS CECSSၵMၼSSEၶႃCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ Cႃ CIUၼS ၽၢCS ACS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 4 CIူၼSၸၼS Cႃ Cီ 1948S CIူCS Cႆ CIUCSCၼSSCၼSS Cႆ CEၼS CႃSCMCS CီၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSAၼSၼIူCS S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 19 CIူၼSၸူ Cၢႆ 1947 ၼၼS ၸMCSႁၢၼSAMCS CၢၼSS EC ၽူ ၼၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCSCCSSၼCS Cႆ CUၵS CIူၼS ၶႃ CIUCSSCၢႆS ၼSSၼၼS CႃSၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCMၼS ၸCS ၸၢCS CUၼSSၵႃ S CၢၼSCMCS CECSSၵMၼSSEၶႃ CၢႆSEC 1948 ၼၼS Eၵႃ CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆS CIူCSSCၢၼS ႁၢႆ ၸႃ Cီ CUCSSCCS S ၵMCS CၢၵS CMCSSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSEC CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIUၼS Eၵႃ Cူ CECSS CCSSCၢႆSၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ CUCS CၢCS S ၽူ ၼၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSၵCS ၶEၼS ၼၼS

Cႆ CUၵS ၶႃ

CၢႆၵCS ၽMCS CIူCS ၼႃ Cႆ Cႆ ၵMၼSSEၶႃS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ႁEၵS AူS ၼူ Eၵႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CCS ႁEၼSSCီ ၸၼS ၸMCSCႃSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ CCSSCၢCSCႃ AူSၼူ ၼႆ AူၼS AMၼS S ACS CUCSS ၶၢCS Cႃ AMၼSACSCႆ CၢၼS CIူCSSCUCS CၢCS CူCS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆ ၼႆCCS S ၵMCS CIူCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS AူၼS AMၼS ၼႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIUၵSS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၵCS ၽMCS

ၶCS CIူၼS CUၵS ၽIUၼS S CၢCSSS CၢCSSCECSS CMၼSS ၶCSCUၵS ၽIUၼS S

Cႃ Cီ ၶMCS CICS ၼICS CIူCSSCၢၼS

ၶCSEၵႃ ၶCS CIူၼS CUၵS ၽIUၼS S

CIူCSSAၢၼSS AS ၸUCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ CEၼSၼCS ၼIူCS ၸSCECSၵၼS ၼႆEC CUၵS CၢCS ၸCS ၾႃ CMCS AၺS ၸCS CူၺS CEၵS CEၼSၸCS ၸMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ႁEၵS S ၸူCS CူCSCC M SၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၽIUၼS ၶCS ႁၢၼS ၸSCႃSCူ ၼၼS

Cႆ Eၵ ၶႆAS ၵူၼSSCUၵS

ၵMCS CMCS ၶMCS ၶCSAၼSၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSCီ

52 CCာC M CSCMCMS C ACCSCါCီ (C.C.C)

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCႆS-CIူCSSEၶ ၼၼS EC

Cႆ ACSCUCS ၸMCSSEC

EC S CIူCS 1949 ၼၼS CCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၵူEAႃCIၼS CၢCSS53ၶCS ၵၢၼS CCS CIUၵSSEၶ CECS ၶMCS CICS ၼICS ၶCSEC ၶၢCS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS ၶCS CႃS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSS ၽူ ႁCSSCၢၼSCူCS CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSCီC54 ီ AMၼSACSCIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS ၶCS CIူCSSၵECSSCUCSCႃSCCS EC CMၼS Cူ ၸMCSS CၼSCMႆCIူCSSCႆSS ၵူၼSSCIUၵSS Eၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS EC ၵူၼSSCIUၵSS ၸIူCSSAၼSၶCS CူၼSSCUCS Cႆ ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCECS CIူCS 1950 ၼၼS CီS 1,700 ၵMၺSSECCႃ CIူCS CIူၼSEA CCCS 1951 ၼၼS CီSCႃS ၵူၼSSCIUၵSS 4,000S CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CူCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CIUၵSSECႃSႁIUCS AMၵS Cူ Eၵႃ ACS EC Cႆ ၶCSS ၼႆEC AူSၼူ CၢCS CIUCS CၢCSၵUCSCူCSၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ 55S CIူCS CၼSS Cီ 22 CIူၼSEA CCCS 1953 ၼၼS CၢCSၵUCSCူCS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ ၸCS CူၵSSCူCSSCECSSCCSS CၢၵS ACS AS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS CၢCSSၵMCS CCSS ၵၢCS AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS ACS ၸMCSS Eၶႃ CူၵSSCူCSS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ EC ACS ၵႃS CီSCႃSAEၼSႁECSS ၵူၼSS CIUၵSS 12,000S EC CIူCS ၼၼS

ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSEၵႃ

Cႆ CEၼSCIUၵSSCEၼSCIူCSCႃSCECS S

ၽMCSSၶၢCSSAၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS CIUၵS CUၵS CUCS Cူ ၼၼS AICSSၵIူCSS ၸMCSSCူၼS ႁI ူၼSSCၼSS Eၵႃ CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSEC ၽECSCႃSCIူCSSCၢၼS S CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CIူCS ၼၼS ACS CီSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCSCႃSCႃ ၵCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCSSCႆSCၢCS Cီ CၢCS

CEၼS EC CUၵS CUCS Cႆ EC CCS S ၵMCS CMCS CUၵS CUCS Cီ CEၼS CIၼS CICSSၸCSSၵၼS CCSSCIၼS ၼၢၼS ၼၼS EC

CIူCSSCႆS AၼSCႆ Cူ CႃS

ၵCSSၵCSSCEၼSCEၼSၼႆ CီSCၢCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ CႃSCCSSၼCSS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS CၵSSCCSSၼIူCSCၼSCMႆCIူCSSCႆSEC ACSCၢႆSႁUၵSS 53 Kuomintang 54 General Li Mi 55 General Assembly of United Nations

xvii

xviii ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ႁၢႆ ၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSCႆSCMCSSAMၼS CMၼS ၼIူCS S CECS ၾၢႆ ၼIူCS CCS Cႃ CIUၵSS ECႃSႁIUCS AMၵS Eၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCSၼႆEC ECႃ CIUCS 1955 CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSၼCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCIူCSSCႆSS CIူCSSAၢၼSSCႃ ၵUCSSၵCS Eၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCSCႆ ၼႆ EC CIူCS 1952 ၼၼS ACSCIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSS56 Cႆ CS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSၾၢႆ CIUၵSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CႆSCCS ႁၼSCIUCS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၼႆ CႃSCUCS CIူCS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSႁCSSၸCS ၵCS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSၼႆCCS S Cႃ ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS CIူCSSCႆSၼႆ Cႆ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CCSSၼCS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS ၼSSCIUၼSSCCS S ECႃSACSCူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼS ၶCSCႃ EC Cႆ ၵူCSCIUၵSSCၢၼS S CၢCS ၵCSSCႆ Cႆ ၸS Cႃ CၢႆၸSၸCS ၵCS ၶCSS ၵMCS CIူCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

ACS CIUၵSSEC Cႆ

CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS EC

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSEၵႃ Cႆ CEၼSCIူCS ၼSSEၵ CCS CIUၵSSCMCSCIူCSSS CCSSCMCSCႃ CMCSၾၢႆ CEၼSၵူၼSSCEၵS ၼႃ CEၵS Cႃ Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CႆSၸCS CူCS ၶCSSCႃS Cႃ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၸCS ၵCS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ႁECSSႁECSSS ၵMCS ၼSSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS CီSEၶႃ CCSSAၼS ၶEၼS CECS Cႆ Cႃ ECႃS 1958 CႃS CIူCSSCႆSCီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS CMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ

Cႃ EၽAMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆEC

CူCS

CMCSCႆ ၸSCႃSS AၼSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS ၶCS ACS

ႁECSSCCS CIUၵSSS ႁECSSၽူ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCSEC ၵၢCS ၽECS ၵၢၼSCူCS ၶCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSၼၼS ႁECSSAS ၵၢၼSCူCS ၶCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSၶCS CIူCSS EC CၢCS ၵၢCS ၶၢCSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCS Cၢႆ ၶCS ၼSSCIူၼS S ႁUCS CMCS Eၵႃ CCS ႁECSSCIUၵSSS ၽIUၵSSCIUၵS Cႃ CUၵS ၽIUၼS S CIူCS 1959 EC CIUၵSSCUCSSCႆSၶCS CMႆSCIUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS S ၶCS CIUၵSS CIUCSSACSCၢCSCCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSၵႆCၢCSၼၼS EC CECSႁECSSၵMCS ၵၢCS ၶCS CႃSS CIUၵSSCUCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ CCSSCIUၵSSACS CECSSCၢCS CၢၼSS Cီ AၼSCIUၵSS CၢၼS CၵSSCႆ ၼၼS EC ၵUCSSCႆ CEၼSCၢႆCၼSSS CIူCS ၽMCSSCIUၵSSCUCSSCႆSၶCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CIUၵSSECႃS Cီ ၶMCS ၼCS 56 CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSSCIူCS ၼၼS CႃSၸECSCIူCSSCႆSCMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CEၼS CIၼSCူ ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆSၶCSEၵႃ CူCSSCႃ ၵUCS EC AUCS ၵUCSCCSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS

Cႃ AS CIUCSSၵCS CၵSSCIူCSCIူCSSACS

CUCS ၸIUၼS ၸၢCS ၼၼS S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 24 CIူၼSEA CCCS 1959 ၼၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCႆS 34 Eၵႃ CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cီ CECSSCူၼS CီS CMCS ၶCSCMႆ ၾႃ ႁECSSCMCSၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSS CMၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၸIUCS CႆSAၼSCEၼS

CၢႆCMCSSCၢႆ

CEၼSCႃSၸIUCS CႆSCIူCSSCႆS AၼSCECSၵၼSS CူCSCMCၸ S IUCS

ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၵUCSSCIူCSS57ၶCS CMႆ ၾႃ ႁECSSCMCSၼၼS

CၢႆCIUCS CၢႆCIူCSS

Cႃ ၵUCS CCS

ႁCS ႁၼS

CMႆSၸCS ၾႃ CႆS

CEၼSCၢCSSAMCS EC ၶCSAၼSၼIူCS S Cီ EC ၸCS ၾႃ

CႆSCCSSCၢႆ ႁCS ႁၼSCႃ ၶCSCIUၼS ႁECSSCMCSၶCSCၼSECႃ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSS CႆS AၼSCၢCSၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၵၼ ူ SSCIူCSSၸIUCS CႆSCCSSCၢႆ CIူၵS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၼCS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS Cႆ ၽEၼSCႃSၸECSCIူCS CၢႆCီ CIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ACS ၸS Cႃ CIUၼS CၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၶCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၾႃ ၸIူCSS ၶIUCSSႁၼSၸMCSSၵၢCS CၢၼS CၢၼSCIူCSSEC CIUCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSS CIUCS ၶCS Cူ ၼSSCEၼSSၽMCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS58 AၼSCႃSၼSSCႃ Cီ CၢၼS CMCSၸUCSSၼၼS CCS S CMCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၶCS CူၼS CEၼSၶCS ၸICSSEC CCSS CMCS CIUၵSS CၢၼS ၶCS CECS ၶCS CၵSSCCSSCIူCSSCႆSEC CCSS CၢCSCIUၵSSCၢCSCIူCSၶCSEC CCS CႃSၵICS ၶMCS Cႃ Eၵႃ CCS CၵSSCIူCSCီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ ၼSSCIူCSSCူCSၸIUCS CႆSCႆ S AEၼSႁECSSၵူၼSSCIူၼS CႆS ACS ၼCSCECSSCIူၼS S ACS CIUၵSSECႃSCႆ CIUCSCီ ECCႃ Eၵႃ

Cႆ ၼCS CMၼS CEၼS CMCS ၶMCS ၶCSCIူCSCS AၼSၼူC I SS

ၵMCS CIူCS ၾၢႆ ၼIူCS CၢCSSၼIူCS CCS CICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CႃSEC ၵူၼSS CူCSCIူCSSCႆSၶCSEၵႃ ၵCSCူၵCSCႃCႃSS ECCႆ ၸMCSSၾၢႆ CSACS A S CUၵS Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC ၵIူCS AMၵS CၼS ၵူၼSSCUၵS ၽIUၼS CCSSၼCSS ၵCS ၼCSCCS CEၼSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၶS ၽၢCS AMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS CUCSSCUCSSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCIUၵSSCႆS CIူCSCEၼS Eၵႃ CUၵS ၽIUၼS CႃSၸECSၸCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ CCS S CIၼSSCIူၼS ၶႆ CIူCS 1961 CIူCS 57 CAICSECာCSSCACIUSC (DDDD-DD) 58 CူCMIAUSCUCMCSECာS

xix

xx ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CEၼS CၵS CMCSၶCS CႃSCႃ ၵUCS EC CMၼSSCူCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆCႃ S CUၵS ႁEၼSSCႆS Cီ ၸၼS ၸMCS Eၵႃ ႁECSSၶECSCၼSၼၼS CႃSCၢCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸMCS ၶS CူCSSၶS ႁၼS CူCSCEၼSSၸUCSSCUၵS ၽIUၼS ၶCSႁUICSၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ACSCCS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSSEၼEC CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSCEၼSၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cႆ ၵIၼS Cႆ Cႃ ECACS Cႆ ႁၵSSCCS CIူCSCCS CIUCSS CIူCSS ၼႆCူ CCS S ၸCS CူၺS CEၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၽူ ၼၢCSSCႆSၶCS CူၼSS CUCS CူCS Cီ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃ ACSCၢႆSCၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS Eၵ ၶႆ CMCS ၶMCS ၶCS ၵၢၼS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CႆS AၼSEC CၢCS ၵၢCS ၸMCS CႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSၼၼS S ၶCSၸIူCSSၼႆ CCS CUCS CCSCႃ

ECႃSCူၼS ECSCၵSSCIူCSCIူCSSACS CUCS

AS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSၼႆ

EC ၵၢၼSCUၵS ၽIUၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ECCEၼSႁၢႆၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1960 ၼၼS Cႃ Cီ AူSၼူ ၶCSEC ၶIUၼSSEC AူSၼူ Cႆ AMၼSACSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၶCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ EC ၶS CၼSႁECSSECႃ Eၶႃ CUၵSSCMၼSS ၸCS CူၺS CEၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSS *** CIူCS 1961 ၼၼS ၵၢၼSCUၵS ၽIUၼS AၼSၼIူCS ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃS Cီ CIူCSS CၢၼS ၽၢႆ ACS S ၵMCS CIူCS CIUၼSCၼS ၸၢCSSCUCSC CEၼSၸၢCSSၼCS CIUCS ၵIူCSSCCSCၢၼS CIူCSSၼႆEC ၶၢCSၸIူCSSCEၼSၸၢCSSၶCICS ၶCS ACS ႁၢၼS ၸSEC CICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS S ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSCMCS CUၵS CUCS CCSSၼCSၼၼS AူS ၼူ ACS CၢCSၵUCSCူCSAၼSၼIူCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S AUCS ၵUCSၵၼS Cႃ CူၼS ECS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS AS ECႃSEၵ CICS Cႆ CMCS ၶMCS ၶCS Eၵ ၵၢCS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC Eၸ CIူCSSၶCSCCSSCၢႆS ECၸS CၵSSCIူCSCIူCSSACS CUCS

ၸIUၼS ၸၢCS ၼႆCCS S

ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၶCSCCSSCECS S ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSၶCSCCSSCECS S ၽူ ၼၢCSSEၸ CIူCSS ၶCSCCSSCECS S ၶUၼSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSS ၶCSCCSSCECS ၶCS ACS CၢCSၵUCSCC ူ S Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S ၸူCS Cႆ Cႆ CECSSCCSSCူၵSSCူCSSAီ CCSS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢၶMS 1962 ၼၼS ၸMCSCMCSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS CIUCSSACS CၢၼS ACSCIူCSSS Cီ ၺMCSSACS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS CၢCSၵUCSS ၸCS CူၺS CEၵS Eၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၺMCSSS CUၵS ၸၢႆSၸCS CူၺS CEၵS CICSSၸECSSၶူCS Cႆ CၢႆCCSCီ

CIူCS ၶCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

CIUCSSACSCၢၼS CIူCSSS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSEC Cႃ

CၼSSAၢၼSSCၵS ၶIူCS CၢၵS CUCS CMCS ၶIUၼSSEC ၸCSႇCႆ CၢCS

CူCS

ႁIUCSCECS CIူၼS

ၸCS ၸMCSၸIUCS ၵCS EC

CIUCSSၼႆCCS S

ၸCS CူၺS CEၵS

CCSSCႃCIUCSSCIူCSSၵႃ ၼSSၶMၵS S

Cႆ Cူ ၼSSၶMၵS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆEC

ၼCS CMၼS Cႃ Cႆ CUၵS CၼSCူCS CူၼS ၾICS CIူCSSၼႆCCS S ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSEC EၼCMCS EၼCၢCSS ၵMCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CCS EC CၢCS EC

ၸCS Cႆ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS Cႃ ၼႆS

CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ

CIူCSၼSSCIူCSSS CIူCS CIUၵSSECႃSEႁႃ ႁIUCS CၢCS AEၼSႁECSSCCS CIUၵSSCECS EC ၸIUCS Eၵႃ

ၽူ CCSSCၢCSၶCS

AEၼSႁECSSCS CႃS ၵMCS CၢCSCIUၵSSCၢCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၶEၼSSႁECSSCS CႃSS ၼႆEC

Cႆ Eၵႃ CူCSCMCS

ACS ၸၢCS ၵUCSSၵCSCCS CIUၵSSS CIUၼSSCUCSS ႁECSSAS CူCSCMCS

ၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶMCSEၼ CIၼSS ၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃSၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCူCSၼၼS CIူCS ၼႃ CၼSSၸIူCSSCCS CIUၵSS Cႆ CIUCSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSၼၼS S ၼႃ CၼSSAၼSCCS CIUၵSSECCIUCSSCIူCSS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူCSSၸSSCီ ၼၢCSSCၼSS Eၵႃ CEၼSၵIၼSSCႆ Cီ CူၼS CီSS CၼSSAၼSCCS CIUၵSSCIUCSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS

CEၼSႁIUCS

CEၼSႁႃၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၼSSCႆ A CီCီS CCS AMၵS CႃS Cႃ ၶီ CECS CIၼSCႃ CECS EC ECCူၼS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CIူCS CူCSSႁၢႆSCူCSSCႃSၼၼS CIUၵSS CၢၼS CMႆSCS Cီ ၵCSACSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ AMၵS CECSSCူၼS CီSS AICSSၵIူCSSEC

ၵIUCSSCူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CECSEC

CCSSCၢႆSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS

Cႆ ECႃ Cူ

AၼSCUၵS CူၼSCIၼSSCၢၼSၵႃ ၼၼS S CၼSS

ၶCSSၸSၸMCS ႁႃၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSႁIUCSCီSႁIUCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CူCSCMCS

ၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSCႃ ၵUCS EC CူCSCEၼSSၶCS Cီ CူၼS CီS CၼS Eၶႃ CMCS ACS ACSACS ႁၢCSCၢႆCၢႆၵMၺSSS CIUၼSSCUCSSCႃSEC AICSSၵIူCSSS

xxi

xxii ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ

ၵICS ၼCီ

ၶCSCႆ Cၢႆ AMၵS

CIူCSS

CၢၼS CႃS CIူCS CIူၼSEC 1964S ၶCSCIူCSSCIUCS EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS AICSSၵIူCSS ၶCSSၸSႁႃႁECSSၵၢၼS Cီ CUCSSၶECSCIူCSSCႆS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSEC CIUCS ၶCSSၸSၸMCS ႁႃၶၢCS CၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CIူCS Cႆ ACS ၵၼSCCSS ၶICS Cီ Cႃ CၢၼSS Cီ CMCMCS CCS CၼS CIူCS CIူၼSၸUၼS 1966 ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ A ၵUCSSၶCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSCူ ၼႆၵMၺSSS CIူCS AMၼSCၢCSSEC ၾၢႆ ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS CMCS CECSCႃ ၶCSACS CMၼS Cႆ Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ECCMၵS ၼႆS ၸECSCIူCS AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS CႃS 1964 ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ A Cႆ CIၼSS ၶၢCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSCIၼS ၶCSSCၢႆ ၶႃၵၼSCႃSCႃ EC S EC ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ

CၢCS

ECႃSCIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cၢႆ ၸECSCIူCS ၶCSCီ ၵCSၵႃ

CCS CၢႆCူCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSS ၼႆCCS S CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CၢCS CႃSၼSS ၸUCSSECS ECႃ CူCSSၵMEၵS 60S CၢCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃSS CီSၵူၼSSၵCSSCIUCS Cႆ CၢႆCၢႆCီ S CIူCS 1966 EC AICSSၵIူCSSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ ၶCSCIူCSSCူ Cီ AECSCီSၵSSEC ႁCS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSS CS ၵၢၼS ၽMCSSCCSS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSၼႆ CီSAူSCUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSS ၸIူCSSCီၸSCEၵS EၶႃS ၶူCSၶCS CCSSၼCSCCSSCၢႆS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢCSCICSSCီ ၼႆ ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS CCSSCၢႆ ACS Cႆ A CMCS A CၢCSSၸMCSSEC ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ S AူSၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ AၼSCၢCSCူCS AICSSၵIူCSS CECS CၢႆSEၼCႃSၼႆ CEၼSASူ ၵIUၵSSCIUၼSSCIူCSS AၼSCီSCၵSSCၢၼS EC EC ၼၼS CCS S CCS ၼႆ CEၼSASူ CIUၼSS ၸSႁCSSႁၢၼSS ၸSAIUၼS S ၸSACS ၾႃ ACS CMၼS ၶMCSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSS CECS CCS ၶႆ EၼCMCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSS AၼSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CIူၵS CS ၸUCSSၼIူCS S AICSSၵIူCSS CECS CIUCS Eၼ ECႃ ၼCS ၶCSၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSS CECSS CUCS CCSႁECSCၢႆS CICS ၽECS ၵCSၵIၼSS ECႃ ၵူၼSSၶCSSCၢၼSၶCS Cူ ECCႃ

ACS CIUCSCီ CIUCSCၢCSSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၼႆ

59 CIUCSCMC ာ 60 CဲECာSCUSSCMICS

CIUၵS AICS CIူCS ၸၢၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

xxiii

ၸCSSၶCSCူ Eၵႃ ၶCSACS A CူCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CၢႆSECၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS CIUCSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSCCS CူCSSCMၼSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS 1947 EC CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ Eၶႃ CCSSၸIူCSSCႃSၼSSၼၼS ACS CီSCၢႆၸSၶၼSCCSSCCSCCS ၼႆS CIူၼSၼCS CIူၼS CCSSCၢႆႁၼSCIUCSCႆ ၼၼS CCS S CCSSCၢႆSCIူCSSCၢၼS CIူCSSCUၵS CUCS CႃSS ၵၢၼSCUၵS ၽIUၼS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆS CIူCSSၶၢCS Eၽ CIူၼSSCၢCS ၵၢCS CႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS EC CIူCS ၸUCSS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CIUCSSCIူCSS 1962 ၵူၼSSၼUCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSၶCS ၼSSCIUၵSSCႆSEC CUၵS ၽIUၼS CႃSCSSCSSS *** ECႃ CIUCSCIူCS CECS AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ ၶူၼSACSCၢCSSCIUCSAECS AECSEC ၸMၵSSCႆ CIူၼSCၼSSCူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ S CIUၵS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၶႆ ၸSCIUCS CUCS CIူCSSCMႆ CီCUCS CီCECS S Cီ CIၼSၶMၼS CMၼSSCၢၵS Cူ ၼၼS S ၶူၼS ၶႆ Eၼ CUၵS CICSS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC CECS CူCUCSSCႃSCႃS ECႃ ECႃSCS S ၵူ Cီ ၵူ Cီ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CCSS ၵICS ၼCီ ၶႃCECS CIၵS ၸူS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၶCS Cႃ ၵUCS EC CၢCSၶIူCSSၸCS Aူ ၶCSECCႃ ACS CီSၽSCMCS CIၵS ၸူSၶCSEC CMၵS S CIူCS CECSS CIၼS CSၼS

61 Bertil Lintner

ၼIူCS CၢCSSၼSၸCS CIူCS ၶၢCSSCႆ CၼSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS CECSCၢၵS CၢၵS CၢႆSCၢႆS AူၼSECႃSCႃS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A ၵCSSCECSS CMCS CၢCSS AၼSၶCSCUCS CၢCS ႁၼSCႆ ၸECSCIူCS CၢႆCီ ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSCIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၾၢCS CီCီEC CIၵS ၽႃ ၵCS Cီ ၾၵSSCူ CMႆSCMႆSS CUၵS CICSSCၼSS

CMCSEၵႃ ၼMၼSSCႆ ၼIူCSၵူ ၸCS ၽူCSCၼSSS ၵူCSၶႃၽECSSCIUၼS CႃSEC ACS CၼSAMၵS CECSCCSS CUၵS Cီ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSၶCSEC ၸၢCS CUCS ႁၼSCႆ CၢCSSEႁႃၶCS CCSS CၢCSSS CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼS ACS Eႁႃၼႆ Cႃ EႁႃCS ႁIUCS EႁႃၶၢCS1S CIူCS CECS Cႆ CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၵMCS EၸSCIUCSS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS CECS CMCS Cႆ CCS S ACS CၢCSSEႁႃ AၼSACSCၢၵS AUCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၼႃၼႃCူCSၼၼS Eၵႃ CIူၼSႁၢCS

CEၼSSCEၼSၽီ

ၽECS CူCSCူCSၼIူCS S CၢCSSCCSၽႃAUCS ၼၼS CီSCUၵS CIUၵSS ၼUCS ၶူCSSၶECS CS ၵUCSSCEၵSSCီၶECSၶCS CEၼSACSAMၵS Cႆ S CECSCMၵSSCIၼS ၵUၵS ၵUၵS ၵၢၵS ၵၢၵS 1 EႁႃၵECSCIူCSS AၼSၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ CIူCS CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ ၸCS Eၶ S CIူCS ၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSEၵႃ CIUၵS CူCSCIUCS Cူ Cီ EႁႃၵECSCIူCSSၼႆ ၵMၺSSS ACS Cူ Cီ EႁႃၶCSSCူCSS CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS EႁႃၶCSSCူCS Cူ CECSၵႃ EC CIUCSၵCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSEၵႃ CIUCS Cူ CCSSCီ EႁႃၵECSCIူCSS ၼၼS S ၵMCS CီSၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS EႁႃၶCSSCူCSEC ACSၵၢCSSACSSၵICS ACS Cႃ Eႁႃ CၼSSAMၵS (The East Haw)S ၾၢႆ CႆSEC Eၵႃ ACS Cႃ EႁႃCS ၼႆၵMၺSSS

2 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ECႃSၸMCSSEၶႃ ၸီ CCS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS ၶCSS ၵIUCS ၵၢCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS CUCS Cႆ ၵCSSCECSS CCS ၸSCEၵS CႃSCEၼSၵCSSCEၼS ၵCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSCCS CူCSCၼSSCIUCS CIUCS S CIူCS ACS Cႆ

CူCSSCူCSS CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS CၢႆCၼSS EC ၽူ ၶEၼSCၼSSၼၼS CူၺS ၸSAICS AICS ၵCSSၼIူCS S CMၼS Cႃ CၢႆၸSၸCS ၽူCSCၼSS Eၵႃ CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS EC CCSS

CၢႆၸSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၶCSCMCSEၵႃ EC CCSS

CၢႆၸSၵူၼSSCႆS

CIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC CCS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼSSECCႆ ၵEၼS ၶECSCႆ S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSSၵႃ ၼSSၵၢCSEႁႃၼၼS Cူ ၶMCSS2 EC CUၵS ၼMCS CၼSSCၢCSSCၢႆ ၸIူCSSCUCS ၸSCႆ ၼၼS

CီSCူCS CၼSSCႆ S Cူ ၶMCSSEၵႃ

A Cႆ CIူၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A Cႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ႁUCS ACS CCSS CIUၼS CCSSCIူCSSCCS S CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ CႃSCS Eၶႃ CၢCSS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ ၼSSEႁႃCS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ

CIUၵS CS Eၶႃ ၸီ CCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၢCS ၵCSS CၢCS ၵIူCSSၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC

ၶS ACSၵMCS ၵၢCS

CIUCSSCMCS ၶIUၼSSCူ S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CUၵS CီၸS CၢႆSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆS Cႃ CEC ၼႃ Cႃ ၸCS ၽူCSCၼSSၼၼS

ECCႆ CIUCSS CၢႆSAူၼS AMၼS CEၼS EC S

CIူCS CECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၸၢCS ၵႃ AICSCIUCS ၽSS ၸCS ၼၢCSS ၵIူCS ၼMၵS CIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ ECCႆ CEၼSCီ ၸSCS CUၼS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCႆS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCSCCS S ၼMၵS ECၼႆ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ECCႆ Eႁ ၵCS CူၺSSCIUCS CUၵS

AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ EC ECCႆ CS ၸCS Aူ ၶCS CMၵS CႃSႁI ူၼSSS ၼSSၸS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCCSSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS AMၵS CႃSၸECSCIူCS ၸCS EC ECCီSၼIူCSCၢCSSCIူCSSCႃS Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS ႁIUCS ACS A ၼႆCCS S Cႃ ECECႃ ၼႃ ၵၼS CCSSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSCၢၼS EC CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCူCSCၼSSCီCီS CႆCူCSS ၶူCSCႆ EႁႃAMၵS CႃSS CၢCSSCCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCႆ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCႆS ၸIူCSSCူ 2 Cူ ၶMCSS = Eၶႃ CႆS “Cူ ” EC Eၶႃ CၢၼS “ECါCSS” ECႃSၵၼSECACS Cႆ S CMCS Cႃ ACSၼႃ ၸUCSSၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼSSEႁႃၼၼS S CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼUCS ၶူCSSၶECSၶCS ၸUၵSSCႆCႆ CၢCSSCCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSၶCS CEၼSCECSCEၼSCECSS CICSSCႆ CCSSၵMCS CCEၼSS3 EၸS CIUCSSEC CIူၼSႁၢCS CMၵS CIူCS CIူၼS Cႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCီ ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSၶCS ၵMCS CCS Cႆ CူၼS CEၼS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၵၢCSSCMCS CCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CၢCS EၼၶCS CMCS ACS AEၼS ႁECSSCIUၵSS CႃSCႃECEC ၵIၼSECႃ ၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ ACS ၸCSSၾICS CIူCSၵူၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS EC CUၵS ၼMCS CၼSS Eၵႃ

ACS Cႆ ၶၢၼSCCSCႃSS ၼSSၸSၶCSCၢCS Cႆ Cႃ ECႃSႁၼSၶCSၸIUCS ၼၢCSS

CICSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS Eၵႃ ၼႆ

CIUၼSSECACS ႁႆ AၢCS ၼCS AၼCS CႃEၼၶCS ၼႆ

CCS S ၶCSACS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCMCS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS

CECSၽEၼS

ၶIူCSSၶIူCSSCSSCSS ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵူၼSSCCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AMၼSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ Cႆ Cီ CCS ACCS CႃEC ACS ၸၢCS A ႁၼSCIၼSS CIူCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ S ၸCS ၼႆ ၼMၵS ECCႃ CၢCSSCၼS AS CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ၶCS CMၵS ႁႃၼSSEႁႃၼႆ

ACS CီS

CၢCSSCIူၵS CCSCCS S CIူCS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃၼSSEႁႃ ACS CCS ACS ၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CူၺSSၸMCSS ACS CၼSၽၢCS CSS CႃEC

AICSSS CIူCSCS CၼSS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CMၵS ႁႃၼSSACS ၼMၼSSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS AၼSCီSCီ ႁၢCS ၼIူCSEႁႃၼၼS CCS S CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ACSၶူCSSၸIူCSSCီS ၼSSCIူၵS CCS Cႆ CၵSSCူCSၼၼS

AMၵS CECS CူCSSS ၵEၼSၶIUၼS

ၽႃ ၵCS ၵူ

AၼSS CMႆ CူၺSS ၽၢၵS Cႆ CၵSSCIူCS CIUၼS ၵူ CMCSS ACS ၵႃS ၶCS ၼSSACS ၼCS EC CMႆ CူၺSS ၶECSSEC ၵူ ၶECSS CIူၼSၶCSCူၵSSႁၢႆCႆ ၶူCSSECAၼSAၼSCCS S Cူ ၶMCSSၶCS ECႃSCႆ ACSၸECSၵMCS ၸECSCၢၵS CၢCSSCၼSၶCSCCS CူCSSCူSS ၶCS CၢCS Cႃ ECႁၼSCCSၼႆ CၢCS ႁႃCၢၼS ၼႆ Cႃ S ၵMCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS CူၼSၸS Cႃ CMၵS ႁႃ ၼSSACS CUCSSၸCS ၾႃ Cႃ S ၶCSၾၢၼS CူၺSS CS ၵူ ၼMၼSSS ၼSSCIူၵS CCS Cႆ ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ S ၶCS CူၺSSၼIူCSၸၢၼSSS CၢCSS CCS ၶECS CCS CIၵS S ACS ၵႃS ECႃ ၽႃ ၵMCSSCူCSCCSSCႃ CူၺSSၵMၼS S ACS 3 Sten Gun

4 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

ACSCECS CEၵSS CၢCSSCီ CCSSၼၼS CႃSၸSCႃSEၶႃS

CECSSCCS ၼSSၽႃ ၵMCSSၵူ AၼSCCS S ၽIူCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSS ACS ၼMၼSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၼၼS Eၵႃ ACSCECS CEၵSSCူCSCၼSS CECSSCS EACီ EACႃ EACၢCSCၢႆS EAၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSၶCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၶECS ၼၼS ၵူ AၼSS CIူCS EACီCူCS CူCSCS CS CူCSၼIူCS CMCS CMၵSSCူၵSSCႃSၼIူCS ၽၢၵS CIUၼS CIူCS ၸMCSSCၢCSSAEၼS CၢCS AၼSၼၼS CIUၵSSႁၢၼSCၼSSEၵႃ AMၼSၵၼSၶူCSCEၼS CIူၼSCႆ ႁၼS ႁUၼS ၼူCS ACSၼIူCS CCS S CIUၼSSCUCSSCႃSၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ A ၶCSCႃSႁႃCCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CMၵS ႁႃၸMCS CူCS CCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCၢCS “ၸCS ၾႃ ၵMႃ CECS CီSCS” ၽIူCS Cႆ CIၼSSEၶႃ CၢCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSႁECSSၸSS CီSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCႃSၶIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMCS ၵႆ EC CၵSSCႃCူၺSS ၸCS CIUၵSS CူCSCီCီ ၸူCS ၽECS ၵCSSၼIူCS CCS ၸCS CMCS “ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CMCS CECS ၶUၼS CၢCS CၢCS Cႃ “CၼSSACS CီSCီ ၼၼS S CCS CIUၵSSႁCSS ႁႃCၼSSEၵႃ ACS ႁၼS” “ECႃSၼၼS ၸIူCSSCူEၵႃ CူCS CMCSSႁCS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSACS CECSS Cႆ Cီ ၼႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cၢႆ ၼႃ CႆAMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSႁႃCUၵS AMၼS CၼSSEC CၼSSၶႆ EၼAS ၶCS CMCS ၶၢCS Cီ AၼSCၼSSCႆ CIၼSSCႃSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CီSCႆ ၼSSCIUCSS ၸMCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS Cႆ AIူCS S ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CီS Cႆ EC ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCS ၸၢCS CIUCS CၢCS Cႆ CIူၼSၵCS S ၼႃ ၶMCSၸIူCSSCီSCီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS CၼSၶCS CႃS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS CူCS AၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CCS Cႆ Cီ ၼMၵS CIူCSS Cႃ ၶCS Cၼီ ၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ “CႆS”4ၼၼS ECၽECSCႃS CCS S ၵၢၼSႁUCSၵIူCS Cီ ၵၢCS ECႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CူCS CၼSSCႃ CCS EC CၼS ၵၢၼSCCS S CူၼSEၵႃ ၾီ AၼSၸၢCSSၽUၵS CူၺSS Cီ CMႆEၶႃၼၼS Eၵႃ EC Cႆ ၶၢၵS ၽUၵS CECS EC EC Cႃ Cႃ S Cူ Cီ ၵCS CCS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ 5EC ECCႆ EC CIူၵS

CUၵS ႁEၼSSၵCS ၶEၼS ၶCS Cႃ CူCS ၼMၵS CIူCSSEC ႁEၼSS

ACSCIၵS CၢႆS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CီSၼႃ ၶMCS CUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ၵMၼSSCMCS ACSSႁEၼSSၵCS CCS

AၼSCMၼSႁEၼSSၵၼS CCSSCၢCS

ၽႃ Cႃ CႆS ACSSၵICS CၢၼS S ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CUၵS ၸUCSS CူၺSSCIUCSEC CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

CIူၼSCူၼS CႃSၵူ Cီ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶCSSၸSCူၺSSCIUCS CMCS ၶIUၼS CS CUၼSS CECSS EC CၢၵS CီSCီCEၼS ၵူၼSSCႆS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCSCႃSEC CUCS CMCSS Cႃ ၽEၼSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ CIUCS ႁECSSၵႃ Cႆ CIူCSSၼႃ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSၸCS EC ၽEၼS CIၼSCIူCSS Cႃ ၵူၼSS CCSSCၢႆEC CEၼE S C EC EC Cႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CCS S CၢCSSၼၼS

ၸCS ႁႃCီS ၵၢCSၼS 8 CူCSSၵMၺSSS CEၼSCၼSS ၼSS

CIူၼSCၢၶMS 1962 CၼSSၼIူCS EC ၼၢၼSSၶCS EC CCS S CIူCS ႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CူCS CIူCS ၾႃ ႁUCS ACSၼSၸCS ၼၼS ၶS CEၼSႁၢႆCႃSCMႆSCMႆSEC CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆSEၵႃ CIူၼSၵCS CႃSၶIUၼSSS Cီ ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSCႆS ၸIူCSSCS Cီ ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSEႁႃၼၼS Cႆ CUၵS ACSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

CႃSCEၼSSCS Cႆ CCS EC ၵူၼSSCS ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSEႁႃ

ၼUCS ၶူCSSCUၺS CီၶMၼS ၼၼS CEၵS Cၢႆ CEၼSၵႃ CီၶECSၸCS CCS S CIူCS ECႃ CIUCS ၼSSEႁႃ ၸၢႆ ၵၢCS EC ၶီ CECSCICS CMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cႆ CUၵS CUၵS CIUၵSS CMၵS CCSၼSSCႃ CၼSSACS ၵႃS CCS CႃSCႃ CCSSCECS

ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၼSSEႁႃCS

ECACS Cႆ AMၵS ၵႃ ၼMၵS ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶူၼS CူၼS

CIူCS ၼႆ CCS ACS AMၵS ၸSၵူCSၸSEႁS ၵMၺSSCႆ ၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMႆ AMCSCူCSSCMCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCူၼS ၽECSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S ACS Cႆ CIၼSS ၶၢCS CၢၵS CၢႆSၶIUၵS CMၼSSCCSS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၵူ CၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၽECSCႃSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸS CIUCSSAူၼSSEC ၵCSSCIUCS CူၺSSCၢCS 4 Tai Mining Company 5 Hsipaw Sawbwa Foundation

6 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cီ S ၽူ ၵCSSCၢၼS ၾၢႆ AူၼSSEၵႃ ၵCSSCၼSၸူSႁI ူၼSSAူၺSSEၵႃ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S Cီ AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ CIUCS ၼMၼSS ၽMCSSၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS S Cႆ CIၼSSCECSAူၺSSEၵႃ ၶCS ၸICS Cီ CၢCS6S CECSၼSS AူၼSSEၵႃ ACS ECႃSၸECS CီS “CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS ၼၼS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CႃSCCSႁI ူၼSSႁCSSၵႃ CCS S ၶCSCႃSႁႃၸCS S CCSၾၢၼS ၶူCSSၼSSႁI ူၼSS CEၼSCS CEၼSၼIူCSၵႃ CECS ” CECSAၼ ူ SSEၵႃ ACS ၸIUၼS CီCCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼS ACS CၢCSCီ ၸICS Cီ “CူCၢCS CCSCီ ၶCSၵႃ ၸICS Cီ ” “ႁCSSCၢCS EၼၶCS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS CIူCSSၵႃ ၸECSCIူCS CႃSCCS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ၶCSCCSSACS CUCS ” ၵၢCSSၸICS Cီ CCSSCႆ CၢCS CUCSS AူၼSSEၵႃ ၶၢCS ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ A CCS ၼႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A Cႆ Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽEၼSCႆ Cႃ ၶCS Cူ ၸSS Cီ ၼၢCSSCၼSS Cီ CူၼS CီS Eၵႃ ACS ECႃSCူ Cီ CEၼSၵIၼSSၼႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSCီ ၶၢCSS CၢCSS Cီ CၢၵS CၵSS ၵႆၵၼSCCSSCီ ECႃ Cႆ S CူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIၼSၶCS ၼS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCီ Aၢႆ CူCSCၼSSEၵႃ ACS A S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSS Cႃ EC ၶCSSၵႃS ၵႃ ၸူS Cႃ CECS EC ၵႃ CS CECSCIၼSCၼSSACSSၵၢၼSS AၼSCUၵS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS -CူၼS CီS-CECSSCIူCS EC ၸၢCS ACS CႃSၼၼS S CူCSCၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၼၼS ၽူ CၢႆCUၼS CECSCၼSS ACS ၼၼS Eၵႃ AၼSၸၢCS ၶႆ ၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECEၵႃ Eၵႃ ၸၢCS CႃSCႃSၼIူCSCECSCIၼSၼၼS S Cႃ ECၶCSSၵႃSၵႃ ၸူS ၶူCS CECSCIၼS Cႃ CECS ၼၼS ACS ႁIUCS CၢCSၸူCS CူCSSS ECႃSACS ၸS CၢႆSCၼSSၼIူCS CူCSS CECSCIၼSEၵႃ Cႆ ၽECSCူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၶIUCS Cႃ ၵIၼSၶCS ၽMႆCCS CႆCႃSCၢCSS ACSSႁEၼSS 6 Jimmy Yang, ၸCS CECS S CUၵS ၸၢႆS CၢCSၸIၼSSCႆ ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSၵူCSSၵၢCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cီ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCီSၼၼS EC ၸS ၸၢႆ CECS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵCS ၽMCS Cီ ၼၼS S CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC

ACS CၼSSCႆ ႁၼS

CMCS ႁUၵSSႁၢႆ

CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS

ၼၼS S Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCCS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSCUCS ၵCSS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS Cႃ CIူCS ၼႆ S ၶူၼSACSCCSCCSၶCSS CၢCSSCူCS ၼIUCSCECSS CECSSၶCSS CၢၵS CႃCSCSAMၼS ၶCSၼႆ ႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၸCS Aူ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ CCS S ၽICSၼIူCS ၼCS ၶၢCSCMCS CMCS ၶCSCCS ၶCSၼႆ

CEၼSCIူCSၾၢCSၵူၼSSၶIူCSSCူSAူCS

ၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CUၵS AMၼS

ACS CီSCၢCSSၶီCၢCSSCႆ CCSS CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSS CCSSCEၼS

ၸMCSSCႃCUၺSSAMၼS ၶCS ႁICSSACSSCူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၶCSACS Cႆ ၾၢCS CEၼS CMCS Cႃ CီၶူCSSၼUCS ၵူၼSSCS ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSၶCS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CီSၵႆၼၼS ECၵIၼSၶCS ၽMႆEၵႃ CECS ၼSS ACS ၵIၼSၶCS ၶIUၵS CMၼSSCူCSၼႆ CIၼSSCMCSၼႃ S CၢႆCECSSCECS Eၵႃ CUၵS Cီ ASCECSSCECS CၢCS ၾCၢCS EC CMCS ႁI ူCS CႃSၼIူCS ၽIူၼSၵIၼSၶCS CီCCSS CIူCS CIူCS CူCS AၼSၵူၼSSCၢCSSEၵႃ ACS ၵၼSၼCS ၵIၼSCႆ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS Cီ ၽIူၼSCူၼSSCၢCS CူCSS CMၵSSACSEၼ ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSၶCS EၵႃSCICS Eၵႃ CS CူCS CၼSSCႆ ႁICSSၽIူၼSၼၼS S EၵႃSCICS Eၵႃ ၶS AS ၸCS ၼၢCSSၶCS CIUCSSCECS CMCS ႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၼၼS EC ၶS AS CUCS CUCS Cႆ Cႆ ၵIၼS CၢၼSCၢၼSS ၶCSCUCS CCSCႆ Cႃ

ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSၼႆ

CEၼSၶIူCSSၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSS

CIူCSSEC ၸECSCIူCS ၵIူCS ႁၼSၼႃ CႃSၼၼS CီSၽUCSSCီSCUၼSS ACS CီSCCS Cႃ ၵCSSCႆ S EၵႃSCICS ၼႆ CCSSCၢႆSCႆ ACSECႃ CIၼS Cႃ Eႁ ၵCS ၵECS Eၶ ၽECS S ၽီCူSS ၸUCS S CူCS S ၼMၵS EC ၼႃ S EၶႃSS ၾႃ CIUCSS CCSSCEၼSSCၢႆS Cႆ CCSSCူCSCCS S CၢCSSCUCS CCS EၵႃSCICS Eၵႃ ၸCSSEၽ CIUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSEၵႃ ACS A S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃECACSCUCSCူS7CၢၵS ၵႃ CႃSၼIူCS ၶCS CUၼSSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵႃSၸICS CၢႆCၢႆCCSS Eႁႃ ၶCS CၢCSSၼႃ EႁႃCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၸၢCS ၽECSCႆ ၶၢCSSၼႆ S ECCႃ CEၼSၽူ Cၢႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽECSCႃSၼႆEၵႃ CCS ACS ၸS CECSၵႃSCCSSCECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSA 7 Jelly

8 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵCSSCECSCCS S CEၼSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CႃSCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMၺSSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSၼၼS ၸIUCS ၸS EC CCS S CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ECႃSCECSCIUၵSSCႆ ၼIူCSၶူၼSCၢCSSၵႃS CၼS CူၼSSCူCS Cႃ ၼႃ EႁႃၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSS CၢCSEၵႃ CCS ၸီ CCS Cူ ၶMCSS AS ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCS EC ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSၶCS CႃSၶCS CECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸီ CCS ၵူၼSSCCS EAၶCS AS AMၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSACSSႁEၼSS AၼSCီSCၢCSSၼMၵS

CၢCSSEႁႃ

ၼၼS S CIူCS ၼၼS CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼS CIUCS ၼႃ CS Cႃ CMCS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS CCS CIUCSS ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCS EC ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSၶCSS CCS ACSၵၼSS ၵMCS CUCS CCS EC ၸSEC EၶႃSၶCSS ၵူၼSS ၼSSEႁႃၶCS ACS AIUCS ACS ၶCSSS ACS CEၼS ACS ၼIUCSECAICSSECCႃ Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIူၼS ၵၼS Cႆ ECႃ CMCS CIူၵS CS ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ S “ၵIUCSS ... ၸIူCSSCူ ACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ CUCS CCS ၵူၼSSႁCSS” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CMCS CၢCS CCSS CECSCCS CECSCEၼSCႃ “ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ Eၶႃ CူCSCႆ Cႃ ၺMCSSACS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵႃ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS CႃSၸECS ၵူၼSSECSၵႃS EC ၽူ Cၢႆ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ႁCSSၶႃ AMၼSၵႃ Cႆ Cီ CCS Cႃ CMCS CၢCSAICSSၼIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CS ၸSACS CMCS ၵၢCSS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS EC Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃ ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS CCS ၼၼS EC CၢCS Cႃ “Cႃ Cႆ ၸS Cႃ ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSCူS ECႃSCIUၵS CီSCS ACS CCSSၵCSEC ၵCS ECCူၺSSCIUCSCူ ၵMၺSS” ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵၢCSSၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS CCSSCႆ CUCSS CIUCS CၢCS Cူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS “ၼႆ EC CEၼSCUၼS ၽMၼSSႁCSSၶႃ EC CIUၼSSECCႆ CူEၼ AS Cႁႃ EC Cီ CIၼSSA Eၶႃ ႁၢCS CCSS ၸIူCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ Cႃ ၼIူCSႁCSSၶႃ ၸီ CCS CႃSၼၼS ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECS Cီ Cီ EC CMCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS S “ECႃSACS CီSEၶႃ CၢCSS Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆ Cႁႃ EC Cီ

ECACS Cႆ AMၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS S ECACS Cႆ ႁCS ၶEၵS S ECACS Cႆ

CၢCS AူၼSSS CIၵS AၼSCႃSCီ

Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSS

ႁCSSၶႃ CူၺSSCCS ၸCS ECCူCS CၼSCီ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ” “CီSCCSCECS Cႃ ” “ACS CီSCCSCCS ၶႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cၢႆ ၼႃ CႆCႃSၸူSEႁႃCS S ၼSSၸSEၵႃ CူၼS Cႆ Cႃ EC ACS ၸMCSSCၢႆCီ Eၶႃ ႁၢCS CCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ S ၽIူCS ၽECSၼSSACS ၼMၼSS Cီ CCS ၼႃ CCS CႃCIူၼS ၼၼS EC ၼCS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁၢCS CႆCူCSSCႃS CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSSCCS S *** ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Cူ ၼSS CUCS ၶႃSၽႃCၢၼSAMၼS S ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCS ၵၢCSၶCSECCႃ Eၵႃ

Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၶCSCူ S

Cီ Cီ ၸECS CECS ၼႃ

CUCS ၶႃSAMၼS CCSၼႆ CီSCႆ CIUၵSSCS ၵၢCS Cႆၵႃ CႆCႃSၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၢCSSS ACS CီSCၢႆSCၢCSS Cႃ Cၢႆ AMၵS Cႆ S ECႃSAၢCS ECၶCSSၸSCၢႆ AMၵS ၼႆEၵႃ CIUၵSS CS ၵၢCSၸIူCSSၼႆ ECACSၵMCS CIUCSSCၼSS CၢႆCCSၵCSSCECS ACS ႁၢCS S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS ႁႃCၢႆSCၢCSS Cႃ ECCူၼS CMCS AMၵS Cႆ S Cႃ CIူCSSၸူSCUၵS CၢCSSၼၢCSSECSCၼSSS ECႃSၾႃ CၢCS CSCႃSEC ၸၢCS CUCS CMCSSCႆ Cႃ CၼSSAMၵS CMCS S ECႃSCႃ CIၼSSA ၶၢCS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSCႆ CUၵS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSၶCS ၵUCSS ၶCSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆၸIUCS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ EC AS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSS CMႆ CၼSSၶIUၼSS ၸMCSSၼCS CၵSSCIူCSၾICS CIူCSSCူ CCS S ၶCS ၼႆ CEၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ECCႆ ACSAEၼSႁECSS Cႃ CIူCS ၽUၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CECS ၼMၼSSၼIူCSCၢCS Eၵႃ ACS CCSSCႆ S CUCSSCၢႆCၢႆCူCSEၵႃ ECႃSCီSCီSCူ ၼIူCSACSCၼSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CUၵS CႃSၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSS CIူCS ၵူ

10 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMၵS EC ECႃSCီSCMCS CUၵS CၢၵS Cီ ၸSၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCႃSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶCS ၼႆ ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSၼႆ ACS CEၼS

ၵၢၼSS ACS CီSCၢCSSCၢCS CSCCSS ACS CီSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSCCSS ACS Cႆ A ၵMCS CCSEC ၽECSCႆ ၼSSၶMၵS ၶCSS CIူCS CူၼS CႃS CၢႆCၢႆCီ ၼၼS EC ၵECS CIူၺS CၵSSCIူCSၾICS CIူCSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၵICS ၶMCS ၵၼSCႃSCၢႆCၢႆCMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢCS

ACS ၵUCS CူၼS Cႃ CCSSCECSSEၼ

CUၵS CIUၵSSၸIူCSS Eႁ ႁၢCS ၵႃS CၼSSEC CEၵSSAMၼSCၼSSCႃS CIUCSCCS Cႃ CူS8 ၼႆ S ၶCS ၼႆ EC ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ECACS CူၼS AMၵS Cႆ ၵMCS CCSCEၼSၸIူCS ၼႆS ECCၢCS CUၵS CIUၵSSCS ၵၢCS ၵႃ ၼMၵS CUCS ၶႃSၶCSEၵႃ ၶEၼSSECACS A CCSEC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၶႆ ၸSCIUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSS CUၵS Cီ CIၼSCIူCSSၽCSAၵS ၽCSEႁ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CႃSCIUCSCIူCSSCႆS ႁIUCSၵႃ CICSSCီ CCS S ၶၢCSSၼႆ EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CECS ECၼMၼSSCCSS CCSSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS CMCSEၵႃ Cူ ႁIUCSS ၼSSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCEၼS CႃS ၾၢCSႁၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၶူCSSၼMၼSSCူ ၼIူCS ၽႃ CၢၼSSCၢႆ CူၺS ၶူၼSACSCၼSS AၼSCၢCSSCIUCSCၢၵS ၵၢCS ၼၼS S ၶCS ၼႆ EC ECACS Cႆ CီSၽS ECၵႃ ႁECSSAS ၶCSၸSCUၵS CၢၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸS CႆCူၺSS ၾၢCSႁၢCS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIၼSSၶၢCS CၼSS Cႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼၼS

ECၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS

CၢCSCၼSSCၢၼS ႁIUCSၼႆEC ECႃSႁၢၼS ၸSၸူCSS

Cႃ Cႆ Cူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃS ၵMCS CၢႆCMCS CၢႆCၢCSSS CIူCS CECSၸCS

ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AၼSႁၵS CECSSၼIူCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS

ၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃS CS ၼCSCIူCSECၵCS S CၼSSCEၼSCUCS

ၵCSSAMၼS

CၢCSSCUCSS ၼSSCၼSSCUၵS CၢၵS CUCS CၢCS CူCS CIူCS ၼႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

CMCS CIူCS CူCS CူၼS

CၼSSCႆ CMႆ CၼS

CႃCူCSၼIူCS ၼၼS S ECႃCIUCS ၼSSEႁႃ Cႆ ႁCS Cႆ CႃၼႆSCူCSၶီSCႃ ၶCS ၶCS S ACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSႁIUCSEC

CMႆ Cႆ ၼSSၼMCSCUၺSSၼCS

8 CCူSCCSMC IAU့

CMCS CMCS ၼၼS S Cႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CEၼS CUၺSSCူ ၼSSၼMCSS ၽIူCS CႃၼၼS

CီSCႃ CီSႁECSSCႃSၶIUၼSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ CMႆ CECS ၼSSၼCS Cူ CူCSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC ၸSACS CီS ၶCSCCS ၶS CIUCS CECS CႃၼၼS Cႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ႁၢၼS ၸS

ၵMCS CၼSSCႆ CMႆ CၢႆၸSCIူၼS ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵMCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၼSSၸS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CUCS CCSCႆ Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCၢCSS ACS CူCS CMCS EၽSCMCS CၢၼS Cႆ Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႃ CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႁၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSၼၼS EC ACS ECႃSEၼ ၼMၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸSCႆ ECႃSCႃ CၼSSCCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၵS CၢCSSCႆCIၼS ၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSS CMၵS ၼႆ ၸIUCS CၼSSCCS ECႁႃEႁ CS CIၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS ECႁႃCMၵS ၶၢၵS EC ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSCႃ CIူၼS S CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ EC ၼMၵS EC CUၵS CIUၵSS Eၵႃ CS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS ၵCS ၼCSEC ၼMၼSSCCSSCႆ ၼSSCUCS ၽSCၼSSS

CUCS CSCUCS ၼၼS EC

CီSၵူၼSSCS ၵၢCSၽSCၼSSCႆ Cူ

EC S ၶCSEC ၵCS CUCSSEC ၼMၼSSCႆ EC ACS CီSCUCSSၵႃ ၵCSSၶCSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECၶႆ ၸSCIUCS CECSႁUၼS ၶူCS EC CၢCSSAUၼS ၸS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A Cႆ ECႃSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCၢႆSCၢCSS Cႃ CႃSCၼSႁECSSCၼSSၼႆၸIUCS A CၵSSECCႃSၸူSၵCSSCECSCူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ CMၵS ၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSCၢႆCၢႆS CIၼSSCECS EC CၼSSCIUၼS CUၵS ၵCSSCECSS CီSၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCUCS EC ၸUၵSS Cူ ၽၢႆ Cၢႆ CၢCS S CူCSၵူၼSSEၵႃ AၼSCၼSSCႆ ႁၼSၼႆ ၼUCS Cႆ ၶူCSSCIUၵSS CီၶECSS ECCEၼSၵူၼSSCႃSႁႃ ႁECSSႁၢႆ ECႃ CၼSSႁIUCSS CႃSၸMႆ CECSႁIUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၾၢCS CူCSCၼSSCႆ CီCီS ၵူၼSSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ECႃ EC CူCS CူCSSEC CMCS CECS CၢCS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS Cႃ “ၶႃ CEၼS ၵူၼSSCS CူၺSS ၸCS ႁCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS EAႃ S ၶႃ ACS ၸS CၢၼS S CEၼSၶၢCSS CUCSSၶႃ ႁCSSၶCS CၢCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS CEၼC S ူ CၢCSSACSCECS Cီ CIူCSSၸCS ႁCSSၶCS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢႆCီ ၼၼS EAႃ ”

12 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ CUCS ၸSCႆ ၵူၼSSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS S CIUၵS CCSS CCSSCႆ S “ၵMCS CCS CူCႃSၶႆ EၼႁCSS” “CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢCS Eၵႃ ၼMၼSSCCSSCူCSSCCS S ၶႃ ၶS ၸMႆ ၸCS ႁCSS” “CူၸၢCS AMၼSႁCSSAMၵS ၵႃ Cႆ Cူ ႁႃ ” “ACS ၸၢCS ၶႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶႃ ၸၢCS CၵS ACSCIၵS Cီ ၸCS ႁCSS CူCS CၼSCႆ CIUCS Cႁႃ EC Cီ Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS ၶႃ EAႃ ” ၼSSၸS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS CီSCMCS CCSSCCSSCCSCCS S ၼႆ CEၼS

CIUCS CၢCSSCီCူCS AၼSၼIူCS S CMCS Cႃ CူCSCၼSSၽECSCႆ ၵႃ CSၼႆ ၽSEၵႃ ECACS A S ECႃSCၼSSCECS CIၵS AMၵS ၵႃ Cႆ CIူၼS CၢCS Eၵႃ Eၵႃ ၸၢCS ၸMႆ CECSCၼSS Cႃ CူၼS AMၵS Cႆ ၼၼS S CIူၵS Cီ Cႃ ၼႆ CEၼS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSS ၶCS ႁၢCS CMၵSSၵMၺSSၼႆEၵႃ ၾၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CီSCၢCSSCUCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIၵS ACSEၸ CMCSSၼIူCS Cီ CCS CၵSSCီ ၸMCS CMCSSEC CECS CIၵS AMၼS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS Cႃ ECSၼၢCSSCၼSS CႃSCCSSCၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSCၢၶMS 1962S CECS Cႆ Cႃ - “Cၢႆ CCICSS9S CIူၼS ၶCSႁCSSCႆ Cီ ၶMၵS CCS Cႃ CူSS ႁCSSCIUၵS AူCSSEၶSCူ S” CUၵS CIUၵSSၸၢCSSၶၢCSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၸCSSၾႆSCEၼSSCႃ CၼSSEC Cႆ ႁၼS CCSSCECSSCICSCICSAMၼS S CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ECၸMႆ CS CၼSၼSSCူCSCIၵS EC CECS CၼSႁECSSCCSS AS ECႃSၽECS EႁႃCီ ECႃ Cႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၵSSCၼS Eၸ CူCS10CၢCS CၢၵS Eၵႃ CIUၵSSၸၢCSSၶၢCSEၵႃ ၼၼS ACS ႁCS S CၼSSCIUၼS ၶIUCS CIUCS ၸMႆ CECS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ ACS ၸS Cႃ ၶS Cႆ CူCSS ၵMCS CIူCS CၼSSEၵႃ CEၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCIူCSSCMႆEၵႃ ၼIူCS AၼSCႆ CUၵS CIူၼS ၶီ ၼEၵSS 9 Liebling, Eၶႃ ACS ၵMႃ CEၼS S CMCS Cႃ “ႁၵS AIူၺSS”S CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS Eၶႃ ACS ACSSၵICS Cႃ Honey ၼၼS S 10 “CူCS” AၼSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼS MoneyS “CIUၼSS” AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCEၼS ၶူCSSEႁ AMၵS CS CIၼSၼၼS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CEၵSSCECSCႆ EC ၸCS ၸMႆ CECSၼႆCCS S ECႃSCႃ CUၵS CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CႆAMၵS ၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCCS Eၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIUCSSCECSCူ Eၵႃ CECSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CီSႁECSSၸSCႃSEC CIူCS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS

CၢၵS CၼSSAMၵS ၵႃS Cီ Aၢႆ ၶCSCႃS Cီ CၢၼS ၶCS CECSSCူၼS CီSၼၼS S Cႃ ၼMၼSSၸIUၼS CႃSEC ၼSSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSႁၼSCEၼS CMCS CၼSSCႆ ၵIၼSၶCS ၽMႆ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCီ Aၢႆ CူCSCၼSS Cီ CူၼS CီS EC CMCS CၼSSCႆ CUၵS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ACS CႃSCီ CCS Cႃ CူSၼႆ S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSCUၵS CႃSၼႆ Cီ CူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCၢCS Cႃ CIူၼS ၵCSSAူၼSSACS ႁႃEC

Cီ Aၢႆ CူCS CUၵS AMၵS ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCS ၶMCS Cီ ACS

CူCS ၸIUCS CႆS ၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS 4 CူCSSၼၼS S ACS ၸS CIူCSၽECS ၶၢCSS CၢCSSCႃ ACS CၢCSၵUCSၵၼSECCႃ

ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS CIူCSCCSS

CၢႆSEC

ၵIၼSၶCS ၽMႆCCS Eၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS AMၵS CႃSၸူS ၶူCS CECSCIၼSႁၢႆSCူCSSS CIူCS ၼၼS

Cႆ ႁၼSCUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

CECSCIUၵSSCႆ

ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCS ၼSSCECSSCူၼS CီSS Cီ CၢၼS AMၵS CECSSCူၼS CီS

ၼIူCS CUၵS

CIUၵSSၶCSCS Cႆ S ၵႃSCCSSၼCSၶCSCႆ Cီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CႃSၸူSCီ ၵႃSEC CၢCSႁႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S “ႁႃSCEၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS S CီSCMCS CCSCႃ ” “EAႃ ၶႃ CၢCS ၸS ၸMCSSCႃSၼSSCCS ႁCSSၶႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS ၶႃ Eၼႃ ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS CIUCS ၾၵSSCူၵႃSCၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECCူCSSၵႃSၼၼS S ၽIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶCS ၼSSCCS CCS CUၼSS

CIူCSSCIUၵSSCၼSSAMၵS Cီ ႁICSSCၢၼS ၼၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸီ CCS AS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶီ CႃSၼၼS Cၢႆ CIူCSSၶIUၼSS ၼSSCECSS CူၼS CီSS ၶူCSSCECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CႃSၵႃ ၼSSၵႃSၼၼS CူCSSS CၢႆSၼၼS ႁIUCSCECS CICSSAၵSSၸူCS CူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CUၵS ACS CႃSCIUCSCCS Cႃ CူS Cီ AၼSCီSၸၼS ၸMCSCၢႆSCIUၵSSၼၼS S CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CEၼSCCSၵႃ CCS Cႃ S ၸMCS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၼႆ CီSCUၼS

14 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႆ Cႃ ၵUCSSၶCS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ႁIUCSCၢၼS ၼႆ ႁIUCSS CMCS CၢCSS CIူCS ၼႆ EC CEၼSCCSSၼၢCSSႁၢႆ ၸႃ CူCS Cႃ CIူCSSၼႃ CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS ၶS CIUCS Cူ ၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼႆCCS S

ၼMၼSS ACSႁECSSCႃ CIူCS ၽUၵS S CIူCS ၽUၵS ၼႆ

CၼSSECCႆ

ECCIူCSSCUၵS CၢၵS CႃSႁIUCSS

ECCIူCSSCီSEၽSၶEၼSCႃSႁIUCSS ECCIူCSSCီS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCႃSႁIUCS ၼႆEC Cႆ ၸၢCS Cႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၵSSၸSCၼSS AS ၵႃ ၸူSCUၵS ECSCၼSSS ၸSCႆ CူၼS ၽၼSACS CၼSSCီSၸMCSSCႆ CUၵS ECSCၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSၸSၶၢCS CူၼS ၶCS ႁၢCS ၸႃ CူCSၼႆ EC ႁႃCၢCSSCႃ CူCSCၼSSCူၼS CMCS Cူ CCS S *** ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၼS CႃS CIူCS ၵႆ CIူၼS ၶCS ၶၼSCၼSCECSEC CူCS CၵS ၾႃ ႁUCS ACSၼSၸCS ၼၼS S ၸCS ႁႃCီS Cီ CူCSSၵIUCS S ၽၼSႁၢႆ CူCS CIူCS ၶCS CႃS CIUၵS CUCS CCSS ၼSSၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ S CၼSSCIUၵS CီSၼSSCCS S ၼSS CUCS ၶႃSAMၼS S

ACS CီSASCECSSS

CီSၾၵSSCူ

AၼSCUၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS EC

ၶCSSAIUCSSCႆ S CၼSSCIUၵS CီSCူ ၼSSAူCS CIUCSS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCSS CIူCS CၢCSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSCၢCSSၽS ၶS CႃS AၼSၼူC I S S ၶS CIူCSSႁI ူၼSSS ACS ACSၵူၼSSႁI ူၼSSCၼSSEC ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ CECSSAMၼS AၼSၶUCSSEႁ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSS Cီ AၼS CၼSSCၢCS Cူ CCSSCႃS CၢႆCီ ACS CီSCၢCSSၶီCၢCSSCႆ CCSၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ CၼSSCူၼS AMၵS CMCS Cႆ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼၼS ၸIUCS CၼSSAICS CIUCS ACS ၵၢၼSႁႃၵၢၼS Cီ ၸၼS ၸMCSEၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSS ၾၢႆ ၶUCSSEႁ EC ၸၢCS ႁႃၵၢၼSCၢၼSSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS CၼSSCႆ Cႃ ႁECSSၸMCSSၼCS CႆSEၵႃ AူၺSSCီၶCS CၼSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CၢႆCီ CIူCSSၼၼS S CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼS CၼSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸSCႃSCႃ Cႃ AMၵS ၽၢCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CIူCSSCူ CၢCS Cီ CၢCS CEၼS CMၼS Cႃ CMCS ACS CူCS ၸCS ၵCS S CMCS ECၽၢCS CIူCSS Cီ ECႃ

Cႃ CUၼS CူCSၵMၺSSၼၼS

CIူၼSၵၼSCCSSCMႆ ၾႃ CECS

Cီ ECႃ ၸIူCSSCၼSSECCႆ CူၺSSCIUCSၼၼS CCS S

ၵူၼSSCIူCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMၵSSCIၼS CႆCႃSၸူSCUCS ၶႃSCMၵSSAMၼS ၼႆ EC ၸS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၼSCICSၵႃ ၵႆၵႆၼၼS ၸCS ၶIUၼSSၽECSCႃSၼSSCူCSS ၾၵSSCူEၵႃ ႁUၺSAႃ CႃSCMႆSCMႆSS CCSSCECSSၵၢCSၼSၸCS Eၵႃ

ၸီSၶCS CႃSၼSS CUCS ၶႃS

CMၵSSAMၼS CCSSCICS CIUCSSCIUCSSၼၼS Cႃ CၼSSCS CၼSSၼIူCS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS

ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CUCS CIူCS CIူCS EC ၶCS CႃSၼSS

CUCS S CၢCS CIUCS ၼႃ CIUCS Cႃ CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ S CIူCS Cီ CူၼS CႃSၼၼS Cူ CIူCSSCီ Eၵႃ ၼSSCIၼSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ Cႆ CၢႆၵMCS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSS CMႆ ၾႆSၾႃ ECၶႃCူCSၶႃၸSၶCSS CIူCS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIUၵSSၶCS CCSSCECSSEၼၼၼS EC ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS ၸIူCSSECႃႁUၵSSႁၢႆ ၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCႆS ၸIူCSSၶS CUၵS ႁIUၼS ၽIUၼS ၶIUၼSSECႃ ၶCSၼၼS

CၵSSECCႆ CCS CMၼSၸIူCS ၼႆCCS

Cႃ S ၼSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSCၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၸၢၼS CIၼS

ၸUၵSSCIUCS CIUCS ၼIူCSၽၢၵS AၼSCIူCS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS CီCီS “ၶႃ CEၼS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၸၢၼS CIၼS S ၶႃ ၶS CၢCS Cီ ၸCS ႁCSS

AICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၸSCEၼSCEၼSEC ၶIUၼSSCMCS S “ႁႃSCEၼS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S ႁႃSၶS CူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CMCS CူၺS

Eၵႃ CEၼS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCၼSSAMၵS 13”

ၼSSEၵ ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCူCSၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS S ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸCS CၢCS Cႃ “ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ႁCSS ACS CMCS Eၶႃ CၢCSၶႃ EC ECACS CEၼSCႆ ၼCS ၸCS Cႃ ၼၼS S ၶႃ ၶS ၸMႆ CECSၸCS Cူ S CUCS ၶႃ EC S AMၼSCၢCSS CUCSSEC ၸCS ECCႆ CၼS Eၶႃ CUၼSS AၼSႁCSSၶႃ ၶS Cႆ ၼၼS AMၼS 11 CIUCMS C ီSCSCMCS 12 CIUCSCMSMC ီSECာCSECM 13 CAECM့CIUCSSCIUCSSCCSCာCCMAUCS CIUCSSCMSS CIူCSSCIUၵSSCၼSSAMၵS CIူCS ၼၼS CႃSCIူCSSCႆS CCSSCIူCSS EC CIူCSSၵCႃSCၢCSSCECSS

16 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢCSSEၼႃ ” “ၼMၵS EC ၵၢCSSCIူCS ၵႆ ၼၼS ႁႃSECACS CMCS CCSCECS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၵMCSCCSECႃ ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS Eၵႃ ၶUၼS CၢCS CၢCS Cူ ၼၼS S ၵMCS ACS Cႆ Eၶႃ CMCS CCS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CIUၵSSCူCSၸၢၼS CIၼS ၼႆ

ECႃSCႃ ၽECSCIူCSSCၢၵS ၼႃ

ၶUၼS

ၵူၼSSCူCSCၼSS EC

ACS CီSၼႃ CီSCႃCCSCCS S “ၸCS ECCႆ ၼECSၸSၶIUၼSSၼႃ” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၸၢၼS CIၼS Eၵႃ Cၢႆ AMၵS CUCS AIUCSSၾၵSSCူၵႃ EC CCSSCICS ၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCIူၼSၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၵS Cီ Eၵ ၽႃCၢၼSEC Cၢႆ CCSSCECSSAMၼS ၶCS ၽIUCS AီSၶCS CႃSAICSSAICSS Cီ CSCီ ၼၼS Cူ S CECS CMၵSSCIၼSEၵႃ ၵႆၵႃ CIၵSSCIၵSSEC CEၼSႁၢႆၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼCS CူCSSၼIူCSCၢCS AၼSCၼSSCႆ ၼMၼSSCႃS CCSS ၶIUၼSSၼၼS S CCSSCႃ Cႆ ၸSၼICSၼICSEC ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSS ACSၸSCၵSS Cႆ

Cီ CူCSSCူၺS ၸS AၼSCCSSၽၢၼS ၵႃ

Cီ ၶူSCCS S Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS

CူCSSၵCSSCEၼSAMၼS ၶCS ၶCS CႃSEC CူCSSAUၼS ၶCSCCS

CMၵS AMၵS CႃS

ၶIUၼSSS CMၵS ၼႆ EC CEၼSၵၢၼSEC Cူ S CIူCS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵူၼSS CၢCS ၵၢCSS ECႃ CၼSSၸCS ၽECSSCIUၼS CႃSၶIUၼSSS “ၸCS ႁCSSၶႃ ... ၵCSSၼIူCS CႃS ၶႃ ၶCSECCႆ Cၢႆ CUၼS ၽMၼSS CS ၵၢCSၵၼSCCS ၶႃ EAႃ S CIူၼSၶႃ ၶႆ EၼၸCS ႁCSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၶCS ၼၼS

ၶႃ

CEၼSCUၵS CIUၵSS ၸၢCSSၶၢCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၶႃ ၵMၺSSCီSCၸSၸႃၼIူCS ၵူၼSSၶIူCSSၶႃ S ACS Cႃ ၶCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၼSSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ACS ၸS Cႃ ၵူၼSS ၼMCSSECႃ CၢၼS S ၶၢCSႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ ၼCS CCSၼIူCS ၸCS ႁCSSEC Cူ S ၶႃ Eၵႃ ၶS ၸMႆ CECS ၸCS ႁCSSEC Cူ ” ၾၵSSCူEၵႃ Aႃ Cႆ AICSSAICSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ႁၼSCၼSS CMCSCႆ ၼIူCSCIၼSCၢCSSၼMၵS S CၼSSCMCS CMၵSSCIၼSCၼSSEC EၼCၢCSSၼCS CCSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cႆ ႁၼSၵMCS CၼSSEၵႃ

CCSSCႆ ႁICSSCၼSSS ECႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူၺSSၾၢCSႁၢCS

ၼႃ CႃCၼSSCီCီၸIUCS ၶူ CCSCၢCSSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ ၸECS

EၼCႆ CၼSSCEၼSၵူၼSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCIူCSSCMႆEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆCCS S “CSSၸၢCS ၸMႆ CECSၵCSCႆ Aီ CCS” “ၼMၵS EC CIၵS CMCSSAMၼS CIူCS ၶCS CႃSၼၼS ၶႃ ၸၢCS ACSCIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS CူCS CၼSCIUCS Cႁႃ EC Cီ CECS CၢႆCၢCSSAၼSၼIူCS S Cႁႃ EC Cီ Eၵႃ ECCႆ ၸSS ECCS CMCS ၶၢCS CၢCSSၸCS ႁCSSCူ ACS ႁၢCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၵSSEၸ CMCSSAMၼS AၼSႁႃႁၼS ၼSSCMCSSCၼSS EC CECS CECS CIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS AS CူCSCIၵS ၼCSECCIၵS CIူCS ၶCS CႃSၼၼS S “Cၢႆ CCICSSS ႁCSSCႆ CၵS EႁCECS CIၵS ၽIUၼSၼႆ AIူCS S ႁCSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ Cီ CCS Cႃ CူS ၼSSCIူCSSCMၵS ၸMၵS S CၢCSႁႃ ၶIၼS CMCS ၶMACS

AS ၵႃ ၸMႆ CၢCS CၼS Cီ CMCS Cီ ၶCIၾS 15S AS CၼSSၸS CIUCSS ႁECSSCMCSCၼSS EC ၸMႆ ႁCSSAMၵS Cႆ CႃSၼၼS S ၵူCS Cႃ CူCSS16 EC Cီ Cီ ၸMႆ CECSႁCSSCႆ Cူ S

ၸSCIUCSCူၶCSCCSSCECS Cူ S

Eၵႃ ၸၢCS

CEၼSCCSCႆ EC EC

ၼႆEၵႃ Cႆ ၸECS CECSSCီS CၢCS EC ACS ႁIUCSCCS ECCႆ ႁၼSၵၼSၶIUၼSSCူ S ၾၢCS CူCSၸCS ၵCS ၼႃ S ႁCSSCIUၵS AူCSSEၶSCူ ၵMၺSSS ႁၵS - ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIၵS AMၵS CႃSCECS Eၸ ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC CECS CIၵS CIူၼSၵၼSCCSSၽIUၼSCIူCS ၵႆ ၼၼS

ၸူSCႆSEၵႃ CၼSS

ၸICS Cီ CၢCS

Cီ

Cႃ ၵUCS AS ၵႃ CၢCS CၼSCီ ၸMCSၶUၼၽ S MCSS AူSၼူ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CIUCS CECS CၼS ႁECSSCCSSCီ Cူ

CၼSCီ CUၵS CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS S 14 CCSECာCSCMAUS 15 Tommy Cliff, ၵECSၽူ ၵၢၼSCMCSCIUၵSS (CIUၵSSၵၢCSႁၢCS) CIူCSSCၢၼS 16 CIUCMCIUS 17 Mili

CECSCူၼS EC

18 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “CSSECၸMႆ CECS CူCS CIၵS CMCSၽIUၼSၼႆ CၼSCႆ ႁIUCS” “CCSSၸSCCSSEၶႃSၶႃ Cႃ Cႃ ECCUCS ၼIူCSၵူၼSSၸIူCSS

ၸCS ႁCSSS

AၼSၶႃ ၶS CCS Cႆ EC

ၺMCSSACSၸCS ႁCSSCႃSၼၼS ၶႃ Cႃ S

ၶCSၼႆ

CIူၼSၽီCူSၽီၽၢႆSCCS ” CUၵS CIUၵSSၸၢCSSၶၢCSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၶIUၼSSAMၵS CUCS AIUCSSၾၵSSCူၵႃ S ACS ႁIUCSCCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

Cႆ CIၼSSCECS ၶCSCၢႆ ၵူၼSSCS ၵၢCSS

AၼSCႆAMၵS ၵႃ ၼၼS EC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ Cူ CCS S

ECႃ ACSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSS

CၼSSၸၢCS ၵCSSCIUCS CၼSCၢCSSၼMၵS S

CၼSS

ၸၢCS CၼSၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢႆSEC AMၵS ႁI ူၼSSCီ Aၢႆ CူCSCၼSSCႃS Cႆ CEၼSႁIUCSCႆ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CီSCၢCSSCIူၵS CCSS ECCႆ CS S ECCႆ Cႆ ၸSၼICSၼICSS ECCႆ CS CူၺSS ၵၢၼSCၼSS Cႆ CၢCSSၽEၼS ၵႃ ၼၼS ECCEၼS ႁIUCS ACS CEၼS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS S 

CMCS ၸူCS CၢၼS Cီ EႁႃCS

CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၸIူCSSၼၼS CူၼS

CႃSCၢႆၸူCS CူCSS CIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃၼၼS Cႆ ECAICSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ

CႆSၼႃ EC

ACS CMCSSႁCS CUCS

ECCႆ Cူ ႁCSSၵMၺSSEC ECCႆ CူၼS ၶႆ

ECCႆ CIUCS ႁECSSႁIUCSၵႃ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIူၵS ၵႃ Cူ CၢCSSၽၢၵS CၼSSAMၵS CUၼS Cႃ CMၼS ACS ၵCSSၼIူCS S CUၵS Cီ ၼၼS EC ၸၢCS ႁၼSCႆ

CMႆCICS CMCS

AၼSCႃ Cႆ ၶCSACS CCSSCႆ

AၼS

CၼSSၵႆ ACS Cႃ CEၼSCႆC M ၢCSSCUCS ၼၼS S ၼCS Cူ CူCS ၶECSၸၢCSSCၢCSSS ႁI ူCSS CECSSၸIူCSSCႃ ၵCSS ၼႃ ၼCS CSCECSႁECSCIူၼSၸCS ၼၼS S Cႃ CMၵS Cၢႆ CၼSSCIူCS ၸIူၼSSCIူၼSS ၸIူCSSၵီ ၸMCSS CUCSSCီCECSၶCSCူ ၼၼS CCS S ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSCူCS CူCSSCႃSၼSSCႃ CMၵS Cၢႆ CၼSSS CECSၶCSECႃSAIUCS AIUCS ၼIူCSၵၢCSႁၢCSEC ACS ၵႃ ၼIူCSCECS ၸၵSSၶႆ ၼႃSECႃSၸူၸူၸႃၸႃ EC CECSၼူၵS ၸMၵS ၶCS AUCS ၵၼS CီSCUCS CီSCUCS Cူ ၼၼS CCS S ၾICS CIUၼSS CEၼSCႃSCူၵSSCၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIူCS ၼIူCS CCSS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCECS Cီ Cီ ECႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CႃSCIUCS

ၼCS ၼၢCSSCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S Cီ ၽၢၵS AၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸUၵSSCူ

CၢCSSၼႆ S ACSCMၵS ACSႁUၼ I SS CၢႆႁECSCူCS CႃSႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ S CMႆSႁCS CMၼS ၼၢCSS

20 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CS AၼSEC CႃSCီ Cႃ ႁI ူCSS Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS CႃSCUCSSCီ CMCS ACS Cီ Cၢႆ Cီ EႁႃCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSACS CUCS CူCSCၼSSCႆ S *** CIူCS CIူၼSCS ၸၼS Cႃ Cီ 1954S ႁI ူCSSCူCS AECS AECS CႃSCIၵS 1

CMၢႆSCSS ၶCSSCႃS ၸူSCႃ ၵUCS CMႆSCMႆSS ၵူၼSSၶီ ႁI ူCSSၶCSEၵႃ CီSCႆ ၼIူCSCၢႆ ႁI ူCSSCူCSEC CူCS CၼSSCႃ CူCSSႁI ူCSSS Cႆ CUCS ႁၼS ၵMCSSCူSၶႆ ၵႃၶCSS2 AၼS CEၼSCECS CၢႆCူCS CECSSCႃ ၵUCS S CCSSCECSSCီၶCSS Cီ ၵMCSSCူSၶႆ ၵႃၶCSSၼၼS CUၵS Cီ ၵႆCၢCSCICSSCၵSSၼၼS CၢCS ႁI ူCS CႃSCIUCSၼIူCSႁI ူCSSS ၵူၼSSၶီ ႁI ူCSSၵူ Eၵႃ CႃSၸECS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC AICSSၵIူCSS Eၵႃ CEၼSၼၢCSSCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSၵၼSCECS CူၺSS ၵMCSSCူSၶႆ ၵႃၶCSS AၼSCIူၼSႁၢCS ႁICS EC CUCS 326 CCSSS AၼSCEၵSSၶCSSCႆ S ACSCECSၵူ CၢCS CၢCS Cႆ Cီ ၸMCSၼၼS S CIူCS ႁI ူCSSCူCSၸCSCႃ CႃSၼၼS ၸSAICSSၵIူCSS CူCS CEၼS CႃSS AICSS ၵIူCSS CUၵS ၸSCEၼS ႁI ူၼSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSACSCႆ CၢၵS AUၼSၵၢႆ Cႆ ႁICSSၾCS ၽၢႆ ၶႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ CူၼS ၵူCS ၼCS ၼႆ CECS ၸIUCS AICSSၵIူCSSCၢCS ECCႆ ႁၼS ACS CIူၼSCECSSCူCSၼICSS CMၵS 3Cႆ Eၵႃ

ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CEၼSSၸီ ၾႃ CIူၼS CECSSၸီ ၼူCS Aႃ

EၶSEC

ACS ၼၼS CICS CMၼSS ၼႆCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁI ူCSS

CူCSEC ACS CMၵSSၵႃ CၢCSSၵူCS ၼCS ၼၼS CIူၼSAICSSၵIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ S ႁI ူCSS CူCSၶCSၶီ CႃSၼၼS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃ ၸMCS Cႃ ႁICSSႁI ူCSSCၢCS ၵUၼS CMCSCCSS AၼSCIUၵS CၢCS CူCSၶCS CၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ CCS S ၽSၽSEၵႃ CၢCS CIၼS ၽEၼS ၽEၼS S ACS CီSCMCS ႁICS ၼECS CCSS AICSSၵIူCSS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ Cႃ ႁI ူCSS CူCS Cီ CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSၶCSEC ၾၢCS CEၼS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ACS CီSAူCS AူCS CူCS AၼSECႃSႁECSSႁECSSၼၼS S ၵMၺSSCီ ႁI ူCSSCူCS AၼSၶCSၶီ CႃSၼၼS CIUCS AMၵS CECSAူCS AူCSCူCSၼICSၼICSEC AS ၵူၼSSၼIူCSCႃ ႁI ူCSSၶCSA Cႃ ႁI ူCSSCူCS 1 SS Warwickshire 2 ECMCICUSECCီ 3 New York 4 Jenoa 5 Lisbon

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ECၸMCS Cႃ CCS ၼႆS ၽIူCS ႁI ူCSSၸMCS Cႃ Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၶMCS CူCS Cႃၾႃ CECSSCႃ ၵUCS CCS S ECႃ CCSSႁၢCS ၵMCSSCူSၶႆ ၵႃၶCSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCCS S CီSႁI ူCSS AMၼS CCSSၼCS ၸၼSၸSAICSSၵIူCSSCႆ S ႁI ူCSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵS ၸCSၸူS ႁI ူCSS CူCS AECS AECS CႃSCIၵS CMၢႆSCSS CႃSS ၼIူCSႁI ူCSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSၵူၼSS ၸIူCSS ၼUCS ၶူCSS CီCECSS CီCMCS S CီCIူCSS CီၶMCS S CီၶECS ၵူ CၢCS CECSCIUၵSS Cႆ S AICSSၵIူCSSEၵႃ ၾၢCS CူၺSSCီCီS CူCSSCEၼSAMၼS ၽCS CCS CႃS AS ၸMCS ၶCSS Cၢႆ ၶCS CူCS CEၼS ၵႃ S ၼIူCSCၢႆ CူCS AၼSၶCSECႃ ACSCႃSၼၼS CECS Cႆ CူCSCIၵS ACSSၵICS CS CS Cႃ CECSSၶCSSACSS6 (ACSၸူCSSႁCS CMၼS ) ၼႆCCS S CီSၼၢCSSCICSSၶူၼSACSCCSCCSၶCS CUCS CUCS EC ACSCMၵS Cႃ ၶCS CEၵS ၽၢCS CS ၼIူCSၽICSၼCS S ၼIူCSႁI ူCSSCူCS AICSSၵIူCSSၶCS ၶီ CႃSၼၼS EC CႃSၵူၼSSCူCES CEၵႃ Eၵႃ ၸMCSSCႃSEC ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCႃS ႁCS CMၼS CၼSS ႁIUCSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSS CီSၼIူCSႁI ူCSSCူCSEၵႃ ၸူCSSCူၺSSCMႆSႁCS CMၼS CူCSၼၼS S ၽS ၽSEၵႃ ၶS A CMႆSႁCS CMၼS CူCSၼႆ CEၼSCႃ ၽSၼႆCCS S ၼSSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ACS CႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ

ႁCSSACS CၢCS ႁၼSECCMၵS

ၸCS S ၵူၼSSCူCS

ECEၵႃ Eၵႃ CႃSCႃSၼIူCSႁI ူCSSႁCSSCူCSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ CၢCS CႃSAICSSၼIူCS S “ႁCSSCီSၵၢCSS ၶS CၢCS EၼCူ AICSSၼIူCS AIူCS ” “ၵCS ၵMၼS S ႁCSSၶS CူၺSSCMႆSႁCS CMၼS ၼႆ ” AICSSၵIူCSS CၵSSCႃCူၺSS ၽၢႆ AၼSCီSႁI ူCSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSCႃSႁCS CMၼS Cူ ၼၼS S “ACS Cႆ S CMCS ႁCSSCၢCS AICSSၼIူCS EC ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸၼSCIUCSS AICSSၵIူCSS Eၵႃ ၸUၵSSCူ ႁICSS ႁၢCSSႁI ူCSSCူCS 6 Welcome Home!

22 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS S CECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S ႁၢCS ႁICS ၼECS Cႆ S “CၢCS EC ၸCS S CီSCMCS CS CCSCႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၼၢCSSCS CၼSSCႃSCIUCS ၼSSACS ၵIၼSၶCS CူCS Cီ AၼSACS CီSၵူၼSSECEၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSCီ Cီ Cႆ ၵCSSၼIူCS S CIူၼS ႁၢCS ECCႆ EC CၢCS Aီ CCS ACS A ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSS CၢၼS CႃCၼSSEC ACSၽEၼS ၸECS Cူ ၼၼS AICSSၵIူCSS CMCSA Cႃ ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼS CMCS Cႆ S AICSSၵIူCSS ၾၢCS CူၺSSၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS CၢCSSCႆ Cႃ ၵMCS CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼUCS Cႆ ၶူCSSCIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSS CီၶMၼS S CECS ၵၼSCCSS ၽICSၼIူCS CၼSS EC ၶူၼSACSCCSCၼSSEC EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ CMCSCMCSEC CၢCSSCUCSEၵႃ CECSSၵၼSCCSSAICSSၵIူCSSCႆ S ၾၢCSႁၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CIူၼSCIူၼS EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSCIUCSSCၢၼS CႃCCS CCSSCၢၵS CႃAၼSECႃႁၵS ACSAMCS CECSSၼၼS CၵSSCူၺSSCီ AICSSၵIူCSSS “ႁCSSCႆ Cႆ ၶႆ EၼCူ CMCS CUၼS CူCSႁCSSၵCS ၽMCS ” “Cႃ ECCႃSCၢCS Cႃ ၸူ CူCႃSCS ႁCS Cႆ ၼႆၼႃ ” ၼSSၸSAICSSၵIူCSSEC CCSSCCS CMၵS CCSSCႆ ၸSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၶူCSEႁ “Aႃ … ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼၼSEC S ႁCSSCႆ CIူCS CCS Cႆ CMCS ႁCSS ၵCS ၽMCS S ၸMCS CူECCၢCSSCၼSCႆ ႁCSSCူ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS A ” “CၢCS EC S ႁCSSၶS A ၼႃ CCS Cႃ ” “CMႆSႁCS CMၼS ၵႃ ၼMၵS ၼၼS CEၼSCႃ ႁႃSCMCSEၵႃ AIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆEC CMၵS ACSCၼSSEၼ AICSSၵIူCSSS “Aီ CCSS EC CီAၢCSSCႃ S CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼSCႃSႁCS AIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS AMၼS ၾၢႆ ၶUCSSEႁ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸIူCS ၼႆႁႃ ECႃ ” AICSSၵIူCSS Eၵႃ CMCSA CႃS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCIူCS CCS Cႆ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

AၼSCCS CMCS ECAၼSAၼSCCS ၼႆS ၸSAICSSၵIူCSSEၵႃ CEၼS CMCS CႃSS “ACS ၸS Cႃ ႁCSSၵMၺSSCEၼS AIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ႁCSSCEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSAIူCS ” AICSSၵIူCSS CူၵSSၸSၵႃ S CၢၵS CႃCၼSSEၵႃ CIUၼSSCIူၵS CIူၵS CႃSS “CIူCSSႁCSSၼႆ

CS ၵၢCS EC AIူCS

Eၸ CIူCSSၶMၼS ၼECS CEၼS

Cၢႆ CCICSSS ၶS CS CECSSCၢၼS

ACS ၼၼS CS EC CIူCSSCူ CECSSCIူၵS

CUၼS ၵMၼS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႃSCS ႁCS ၵႃ ၼMၵS ၼၼS

Cီ

CEၼSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႃSႁCS ႁCSS

CCS S ၶCSCUၵS Cီ ECႃ CႃSS CCSSCီ ၼႆ ၵႆCECS CၢၵS CၵSSS CၢႆSCႃS CူEC CIUCS ၶCSၵႃ Cူ S ECႃSႁႃSၽECSCIူCSSCႆS ECCႆ ႁECSSCMႆSCူCSCၢCSSCူCSAIူCS ” AICSSၵIူCSS CၵSSCႃCူၺSSၽူCSCၼSSS CUCS Eၵႃ ACS CUCS Cႆ EC AICSSS Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS AICSSၵIူCSS ၶIUၼSSCူၺSSCIူCS ၶူCSSCၼSSCီCီS CIူCS ၶူCSS CၼSSCEၼS ၶူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS AၼSACSCIUCSSECႃSCႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS “CူCUၵS CီCMၵS ႁCSSၸECSၸCS S CIူCS ၶူCSSႁCSSၼႆ

ၸMCS CECS ၵၼS

CCSS CMႆSႁCS CMၼS ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS A S ႁCSSECCႆ ႁႃCႆ CIူCS ၶူCSSCူCSS ” “CၢCSSCၼSႁCSSCႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACSCIUCSSၵMCS CMCS CူCS AICSSၵIူCSS CႃSၸCSCၼSSS CၼSSၶီၸSEC Cူ CCS S CၼSSCၢCS ACSၵUCS CUၼSၸMCSSCႃSၶၢCSSႁIUCS CMCS Cႃ ၸSၸCS ၵCS CIUCS ၽECS ၼႆECCႃ CMၵS ၼႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CူၼS CMၼS Cႃ AICSSၵIူCSSECAICSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၼSCူCSCၼSSCႃ CၼSSCႆ CS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECၶႆ Eၼ AICSSၵIူCSS ၸIူCS ၼႆS “ၵMCS CCS CCS ECႃSACS ECႃၶႆ Eၼ ၸECSCIူCS ႁႃSCႆ ACSၵၼSၼၼS Cႃ ” “ႁCSSၶS AS Cူ ACS CူၺSSCMCS CCSEႁ CECSSCCSS Cႃ ACSႁCSSS ႁႃ ... ႁCSSၽICSSၵႃ EC AIူCS ” 7 Luxemberg

24 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ ၸၢCS CMCS CၼSCCSၵCSSCECSS CူၺSSEၵႃ ACS CူၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S AICSSၵIူCSS ၸSACS CီၸMCSS ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CUCS ၼIူCS CၢCSSႁၵS CၼSS Cႆ ၼIူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AICSSၵIူCSSA CMCS Cႃ Cီ ၼႆ ACS ၸS Cႃ ECCႃSCECSၵၼSECႃSၵၼS CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ S “ၵႃ ... ႁႃSၵႃ CူCSSCီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSCႃSႁCS ႁႃSၼၼS Eၼႃ ... ၸCS ” AICSSၵIူCSS ၸၼSACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CူၺS ၸSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS ECၸMCSSၵႃ S CIူCS ၶႃၽECSၵႃ

ၼIူCSCၢႆ ႁI ူCSSCူCSၼၼS

ၾၢႆSCIUCSSCူCS CၵS ECႃ

ၵူၼSSCႆS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSCIUၼS ၾၢႆ ၶီ ႁI ူCSSAMၼS CႃSႁCS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၼၼS S ႁI ူCSSCူCSEၵႃ ၸMCS Cႃ S ၶူCSCႆၼIူCSႁI ူCSSCူCSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ ၸူSၼIူCSၾCS CCS S ၽူ CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSSၶCS ၶIUၼS CႃSၼIူCSႁI ူCSSCူCSEC ႁCS CMၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၼၢCSSCS S ၸSAICSSၵIူCSS CUၵS CူၼSCIၼSSCၢၼSCႆ Eၵႃ ၶCSSႁECSSCႆ ၸS ၼICS ၼICSS AICSSၵIူCSSCMCSၵၢCS CMၼSS AS CူCSCၼSSၸCS Cူ Cႆ ၸMCSSၼCS CၢၼS CၢၼSS AၼSCၼSSCႆ ၸUၵSSCူ ၼၼS S CၢႆSEC ၶႃCMၼS CICS ၵၼSCCS CIူCS ၼႆ AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ ၶႆ ၸႃ ECႃ ၽူCSCၼSS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSCCS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၶCS ႁCS ACS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ CECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSS EC

ၶူCSSၶCS ၶူCSSAMၵS

ၵCSSCECSCူ S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSS ၶီ ႁI ူCSS

ၸMCSSၵၼSCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ AMၼSၵၼSၸူCSSAၢCSSCူၺSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ S Cီ ၼIူCSၶူCS ၵၢႆ ၸူSႁI ူCSSCူCSၼၼS

CီSCႆ Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCSS CUၵS

ႁEၼSS EC ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢCSSCIူCSSCႆSၶCSCS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS ႁႆ ၵMCS ႁႆ CMCSS CႃSႁCS CMၼS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Cူ CCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CီSCႆ CီႁၵS Cီ CIူၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ACSၶူCS CMၵS ႁၢCS CီCီ CႃSCIUၼS CၼSCီ AICSSၵIူCSSS ၼSSၶူCS CMၵS ၼၼS CႃSCMၵS Cီ Cီ CီCECSS CMၵS ၶCS CEၵS AၼSAၢႆ ACSႁIUၼSS EC CMၵS CၢCS ၸIူCS CၢCS CၢCS ၸIူCSSCၼSSACS A ၸၵSSၼၼS CCSSၼCSS CUၵS Cီ AICSSၵIူCSSCႆ ႁၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS

ၼSSEၵ CMၵS ႁၢCS CီAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

Eၵႃ ၸUၵSSCူ CၢCSSၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CူCSၶICSSECSCMႆ S ၼႃ CီSCႆ CီႁၵS S ၼUCS CIၼS Cၢႆ AၼSCႃSCီၵူ ၸIူCSS

EC CCSSCIူCS Cၢႆ CီၶၢCS AၼSCႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢၵS CUCS ၶCSSႁႃ AၺS AၼSCႃSCECSCီႁI ူCS CၢCS Cူ ၼၼS S CMၵS CUCS CSၵီ CႃS Cီ ၼႃ CၼSSၼIူCS ၵCSSS ၶူၼSACSCCSCၼSSEၵႃ ၸMၵSSCႆ CၢCSSCCSCီCီ EC CECS ၵၼSCCSS ၼႃ CၼSSCႆ Cူ S AICSSၵIူCSS CၢCS ACS CၢCS ႁၼS CUၵS ႁEၼSSCICSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSၵႃ ACSCIၵS ACSCၢႆS Cီ AECSCီSၵSSCူ S ၾၢCS ႁၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCSၼၼS ACS ၶIUCSSCႆ ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCူ Cီ Cႃ ႁI ူCSS Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ S CIူCSSCUၵS ႁEၼSSCICSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS ၽECSAECSCီSၵSS ၼၼS ၵMCS ACS Cႆ Cူ Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS S ၵMCS Cႆ ၶCSSၸS Cႃ CူCSၶICSSၶCS AUၼS EC

Cႆ ၼUCS Cႆ CIူCS CMၼS ၼႃၼႃCူCS CCSSCMၵSSCIၼSၼCSEC

ACS CIူၼSႁၢCS ၼၢCSSCICSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ECAICSSS CMၵS ၼႆ EC AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ ႁၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS

ၸIူCSSEၶ CECS CၢCSSႁၢCS

CီၵၼS CCSSCMၵS ႁၢCS Cီ AၼSၶCSCၵSSCႆ Cီ ACSၶCSCူ CCS S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၵCS ၼCS ၼUCS Cႆ ၽႃ CူCS CီၸၢCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၵCS ၽMCS EC AၼSACS CူCS Cႆ ၼၼS S CူၺSSACSၶEၼSSACSEၵႃ

ၸEၵS Cႆ

ၼUCS Cႆ ၵူၼSCႆS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCႆS

EC ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCၢၼS Cူ S ၵMCS CIူCS ၸSCUၵS CၢၵS EC CCSS ၸSACS CီEC CCS AICSSၵIူCSS ၶCSSၸS ႁၢCS ၼCS CႃၸIူCSSCႆCူCSSCႃSၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼCS CႃEC CႃCၼSS Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCီCီS CECS ၶၢCSSၵၢCSCၼSSCECS Cႆ ႁECSSEC CCSS ၸS CူCS CEၼS CႃSEC CCS AICSSၵIူCSS Cူ CၢCS CႃS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆS AICSSၵIူCSS Cီ Cႃ ၸၢႆ CႃCူၺSS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CMCSCMCSCႆ ၸS ၸMCS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ ၸCS ၵCS CUၵS CECS ၵၼSCCSS CၢCSCMႆSၼႆ ႁIUCSS AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ ACS ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSECCEၼS Cီ ၼMCS ၵၼSS AူၺSSEၵႃ ၵၼSS ACS ၼၼS CၢCS ၸIူCSSECCEၼSၶEၼSၵၼSCႃSၼၼS S CၢႆSၶCSCူၺSS CႃSCီ AICSSၵIူCSSၼႆ CၢCSSCၢCS EC ၼႃS ၽၢႆ CCSCၢCSSCUCS ၶCS ECCီSAီ CCSS CECS CCS Cႆ CEၼSCႆ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS A CMCS ၵၢCSSၶCSCၢCS Cူ ၼၼS S ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ AၼSႁၢCS CECSSCECSSECCIူၼS EC CၢCSS CUCSCMCSSEC AICSSၵIူCSS CMၵS CCSSၼIူCS S Eၵႃ AၼSACSၶူCS CMၵS CႃSCIUၼS CၼS AICSSၵIူCSSၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ

26 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ACSၸူCSSႁCS CMၼS ၼMCS CICSSAMၼS S ႁCSSCEၼS ၼၼS Cႃ S ႁCSS ECႁECSSEၵႃ CၼS ECႃ CူECႃSECႃCူ CIUCS ၵႃ ၼၼS Eၼႃ ” ၼႆ Eၵႃ ႁECSSAS

AICSSၵIူCSS CူၵSSၸSၵႃ CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S Cီ ၼၢCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ AၼS AICSSၵIူCSS A ၸၵSSၸIUCS Cႆ ၼႆ ACS ၸS ၼၼS Cႃ S ႁၢCS AၼSAICSSၵIူCSS

CၢCS ႁၼSၼSSၶECSSႁၢCS ၼႆEၵႃ

ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼႆS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼၼS Cႃ ႁCS CMၼS CၼSSၸIူCS ၼႆEC AICSSၵIူCSSEၵႃ Cႆ AUၼS ၸSၸMCSSEC ACS ၵႃS ၸူCSSၸMCSSCႆ CIၼSSCMCS ၵၢCSSCၢCS ACSSၵICS AၼS ACS CီSCၢCSSၽICSSECAICSSၼၼS S AICSSၵIူCSS ECACS Cႆ ၸSCS ၼIူCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCၢၼS AMၼS CၢႆEၶႃ

ၸIူCSSCၼSSCႆ ႁEၼSSACSCႃS CIူCS ၶၢCS

ၼCS

CၢCS Cၢႆ CႃSၼၼS CCS S Cီ EC AICSSၵIူCSS CIUၼSSECCႆ ECႃCႃS CCSSၵၢCSS CႆS Cႃ CIUCS Cူ CCSSၵႃ Cႆ ၼSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ Cီ AၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCMCS CၢCS ၼၼS S ႁICSSၶၢCS AICSSၵIူCSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS CၵS CၢCS ECႃ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS ၸIူCSSAMၵS ႁၢCS ECEၶႃ EC

CCS CMCS ၶIUၵS CMၼSSCႆ ၼၼS S ၵMCS ACS A CMCS

CIူၼSႁၢCS ACS ၵECS CCSSAICSSၵIူCSSCႆ ECCႃ

ၵMCS CECSၶCS

ၸူCSSၶူCSEC CီSႁECSSၸSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ၼၼS Cႃ AMၼSAICSSၵIူCSSၵႃ ၸူS ၼၢCSS CICSSAMၼS CၢCSEၵႃ

ၽICSၼIူCS ၶၢCSၶၢCSEC CECS ႁၢCS ECႃAၢႆCIူၼS ၼၼS

EC CIUCS CIUCS CၼSCႃ “ၸIူCSSၶCS CEၼSၼMCS CICSSCူCCS S ၸIUCS ACS Cႃ ၵCECS

EC Aူ Cီ

EC Cီ

...

S CူECCႆ CMၼSCၼSၶCS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S ECCႆ

CMၼSCၼSၶCS AS ECႃSECႃCူ CCSS CIူၼSCIူၼS ၼၼS ၼႃ” ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CၢCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ ၶူCSCူ ၶIၵSSၶIၵSSS ၸSAICSSၵIူCSSEၵႃ CIူCSSၼူCC S ႃSAICSSAICSSS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSၸၼSၶEၼSAICSSၵIူCSSၼၼS CၼSSCူၼS CEၼS CIူCS CECS CၼSSECႃSCႆ Cီ ၼMCS CၢႆEၵႃ CCS ၼႆS “CECS Cႆ ၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ႁCSSECCႆ ၵႃ CCS Cႃ S ႁCSSCMၵS Cီ ၼMCS 8 Daisy 9 Grace 10 Ruby

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸIူCSSCႃSႁCS ၼၼS AS ၶCSCႃSCူCSSႁႃS Cီ ACSSႁECSSCCCEၼSS11S ECႃSၽECSCီ ၼၼS ၸCS ECCIUCS CIUCS CၼSၵူ Eၵႃ CCSSCူၼႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸUCSCIUCSSAICSSၵIူCSSEC AMၼSၶCS ၵႃSAၼSCS ၶCSCႆ

ၼၼS S ၸMCSSၼCS ၾICS CၢCS AMၵS CၢCSSCႃSၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS AICSSၵIူCSS ၶUၵSSၸS Cႆ EC CၢCSCီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၶူCSSႁႃSCူS ၸCS ” “ႁႃSACS CူCS Cႆ ၸSCၢၼS ၼႆ S ၽူ CၢႆႁCSS ECၶCSSၶIUCSACSCႃSCူ ” ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSAICSSၵIူCSS ၵႃ Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃSၼၼS Cႆ CၢၵS CၢCS CIူၵS ၶူCSS AS ၽECSၼIူCS CECSၾႆSS ၵႃSS ႁI ူCSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S Cႆ ၶီၸSCႆ ၸS Cႃ Cႆ CၢCS ECႃ CCSS ၾၢႆ CECS ၶူCSSၶCS ၶူCSSAMၵS ၶCSCႃS ၵူ CMၵS S CIူCS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၶCS ၼCS ၼSSၵႃSCCS CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼS ႁCSSၾၵSSCူ CၼSS CIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ “CECS AၼSၼIူCS ၸCSS... Cၢႆ CCICSS... CၢCSၼႃ CၢCSCႃCIူၼS ၼၼS CူECACS Cႆ ACS ႁCSSCႃ ၸCS ၼႆၼႃS ၼႆ ACS CUၵS CECS ” “ECႃSၼၼS ECCႆ ACS ၸIူCS ႁIUCS” “ACS ၸS Cႃ ႁCSSၶS AS CူACS ႁCSSၼၼS ၼႃS ၶS AS CUၵS CECS ၵၼS CCSS ၾICS CUCSSၵူၼSSCီ ၼႆ ၵMၺSS” “Cႆ Cူ ... CMၼSCၼSEC S ECCႆ ACS ၸIူCS ႁIUCS” “ECႃSCႃ

CၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSS

CီSႁICSSACSSႁႃSၼႆ

ACS Cႃ

ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ ၼႆၼႃ ” “ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ ? CီSCီ CMCS CCSCႃ ” “ECႃSCႃ Cီ Aၢႆ Eၵႃ CIUၵS ၸS ၸCS CIူCS ၼCS CCSSCIၼSၼႆ Cႆ ACS ၸIူCS ၼႆCCS Cႃ ” 11 Strand Hotel

28 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢႆSၼႆ ၸCS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၶူCSၶCS CCSSCMCSEၵႃ S “CECS CCS

ႁCSSEၵႃ

ECACS ၸၢCS ACS CူCႃ

AICSSၵIူCSS ၼႆ

CCS S ႁCSSAS ECႃၵႃCႃSၶCS CၢၵS ၸIUCS CS Cႆ CၼS Cႃ CူCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆCႃ ” AICSSၵIူCSS ၶS CၢCSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CီSCီ CMCS CCSS ၵMCS CIူCS Eၶႃ CၢCS

ၸSCEၼS CMCS ၼႃ EC CCSS ႁI ူCS AူၼS ၼူၼSSၸSၼႃ EC CCSS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSSၸSCၼSSၼႆ

ACS Cႆ CEၼSCၢCSAီ CCSS

AICSSၵIူCSS

CၢCS Cႃ ACSSႁECSSCCCEၼSS CIUၵS CီSၵႆCူ ၼႆEC AၢၼSSCCSSCႃ CIUCS ၵCSSၼIူCS S Cီ EC ACS ၵႆCCSCူCSS ၵႃSၵMၺSSCႆ ၶCSS CၢႆCီ ၼICS AMၼS ၵMၺSSS CၢၵS CႃAICSSၵIူCSS ACS ၸၢCS CCSSCႆ EC Cႆ ႁၼSၾၢCSCECS ၶူၼS CၢCSSCႃ ၵUCS S CECSCICS CၢCSECႃ S CUၼSၸCS

ၸIူCSSၼUCS CၢCS ၵၢၼSSCီ

CIူCSS ၵႃSCၢCS ၸIူCSSACSCႆ CEၼS ႁECSSၶၢCS Cႆ S EC CICSSၸIူCSS ACSCႃ CMCSS CECS ၵူၺS CECS ၼIူCSACSၶCSS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၶCSCCS ECCႆ ႁၼS CCIၵS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼUCS CIူCS ၽIူၵS CူCSEC ACSCIUCSSCၼSS ၸီ CCS ၵUCSSCICSS ၵႃSၸIူCSSၵႃ ၵႃ CႃSCႃSCူ ၼၼS S ACSSႁECSSCCCEၼSSၼႆ

CEၼSACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CီၽIူၵS

CCSၼIူCS S CEၼSAMCS Cီ AၼSၵCSSCEၼSCီ ၼIူCS Cႃ ACSSၵICS ၶCSCIူCS ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCS CၢၼSCIူCSSႁၢႆS

ၼSSၵၢCSCECSSCူCSCႃ ၵUCS

CIူCS CECSEC ၾICS ၵူၼSSEASCီS

CSSၶCS ၶCS CႃSCီ AMCS ၼႆ CCSSၼCSCCS S CUၵS ၸၢCS ၵႃSCႃS ၸIူCSSACS CႃSၶECSSCIၼSၼၼS

CႃSႁCS ၶCS ၶCS ၵႃ ACS CၢCSၵUCSCူCS ၼSSACSSႁECSSS Cီ

ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCMၵS ႁႃ CICSSEၵႃ ECႃSCS Cႃ ၶCSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၼCS Cႆ ECႃ ECႃSၵူၼSSCၢCSEၵႃ CMၵS CၢၼS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS CCSSၵၢCSSAၼS CၼSSACS A CMCS ECEၶႃ ၼၼS S CၢၵS Cႃၵူ ၵူ Eၵႃ CၵSSCႃCECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSSCၼSSCႆ S ၸSCUၵS CၢၵS CႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSAၢCSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS CMCS CၼSSCႆ CECSSCCSS Cႃ ၽၢCS ႁI ူၼSSCၼSS EC

AူၺSSEၵႃ CၼSSCႃSၼႆ

ၸMCS CEၼS ACS CEၼS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CၼSSCCSSCCSSCႆ ECCIUCS Cူ Cႆ Cီ CIူCSSAၼSCECS Cႆ AၼSCၼSSACS CIUCS Cူ ၼၼS ၼCS ႁI ူၼSSCၼSS Cူ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ႁIUCSS CၢႆSEC CMCS Cႆ CူၵSSၸSAၢCSSEAႃS CIူCS ၼႆ CCS ECCႆ CIUCS CUCS ၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁIUCSS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCCSSCႆ ၼႆ ACS ၸS Cႃ CီSၸS ၵူCSၸSCECSS ၼႆ CEၼSCIUCS CၢCSSCS Cႃ Eၵႃ CCS ၸၢCS CၢၼSCS CၼSSCCS S Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ

Cႆ ACS CူCSS Cႆ CIUCS CIUCS

Cီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS

ႁIUCS

ၵႃ CECS ႁႃ CၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACS ၾICS CUCSSCS S Cႆ ACS CူCSS CူCS CူCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼSႁECSSEၵႃ CၢCS ၵၼSၼႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CူၼS ၼူCS ၸMCSSCၢCSCMႆSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC ACS CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃ CCSS CၢCSCCSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS CၼSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS Cႆ ၵIၼS ၶCS ၽMႆ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၸCS ၶUၼSၶECS Eၵႃ CEၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS EC ACSCCS

CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCႆSS Cႆ ၵႃ EC CIUCS ၶူCSSၶMCS Cီ ႁၢၼS

AEၼS ၶCS Cၼီ ၶူCSSၽႃ ၵCS CEၵMS CUCS

AူCSS

AၼSCS ECCIူၼS CUCSS ၼSSCႃ ၵUCS S Cႆ CIUCS CႃS ၶIူCS

Cႃ CၢCSSCၢCSS CၢႆCၢၵS CႃS ၵMၵSSCၢၼS AၢCS EၽEC

CIၵS

EC AMCSၾႆSၾႃ Cႃ Cီ Cူ CS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၢCS

ႁၼSECCMၵS ၼၼS S

CCS Cႆ ၶCS

CၢCSၵIၼSၶCS ACS Cူ ၵၼS

ၼSSACSSႁECSS

CCCEၼSS CCSSCUၵS ႁEၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၸIူCSSCႃSၶIUၼS ACSSႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S

ၵႃ EC Cီ EC ECႃၵႃ CႃSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

Cီ ၵၢCSCECSSၵMၼS S EC ECႃၵႃ CႃSၼၼS

Cီ ၵMCSSCူSCူSEC 14

CႃSၼSSECႃၵႃ CႃS ၸIူCSSၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS CၢCS CၢCSCႃS CIူCS Cႆ ၵႃ AECSCီSၵSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS ACS ၶS ႁၼSCၼSSS ၽူ Cၢႆ Cႃ CMCS Eၵႃ ECႃCၢCS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS CီCီၼၼS ၸMCSS CူCS CၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူ Cီ ECCႃ Eၵႃ ECႃSCႃ ၼၼS Cႃ CႃSၸMCSS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ CူCSၸSAICSSၼIူCS S Cီ EC ၼၼS Cႃ ACS ၸS Cီ ၼၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS AMၵS S CEၼSCၵ U S Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၵၼSၵMၺSSS CIူCS CၼSS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSၼႆ ၵMၺSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ 12 Row & Co. 13 Wedgwood 14 CူSECECCီ

A CMCS CႃSCႃ

Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ

30 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eၵႃ ECႃ Eၵႃ CၵS ၼၢႆ ၵၼSCCSS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCIူၼS ၵူၼSSႁI ူၼSSCECSၵၼSS Cီ AMၵS ၼMCS ၶႆ ၵၼSS ECႃSCEၼSEၵႃ AMၼS ACS Cႃ ၼMCS S ECႃSCS ECႁCSS ACS Cႃ Cီ S Aူ CUCSSS EC Cႃ S Cူ S ၼၢႆS ၼႆCCS S ၼၼS Cႃ CၢCS CEၼS

ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCS CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ AMၼS

CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS S ၼၼS Cႃ CECS ၸCS ၾႃ EC AMၵS EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၵႃ ACSၵူၼSS Cီ CECSSCIူCS ၼၼS S ၼႆEC ႁၢCS EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၶCS CၢCSCECS ၼၼS Cႃ S ၼၼS Cႃ Eၵႃ

Cႆ ၸUၵSSၸCS ECႃ Cူ

CၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS ၵူ

CMCS CMCS S CၢႆSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSACS ၼၼS Cႃ CႃSCူ Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CIူCS CECSၼႆ Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၼၼS Cႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSEၵႃ EC CIUCS CIUCS CၼS CCSSၸူCS CၢၼSCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CECSCCS S ၼၼS Cႃ A ၾICS ၵူၼSSCီCီS CူCS CEၼS ၵၢCSSCႆSS ၵၢCSSCၢၼS S ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS CီCီEC ၸၢCS ECၵၢCSSCၼSCႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူ ၾၢႆ S ၼၼS Cႃ ၸၢCS CၼS CၢCSSၶႆ ၸS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS CီCIUCS ၶူCSSCCSၵႃ Cႃ EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၼၼS S CၢCSAMၼS CIၵS ႁIၵS EC Cီ S ၵCECS S Aူ Cီ ၶCSCၢCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ ECCEၼS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၵၼS CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၶCSCၢCSEၵႃ EC ၵMCS Cႆ CႃSEC Cႃ ၵUCS

ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSEC

Cူ CCSSCၼSSS ၶCSCၢCSEၵႃ ၼႆ

Cႆ ၵႃ ၶIUၼS

ၸူCSSၶူCSၵၼS ၶIၵSSၶIၵSS ACSSႁEၼSSၶMၼSSCEၼS

Cီ

CၢCS AူS EC Cႆ ၸIUCS ACSSၵICS CႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS *** ၵူၼSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSCၢCS Cႃ “CူECCူ ၸS Cႃ EC Cူ Cီ CIူCSSCႆSၼၼS Cူ ” ၼႆၵူ Eၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS ၶူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS

Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

EC CICSSEၵႃ CECS CၼS

CၼSCၢCSSၾၢCS

CMCS ၽIူCS S

CMCS ၽီS Cူ CၢCS ACS ၸIူCSSCUၵS Cီ CIူCSSCႆS CူCSSCႃSၼၼS S CIူCS CEၵS CူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၼS Cႃ CECS CIၼS CီCMCS ၸၢCSS EC CICSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CူၺS 15 Convent, ACSSႁEၼSSၼၢႆSၶၢCS ၶCICS CၼS ၶCS CIUCS ၽUၺS CူCSCMၼSCၼSS 16 MC CSဦSCMCSS ECC M IAU့

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS S CIၼS ၼႆ ႁECSSAS CူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCCSSCီၼၼS CIူCSSႁၼSၸECS CႃSS CIူCS ၶEၼSCICSSCီၶၢCSၼႆ ႁၢCS ၶECSCႆ EC CECS CEၼSCီ EC Cူ S ECႃSCECS CၼSCCS CူCSSEၵႃ

EC CICSSEၵႃ CECS ၶူCSSCၼSၼၼS

Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆ Cႆ ႁႃACSၶECSSCIၼSၶCS Cီ Cႃ ၵူ ၼIူCS

CEၼSSAၼS

ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCSCIUCSSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS EႁCူၺSSႁၢCS CၼSSၼSSၸCS ၶIUၼSSCီCီS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸSၵႃ ႁၢCS CၼSSAၼSCႆ ႁၼSၶIUၼSS CCSS CIူCS ၶူCSSCS ၼၼS Cူ CCS S EC CECS ၶူCSSၼၼS CူၺS ၸSCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS Eႁ ၶCSSCႃ “AီSCူCီ CIူၼS S ႁၢCS CီCၢၼS ၼႆ Eၵႃ CEၵS CၢၼS ၼႆ S CCS ECၵႃ Cူ CIူCSSCႆS” CCS Eၵႃ ၵၢCS CIUCSCMၼSSCူSCၼSCCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCS EၽSCMCS CၢၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS A CMCS S ၼၼS Cႃ ၶႆ EၼEC ၸCS A ၵMၺSSS “ECႃSၶႃ CႃSEC Cႃ ၵUCS CECS EC ECCႃSEC Cီ Cႃ ႁCSSCူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

CCSSၶူCSCCSSCၢCS

CIူၼSႁၢCS ACS CီSCၢCSS

ၶီCၢCSSCႆ CCSS “ၶႃ CၢCS EC CIူCSSCူ Cီ CIူCSSCႆSၼၼS ECCIူCSSACS CူCS CIူCS EC Cူ ၼSSCECSSCူCSၼႆ Cူ CူCSSS ACS CUCS CS CူၺSSၶႃ EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶူCSECCၢCS ၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ

EC CECS ၶူCSSၼၼS

EC ACS CMCSSႁCS S ACS CUCS ACS ၶူCSၸMCSSECAICSSS ၵူၼSSၸၢCSSCၢၼS ၵCS ၼCS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CူCSSCႃSၼၼS CMၼS CIူCSSCႆS CEၼSၼMၵS CIူCSSCUၵS ၼIူCS S ၵCS ၽMCS CCS CူၼS ႁၼS CEၼSAMCS Cီ CီSEၽSၶEၼSS AMCS Cီ ACS ECႃSCEၼS EC S CၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ

CMCSCECS

CMCS CECS ၵၼSCႃ ၵူၼSSCၼSCMႆႁUၵSSႁၢႆ ၶCSၼၼS ECႃCႃSႁႃၵူၼSS CUCS CECSS ၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၢCS ACSၶCS ECႃႁႃၵူၼSSCIူCS CီSCီSS ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၶCS ၸIူCSSCီS

32 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၽIူCS ၼၼS

ECႃႁECSSCီ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS ၸIူCSSCႃSCၢႆ ၶCSၼၼS ၼႆCCS S ၵူၼSS

ၸIူCSSECႃ Cႆ ၶႆ Eၼ CMCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵCS ၼCSCCS CCSSACS CၢCS ၽECS CIူCSS CႆSECCMၵS ECACS ၵႃS ACS AၢၼSSၶIUၼS ၵႃ CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS Cီ CIူCSSCႆS CMCS Cႃ ၸS ACS ၸS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSCMCS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ၵS ၸCSCIူCSSCႆSCၢၼS ၼႆ CCS ACS A CMCS CIူCSSCႆSEC EC ၼၼS S Eၵႃ ၶႆ EၼCMCS CIူCSSCႆS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CEၼၸ S CS ၵMႃ CECS EC CၼSSCUCS ၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC EC Cူ S CMCS CIUCS ၽECS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ

ႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CMCSSCUCSSCၼSၵူ CMCS CCS S CMCS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူCS CCS CၢၼSCၼSS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ EC CႃSCMၼSSႁၵS ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃCMႆ CၢCSSၶၢCSS CၼSCႆ CCS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶႆ EၼၵၢCSSCMCSSCECSSၵၢCSCၢႆ

ၸIူCSSCႆ

CIၼSSCႃSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၶူCSၶႃ ၶႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ACS ၵၢCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSCS ၼSSၸSCCSCCS S CIူCS CီSCူ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A ၶS ႁၼS CMCS CIူCSS CႆSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CUCS CCSCႃ

ECႃSCႆ Cူ ACS ၵၼSCCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ ၼၼS EC ႁECSSႁIUCES ၵႃ CၼSSECEၵMႃ Cူ ၵMၺSSS CIူCSSCႆSၼႆ CီSCီ CUၼS ၼIူCS CUၼS CUCS CၼSCMႆ ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS EC CီSCၢCSSCMCSSၸECS ACS CၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS S CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCႆ CCSS CIူCSS Eၶ S CIူCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSCႆSS CီSCႆSCၢCSCၢၼS Cၢႆ Cူ CCSSၼSSCIူCSSCႆS CူၺS ၵၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSၶIူCSSCၼSCMႆ CMၵS CူCSၼIူCS S CႆS ၼႆ CIူCSSၸCSၸSၵၼS CCSS CႆS CIူCSECCၢၼS S CၢႆSEC CၢCSSCMႆS17ၶCS ၶCS CIUၵSSEC CIူCSSၼMCSCီ18 ၼၼS CႆSၼႆ CUၵS Cီ CIူCSSEၶ ၶၢႆ CူCSSCႃS Cႃ CIUCSSACS CIူCSSCႆSS CIူCSS CၢၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CႆSACS CၼSSCႆ CIUCSSACS CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIူCSSS ႁIUCS

17 Mongol 18 Nanzhao, Cီ EC ၵၢCSSCႆSACS Cႃ ၼMCSCီS Eၶ ၶCSACS ECႃACS EC ၸူၺS AS CEၼSCီ CMCS ၶCSEC CEၼSၵႃ ၼၢၼSၸၢCS S CႆSCCS ၶIUၼSSၸူၺS ACSCEၼS CၢၼS ၸCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢCSCၢၵS ၸူCS ၶၢCSSCCS CႆSၼႆ Cႆ CUၵS CၢၼS ႁIUCS ၶIUၼS ၵႃ ၼIူCSCၼSCMႆ ၶIUၼSSS CၢႆSၼၼS CႆSACS CီSၸCS ၾႃ ACS CCSSCႆ ၼIူCSCIူCSSCႆSCCSSCIUၼS S CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSၽSCIူCSSCၼSSၵMၺSSEC Cႆ CEၼSCIူCSSၶႃ CIူCSSႁၢႆS ECႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS CIူCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS CIUၵSSCIUCSSACSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS CIူCSS CႆSEၵႃ

Cႆ CႃSCႃSၼSSCIူCSSCUCS ၵEၼS CူCS ACSSၵICS ၶCSEC Cႆ ၸၼS

CၢၼS ၶIUၵS CMၼSS AၼSACS CIူၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS S CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS Cႆ CUCSS CၢႆSၵႃ ECCႃ CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႆSEC ACS CUCSSCၢႆSၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCၼSS Cႆ ၾၢႆ EC ၶIUၼS CၼSCMႆCူCSCMၵS ၶီS19ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶႆ Eၼ CMCS CIူCSSၶCS EC

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSS ၼSSၵၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူCS ၼၼS

ACS CႃSCIူၼS CCSS

CMCS Cႃ CၼSSCEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CၢCS Cႆ ၸၼS CၢၼS ၾICS CUCSS ECCEၵS CIူCS ၵၼSCၢၼS ၼႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCCEၼSS

CECS ၼMၼSSၵႃ

Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS

CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS

Cီ ACS ၼMၼSSၼIူၺSSCူCS ၼSSACSSႁECSS

CၼSSCၢCS ႁၼS

ၶူၼSCၢCSSCၼSSCIူၵS CႃSၼႆ

ၸIUCS ၸS Cူ ၼႆၵMၺSSS ECႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSၽECSႁI ူၼSSCၼSS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃS CC M ီSCSS ECCEၼSႁIUCSS CၢCSAMၼS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSၶCS ၸIUCS Cႃ ႁၼS ၼီ

ၼၼS

Cႆ CUCSSၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSၵႃ ၼCS ၸူCS CၢၼSECSၼMႆ ၸCS ၾႃ Aႃ CCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cီ CIူCSSCMၼS ၵၢCSCၼSSAMၵS 21S CၢCS ၵCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CEၼS ၸူCS CၢၼS CၼSSEၵႃ ECCႆ CUCSSCၢႆSၵႃ ၼCS ႁၼS ၼီ ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ႁI ူၼSSၶCS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS S ၽMCSSCIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCS CၢၵS CMCSSCႃ CECSCECS ႁI ူၼSSၶCSၵႃ Eၵႃ CIUၵS CၼSCႆ CၢCSSၸSAUၼS ၵႃ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A ECCIူၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSS ၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS Cႃ ၶCS CMႆSၵႃ

CMCS CၼSSCႆ ACSၽEၼS ၽႃ ၵCS ၵCS

CECS CEၼSCIူCS ၶူCSS

ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSS CMCS CၼSSCႆ

ၼMၼSSၼSSACSSCCSSၵူၼSSၼUCS CIူCS Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS 19 Rocky, CၼSCMႆCူCS AၼSCီSCMCSSCၼSSAMၵS CIUCSAECSCီSၵSS 20 Honey 21 Middle East

34 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵႃ ၸူS CECSSCECSSၸSCIူၵS

ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CIူCS CECSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ

CႃSCီS ၼSSACSSႁECSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSCူCS ၼSSCIူCSSCႃ ၵUCS S CီSၶူCSSၶMCS AၼSCီCIUCSS AၼSၵႃ ၶၼSCS CECS CECS S ၽႃ ၽEၼS ၶူCSSၼMၼSS AၼSACSCၢႆ ႁECSSS ၵMၵSS CၢၼS AၼSACSၼIူCS CIUၼSS ႁI ူCS CIူCSႁI ူCSၼၼS ႁECSSS CီSၶႃ ၸS CူCS CၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CၢCSSAUၼS ၸS EC CၢCSSCUCS

CူCS CIူCS CၢၼSCၼSSCူ CS CႃS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCMC ီSCSSၼၼS Cူ S 

22 Salzburg

CၢCS CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS ၼSSCIူၼSၸၼS Cႃ Cီ CၼSSၼIူCS S ACS CီSCMၵS ၵUCS EC AICSSS CၢCS CIူCSႁI ူCSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၵS CႃSၸူS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ AၼSCီSCီ ၸECS ACS CၼSSAMၵS CECSSCIူCS ၼၼS S ၵႃSၸIူCSSAၼSၸMCSSCူCS ၶCS 1

CူCS ၼၼS

ECႃ CIUCSၶူCS CECSCIၼSCIၼS ၵCႃ

CEၼSCIUCS CEၼSCၢႆCူCSၵႃ S CECSCIၼSCီ Cီ -32 ၼႆ

ECႃ

CူCS CၼS ၵUၼS EC ၵူၼSS AS CIUCSCECSSCႃ CECS CMCSၵCS CSၼIူCS CMၵS S CIူCS ၼၼS Cီ CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS ၼႆ Cႃ CECS ၵMၺSSCီSၶူCS CECSCIၼSS “CECSCIၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ CCSSၸSCႆ Cူ EC ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶႆ Eၼ ၼၢCSSCS CၼSS ၸSCီၵႃ AICSSၼIူCS S CECSACS ၸၢၵS CECSCIၼSCCSSCMCSAၺS ECႃSCူCSCႃSEC

CIၼSၶIUၼS CႃSၸူS

ၵၢCSႁၢCSS

CECSCIၼSEၵႃ ၶMၼSSCၼS ၵႃ S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼႆ CEၼSCECSCIၼSCၢCS ၵUၼS ၵMၺSS EC S ECႃ CECS ၸCS CႃSECSႁECSSCEၼS CECSCIၼSCၢCS ၵူၼSSS ၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽIူၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS ၼECS CICSSႁၢCSSCCS Cႆ ၵEၼS ၵEၼS EC Cႃ CIUCSSCၼSSCIUၵS CၼS Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS EC CၼSႁECSSၸS Cီ Cူ 1 CCCာCU င်္ S 2 DC‐3

36 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸၼS Cီ EC

Cႆ ၸIUၼS CIUCSSCECS EၽSၶEၼS AၼSၸၢCS ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃS

ၼၼS S ၵMCS CIူCS

ACS CူၼS ECSCႆ

ႁECSSCူCSSCႃ ႁICS EC CCS CၢCS Cႆ

EC CCS CECSၸၢၵS CECSCIၼSၼႆ ECႃSCႃSCIUCSCၢCSSၼSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

ACS CၢCS ၵၢCSSECEၶႃ CCS S CIUCSCႃSၼIူCSၵၢCSႁၢCSၼၼS ၸCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺS ၸSCူCSCၢႆ CႃSAICSSၼIူCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CူၺSSၾၢCSCECS

CIူCSSCၢၼS CUCS CECSS EC

ၸီ EၼCCSSCၢCSS

CႃSCူ S Cႆ ႁၼS EC ၼCS CၢႆEၵSCႆCူCSSCႆ ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSCူCS ၼႃSၶECSၶECSS CCS EC Cႆ ႁၼSCူCS Cႆ

Cီ CIၼSCၼSCMႆCIူCSSCႆSS

ECႃSCူ Cီ ၵႆEC

CူၺSSEC CECS ACS CီSCၢၼS ၵူၼSS Cူ CCSSEC CီCECSCႆ Cူ EC CCS S ၽIူCS CUၵS Cီ CECSSCIူCS AၼSCီSႁICSSၾCS ၼCS ၵECSၼၼS CIၼSၶIUၼS CႃSၼၼS ၵMCS CIူCS ၸCSCIUCSCIၼSCIူCSSCၼSSCCS EC ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼS ၼIUCSCႃSS CUၵS Cီ ASCECSSEC CS CUCS ႁႃCူၺSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSS CၼSSS Cႃ AS ECႃSၶၢCS Cႆ CMႆCူCS CၢCS AူSၼၼS CECSCIၼSEၵႃ CIၼSၶIUၼS CႃS CUCSCUCSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CၢCS AူSၼႆ CၢCS CEၼSCၢCSCCSSၶၢCSSCႆ Cႃ ACSS ၵICS ၶCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cႆ ႁၼS ၶူၼSCၢCSSCECSၾႆS Cီ ECႃ -CECSSCIူCS AၼS CၼSSၵႆ Cႆ ၵႃ CႃSၼၼS S CၼSSCူၺSSၸMCSS CၢႆၶူၼSCၢCSSCECSၾႆS CCSCICSSCICSS AMၼS ၼၼS EC ၽIူCS CIUCSCီ ၼIူCS CၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCEၼS CIၼS AၼSၶၼS ၵၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S “Eၼ ... Eၼ ... CူၺSSEC ၽECSၼIူCSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ႁCSSCCS ” ၸူCSSၼႃ EC CECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၢCS ၼၼS ECႃSၶS CူၼS CECS ၸၢၵS CECSCIၼSၵႃ S “ECCႆ CEၼSၼႆၵႃ S ၶIUၼSSၽECSCIူCSSႁCSSCCS Cႃ ” ၶIUၼSSECSCၢCS CEၼSCECSCIူCSၽECS S CCS Cႆ ၸS ၵူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIၼSSS Cႆ ၵူCS CူၺSS CIၼSCIူCSSAၼSၶCS Cႆ CၢၼS CMCSၽMCSSCCSSCႃS ၸECSCIUၼS CIUၼSSၵMၼS ၼၼS EC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCSS ႁႃCီ CEၵS ECႃSACS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CီSS CူၼS CူၺSS ၸMCSSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSAၼSECCႆ ႁECSS CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ ၼၼS EC CIူCSSၸSS CူCSSCၢၼS CႃၵၼSSCEၵS CEၵS AMၼS ၼၼS EC ၸECS CMCS ၼCS CႃAMၼS ၸIူCSSAIူCS CႃSCီ CၢၵS CႃS CၼSSၶCSSၸSCICSSၼCS CႃCၼSSS ECႃ ACSCၢႆAECSCီ CCS ႁCS Cႆ Eၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶCSSၸSCUCS ၸCS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵMCS Cႆ S CIူCSSCၢႆAၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCၢCSS ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCီ Cီ ၼၼS CECSCူၼS CCS S ECႃ CECS CၼSSCEၼSAIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS ၾၢႆ ၶUCSSEႁ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSCCS EC ECၶCSSၸSၾၢႆ EC CMၵS ႁႃEႁ CS CIၼSCIူCSSCၼSSEC ႁECSSCၼSCႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSSS ECCႆ CၢၼS CMCSၽMCSS CCSSၼIူCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSSCCS S CCS CECS CႃSCႃSၶၢCSSၶICSS3 CူၼS ႁI ူၼSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၶCSSၸSACS ACSSၸMCSSCႆCၼSS ECႃ CIUCSCIူCSSCၢႆ AၼSCၼSSCႆ CၢCSSCCSSCႆ ၼၼS Cူ S ၶCSၽECSCႆ ၼIူCS CECSSၼMCSၶECS CIUCS CIUCS S ၼMCSၶECSၼႆ CEၼSCECSS AၼS ၸCSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ECCIူၼS S CEၼS Cီ AၼSCCS CMCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS Eၵႃ ACS ၸS ECCႃ CIူCS CECS Cႆ ႁၼSCEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CCSSၼCSS ACS CIူၼS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS

CၼSSCႆ CCSSၽၢၼS CႃS

ၸMCSSCၢႆၶူၼSCၢCSSCECSၾႆSၼၼS

CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢCSSၵႃ S ၵMCS ၶS CECS CူၺSSCီCီEC CMၼSSCEၵS Cီ ၼCS CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cႆ ႁၼSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CCSSၼCSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCSCႆ ၸSCႃSS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CႃSCၢCSSCႆ CCS EC ၶူCSSၼီ ၶူCSS CIUၵSSCCSSၼCSCCS S ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSEႁ ၵCS CၢၼS CIူCSSၼႆ CIူCSSACS CUCS

CူCSCMCSၸIUCS

ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCႆ S CEၼS Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ၵႆCၢCSၵၼS

CCSS CEၼS ၼႃ CIUၵSS AၼSၸCSCIူCSSEၶ EC ACS CီSCMCS CUၵS CUCS CCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS CီSCMCS CၢCSSCCS Cႃ ECCၢCSSCCS CS CS CူCSCူCS ၼSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS CၢCSSၽၢႆ ACS CUCSSCUCSSၼၼS

Cႆ ႁၼSCူIၼS AႆS

CၢၼS ၼIူCS S CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS

CၢၼS AMၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS Cႆ Cၢႆ

3 Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ ACS ECႃ ECSၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSS

38 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECS CMၼS Cူ CႃS Cီ CၢၼS ၼၼS S ၽMCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS ၸCS Aူ EC Cီ Aၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CICSSECႃ ၵCSSCIUCS ႁECSS Eၵႃ ၵၼSCCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSS ၵMCS ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

CMCS CူၼS CႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS

EC ၼICS CIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS ၼIUCSCႃSS ၼSSCႃၶIUၼSSႁၼSCEၼS CMCS Cႆ ၵူCSEႁECCEၼS Cၢႆ S CMCS Cႆ CၢCSSCူၼS EC ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CIူCS CIUၵS Cူ Cီ CၢၼS ၼၼS ၵMၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S

ECႃၵႃ CႃSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CၢCS CIူၺS CMCS CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ

ၵၢCSSECႃၵႃ CႃSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၶS ၸIUCS ၸS Cႆ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ECCႆ ၵႃ Cူ CIူCSSCီ ၵႆS ECႃSCMၵS CႃS ECCႆ CႃSECSၼၢCSSCႃSS ECS ၼၢCSSၼၼS ECACS ၸS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ ၼၼS S ECCEၼS ၵူၼSSCၢCS CIူCSSၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSCUCS ၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMCS CၼSSACS ECႃSECႃCUCS CCS EC CၢCS ၵႃ CႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS S

ၵၢCSSAၼSECႃၵႃ CႃS

ACS Cႆ Cႆ ၶႆ Eၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CီSCECS ၵMၼS S ၼSSၵၢCSSAၼS

ECႃၵႃ CႃSCၢCS CႃSၼၼS CMCS CီၸူCSSၸMCSSEၵႃ CႃS CMCS CီCIUၼS ၽၢၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CႃSCCSSၼCSS AၼSၼIူCS ၸCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႆ CၢႆCICSS CၢႆCECS ၸCS ၸCS ၸECSSၸECSSၼႆၼၼS CCS S CIူCS CၼSSၶCS ACSSႁEၼSS AIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS ၼၼS EC CၢCS CMCSAၢCSSCႃS CMCS CၢCSSAၼS ACS ၸCSS ၵၼS CCSSCၢႆSCၢႆ ၼၼS S CECSCIၼSEၵႃ

CူCSSCႃSCီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼSCႃ CECS EC ၸMCS Cီ

ၼႃ ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ Cႆ AၼSCီSAၼSCECS ၼSSCၢCSSၶူCS ၼၼS S A Cႃ Cႆ CMCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS

ECCႃSႁCS CMၼS Cူ ၼႆEၵႃ

ၽIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSၽUCSCူCSၵူၼSS

ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSSၸSၵႃ EC ACSၶECS ၵၢCS CICS CူCSSCၼSSၽၢႆ CS S ၽူ CၢႆၸCS ၾႃ

EၶႃCMၼSSAS ၵူၼSSၶီ CECSCIၼSCၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCS

CူCSSAMၼS

CၢCSSS ECႃSၸIူCS ၼႆၸCS CMႆSႁCS CMၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS EC ၶၢCSSၶICSS ၼႆ ECACS CီS CMCS CUၵS CၢၵS CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸUCSCIUCSSၼၢCSSCS CၼSS

AMၼSCႆCႃSASAMၵS CECSCIၼSCီ Cီ -3S CIူCS ၶႃၽူCSECS CႆCူCSSၶူCSCႆCECSCIၼS EC CECS CၼSၽႃ CၢၼSSCIူCSSCီCECS AၼSCIူCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၸUCSSႁႆ CIUCS ၶCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CMႆ CECSCူၼS ၵူ ၸIူCSSS CIUၵSSႁၢၼSCCIၵS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCSEၵႃ CUၵS ၵMCS EC CၵS CCSS CIူCS CႆၸMCSSၵၼSCႃSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCႆ CၢCSSCCSCၼSSS Cႆ ႁICSSၶၢCS ECCႆၸMCSSS ၵူၼSSၵူ Eၵႃ Eၵႃ

CၵSSCႃ

CူၺSSၶႃၽူCSECSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS CၵS ECႃ Aႃ CၢCS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶCSS ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCSEC CIUCS CIUCS CၼSCCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၾၢCS ႁၼSCEၼS ECႃSCႃ CၼSSCIUCS CIUCS CၼS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸIUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS EၼECACS ၵႃS ၶIUၼSSCႃ CူၺSS ၸIUCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS EC ၶCSSၸSS CMCSSCၢႆ ၸIUCS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CၢၵS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCၢCS Eၵႃ Eၵႃ CIူၼSCECS ႁEၼSSCCSSCၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS ၵူၼSSCူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS

CႃSၸSCႃSEၶႃSEC ၸCSSCIUCSSCူCS CၵS ၵၼSCCSSCူ

ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၼSSၵူၼSSCူCSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵCS ၽMCS CUCS CMCSSCႆ Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCEၼSCUၵS ၶူၺSၶCSCႃSၼၼS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၸCS CၢCS ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ၼSSၸIUCS CႆSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACS ၸS Eၼ S CၢႆၵႃSCူCS

AၼSCႃSၵႃSႁႃ CICSSCCSSၼၼS

CUၵS Cီ Cႃ CECS

AMၵS CႃS ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCS AၼSၵႃ ၸူSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S ၵႃSၸICS ၸIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCSCECSCIUၵSSၼၼS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼႃ EC ၵႃSAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶႃ ၽူCSECSၸCS ၸMCSSCႃSCၢCSSCCS ၵႃSၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCSS “ECႃSCECS CၢCSSCီ ၼICS ၼႆEC ၵၢၼSECCUၵS CၢၵS CECS CCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶႆ Eၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ECႃSႁCSSၶCS CIၼSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSAၢၼS ACSႁECS ECCႃS ႁCS ႁႃS ၸMCSS CၢCSSၶCS CႆၵၼSၵႃ AIူCS S ၽSၽSEၵႃ ECၶS ႁၼSၼႃ Cူ ၼႆ ၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS AS ၸCSၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACSCIUCSS CၼSSCECS CS CၼS ၼSSAူCS CIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CICSS CIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၵEၼS ၵEၼS S

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၶႆ ၸSCIUCS

40 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSAၼS CIူCS ၶႃCMၼS CICS ၵၼSCCS EC AMၵS CၢCSSCIူCSSCူၼS CၢCSS CECSSCEၼS CS CၢCS ၵၢCSSEၵႃ

Eၸ CIူCSSEၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSSၼၼS S

CIူCS CSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS Cႆ ၵူ CMၵS EC

Cူ ၸၼS

Cီ ႁၢၼS ၸSၸMCSSEC Cူ S ၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CMCS Cႆ Cႃ ၼSSCIူCSSၼႆ CီS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSS ECႃၶCS ၸSၼIူCSCၼSSCီ CUCSSၼႆCCS S CၼSS CIူCSSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CီSၼSSAူCS CIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵMၺSSCCS S ၸူCS ၽECSCႃS CIူCSSCၢၼS

CူCS ၼIူCS ၼႆ

ECႃSၶIUၼSSCCSSCၢCSCူၺSSၸIUCS CၢCSS

CUCS CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCႆ CႃS ၼIူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ ACS Cႆ CEၵS Cၢႆ CCSS CIUၵS CIူၼSCIူCS Cူ Cီ ၵCS ၾႃ ၽၢႆ CUၼS Cူ ၵMၺSSS ECႃSCႃ ၶၢCS ၶူCSEၸ AEၼS CႃSEၵႃ Cႆ A Cႃ ၶCS ၼSSၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆCCS S Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS ACSCၢႆ ၽEၼS CူCSEC CCSS ၵၢႆ CၢCS ၶၢCSSCၢၼS CၢCS CူCSCႆ EC CCS AMၼSၵၼSCႃSႁCS CMၼS ၶCS ႁICSSၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼၼS S ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ ACS Cႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆEC Cႆ CIူCS Cႆ CIူCS ၽMCSSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS S CီSCICSSCၢCSAMၼS CICSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼUCS CIၼS ႁၢCS CီCီ ၼၼS EC ၵႃ EၼCႆ CCSS ၵMCS CMCSSCIူCSSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ CၢႆSCECSS EၼCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CီAၢCSSၼႃ S CECS CCS

ၼူၵS ၼSSAႃ CUCS AၼSACS Cႃ

CီSၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

ၼUCS ၶူCSS

ၵICS ၼCႃ ၼၼS EC ၵႃ ၸMCSSCECSၵMCS Cႆ S

Cူ CIူCSSEၸ AEၼS ၼႆ CEၼSၵူၼSSCUCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၼႃ ႁၢCS ၵCS Cႆ EC CECS CီS ၸSCီၸSCၢၼSS ၼူCS CၼSSၵCS ၽMCS Eၵႃ ECႃSၶS AၵS Cႆ CCS S CၼSSCႆCႃSၸူS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS CၢCS CCSSၵၢCSSCႆSEC ၼMCS CၼSၶူCS CMၵS S ၽIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူၵS ACSCMၵS AၼSႁၢCS CီECCIူၼS ၼၼS EC CၵSSCီ ၶူၼS ACSCၼSS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSCၢCS Eၵႃ ၼၼS ၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSၸူCSSၶူCSၵCSSCECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၸIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ ၸCSၸSၵၼSCႃSS Eၵႃ CEၼSCူ CIူCSSၼၼS ACSၼCS CS CS ၼSSၵMၵSSCIUၼSS EC ၼMCS CIUၼS CၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS S ၼႆ CEၼSၾICS CUCSSCႆS AၼSႁCS CMၼS Cီ ၼMCS CIူCSSၵႆ ၸIူCSSႁI ူCS CMႆ ၸMCSSCၢCSSCႃSၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CူၺSS ၸUCSSၵႃ CEၼSႁႆ CIUCS ၸIူCSSCႃSႁCS CMၼS CၼSSၼၼS EC ACS CၼSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၽECS CႃECAICSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ ၸUCSSၸIူCSSECCS

ႁCS CMၼS Cီ CၢCSSၼၼS CီSCECS ၵMၼS ၼႆS ၽIူCS AMၵS CႃS ၵECS ၵCSSAMၼS ၵMၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS CၢCS Aီ CCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CMCS ၵCSSCECSCCS S Cီ CၢၼS ၼSSCႃ Cႆ CၵSSCူCSၼၼS ၵူၼSSCCS ၵူၼSSEၵ S CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၢႆSCICSSS ၼၢCSSCၢCSႁၢCS CီႁၢCS CCSSၶCS AMၼSၵၼSAMၵS CႃS

CS ႁCS ႁICSSCၢCSSS

AၼSၵႃ AၼSCEၼSEၵႃ

ACS ၵႃS

AၼSႁႆ AၼSCIUCS S ၶူCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CIူCSSၼCSEC CIူCS ၵႆ S Cူ CIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ CEၼS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ CီCIUCS ၵIUCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၢCSSၵႃ CၢCSSCEၼSS ၶူCS CူCS ၸIူCSSAၼS ACSCႆ ၵူCSၵၢႆ Cႆ S CၢCS ၶၢCSSၸIူCSS ၵၢႆ Cႆ ႁICSSCၢCSSS Cူ ၽUCSၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSၼUCS ၶူCSSႁၢCS CီႁၢCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CီSCူCSၵႃ ၸMCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CၢCSSႁႃ CၵSS Cူ CCS S ၶူCS CMၵS ၸIူCSSၼMCS CIUၼS CၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ECႃSCႆ CၢCS ၵႃSCူCSCCSSၼIူCS CECSCIUၵSSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢCSSႁႃ CၵS ၼႆ ႁIUCSCၢCSၸူCS CူCSSၵIUCS EC CၢႆၵႃSCူCS Eၵႃ ACS CၢၼS ၶCS CECSSCီ ECႃ S AEၼSႁECSSCUၵS ႁEၼSSCECS CၢၵS CႃSCCSS Cၢႆ CူCSAၼSCECS Cႆ Cႃ

CECSSၶCSSACSS! (ACSၸူCSSႁCS CMၼS )ၼၼS

ACS ၵႃS ACS CEၼS CႃSၵMၼS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS ၽၢၼS CS Cၢႆ CူCSၼၼS EC ၶCS CႃSၼSSCECSSS ၵူၼSSCီ ECႃ

CIUၼS ႁႃ ႁECS

CၢCSCၢၼSၸECSSCEၼSS AMၼSၵၼSၵၢႆ CၢCS ၶၢCSSCူCS CECS AၼSEC CS ႁCS CMၼS ႁICSSCၢCSSCူCSS CECSၵMCS CMCSSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS S CၢCSSCCSၵူၼSS ၸIူCSS CႃSCS ႁCS ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSႁI ူၼSSCႆ ႁၢCS ၼIူCS ACS ၼၼS CMCSႁၢCS CCSSၼCSS CCS Eၵႃ ACS CႃSCၢCSSၽၢႆ ACS CECSS Cီ CMၵS AၼSCၵSSCၢႆCႆ Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CIူၼS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSSၶCS Cူ CCSSၼၼS S ECႃSCူၼS

CၢCSSၵူCS Cီ ၼIူCS CCS Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁၼSEႁႃႁI ူၼSSCူCSCMCSႁၢCS

AၼSCႃSCီ

ၶၢCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၽIူCS ႁၼSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ A ၵCSSCECSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼSEႁႃCS

CIူCSSCီ ECႃ Cီ AၼSCၼSSECCႆ Cူ CCSSၼႆCCS S CECS

CၢCS ႁI ူၼSS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSCၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCSSACS ၶIUၵS CၢၼS Eႁႃ CS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ

AၼSCႆ ႁၼSCIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃၸCS ၼႆ S CCSSACS ၶIUCSSၶီ

42 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIၼSEႁႃCS ၼႆEၵႃ Cႃ Cႆ ၵMၼS S CီSၾၵSSCူS ASCECSS EC ၸၢၼSS CECS CၢCS ၾCၢCS S CီSCူၼSCMၵS ႁၢCS Cီ CMCS ACS Cႆ S CီSCႃ CIူCS ၶECSၶECS CCSSCူၼS Cႆ CူၼS CMၵS S ၽIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CူၺSS ၼၢCSSCS CၼSSၸCS

Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၵS

CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆ CIူၼSႁၢCS ECCIUCS Cူ ၵႃ Cီ ၼႆ Cႆ S CCIၵS CS CၢCSSEႁႃ ၶCSEၵႃ

CUၵS ၵMCS ECCၵS CCSၶCSS

ၵႃ CEၼS

ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃ

ၶCS CႆCS ႁCS Cီ ႁICSSCၢCSSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS Cီ ၼႃ EႁႃCS ၼၼS EC Cႆ ႁၼS ၸIူCSSCEၼSCီ ၼMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၸUၵSSECCS ႁCS CMၼS Cႆ Cူ CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS Cူ ၽUCSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSႁCS CMၼS CၼSSၸIူCS ၼႆ ၸMCSSCၢCSSEC ၼSS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS CIူၼSCၼSSCႆ ၽECS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၸCS ၵCS CၼSS

Cူ CCS S *** ၽIူCS Cီ ၼMCS CMCS Cႆ

ၼIူCSၶECSSEC

ၸUCSSCIUၼSSCUCSS CIUCSSၶECSSCIၼSၽSCၼSS ၸIူCSS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၾၵSSCူCႆ CၵSSCူCSၼၼS EC CIူCSSၵႃ

CCS S ၼSSEႁႃCS CူCSၼႆ ၵIUCSSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS AMၼS CICSSAMၼS ၸၢႆSၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSS ECႃCIUCS S CUၵS AMၼS ၸၢႆS ၸIူCSS Cႆ ၸS ၼSSCIUCS CIUCS EC CUၵS ၸၢCS CၢCS ၸIူCSS CMၵS CICSSEၵႃ ၵMၺSSCCS S ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၼSSEႁႃၸIူCSSၼႆ ၶCSACS Cႆ A ၸCS ၼၢCSSCS ၶCS CီSၸSၸIူCS ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁI ူCS CMႆ ၵႃ EC AIူCS S ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSႁIUCS CMCSၸူCS CူCSSၼၼS

Cႆ CIUCS CIUCS ၵၼSCCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ၶCSS Cႆ A CMCS Cီ ၼMCS

ၸIူCSSၼၼS

ၵCS ၽMCS CၢၵS CၢႆSၼႃ CူCSS

CIူၼSၼCS ၸCS Aူ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSၼႆ ၼUCS CၢCS ၵၢၼSS CIူၼSCECSCႆ ECCႃ CCS ACSၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ႁECSSCEၼSECSၼၢCSSCၼSSCႆ S ACS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CIၼSCCSSS

CၢCS ၵIူCS CUၵS ၵIူCS CၢCSSS

CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSS

ACS Aူ ACS ACS EC CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ CီSCEၼSၸECSSEၵႃ S CMCSEၵႃ EC CIUၵS CEၼSCၢၼSၵIၼSၼCS ၼူCSSEC S CECS CCS Cႆ ႁၼS EC CS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCECS Eၵႃ S ၶCSCEၼSEC Cၢႆ S CEၼSECS ၸCS CUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၸCS CUCSSEၵႃ ၼၼS ACSECSCEၼSCီ CICSSEၵႃ S Cီ ၼၢCSS Eၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CEၼSCUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၵၼSၸCSS ၽICSSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSEC Cႆ CUၵS ႁIUCS AMၵS Eႁႃ Cႆ EC CIူCS CECSၸCS ၶIUၼSSACS CႃSCူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ S EC CS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶIUၼSSၶူၼS ၶႆ Eၼ CMCS CၼSSCႆ ၵႃ ACS ႁၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CICS CူCSS CီSCSS4 Cီ CIူCSSACSSၵICS CUၼS ၼၼS S CMCS CၢCSSCUၼS CူCS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS CၢCS ၸIူCSSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS EC CMCSSCႆ CCSSCECS S AၼS CၢၵS CၢႆSၼၼS EC ACS Cႆ ႁၼS Cီ Aၢႆ EC Cီ ၼၢCSS AMၵS AMၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECSS Cႆ A EC ၵႃ Cူ Cႆ CၢCS CECSSၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၼႆ EC ၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶS ၼMၼSSၼႃ CCS S CEၼSၽႃ ၼMၼSS

ECၼMၼSSCCSSCႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS ECႃSCECS CၢCS CၼSSCႃSEC ECၶCSSၸSCECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS

CMCS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSၸIူCSS

CၢၵS CၢႆSၼႆ S CMCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSSCCSၼႆ S CMCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃ EC CMCS CUၼS ၽMၼSSၼႃ ၶMCSCၼSSCူ S ၼႃ ၶMCSCၼSSၼႆ

ACS CS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႆ

CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSCCSSၵႃ ၼIူCSCCS CMၼSS ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS ၼၼS ၵCSS ၼIူCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵMCS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMႆ CMCSS ၵCSSၼIူCS EC ၽECSSCIUၼS CႃS

ၶIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၢႆ CႃCူၺSS ACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CူCS AၼSၵIUCSSCူ CၼSS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSၼၼS S ACS ႁCS ၶEၵS ၵၢCS CူCSၼႆ ACSCCSCူCSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၶၼS CEၼSCၢCSACS Cႆ S ACS ၼIူCS CCSSACS ၼIူCS CၢႆSႁၢCS ၶIူCS CၼSS ACS CIူၼSၵၼS EC S ACS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIUCS Cူ ၼၼS ၸCSS CEၼSCMၼS ၽၢႆ CၼSS

AMၵS CUCSSCUCSSS CီSASCECSSCECS CၢCS CၢၼSCS

AၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼၼS EC

ACSၽIူၼSCCS CECS CၢCS CIူCSSCူSAူCS ၶCS CCSSCၢႆSCႆ S CCSSCECS ၸIူCSSႁၢCS AူၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CCSSၽၢၼS ၽႃ ၵCS CူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS CMCS CECSCႃSCIUCS ၼSS ၵၢCSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CူCSၼႆ S CMCSAၺS

ၵMCS CCSSCECS CMCS CႃSၸူSEC

AၼSCCSSႁICSSၶၢCS

ၼIူCSၵMၵSSCIUၼSS

ၾၵSSCူCECS CၢCS ၾCၢCS ၼၼS

CMCSACSCႃSS ECႃSCUၵS Cီ ၾၵSSCူCူCSၼၼS

CၢCS ႁI ူCS

AMၵS ၵႃ ၸIUCS ECCႆ ႁၼS

CၢCSSCႆၶၢCS EႁႃCCSSၶူCSCႆ ၸIူCSSACSEC CIူCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၼSSၵၢCSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CူCSၼၼS EC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႆ ၽECS ၽECS EC Cႆ Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS CႃSACS 4 Queen Victoria of British Empire

44 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ႁၼSၼႃ ၸCS ၾႃ S CIူCS CၢၼSSCIူCSSCIူCSSEၶ ၼႃၼႃCူCS CECSCႆ CCSSACS S Cီ AMCS ECႃ ၼႃ CCSSၽီSၾႆSၼၼS EC Cႆ ႁၼS CီSCCS CMၼSS AၺS CECS ၵMၺSSS ACS ၽၢႆ CၼSSCူၵSSCUCSSCUCSSၼၼS EC CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CECS CၢCS CEၼSACS AၼSCႆ CCS CIၵS S CIUၵS Cႆ ႁၼS ၶECS CCS S CIူၵS CCS S ၽIူၼSCECS CECS ၸIူCSSACSႁUၼS ႁၢCS ၶEၵSSၶCS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS CႆSၼၼS S ၽႃ ၵCS ၼႃCူCS AၼS Eႁ Cႆ Cီ ASCECSSCူCS EC ၾၵSSCူCူCS AၼSAMၵS ၵႃ ၸူS CၢCSSCႆၶၢCS Eႁႃ ၼၼS ႁECSSAS CီSCၢCSSACS CူCS Cႆ Cႃ CUၼS CူCSၽSCၼSSS “Cၢႆ CCICSS … ၵIၼSၶCS ၶCS CCS Eၼႃ ” Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CႆCCSSACS CူCSၼၼS EC CႃSACS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ ၵIၼSၶCS ၶCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵMCS AECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS CMCSCECSCMCS CECS CၢCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCS Cႃ ႁၵS EC EC AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၶႃCူ AMၵS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSACS ၵIၼSၶCS CူCS AၼSႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႆ ၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼS EၵႃSCICS ၼECS CMႆ CMCSSAMၼS AၼSAႆ Cႆ Cီ ႁUၼS ႁၢCS ၸၢCS CMCSCူCSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CၢCS ႁၼS ၶIူCS ၶူCSSႁၢCS Cီ

CၢၼS ၽIူၼS EC CCS Cႆ CီCECSၵCS ၸIူCSSCCSSCႆ ၼSSACS ၵIၼSၶCS ၼၼS S ၽIူၼSCူCSၼႆ CၢCSSCၢCSSCူCSEC ၼႃ ၽIူၼSEၵႃ CIူCS Cႆ S CIၼSၽIူၼSEၵႃ ၶEၵSSAMၵS CEၼSႁၢCS Cႆ S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCCS ၼCS CၼSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ “Cႃ ႁCSSEC ၽIူၼSCူCSၼႆ CS ၼႃ ” CECSCMCS ACSၸSCၼSS ECႃSCူၼS Cီ ၼႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSCႆ ၸS ၵူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIၼSSၵႃ S ၸူCS CၢၼSEၵႃ CICS CS CႃSEC EC CၼSS CIူCS ၼႆ ECCႆ ၵIၼSCၢCSSၵIၼS AၼSၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSၶCS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCူCS CၼSS CၼSၼၼS ECႃ ၸူCS CCS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCS CMCSၸူCSSၸMCSSCႆ S “ECႃSCၼSSၼIူCS CႃSEC ၵူၼSSႁI ူၼSSႁCSSEၵႃ ECၼCSCႃSၵႃ S Cီ EA CUCSS ၶS CီSCUၵS CၢCSSCီ Eၵႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺSSCၢၼS CIUၼSSEၽCIUၼSSS CၢၼS EC EၽEC ၸIူCSS CIူCS CၢCS CၢCS ၼၼS EC CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၸCS ႁႃCႆ ၵIၼS Cူ ၶCS ၶCS Cႃ ၶႃCူ AMၵS

ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSၵMၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECႃSECႃႁႃCူၼS

CMCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CCS S ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSEC ၶCS ၶCS AMၵS AMၵS ACS ၵIၼSၶCS EC CIUCS CIUCS ႁCSSCၼSSCECS CECS EC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSၽIူၼSၶCS Cူ CCS S ECႃCIUCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ ၶCS ၶCS ၼႆ ECႃSႁIUCSCၢႆCၼSSCCS S CIူCS EၵႃSCICS Cႆ CႃS CၢႆSCၢCSSၵIၼSACSSၵICS ၵCS ၽMCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ “ႁCSSEC ၶS ၸICSSCူၺSS CၢCSSၵIၼSCႆSCီCီၵMၼS ” CၢCSSၵIၼSACSSၵICS

ၸIူCSSCႃSCၢႆSCၼSၼၼS

CIူCS ACSၵႃSCႃSၼCS

CူၼS Cီ ၼႃ S ၼCS ၽၵSSAီSၼIူCS Eၵႃ CSၸၢCS ႁၢCS Cႆ S ACS CIUCS CူCSSS ၶႃCူ AMၵS ACS Cႆ CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSECEၶႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၽIူCS CႃSCၢႆS Cီ ၽၵSS CIူCSCS CၼSSၼၼS EC

CECS ၸSCECS EၶႃSEC ၶႃCူ AMၵS CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ

ၵၼSCႆ CCS S ၼIူCS EC ၸEၼS AၼSACS ECႃSCၢၼS CီS ၼCS ၽၵSSCၼSSၶIူC5S AၼSCSၸၢCS ႁၢCS S ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECS ၸIူCSSACS CီSCီCCSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸICSSCူၺSSၵCSSၼIူCS EC CၢCS Cႃ S “ႁCSSEC ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS ၵIၼSCႆ S ACS CီSၼCS CECS EC AICSS” “ႁCSSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS Cႃ ECCEၼSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃCIUCS Eၵႃ ၶCSSၸSCႆ ၼCS ၵႃ CၼSSCMCSCEၼSCႆ ACS ၸS Eၼ S ႁCSSEC ECၵIၼS” CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸICSSCူၺSSCီ ၼIူCS ECႃ Cီ ၼIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ECႃCIUCS ECCIူCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S 5 Aႃ CူS

46 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ECႃSCူCၢCS CCS CCS

ႁCSSEၵႃ ၶS CMၼSSCၢCS AICSSၼIူCS S

CIUCS Cူ ECၵၢCSSCၼSAICSSၼIူCS ” “Cႆ ECႃ S ECECCၼSၵႃ S ECႃSၼႆၸCS CၼSSEၵႃ ECA ၼCS CၼSSၵႃ S CMCS Cႃ ၵMCS Cႃ ၶCS ၶCS ၼႆ ႁႃSCူ AMၵS ၸၢCSၸSၵႃ ၵႃ ႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSECA ၵႃ ” ECႃSECႃCIUCS

ၽECSCႃSႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S

Cႃ ECၵၢCSSCၼSၼၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CECS ႁၢCS ACS ECႃSCႃSၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cီ ECႃCIUCS S “CူၶCSSၸS CIူၵS CIူၵS EC ႁUCSCIUCS CၢCSSၵIၼS ၸIူCSSAၼSႁCSS ECCႆ ၸSၼၼS EC ႁCSSၸူCSSၸMCSSEC Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSၸMCSSCႃS Cီ ၼႆ ၼႆ ၶS Cူ CIူၼSၸIူCS CူၶCSၸCS ၸMCSSCႃSၵMၺSSS ECႃSECCူ ၸIူCS CူၶCSS ႁCSSEၵႃ ECCႆ ၵIၼSCၢCSSၵIၼSCႆS ACS ၸS Eၼ S ၵMCS ၼႆ EC CIူCS ၼႆ ၶS AS CူၶCSႁUCSCIUCS ၶCS ၽၵSSCႆS ၼCS ၵႃ CူECႃCႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCႃ ” ၽIူCS Cႆ CIၼSS ၵၢCSSAၼSECCၼSCCS ၸIUCS ၼႃ ECႃCIUCS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSS CUCS Cႆ CူCSCႃSEC CၢCS Cႃ EC CIူCS ၽUၵS ၵၢCSၼS ECႁUCSCIUCS ၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS ၼႆCCS S CၢCSSၶCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼSSAၺSS Cႆ ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼS EC ECႃCIUCS CCSSCMCSEၵႃ CCS S ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ CUCS CCSၵႃ Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃA CMCS ၼIူCSၶႃS ECႃAIူCSCIူCSၼIူCSၶႃ ၼႆCCS S CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ A CူCSCႃ CူCS CၼSSACS CၼSSၼႆECCႃ CMCS Cႃ

CၼSSECCICSSၵCS ၵၢၼSၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSSCCS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS EC

Cႆ Eၼ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ CCS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS CၢၼS CၢၼSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS

ၵၢၼSၼSSၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSSၼႆ Cႆ ACSၵၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၵSSCEၵSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၸSၼIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CICSSၵCSECႃCIUCS ၶCSၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS ၼၢCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSEၵႃ ၼႆ

ECႃCူ CCSS CCS CCS CၢCS CၢCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵMၺSSS ACS ECႃCႆ CEC ၼႃ CႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႆ Cႆ ၸSCႃS ၸMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECECႃCူ ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃCူ ႁIUCSၼႆS CၢCS Cႆ Cႆ ၸSCႃS ၸMCS CၼSSECECႃၵUCSSCICSS ၵၢၼSၼSSၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSS EC

ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS

ၼSSEႁႃCူ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၸECSCIူCS ၶCS Cႆ CMၼS CICS ၼၼS Cႆ AUCS ၵUCSCူၵSSCူCSSၵၼSCႆ Cႃ ECACS Cူ ၸMCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSၾၢႆ CS ၼSSEႁႃႁI ူၼSSAၼSCECSၵၼSၼႆ CCS S Eၶႃ CူၵSSCူCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ ၶS ၶCSSၵၼSCႆ CCSSၾICS CIူCSCၢၼSၵCS S Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼႆ CီSCီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSAၢCS AၢၼSSCႆ ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSႁI ူၼSSၸIUCS ECCႃSCူ ၸMCSSႁI ူၼSSCECSၵၼSS ၸECSCူC I S ၵMၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cူ CCSSၸMCSSၵၼS CႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS CIူCS CECSEC

ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼၼSCCS EC

Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSS

ၼၼS ECACS CECSSECႃSၸSၶCSS ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CCS Cႆ ၸSCCS S ၸECC S IူCS CၼSS ၸCS ႁႃၽECSၵMၺSS ECSၼၢCSSCၼSSECႃSEၼ ၼCS ၵCS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSACS CူCS ႁCS CၢCSSၸMႆ CECSၽS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSၵIၼSၶCS ၶCS CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EၼၼSS EႁႃS ၵူ ၸMၵS ၵူ ၸECS S ၶIUၼS CၢCSSၼIူCSEC EၼCႃS ၽၢၵS CUၼS CECSၶCS ၼၼS S CီSACS CIUCS CCSS AၼSCECS CEၼSS ACS ၼCS ၶIUၵS ၶECS S ၸၢၼSS ၸIူCSS CS Cႆ ၼECS CEၵSSEႁ CUCSSS ACS ၼMၼSS AၼSၵၢCS CၢၼS CMၵS ACS CEၼS ႁECSS CEၼSSCEၵS ACS ၼIူCS ၼၼS CCS S CECS CၢCS CၢၼSCIူCSSႁၢႆSEၵႃ CႃSS CECS CၢCS CၢၼSCS AECSCီSၵSSS CECS CၢCS CၢၼS

ECႃSECSCႆ CECS CCS S Cီ ၽၢၵS

CUၼS CECSၶCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼSSECၽIူCS CECSCS ၶူCSSႁI ူၼSSCECS Cူ ACS ႁၢCS S CIူCS Cူ Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁၼSACS ၵၢCS CူCS AၼSCီSCIUCSSCUCSCUCSၼၼS Cူ ECCႃ

ACS ၶIUCSSCၢၼS

ACS

CူCSၸIူCSS ၼႆ CCS S ၽႃ ၽEၼS ၶူCSSၼMၼSS

Cႃ ၶႃCူ AMၵS Eၵႃ

ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCCS CူCSSS

CUCSSၼႆEၵႃ CMၼS Cႆ EC ACSCIၼSCUCSSၼECSSCS CS ၽႃ ၵMCSSCႆ CီCီ CၢCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSၼႆ CီSၼၢCSၶႆ Cႃ S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ႁၢႆ ၵMCS ၼၢCSၶႆ Cႃ Eၵႃ CီS CCSSၼCSS ECႃSECCMၼS CUCSSCႆ EC CMႆ AS CၼSSႁၢCS CီၵMၺSSEC ACS

48 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CEၼSS Cႆ CS ၼECS Eႁ CUCSSCႆ CCSSEႁႃECCႃ CIူCS ECCMၼS CUCSSEၵႃ Cႆ ၾၢCS Cႆ Cႃ EC S CUၵS ၸၢCS ၶCS ACSၼCS ၼECS CၢၼS CႃSCူCS CIUCSၼIူCSၸၢၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸS CUၵS ၸၢCS Eၵႃ ၼၼS AS ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ CEၼSS ၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ Cႆ ၼၼS S CၢCSSၶCS ၼႆ

CEၼSCၢCSSၶCS ၵCSSCူၼS ၼIူCS

ၼSSCၢCSSၶCS ၸIူCSSႁၢCS Cီ

Cီ CUCSS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CMCSSၸSCႆCႃSၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵMCS Cႆ

ၶEၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၼူCSACSၶူၼSACSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cႆ ၼူCSCႃS

Aၢႆ ၼCS ACS CICSSCႆ CၢCSSCCSCၢၼSAၼၼS ၵMၼS S ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ECၶIUၼSS ၶူၼS ၶႆ ၵၼS CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSCIူCS ၼႆ S ECAUCS ၵUCSၵၼS CMCS CUCS CMCSSCIူCSS ၼႃ S CMCS ၸIူCSSCUၵS CီCႆ ၸS EC CMCS ၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSSCCS S CECS CCS ၶႃECCႆ ၼMၼSSၸMCSSၵၼS

Cီ AMCS ၼMၼSSၸCS ၵCS S

AMCS ႁI ူၼSSၸCS ၵCS

ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSCCS S CEၼSSၾႆSၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ Cႆ Cႆ ၼCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS Cႆ ၶS CEၼSၼၼS CCS S Aၢႆ CS ၼECS ၸIူCSSၽUၵS Cႆ ၼIူCSCၢၼSSCၢCS CMႆ ႁICSSACSSၶCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CICSCႆ ၼSSCူCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸၼSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSၼCS ၸMCSSCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACSACSCၼSSAICSCႆ ၼSSAူၵSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၼSSၸSၶႃCMCSEၵႃ

ACS CီSၸS ၶS Cႃ ၵCSS ECႃ CၢCSSၶCS ႁၢCS CီAMၼS

AၼSCECS CEၼSCီ Cီ Cႆ ၼၼS S CCSSCMCSEၵႃ Cူ ၼICSၼICSEC CၵSSCႃ CူၺSSၼႃ ၼMCSၼCS AၼSACSCCSSCECSSCIူၼS ႁၢCS ACS Cႆ ၼၼS S Cႆ CUCS ၼူCS Aၢႆ ႁIUၼSSCIၼS AၼSCUၵS Cီ ၾCS ၼCS Cူ CICSCႃSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSCၢၼS CႃCၼSSEC CCSSCႃCႆ ၵCSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼS AၼSACS ၸၢCS ၵUၺS AMၵS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS EC ACS ၸၢCS ၼMၼSSCCSSCႆ S “Cၢႆ CCICSS ... ႁCSSCIူCSSၸSEC AIူCS S CIူCS CECS ႁCSSECCEၼS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၸူCSSCIူCSSECCIူၼS ၼSSၵCS ၾႃ CCS Cႃ S CIူCSSAၢၼSSႁCSS AMၵS ၼMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ၼၼS

ၸCSSCႃSၸMCSSႁCSSCႃSCCSSCECS ACS ၵႃS

CႃSCIူCSEC

AၼSႁCSSCIူCSSAၢၼSSCႆ ၼၼS ၵMၼS S CူၶS A S ႁCSSႁECSSCCS CCSSCECS CူSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸS AIူCS S ႁCSSCူၼS EC Cႆ CCSSCECS CႃSCCS ၵCSSၼႆ ” ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၶၢၼSCႃSECEၶႃ ၼၼS EC CၢၵS

CၢႆSၼႃ S ၽIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵူCS CူၺSS Cႆ ႁၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSၼMၼSS CCSSၵႃ CCS CူSS ၵECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCSSCECSၶMCS CႃSEC CIူCS ၵၢCSCၼSSS ၶူၼSACSCီၶMၼS ၸCS CၢCSSCၢCSSCၼSSEၵႃ Cၢႆ CၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCူCSSCၼSSS ၵMCS Cႆ ၶCS

CၢCSႁCS CMၼS CၢႆCၢႆCီ S

Cႆ ACS CူCSSၽူ ၵူၼSSCၢႆCၢႆEၵႃ EC

ႁI ူCS ၼႃ CCS CူCSSS CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ECႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSႁICSSၶၢCS CၼSSၼႆEC ႁCSSECႃ Cူ ၵူ CMCS Cူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ CECS

CECSSCEၼS CS

ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

CMCS CၢCSS Cီ ႁၢၼS CၢCSSၵIၼS

CIူCS CၼSSၼSSCIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ

1952 CၼSSၼIူCS S

CၼSSၼၼS ၵCSSၼႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECSၵႃ CၢCSCMႆSCၼSSၵIူCS ၸူ CၼSS AၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸUၵSSၵIၼSၼCS CၢၵS CEၼS

ECCIUCSCူၺSS ၸCS CMႆSCၼSSၵIူCS ACS ၽECS CႃECAICSSS ၸECSCIူCS Cႆ CIUCS ၵၼS Cီ CၢCSCUၵS ႁEၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSSACS CူCSSၵၼSၼၼS ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸCSSCႆ

M ီSCSSEၵႃ ၼႆ ၼIူCSCICSSCၢCSEၵႃ ၼႆ S CၢCSEAႃSCC

ACS CIူၼS

CIူၼS CၢCS Eၵႃ S ၵMCS ၼႃ CၼSSCီSCႆ CီႁၵS S ၵMCS CၢCSSAUၼS ၸSS ၼႃ CS Cႃၵီ S ECႃCUCS CCSCူCSၸCS ၵCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS ACS ၶS ႁၼSCူ Cႃ EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cႆ CၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSSႁIUCSCီ CIူၼSEC CECS CၢCSEၵႃ

AၼSၸIUCS Cႃ AICSSၵIူCSS ၼၼS CCS ၾၢCS A CူCSၸCS ၵCS Cႃ ၸူCS CၢၼS CၼSS ACS CီSAICSSၵIူCSS ACS CEၼSၼႆCCS S ၶCS ၼႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီS ၽEၼSၵၢၼSCႆ S CMCSCS CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ CၢCS ၵၢCSS CMၼSSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSS CၢCSSCSECCီECCIူၼS ၼႆCCS S ECCႆ CၢCS CIူCS CIူၼS CMႆ CIUCS ၽECSSAၼSၸCS ၵCS CUၵS ၸSၼၼS ႁႃ S ECCႆ CၢCS CIူCS AUCS EAႃၵၼSႁႃ S ECCႆ CၢCS CIူCS ၵIၼSCၢၵS CၢၵS ၶMCSCၢၼSႁႃ S CူၼS ၵCSCႆ S CၢCSSၵIၼSCCS 6 Mario

50 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS AIUၼSCူCSSEၶႃSCႆ S CIူCS ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSၶCS CCSSCECSSEၼ Eၶႃ CMCS ၽECSS AူCS CူCS EC CECS

ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CူၼSၸSECAICSSS

ၵMCS CIူၵS Cႆ ၼၢCSSCICSSၼCS AICSSၵIူCSSEC A Cႆ Cႃ CၼSSCIူၵS ၵူၼSSACS ၽICSSၼႆၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼSSၽEၼSCIူCSSၼႃ AICSSၵIူCSSCူSS ၸMCS CMၼS CႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Cူ ႁIUCSS ACS A ၸMCSSCႆ S ECAS AICSSၵIူCSS ၽၢCS CၢၼS ECႃ EC Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCၼSSEC CIူCSSၸMCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CIူCSSCၢCS S CMၼS Cႃ AICSSၵIူCSSCIUၼSႁCS Cႃ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSCCS ECCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCSCႆ ၸS CၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS ၸIူCSSECCႆ ACS ႁၼS CIူCS ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSၼၼS S ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCႆSEၵႃ ၵၼSECACS ၵႃS CEၼSၸူ ႁၵS ၵၼSCႃSS CCSSCMCSEၵႃ ECႃCICSSCCSSၸMCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CIူCS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Cႆ ACS ႁၼSၵၼSS ECႃSCၼSSCCSCႃS ၵႆ ၵႃ EC ၸMCSSၵၼSၼIူCSCMႆ CUCS CူၺSSCၢCS CIူCS CECSSCူCS AၼSACS CUCSSACS CၢႆSCႆ ၼၼS S ၼCS AUCS ၵၼS CMCS CၢႆSCူၼS ၶCS ၵူ CၢCS S CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSၽSCၼSSS CEၵS Cၢႆ CၢCSSA CၢCSSႁၼS ၵူ CMCS CMCS CCS S ECႃSCႃ CၼSSၾICS ၾႃ ACS Cီၼႆ AMၼSၵၼSၵႃ EC ACSSEၼCSS ACSS EၼၸၢCS ၸIူCSSCSCCS S Cီ ၼၼS ၶCSၸၢCS A ႁၼS ၾICS EC AၼSCS ၸIူCSS ၶCSCႆ CၢCS A ၼၼS S CIူCS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ AၼSCEၼS CICSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS ႁၢCS CီCီ CCSSၵူၼSSCီSCီEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸUCSCIUCSSCႃSၸIUCS CၢCS CMၵS Cႆ CIၼSS CECSEC EၼS ၵၼSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ

Cႆ ႁၵS ၵၼSCႃSႁIUCSCၢၼS ၼႆ Eၵႃ

Cႆ CMၼS CၢCS AUCS

ၵၼS Cႃ ECၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS CEၼSႁI ူၼSSS CIူCS ၵIၼSၶCS ၶCS CCS EC CIူCS CၢၵS CၢၵS ၶMCSCၢၼS Cႆ ၽECSCႃSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS CIူၼS Cႆ ၸSCၼSSCCS S CၼSSၸူၵSSACS AECS ၶCS Cီ Cႃ AၼSCS Cႆ CMCSSၵူၺSSS CIUCS AECS ၼၼS EC ၸူၵSSACSCMCSS ၵူၺSS AၼSႁI ူCS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCSSၼIူCSၽEၼS CီၶၢCS AၼSCIူCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၽIူၼSS AICSSၵIူCSS CူၺSSCMCSSၵူၺSS AၼSCႃSCECSCECSCC ီ IူCS ၵႃAIUၼS

CCSSCECS

ၸICS CMCS Cႆ ၼၼS EC CIUCSSCူၺS ၸSၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS S CီCECSCECSၼႆ 7 O Sole Mio

CIူၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CCSS CIူCS ACSCီၶMCS Cီ ၵECS AICSSၵIူCSSCႆ S “AICSSၵIူCSS ... CCSSCMCSSၵူၺSSၼႆ EC ႁCSSၶS CMၼSSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS CူAIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCၢCS CCSSCၼS ၶCSSၸSCႃ CICSSCIUCSS AICSS ၵIူCSSS Cီ ၼICS CIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁI ူCS ၸီ ECႃSCၵS EC CၢCS ၸICSSၸICSS CႃSS “CIUCSSCူၺSSEC S CCS Eၵႃ CMCS CၼSႁCSSၼႃ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUCS CၢCS “CECSCECSCUၵS ၼႆ CၢCSCူCSCၢCSSႁၵS ႁCSSCCS ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၽIUၵSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCMၼSSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS

ႁCSS

CၼSSEၵႃ CECSၼၼS CၼSSCMCSCူၼS Cႃ Eၶႃ CMCS AICSSၵIူCSS AၼSၸၢCS CEၼS CႃSCႆ CၢႆCၢCS ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼCS CႃAICSSၵIူCSS ECCMႆ CႆCႃSၼႆEC ACS CူၼS ၸူCS ECCMၵS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵCSၵႃ S ECCႆ ႁECSSCCS Eၵႃ ACS A S ၼECS ACSၽႃ ၸECS AMၼS ၼSSCMCSS CIUၼS CၼSAICSSၵIူCSSS AICSSၵIူCSSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSS Cႆ ၸSCEၼSCEၼSECCMCS S “ECႃSCူCၢCS CႃS Cႃ ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ ECCႆ ႁECSS ႁIUCSCMCS ၼႆ ႁCSSCႆ CူၼS CႃS CၢႆCၢႆCMၵS CCS AIူCS S ႁCSSၶS ၽMCS CူCူ S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ ႁCSSၵူCSAူICS ” “CီSCMCS CCS CီၵူCSCႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶCSSၸSCႃ CICSSCIUCSS AICSSၵIူCSS ၸIူCSSၼIUCSCMCSS

CMCSSၼၼS S “ႁCSSCUCS CCS ႁႃSCMCSEၵႃ

CီSCUၼS CၢၼS Cႃ ACS ACSSၵၼSCူ

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSCMCSၵူCSCႆ ၸူCS CၢၼSႁႃSၼႆ ၸၢCS CEၼSAႆ CECS ၵၼSCူ ႁႃ S Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS ၾၢႆ CူၼၼS ECႁCS ACSSႁCSSCႆ Cူ ႁႃ ”

52 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼCS Cႃ AICSSၵIူCSS CIUCS AၺS CႃSS “ႁCSSEၵႃ ECႃSCႆ CူၼS CMCS ၼႆ CႃS CၢႆၶCS CၢႆၶIUၼSSCCS S ၾၢႆ Cီ ၼMCS ႁCSSEC ECႁCS ACSSCူCူ ၵMၺSSS ႁၵS Eၵႃ ECႁၵS CူCူ S CUCS ႁCSS EC ” AICSSၵIူCSS ACSCMCSSၵူၺSSCUCSSCS Cီ ၼICS CIUCSSၸCS ၵCS EC CၼS Eၶႃ CMCS AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCSSCIူCSSS CIူCS ၶႃၵIၼSၶCS CUၼSS CCူ CူCS ၼီ 8ၼၼS AUCS ၵၼS CCSCၢႆCၢႆ ၼႆ ACS EC CMCSSCႆ CCS S Cီ Cႃ CMCSSၸူCS ၶႃCၢCS ECႃ ၵၼS CCSS ၸူCSSၸူCSSCIူCSSCIူCSSS CီSCCSSၸSCUCS CCSECႃ ၵၼS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSS CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AICSSၵIူCSS ၵIUCS ၵၢCS CEၼS AMၵS CCSၼၼS EC CMCSSCီCီ Cူ S “ၸCS ... ACSSCCSSECAIUCSSCCS ” ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၼECS CEၼS CႃSၸူS CၢCSSACSSCCSSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၶCS 9 CူCSS CMCSSCMCSCECS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၼSSCႆ CူCS AICSSၵIူCSS CIUCSACSSCCSS ၶIUCSSCIူCS ၶIUCSSCၢCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၸS CၢႆCီ ၼႆ ECCႃ CၢCS ACS CႃSၸIူCS ၼႆ CၢႆCMၵS CCS EC CIUၼS ၵႃ CCS S ၶCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS AICSSၵIူCSS CCS EC CCSCIUCSCႆ ႁCSS CၼSSEၵႃ CECSS ACS Cႆ Cႆ A ၶႃECၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS Cီ CS CIူCS CS AၼS Cႃ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSၵႃS ၼECMS CECS CCIူCS

AၼSACS CႃSCUCSS

ၼၼS CIUCSCီ Cူ CၼSS ၵူCSSCEၼSS ၼၼS S ၵႃSCCSSၼႆ CEၼSၶူCSSၸၼS CUCSၶIUၵS CMၼSS CီSAၼSCECS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸS CIUCSS ၸူCS CၼSSၶIUၼS ACSS ႁEၼSSၼႆ S

AMၵS CECSSCEၼS CS CႃSCCS

8 Spumoni 9 Nash Rambler 10 Golden

CCSSၽၢၼS

ႁႆ ၶCS ၶECS ၶECSၶECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

AၼSၽUၵS ၶၢCSSၵCSSၼၼS EC CIUCSCႃSႁၢၼS ၼCS ၼူCSS CICS CIၶMS Cၢႆ Cီ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIUCSSCီ ၼၼS EC CECSSCCSSၸSCၼSS Cႃ CူCSSၵIၼS ၼCS ၼူCSS CEၼS ၼီ CS

ၵMၵSSCS CS ၵMၵSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS ACS Cႆ ၶႆ Eၼ CူCSCၼSS

CEၼSCCSEC EC ၼၼS EC CMၼSSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS CီSAICSSၵIူCSSCႃSEC CၼSSCူ CၢCS Cႆ S ၵူၼSSCIူCSS Eၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSS ၶCSEC CႃSၸECSAICSSၵIူCSS ၶCSA Cႆ Cႃ CၢၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Eၵႃ CႃSၶIUၼS

CEၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSSၽECS AMၼS

ႁEၼSSCၢႆSAIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS

ACSCCS ACSSႁEၼSSၶCS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSA Cႆ

CIူCSSCႆS ၼSSCIူCSS

ၾၢႆ ၶUCSSEႁ ၼႆၵMၺSSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ

ECႃ S CၼSSEၶႃCMၼSS ACSCCS ACSSႁEၼSS AS CIူCS CCS Cႆ CMCS ၼႆ S ACSCCS ACSSႁEၼSSEၵႃ ACS ၶႆ EၼၽSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cူ CIူၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSS ၽECS ၽECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S

CIူCS Cႆ ၸူCSSEၵႃ CီSS CIူCS Cႆ ၶီEၵႃ CီSS CIူCS CECS CၼSSCႆ ၼECSၸS ၵMCS Cႆ ၽECS CEၼSAICSSၵIူCSSCႆ S AICSSၵIူCSSEC ACS CီSၸSCCSSCCSS ၼIူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCECS ECၶႆSS AICSSၵIူCSSCUCS CCSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CၢCSSCၼSCIူCSSၼႃ CၼSS ၼSSAူCS CIUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS S ၸECSCIူCS ၼၼS CMCS Cႃ ECႃSCIUCSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ECၶႆ EၼCMCS EC AIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSACS Cႆ CီS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSSS ၸူCS Cႆ Cႆ CMၵS Eၼ CူCSCၼSSCEၼSCCSEC ၼၼS

ECCႆ

ၸၢCSSCူၺSSၵူ CMCS AICSၼIူCSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၶႃACS ႁၼSၵၼSCႃSEC CCSS CMCS ၽႃ Cႃ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS CEၵS CIူCS ၵၼSEC CCSS CMCS ၾICS CUCSSCEၼS EC ACS CIူၼSၵၼSEC CCSၼၼS CCS S ၼMၵS ECၸIူCSSၼႆ AၼSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS ၸCSS CIူCS AICSSၵIူCSS CECSSCCSS Cႃ ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS CၼSSၼၼS

ၶS AS

AICSSၵIူCSS CECSSCCSS CCSSၸSCIUCS ၽECS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CၢႆSEC ၽMCS ၵၼSCႃ ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSCCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီS ႁECSSၸSCႃSEC EC S CီSCIူCSSAၢၼSSCS CႃSS CီSCၢCSSCUCS CCS ၼIူCSၸCS ၵCS 11 Wheatridge Diary 12 Vanilla

54 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CႃSCIူCSၵCS S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢCS AူၼSSECႃ ၵၼSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS AၼSၶႃEC ၸMCSSၵၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ CIူCSCIူCSSCႃSECCႃ CၢၵS ၸၼS CၢႆSA ECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼS CIူCSCIူCSSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS CCSSCီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CECS CIၵS ၸူSၵၼSCႃS ၼCSCIူCSCႆSCIူCSၵCS S Cႆ Cႃ

CEၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSSCIူCSECCIူၼS

ၼSS

ၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSS CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Eၼ AICSSၵIူCSS CMCS CၼSSၽIUၵSS CၢCS ၵၢCSS ၵMႃ CၼS

ၼႆEC AICSSၵIူCSS AၢCSSCူCSၵႃ S

“ၵMCS CCS ႁECSSၸIူCS ၼၼSCႃ ” AICSSၵIူCSS ၶS A ၼႃ EC CၢCSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ CၢCS ၵၢCSSAICSSၵICS ECႃ ၵၼSEၵႃ Cႆ Cူ ACS ၸS Eၼ S “ECႃSECCၢCS ECႃ ECႃ EC CူၼၼS

ACS ၶS AS CီS ၵူၼSSEC

ၵၢCSSCၼSS ECႃSၶၢCSSCႆ ECCႃSၼၼS ECၵႃ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CူCIUCSSCCS ႁႃ S ႁCSSECCႆ CႃS EၶႃCMၼSSCီ Aူ EC Cူ Cႃ ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵၼS CCSSCUၵS CICSSၶCSၼၼS Cႃ ” ECႃ ECCႆ ၽၢCS ၵၼS CၢႆCIူၼSၵMၺSSEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၽၢCS Cႆ CCS S AICSSၵIူCSS Cႆ CႃSႁEၼSSCIၵS CၢႆSCၢCSSECႃ Cီ AECSCီSၵSS ၸMCSSၼCS ၶCSSCၢႆCEၵS Cၢႆ CUၵS ႁEၼSSၼၼS S ECႃSCECSCီ ၼIူCS ECCႆ CIူCSS EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS ECႃSၶၢCSSCႆ CႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCIူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS EC ၶCSS ၶIUCSႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ AMၼSၼၢCSSCၢCS ၸၢCS CၼSS ၶCS CIူCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ CၢႆSEC CၼSSၸူCSSCႆ ၶူSၼၼS S Cီ ၶၢCSSCၢCSS CIUၼSSCUCSSၼၼS

Cႃ ECCIူCS ၶIUၼS ACSSႁEၼSS

Cီ

CၼSSECCIူCSSEC ၸSS AICSSၵIူCSS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီS

CSSS ECCIူCSSACS ႁၼS Aူ EC Cီ ၼMCS AICSSၵIူCSSၶCSS *** ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၾၢCS Cႃ AS Cႆ

13 German

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၽECSSCIUၼS CႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼၼS EC CIUCS CူCS ၼCS ၼECS ႁCSSCၼSSS CူၼS ၶႆ ၼႃ ၶMCSCႃCၢၼSS AၼS EC CIူCS ၽUၵS

ECCႆ ႁၢCS ႁၢCSၵႃ ၵႃ ၼႃ ၼၼS S ၵECS CIူၺS

ၼႃ ၶMCSCႃ

CၢၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CECS CၼSSCႆ CူCS CၼSSCီS Cႆ ႁCSSCUCS CူCSCၼSSS Cီ CIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၼႆ

ၾၢႆ CၵSSCIူCSၾICS CIူCSSEC CCSS

ၾၢႆ CၢၼS CMCSCၢၼS CIူCSS

EC CCSS ၾၢႆ CMၼS ၾICS EC CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSACSCEၼSၵၼSSS CCS CEၼS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆS EC CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵECS CIူၺS

ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၸIUCS CႆS

ECၶIUၼS CS CႃSEC CCSS Cႃ ECCCS ၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ

ၼSSၸIUCS CႆSEC

CCSၼၼS EC CၼSSCူCS CၼSSCႆ Cူ CCS S CECS CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CECSSCCSSCႆ CUၵS Cီ CၢႆSၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS CIူCSS ECCEၵS Cၢႆ ၸူS CၢႆSCီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S ၸူCS CၢၼSၸၼS CၢၼS CၼSS ၸူCSSCႆ CႃS EC ႁECSSCMCS AၼSCီSCီ ၼIူCSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSSၼႆ ACS ၶS AS CEၼS CၢCSS ႁၢCS ၼၵSSCူCS Cႃ CၼSSCႆ S ၸူCS Cႆ ၵႃ Cူ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS Cီ Cီ ၼၼS ၶEၼSSၼၵSSCႃSCIူCSၵCS S CူၼS ၸူCS ECႃSCၼSSၽECSCီ ECႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ECCႃSၶUCS Cႆ CၼSSၼၼS EC CMCSCူၵSSၸSCႆ CCS S Cႆ ၶၢCS ACS EC Cူ CCSSCီ ၵူCSSCEၼSS CIူၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼၼS Cီ CIူCSSၸSCႆ S ECႃCူCSၸSCႃ Cူ ၸMCSS AS ၸၼS CၢၼS CECSSၵၼSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CၼSSၼႆ ECCႆ CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ A CIၼSS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSS ၵECS ၶMCS CCSS ၶCSECACS ၵႃS ECCႆ CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ ECCႆ CMCSCၢCS CႃSၸMCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CECSSCCSSၸSCႆ Cႃ CၼSCUၼS Cႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSSS CIူCS Cၢႆ ၼႃ CူၺSS ECSၼၢCSSCၼSS ၼMၼSSCCSSCႆ Cူ ၼၼS ၾၢCS ႁၼSၸူCS CူCSSCEၼSAMၼS CUၵS CၢCSSၼCS Cူ CMCSSCCS CႃSEC CEၼSS ၾႆSၶCS

ECႃSၼIUCSCMCSSCMCSSS

ၼSSၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ၽUCSCUၵS CIUၵSS AၼSACS AၢၼS Cႆ

CီSCၢႆEၵႃ ၼၼS

CၼSSၼႆS 

CၢCS ႁၼSCႃ

ၶIUၼS CၢCS CႃSၸူS

Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CECSS

ၶIUၼSSCICSSၵCS ၼႃ ၶMCSCၢၼS CMCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၵCSS

CၼSSACS AၢၼSSၼCS CUCSSCၢႆ Cၢႆ ECCၢၼS CIူCSSS

AၢၼSSCူCSS

CူၺSSၵူ Cီ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSCႆ ၸSEၵႃ CီSS ၵူၼSSACS Cႆ ၸSEၵႃ CီSၼCS Cူ EC S ECႃSECCူ Cီ EႁႃEC CၢၼS CIူCSSCIူၼSCၢၼSCူ CMၼS ၼၢႆSCႃ EC Cၢႆ CECS ECႃ S ECACS CီS CၢCSSCၢCS CCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီS

ၸSၶS AS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၶCS CႃSၸMCSSCႃS ၼSSၵၢၼSCၢၼS CၢၼS CMCSCIူCSSS CIူCS CIUၵSS ၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSCCS ၵႃ ၼၼS CIူၵS CCS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS

ACS CIူၵS Cီ Aၢႆ CၼSSEC

AS CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSSS AS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSS

Cီ ECႃ AၼSCEၼSCၼSSႁECSS Cႃ ၶUၼS ၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ CEၼS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၵၼSCCSSၶCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵMCS CIူCS CၢႆSCၢၼS CၢၼS CMCSCIူCSS CIူCS ၵMၼS

EC CCSS ၵMCS CIူCS Cႆ Cူ CၢၼS ၵႆCၢၼS ၵCS CIူCSSCCSCႃSႁIUCSCCS EC CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၸS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS EC CCSSCၼSS ACS CီSCၢCSSၸCSၸSECႃ ၵၼSS ၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ ၼMၼSSEၽS ၵႃ ၸECSCIူCS 1938S CၼSSACS CီSCUၵS CၢCSSS CီSCUၵS ၼMCS CၼSS AၼSCEၼS CၢၼSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ Cႃ CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSSECCႃ

CIUၵS Eၵႃ AMၼS Cႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၼMၵS EC CၢၼSၵMႃ CၢၼS

ၶCS CIူCSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ 1947S

ACSSၵICS ၶCS Cႆ ၵUCSSၵCSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ

ECႃ CIUCS

58 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIူCS CECS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSၽECS CၢၼS ၵCS CIူCSSCCSCCS S CၼSS ၶS CUၵS CMCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSCUCS CCSCၼSSCႃSS CၼSSCႆ

CMCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS

ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CEၼSCIူCSCS S CMၼS Cႃ ECၶIUၼSSCူၵSSCMCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၶMCSၵူၼSS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cူ CECSၵႃ ၵMCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS Cႆ CEၼSၵၢၼS AၼS CCS CMCS Cီ CUCSSS ECCႆ CူၵSSCMCSCUCSSCႃS CူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS ၸIူCSSCီS ၸMCSSCၢCS CMႆS ACS CIူCSၸIူCSSCၼSၼCS

Cႃ ၼႃSEၵႃ

ACS CီSၽSCUCSSCႃS

CူၺSSၸMCSSS CEၼS Cႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSSEၵႃ Cူ CECSCႆ CCSSၼCSS ၵၢၼSႁECSSAMၵS ၶူCSSၶMCSၸMCSSႁI ူၼSSၽSECSCၼSSEၵႃ ၵIUCSSCIUCSSၵႃ Cႆ ႁIUCSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSECCႃ

CEၼSၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSS ၸMCSSၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSS

CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CIUၼS CၼSCUၼS Cႆ Cီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ

Cီ

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSSS Cႃ ECCႆ ၵႃ ၶၼS ၼIူCSCၢCSSၽS ၶS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC CူၼS ၶႆ CMCSCၢCS ၸMCSSၼၼS CEၼSၵၢၼSCCS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cႃ ECCၢႆS ၶIUCSS A ၸMCSSCႆ CၢCSSၶႆ ၸSS CၢCSSႁၼSCIUCSS CၢCSSၽS ၶS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၼၼS CEၼS CUၼS ၽMၼSSၼႃ ၶMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ၵMCS CIူCS

ၵၢၼSAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CECSSCCSSၵႃ ၼၼS

ၶႃ ႁၢCS

ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS CူCS CIUၼS ၵႃ CCSSCECS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSCECS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS CUCSCMCSEၵႃ

ၵMCS CၢCS ၸS ႁECSSCMCSEC

ႁECSSCႃ CUၼS CECSၽS

CၼSS ၽMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ CီSCူ Cီ ၼMၵS CIူCSSS ၵူၼSSCCSSCIူCSS AMၼSၵၼS A ၵႃ Cႃ ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCMၼSCူCSCIUၼSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS CMႆ CၢCSSCၼSCႃSCႃSၼႆS

ၵၢၼSCMၼSCူCSCIUၼSSၼၼS

Eၽ CEၼSၵၢၼSၵူ CIူCS ၵူ

CၼSSCႆ S ECႃSACS ၸၢCS CMၼSCူCSCIUၼSSEC ႁECSSၵၢၼSၸIUCS ၸCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSS ၵူၼSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSၶၢႆၶCS ACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSEC ႁႃCူCS CIUၼSSCႆ CCS S

ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCႆ ၸSCၢၵS CီSCUၼS CECSၽSCၼSSS

CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSSၸMCSSCCSSCၢႆS ၵၢၼSၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ

ၶCSECCႆ

AၼSCEၵS Cၢႆ

Cူ ၼၼS CCS S ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵူ Eၵႃ ECCႆ ၸMCSSCၢႆCီ CၵSSCIူCSၾICS CIူCSS ၽEၼS ၽEၼS ၼCS CIUၼSCၼSCႆ Cူ CCS S ၵၢၼSAၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS CUၵS ၸSECCIူၼS ၸCSS CEၼSၵၢၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ECႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSS AၼSၵIUၵSSၸMCSSCMႆSCၢCSSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS ACSCၢၵS Cီ ၼၼS CCS S CၢႆCIူCSCIူCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSCီCEၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ACS CECSCူၼS ၼၼS ႁECSSAS CIူCSSCၢCS ၵIၼSSCႃSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSၸSၶS AIUCSSႁၢCS CCS ၵၢၼSECႃ ၵၢၼS CMCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSA CMၵSSAူၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS

ၵCS ၼCSCCS ၶS CIUCS CီSCMႆSCၢCSS CIူၼSCၢၼSၵူ CMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACSၶECSS CMႆ CၼSၸCSSႁECSS CMႆSCူCSCMCSCMႆSၵMၺSSS Cီ CIူCSSCEၼSCီ AၼSCICSS ၸCSSၵၼSCႆ CCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS EC CီSCMႆSCၢCSSCCSSၼCS AၼSCႃSၵၢၼS ECႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSSS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS CIူCSCS ACSCူCSCIUၼSSၶMၼS AၼSCႆ Cီ CMႆS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ACS ၶS ႁCS ACSCူCSCIUၼSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSAၼS Cႆ ႁI ူCS CႆၶႆSCMႆ ႁႃACSCႃSEC ECႃ CMCSSCUCSSCီ CMႆSၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS CူCSCIUၼSSၶMၼS ၸIူCSSၵECSSCႆ Cီ CMႆSCူCSCMCSCMႆSၼၼS CူၵSSCCS CူCSCIUၼSSၵMCS ၵၢCS Cႃ ၸMႆ CECSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၼSSS ၸCS ၾႃ CၢCS CIူCSSEC ACS CUၵS ၸS CၢႆS ႁECSSCၢႆSCၢCS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S AMၼSၵၼSCႃ ႁCSSၵၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ

CEၼSၵူၼSSCူCSCMCS AECSCီSၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆCCS S ၵECS CIူၺS ၵႃ ၶၼSၸူCS CၢၼSၵူၼSSၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၼS ၸMCSSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CEၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ CEၼS ၸCS ၵECSCIူCSS Cႃ CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSS CIူၼSၸIူCS Cီ Aၢႆ CၼSSS CၢႆSEC EC EC EC CIUCS CၼSS CECS ၵႃ ၼၼS CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSACS CီSAMCS Cီ AၼSECACS Cႆ Cႃ CEၼSႁI ူၼSSS Cႆ CူၼS Cူ ၸMCSS ACSSCCSSၶIUၼS ႁEၼSS Cီ CECSSCIူCS S CူၼS CီSS Cႃ ၸီ CICS 1ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CCS CIၵS CCS CၢႆSၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSAူၺSSEၵႃ CီCၼSSS ၾၢႆ CIUၼSSၼႆ CEၼSCၢႆSၾၢႆ AၼSCၼSSCူၼSၸSECCIူၼS S ၸECSCIူCS CၼSSACS Cႆ CီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECၵႃ ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSS Cီ AECSCီSၵSS CၼSSCMၵS ႁႃCူCႃS CCS CIၵS ၸIူCSSCECS Cႆ ၶIူCSSၵၢၼSCUၵS ၽIUၼS AECSCီSၵSS EC CMCS ၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSS CIူCSSAECSCီSၵSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CIူCS Cႆ CူCMCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIူၵS CCS CူCSCMCSၸUC I S Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A CူCS CႃSCႃ Cီ CူCSCၼSS CီSၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ၵၢCS ၽECS CECS CMCS ACS 1 Darjeeling, India

60 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၽECS CECSSၵၼS ၸIူCSSCီSCႆ ႁICSSACSSCၼSSၼၼS S ၸECSCIူCS CၢၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ACS ႁၼSCႃS CMCS ၸCS Aူ CၼSS ႁIUCS AMၵS ECSCၼSS CၢႆCၢႆEၵႃ CၢႆCၢႆၵCSS Cႃ ACSECSEၵႃ CS CECS S CIူCS CၢၼSၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS CIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cီ Aၢႆ CၼSS ၸS ၽICSSႁECSSCMCSCႃS CၢႆCၢႆၵCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

CECSSCCSSCႆ

ECACS ၵIၼSၸIၵSSၵIၼSAၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSS ECCMCSCၢCS

ၽMၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၼႆCCS S ၵၢၼSAၼSၵECSSၶMၼS ၼIူCS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSS ၼၼS CIူၼSCCSSၵIၼSၸIၵSSၵIၼSAၼSCIူၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CMCSSႁCS Cႆ CႃSCႃSS CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS Cီ ၶၢCSSCၢCSS AၼSၼIူCS CMၵS CႃSS Aႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS AူSCၢၼS AMၼSၶEၵS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶCS CႃSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS ၼSSEႁႃ AၼSႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႆ ၽECS ၽECS S ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS

CEၼSCူCSCEၼSS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS2S

ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႆSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၼSS CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ၵCSSCၢၼS ၼSSEၵ CႆS EC CIUၵSSCၢၼS S “ၼCS EC ... CီSCMCS CၢCSSCCSEC ၽECSCႃSCီ ႁႃS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁCS CMၼS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၼCS ၼIူCSCၢႆCCS ၼၼS S CူၺSSCၼSSEၵႃ CECS Cူ CၢCS ၶၢၼSၸSCႆ ႁCSSCၼSSS “EAႃ ၶႃ ... ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ၸCS ACS ၾႃ CMႆ ၶႃ ႁCSS CႃSၸူSၸCS ECႃ ႁCSSEAႃ S CၼSSၶS EၶႃCMၼSS Cီ ၸCS ECႃ ႁCSS CMCS CၢCSSAၼSၼIူCS ၼႆၶႃ Cႃ ” ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CၢCS CCSSCECSAMၼS AMၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၵMCS ၵႆ EC CEၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSCCSS “CၢCS EC ... CီSCMCS CၢCSSCCSCႃ ” “ၸCS ECႃ CူCSၶႃ ...” 2 Special Commissioner, CACူSCIUCSSCCSSMC ီS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူၺSSႁၢCS CၼSSCၢCS CၢCS Cႆ S “ၸIူCS ၼႆၶႃ EAႃ S CUၼS CူCSၵMCSၵၢCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၼႆ ၶS ႁECSS CMႆS ECႃ CMႆSCMCSS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼႆၶႃ EAႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶUၼSCူCSEၵႃ ၶS AS ၸCS ECႃ CူCSႁCSS ၸMႆ CECSၶCSSၶIUCSCၼSAICSSၼIူCS ၼႆၶႃ EAႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵIUCS ၵၢCS

CူၵSSၼCS CIUCS CIUCS S CၼSSACS CUCS A

CၼSSCႆ ECAICSSS “CၢCS ၸSCူ ၶIUၼSSCၢCS EၼCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS CူSS ႁႃSACS CMCS ၸS CီCီ” CူCSCEၼSS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSEၵႃ ၶEၼSSCူ CၢCS CႃSS ACS CီSCMCS CၢCSSCCSEC CူCSSၵCSCူCSCႃSCၼSSCူ ႁCSSCၼSSS “EAႃ ၶႃ ... ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၶCS CူCS CူCSCIUၼSSCႆ EAႃ S ECႃSႁECSS CMႆS ECႃ CMႆSCMCSS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၶEၼSSECၵIUၼSS ACS ၸS ၶႃ ႁႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS ၸUCSS Cီ Cႃ CECS CႃSCႆ Cီ ၶUၼSCူCSႁCSSCႃ ...” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CUၵS CIUCSSၽၢႆ ၶႃEၼECၸUၵSSS CMCS Cႃ

ECႃSCႆ

CCS S Cႃ ECCIUCS CၢCS CECS CCS S CႆCၼS ၽIူၼSEC CႃSၸူSၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS S CၢCS EၼCၼSSCႃ “ၶIUၼSSၵႃ CၢCS Eၼ ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSCူEC S CMCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSႁႃS ECCႆ ၶၢCS CUCSS ႁECSSCMႆSECႃ CMႆSCMCSS Cႃ CူCSၵMCSၵၢCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS Cႃ ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ ႁႃSACS ၽMCS Cႆ ၼႆEC S ၵECS CIူၺS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSS ၵၢCSၸSႁႃSCီSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSA CီCီCူ CူS” ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၸSCS CူၺSSၵႃ CၢCSS Aႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS AူSCၢၼS S ၵူၺSSၼႃ AူSCၢၼS CၢCS Cႃ S “AၼSၸCS ECႃ CူCSႁCSS CူCSCၢCS ၵႃ ၼၼS

CIၼSSCူ ACS ၸS

Eၼ S ၶႆ Eၼ ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶႃ EC S ECႃSECCူCS CCSS ၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCၢႆSၼႆEၵႃ ၶႃ ECCIူCSSCECS CၼS Cီ ACS CUCSSၶႃ ႁCSSCူ ”

62 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CူCSCEၼSS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSEၵႃ Cၢႆ ACSECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC AMၵS ACS CUCSS ၸMCSSAူSCၢၼS ၵႃ S ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS CၢၵS ၵႃ EC S CၼSSCႆၵႃ ၸူS ASCECSSEC CUCS CူၺSSၼCS Cူ ၶECSၶECSCူCS AၼSCEၼSCၢႆၸSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS S ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSၼႆ

CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CူCS

CIူCSSAၼS

CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CၢCS CMၼS CICS ၵၼSCCSS Cီ ၼၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSECႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSၸSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ

CၼSSA CီCီCူ S

ၵECS CIူၺS

CMCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

CUၵSSCMၼSSCႃSၼၼS ၵMCS CCSCၼSSCCS CMႆ ၵူၼSSCႃSCၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CၢၼS ၶCSEC EၼS CMCS CႆSႁECSSCၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼၼS CႃS Cႃ EC S Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS EC ၼMၵS EC CၢCSCႃ CEၼS Eၶ ၵၼSၼၼS ႁၢCS CCS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSS ၵူ CၢCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS ႁၼSEၽSၶEၼS CIူCSSၼႃ AၼSECCူၵSSCIUCSCူCSCၼSSCႃSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CMCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CUၵSS CMၼSSCႃSၼၼS ACS CEၼS CMCS CၢCSSCၼSSEC ACS CMCSSႁCS ၸIူCS ၼႆS CIူCS AူSCၢၼS

CMႆ ၾၵSSCူEC

CIUၵS ၸUၵSSCႆ Cီ ASCECSSS ၼSSCႆSၼႆ

ၶCS CႃSၼၼS

Cႆ Cႃ

AူSCၢၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၵူၼSSCUCS

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၼSSCIူၼS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSCၼSS ECႃ CIUCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ Cၢႆ ၼႃ CူၺSSCၼSSS “ၶႃ Cႆ ၸS ၵၢCSၸSၸCS ECႃ CူCSႁCSS Cႆ ၼIူCSၵၢၼSECႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSS Cူ EAႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ...” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS CူCS CီSCCS CူS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSၵၢCSSCECS S ၶMၼSSACSEC ၼCS Cီ ၽIူၼSCၼSSS ACS CီSၸSၶS CၢCS ၵၢCSSECႃ AူSCၢၼS ECAICSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

AူSCၢၼS

Eၵႃ ႁECSSၵECS ACS A EC CIUCSCၢCS S “ၶႃ ၶS AS

ၸCS ECႃ ႁCSS ၾၢCS CူCSCႆ EAႃ S ၽSEၵႃ

CၢCS ၶCSSECႃ CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSCႃSECCMၵS ၶႃ ”

ACS Cႆ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ Cူ S ၼၼS CEၼSၵၢၼSၶCSCူSS ACS ၸS ၵၢၼSႁCSS” “ၶႃ EC ACS CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼၼSS ၸၢCS ႁECSSၶEၼSECႃ ႁCSSEAႃ ” “Eၼ ... ၶS A S CIူCSSႁCSSEၵႃ CီSၾICS CIူCSS CIူCSSႁCSSAIူCS S ၶS Cၢႆ Eၵႃ CၢႆCႃ S ႁႃSEC ECၵECS EၶႁၵS Cႃ ၾICS CIူCSS CIူCSSႁCSSၵႃ ၵႃ ” ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၢCS CႃSS CICSSACSၼECS ၽIUၼSCၢႆS ၼECS ၼIူCS EC ၾၢၼS CူၺSSCူ ႁCSSCၼSSS CMCS Cႃ ACS CူCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSCECS CCS ၼႆS CIူCS AူSCၢၼS AMၵS ၵႃ ၼၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cႆ CIၼSSAူSCၢၼS

ၶCSSႁCSS

CၼSSCႃ CIူCSSၼႆ ACS ၸS CIူCSSAECSCီSၵSS ၼႆၵMၼS S CIူCS ၵၢCSCၼSSၼၼS EC ACS CီSၵၢၼSCCS ၶEၼSSCႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSEC AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၽၢၵS CUၼS ၼCS Cူ ၼၼS S CၼSS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCၢၼSS ႁႃ CICSSEC ၸS CEၵS CူၼSCႆ Cီ AMCS CIၼSၵCS CၢCSSCႃ ၼၼS S AၢCS AၢၼSSၽUၵS CMCS CူၼS CၢၵS ၸMၵSS AS ECႃSCEၼSCူCSCၢCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS Cႆ CႃSCECS ႁEၼSSEC CIူCS ၽUၵS CMCS ၸMCSSS ၵၢၼSCူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ Cႆ CူCS CMCSSၵႃ ၵMCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSS ၵMCS CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၵူၼSSCICSS ၸIူCSSႁECSSCီ ၶူCSSၵၢၼSCၼSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CူCSCIUCSSၵႃ CECS

CMCS CီၸSCUၵS CၢၵS

ၼSSCUCSSၼၼS S ACSၽႃ Cီ CၢCSSCူCSCၢၵS ၼIူCS

AၼSCႆ ACS ႁၼSCႃS Cီ ႁECSSCၢၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

EC CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ ၽECS CUCSSၸIူCSSCီSၼIူCSCIၼSCCS AၼSCီS ၽUၼS CS CMၼSSCၢၵS CီၼၼS Cူ CCS S ႁECSSCၢၼSSCCSSCECS Eၵႃ

ၵIUCS ၵၢCS

ၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS AၢCSSCူၺSS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS CIUCSSCၢၵS ACSEC ၶCS ACS ႁECSS ၵၢၼSၸC M SSၶCSၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶCSEၵႃ AMၼSၵၼSCIူCSSၶCSSၸSႁECSSၵၢၼSCIူCS ECၵCS S ၼMၵS EC CူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢၼSSၽUၵS CၢၵS ၵECSS Eၵႃ ၾီ S CူCS CIၼSS ၶICSS CူCS ၶူၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECCႆ CS ၸၢၵS CႆS ၸၢၵS CUၺSCIၼS ၸIူCSSCႆ CCS CIUCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၵMၼS S ***

64 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼႃ CၼSSCIူၼSCီ CူၼSS CၼSSၼIူCS S CEၼSCၼSSCီ 22 CIူၼSCၢၶMS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၵႃ EC CMႆSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S

AၼSCEၼSCMႆS

ၵူၼSSၵIUၼSSECCIူၼS ၼSSၸIUCS CႆSCCS S Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ ၼႆ CီSၼIူCSၶူၼSCၢCSS ၵႃS ၵႃ CECSSCႃ CIူCS S CီSၽၢႆ CၼSSCူၵSSCီ ECႃ S ၵႆCMၵS AၵSSCၵSSS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS ၸICS ၼႃ

ၶCSSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၸMCSSၶူၼSCၢCSS

CူCSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ ၵMၺSSS Cီ EC CၼSS ၵECS ၼႃ S ၵUCS ၶCSSCႃ ၵႃSCCSSၼIူCS ၵMၺSSEC CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵႃSၶCS ၵIၼSSEC EC S CEၼSCMႆSAၼSCႆ ႁECSS ၼIူCS Cီ CSၼIူCS CMၵS ၵMၺSSEC ၵူၼSSၵIUၼSSAIUၵS AIUၵS CူCSCႆ S Cႆ EC ၵူၼSSCႆCIၼS ၼIူCSCၢCSSEC Cႃ ၵူၼSS ၶCSSၵႃSၶCS CၢCS ၸSၼႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸူCSSCႃ Cႆ ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢCSCီ CIူၼS ၵMCS ၵူၼSSႁICSSACSSCၼSSCCSSCECS CS CMCSSCMႆSCူCSၼႆ ACS ၸS Eၼ S AMၼS CICSS ၸCSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸIUCS Cႃ CူၺSS ၼၼS CECS ႁၢCS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCIူCS Cၢႆ CီၶၢCS CS CၢၵS CUCS CECSCECS ACSၶCSSၵUCSSCႆ ၼၼS

CIၼS CူCS CီၶCSSS CႃSCCSSCEၼS CၢႆEၶႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ႁၢCS CီCႆ EC CCS S ၶူၼSACSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCၢCSSCIUCSCMCS ၼMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸMၵSSCႆ CIူၼSၼၢCSSCႆSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၵSSAႆ CMၵS ၶCS CEၵS Cႆ ၵMၼS S ၽIူCS CECS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS CCS CူCS Eၵႃ CူၺSS CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ “ၸCS EC ၼႆ CIUCS ႁIUCSCIUCS CIူၼSၼၢCSSCႆSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSCCS Cႃ ” CူၺS ၸSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS EC “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSACS CUCSCၢၼS ၼႆ ၶEၼSSECCIူၼSCီCီၶႃ EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ECႃSCူCူၼSၸSၼIူCSCMႆSၼႆ

CၢၼS ၶIUCS ႁCSSCူၼSၸSၵMၺSSEၵႃ

EC EC ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS EၼEC CICSSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S

Cီ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၵၢCSၸSႁCSS CီSၼIူCSCMႆSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆ CူEၵႃ A Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSၶS AS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS CီSCၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၺSS” ၵECS CIူၺS CMႆS ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CီCီCူ S CၼSSACS CူCSCMႆSS ACS CIUCS ၽUCSၵူၼSSၼCSS ECCႆ CECS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS

Cူ Eၵ ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ

ACS ၶS Cူ S CIူCS Cႆ ၼUCS

ၶူCSS ႁECSSၵၢၼS CီၶMၼS EC EC CူၺSSၼSSCၢCSEႁ CUၵSSCၢCS CSS CIူCS Cႆ CူCSSCူၺSS ၼSSၼႃ ၵၢၼSၶMCSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSCSS CIူCS ၽECSၼSSၶူCSS ၵၢၼSCSၼၼS ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၼS CIူCSSCႆ Cႃ EC AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CီCီCူ S CIUCS ၸCSၵၢCS ECႃ CIUCS ၵႃSCSS ECႃ CSS ၵူၼSSCS ၼCSCႃSၵCS CႃSS ၵႃSCူCSCၢCS ၵူၼSS

CီSၵူ CၢCS ၵူ CEၼSSၵူ CီS

ႁI ူၼSSၵႃSၶCSၼၼS Eၵႃ

CEၼSၼCS CIUCSS ECႃCIUCSSEၶ ၶCS ႁECSSCီ CIူCSSၼႆ ၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၵႃSၶCSCCS CႃSCီECႃSCEၼSSCၢႆSCူCSCႆ S ၵူၼSSECSၵႃSၶCSEၵႃ

ႁႃCႆ ၶIူCS ၶူCSSCSEၵႃ

Cႆ CEၼSSCS CူၼS ECS CIUCS CၢႆၸSၵႃSၸIူCSSၼႆ CႃSS ၵႃSၸIူCSSၼႆ Eၵႃ

Cႆ

CEၵS Cၢႆ ၾၢCSႁၢCS ၵူ CၢCS CၢCS CႃS CၢႆCၢၼSCCS CူSS ECႃ CူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ACS ECႃSCီSCၢCSSCၢၵS CၢႆSCCSS ၸECS CIူCS ၵCS ၾႃ EC CႃSၼၼS CEၼSၸIူCS ၼႆၵMၺSSS CူCSSCၢၼSCူCSCMCSCူCS CIUCS ACSECႃ AၼSCီSCၢၵS CMCSAၺS ၼၼS S CၢCS CCSSCS CMCSSECႃ

Cႃ Eႁ

CECS S ECႃ CၢCS CCSSၼႆ ECႃSAMၵS ႁI ူၼSSၶCSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CၢႆCၼSSCၢႆCူCS CCS S ၸCS ECႃ ၶCS ECႃSႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃS Cႃ CIUCS CCSSၼSSCၢCSCMႆSS CUၵS AMၼS CၢCS Eၵႃ CCS

CႆၸMCSSECႃ CႃSECCႃ

ၵMCS CIူCS CIူၼS CူၺSSၸMCSS

CၢCSSCႃSEC ACS CၼSSၶIUCSSECႃ ၶCSCီCီS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺSSၵူၼSSၸIူCSS CႆCႃSၼၼS S CIူCSCS CၼSS CၵSSCႃ CူၺSS ၵူၼSSCႆS ၸIူCSSCူ CၢၼS ႁICSSACSSS ၸIူCSSၼUCS ၶူCSSCီၶC ူ SSCၢCSSEC CႃS ၶCS CMႆSၼၼS S ၼၢCSSCICSSၵCS ၼCS ၼUCS CIူCS ၶၢCS EC CIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ S CIUCSSၵUCSSၽIူCSSCႃ Eႁ CECS S ၵCS ၼCSEC CႃSCၢCSSၶၢႆ Cႃ CၢႆSၶၢႆၼSSCMႆSS CၢႆSၶCS ACSၵူၺSCMCSAၺS CMCS ၵၼSSECႁၢCS CႆCႃSၼၼS CီCူၺSSEC

66 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS EC S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCSEC ၼUCS CIူCS CၼS ၶMၼS CCSSၵူၼSACS CူCS S CECSS Aႆ Cႃ EC CႆCႃSCၢCSSၼႃ ၸUCSSၼၢCSSCICSSၶCSS ၶCSEC ACS ECႃ CၢCSSၶၢႆ CCSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CCSSCီ ၼၼS S

ၼSSCူCSCႃSၶCSEC CႃSCူCSCIUၼSS ၸIူCSSAၼSၶCSACSCႃS ၶCSECCႃSECႃ CႃSCMCSSၼSSCMႆS

ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSၶCS

CCS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSA ၵႃSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSၼၼS EC ၶUCS ၼCS ႁICSSCၢCSSEC Cႆ ၸCS ၾႃ ၼCS ၾICS CUCSSCIူCS ၵMၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽECSCႃSၼSSၵၢCSCၢCS CMႆSS ECႃSၶၢCSSCMCS ၼႃSၸIUCS CၢCS CMႆSCူCSၼႆ CူCS ၼႃSCူCSS CၢCS CMႆSၼႆ

ECၵၢCS CMၵS

ECCEၼS

CၢCS CၢၵS ၼCSCMCS CICSSCၢCS S

ၽၢႆ ACS CၢCSSၵႃS CီSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S ၵူၼSSCႃSCႆ Mၽ ႃSS CMၼSSCူSCီ Mၽ ႃSၼႆ ၼCSCႃ ၼCSS ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ ၼႆ CIူၼSၵMCSSCူSS CEၼSႁၢCS ႁICS ၶMCS Cႆ EC CႃSCUၼSCႆ S Cီ CၢႆCMCS ၵMCSSEC CၢCS CီS AၼSACSCIUၼSSၶCSSCECSၵECS ၵူ CၢCS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ECႃSECACSCIUၼSSCIူCS ၵMၼS Cႃ EC ၼၢCSSCႆSAMၼS CIူCSSCၢCSSCူCS AၼSCီSCၢCSSCECSSၼCS ၶCSSၸCS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ႁIၵS ၸIUCS Cႃ ၸCS ၼၢCSSCMၼSSၼႆ Cႆ CႃSCူ Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ ACSSCႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS S ၸCS ၼၢCSSCMၼSS ACS Cူ Cႆ Cီ CIူCSSACSSCႃ EC CၵS Cၢႆ AMၵS CIူCSSCႃSEC CႃSCIUCS Cီ ၵၢCS ECႃ S ၵMCS CIူCS Cႆ CCS ACS ၽECSCႃS Cီ CၢၼS ၵCS CIူCSSCCSEC ၸCS ၸူCSSCူCSCၢCS EC AS CEၼSCီ CၢႆCMCSSၼႆ Eၵႃ ၵMCSSCူSCႆ Cီ ၵၢCS ECႃ ၼႆ ၼႆCCS S3 ၵူၼSSEၵႃ AICS ၵၼSၽIUCS ၵၼSS ၵူၼSSၵူ ၶIူCSS CၢCS ၵၢCSSၶIူCSSၽS ၶIူCSSCၼSSCူ EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵၢCSSၵူ ၶIူCSSၶIူCSS ၶူၼSSၶCSS

ECႃSECSၵၼSCႆ S ၸUCSSၸၢCS CECSSCၢၼS ၶCSEၵႃ ၽIUၵSSၽECSSၵၢCSS Cႃ EC ၵႃ EၼၶCS ၼႆ S

ႁၢၼS CၢCSSၵIၼSCCSSၼCS

AMၼSႁUCSCIUCS ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSS

EC Cႆ ၺIၼSSAၢႆ ၽၵSSၵူ Cီ S ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCူ ၼIူCSCMႆၶCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CႃSCီၵူ CၢCS EC ႁၢCS CီCႆ ၼCS ၵCS EC S Cီ ၶူCSSၼUCS

3 ECႃSACSASူ CIUၼSSCႃ EC ECCႆ CEၼS CIူCSSCူSၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AICSSၵIူCSS EC CMCSSၽICSSEC CECS Cႆ CEၼSCIူCSSACSSCႃ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼၢCSSCICSSၶၢCSၶCS AၼSCႃSCီCCSCီCECSEC CCSS Cီ CူCSCႃSၶCSEC CCS ACSၶECSSCIUၼSSAႆ EC ႁၢCS ၶIူCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cီ ၽEၼS ၸEၼSCူၵS CၢၵS ၵၢCS ၶCS

ၼၼS EC ACS CS Cႆ ၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၼSSCMႆၸIူCSSၽUၵS ၼECS ၼIူCSCMႆၽၢႆ ACS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACSၶECSSCIUၼSS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ Cီ ၶEၼSSACSၶCSEC ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSS CီၸCS Cႆ S ၼၢCSSCICSSCီ ECႃSၶCSEC CECS ၵIUၵSSၵၼSCႆ S

CMCS Cူ ၶCSEC

ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSCီCCSၽECS ၽECS CူCS

ၵMၺSSS CIူCS ၶူCSS ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၶCSEC ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၶCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ECႃACSCၼS ၽEၼS Cီၵူ CၢCS ACS ECႃSCEၵS CIူCS ၵၼSCCSS

ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCၢၼS ၶCSEC Eၵႃ ၼUCS ၽႃ CူCS

AၼSCၢႆSၵၼSCCSS CIၼS CူCS ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၶCSS CီCCSS EC CၢႆSCMၵSSၶCS EC ACS CIူၼS ၼCS ၵCS EC S ၼMၵS ECၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႃ ၶႃ 4S CၢCS ၵႃ Cီ 5S Cူ Cႃ CICS 6S Eၶ ၶCS ၶူၼSSၶCSSECႃSECSၵၼSCႆ S ၼSSၽUCSၵူၼSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၵIUၵSSCIူCSSၶCSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Eၵႃ CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS EၶႃSEၶSCEၼSS7Eၵႃ

ၼIူCS Eၵႃ CႃSၸMCSSၶCSCႆ CCS S CUCS CIူCSSAၼSၼႆ ACS CီSၵူၼSSCူ CCSSၼCS ECCႃ Eၵႃ CMႆSCီ ၼၼS CီSၵူၼSSၶCS CMၵS CၢCSCEၼSCၢႆCူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AီSၽIUCS ၶCS Eၵ ၽUCSၵူၼSSEC ၽECSၵႃ CၢCSS ECႃ ECႃ CူCS ၸIူCSSၵၢႆ Cႆ Cႃ Cီ ၼMCS CႃSCMႆSၶCS CIUCS CCSSၸူCS ၵECS S Cီ ၼႃ ECႃ ECႃ ၼၼS CီSၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS CႆSၶCS ႁCS CMၼS Cႆ S CEၼSၶCSSCၢႆ EၵႃႁCS CMၼS ၶEၵS ၶCS AၼSၼIူCS S CICSSCႆSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼUCS CIၼS Cၢႆ Cီ CCSSၼCS ACSSၾႃ ၼၼS ၼMCS CIUၼS CၼSၶူCS CMၵS S CူၺSSႁၢCS ၶCS CECS Cီ AၢႆCIူၼS Cႆ EC ၶူCSၶIၵSSၶIၵSSCူ ႁCSSၶCSCCS S ၽICSၼIူCS ၶCSၼႆ AူၼS ၼူၼSSS CၢၵS Cႃ EC ၶူၼSACS CCS CCSCCSEC ႁၢCS CီၼCS CMၵS ၸIူCSSAၼSႁႃ CၢCS CIူၼSSၼၼS CCS S ECႃ ECႃ ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ AၼSၼSSCMႆSCႆ EC

ၵၢႆ Cႆ CCSSCႆ ၵူCS ၼCS ECႃ ECႃ CၢCS

ၶS CIူၼSCUCS CူCSCCSၼIူCS Cႆ S ၼIူCSၽၢၵS ၼၼS

4 Nepalis, ၵႃSCႃS CIူCSSၼီ ECႃSCS 5 Bengalis, ၵႃSCႃS CIူCSSCCSSၵCႃSCECS 6 Muslims 7 Caucasian

CIူCS

68 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢၼSSCIူCSSCႆ S ႁECSSCႆ ႁၢၼS CUCSCီ ၼIူCS EC CIူCS ၵMCSSCMၼSSၶCS Cီ Cႃ AၼSACSCႆCIUၼSSCႆၶCSSCMႆCႆ ၼၼS S AMၼSႁCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ၼCS Cီ ၼၼS S Cီ ၼIူCSၽၢၵS AၼSCIူCS CၢၼSSCIူCSSCႆ ၼၼS CီSၵူၼSSၼCS Cႆ CMၵS Cီ ႁႃ CၢၵS S AMၼSၵၼSCS Cႆ Cႃ ၵၼS ECႃSၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ECCEၼS ၽူ CS ၼၼS CႃSCCSSCၢၼS AၼSCႃS ၵူၺS S ၼECS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၶUCS ၶCS ၵၢၼSS CႃSၸူS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၶၢCSSၶICSSCၼSSS ECႃSၽECSၼႃ ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ Eၶႃ CMၼSSCႃ ၵၼS ECႃSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACSCIUCSSCၼSSCIူCS CၢၼS ၼၼS EC

EၼCႃ CၢCSSCၼSCူ ၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၼၼS ၵူၼSSAၢၼS ACSCၢၵS AMၼSၵၼSၶUCS Cႆ ၵၼS ECႃSၽECS ၽECS S Eၵႃ CEၼSၽူ CS CCS

AMၼSCႃ ၵၢCSSၵၼS ECႃS

CCSSၾၢႆ CႆSS

ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ Cႃ ၸMCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ Cႆ CၼSCMၼSS AS CUၼS CၢၼS CၢၵS CီS ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSၽSCၼSSၼႆCCS S ECႃSၵၼS ECႃSCCS Eၵႃ CIူၼSႁၢCS CူCSၸSCူCSEၶႃSၵႃ S Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CUCS CႃSၸူS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၶၢCSSၶICSSCၼSSEC CူCS CၵS ၵၢCSSCူ CီၵIၼSCၢၼSS ၵMCS Cႆ CၢCS ၵၢCSSECႃ ၸCS ၾႃ EC

ၽSၽSEၵႃ

ၸူCSSCIူCSSCႆ S Cူ CIူCSSၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS CIူၵS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CႃSCCS

ၼႃ

ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSSၽSCၼSSၵူ CMCS S CၢCS Eၵႃ CCS Cႃ ECႃSCီSCၢCSSCူCS ၶS ACS CUၵS CၢၼSၶCS ၸS ၼSSEႁႃCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၼႆS CၢCS Eၵႃ CႃSCMၼSSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸS

ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCUၼS CECSၶCSEC CCSS

ၵၢၼSၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCူၼSEC

CCSS CၢCS Eၵႃ ႁCS ၸCS ၾႃ AS CIူCSSEC CMႆSCီ CၢၼS ၶCSS Cီ Cူ CIူCSS ၵူCS CူCSS CႃSCႃS ၶMCS ၶCSၶCSAၼSၼIူCS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS CEၼSၵူၼSSႁECSSၼႃS ၶMCS ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CႃS ၵူ CIUCS ၵူ CၢၼSS CၢၼS ၶCSCီSႁICSSၼCS Cီ S ၵMCS ၶCS ACS AMၵS CီEC

ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS Cႆ CၼSၶMၼS ၼႃSEၵႃ

CီSCEၼS

CMCSCီ CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶS AS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSSCMႆ CၼSၼီ ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CIူCS Cူ CIူCSSCၢCS CCS Cူ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ ၵၼSၵCSSၼIူCS S ၵECS CIူၺS ၼႃSၸIူCSS AၼSCၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ႁECSSCူ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AUCS ၵUCSၵၼSCCS CCS S ၼႃSၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ CီSCEၼSEA ၵႃ ACSCIUၼS S ၶႃCECSSCCSSCႆ Cႃ ACSၼႃSၸIူCSS ၼၼS AၢCS CၼSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSႁECSSၼႃSCူ ECႃ CECSၼႆ S ၵူၼSSႁECSSၼႃS ECCIူCS ၼႃSCႃSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CၢCS CIူCSSEC ACS CUၵS ၸSၵၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ S ၽMCSSၶၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSSၸSCႃ CUၵS CီCႆEC ၼSSCMႆSS Cူ ႁECSCူ CIူCSSၶCS CIUၵS CMCS ACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ S ECႃSEC ၵUCSၵၼSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆ ECCႆ ACSၶၢCSSCၢCSSEC EC S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS EC CS Cႆ CCS S CႃSCCSS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CMCSEၵႃ S ၽူ Cၢႆ

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSCMCES ၵႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႆၶCS CႃSၼSSCMႆSS AMၼS CၢCSSCUCSS CႆCႃSၸူSၶၢCS CMႆSAၼSၶၢႆၶူCSSၵူ CၢCS ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSၶၢႆၸၢCSSCႆS EC

ၵူၼSSၵIUၵSSCIူCSSၼIူCSCၼSCMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS EC

ECႃ EC CUCS EၼEC

ၸၼSၸSၵူၼSSCIUCS ၶCSS ၵူၼSSၶၢႆCၢၼS EC ၵႃSCႃSၶCSEC CEၼS CၢCS EC ACS ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၶCS AS CIUCS CၢCSSၶၢႆၶCSS Cႆ ႁၼSၶူCSSၸS ၶူCSSCMႆ CECSCၢCS CMႆS Cႆ EC

CUၵS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCS S

CူCSCၼSSACS CCS CICSSCူCS

CIUၼSSS ၶS Cႆ CCSEၵႃ ၸီ CIUCSSCူCSၵႃ ၵMၺSSS Eၵႃ CEၼSၽူ Cၢႆ ECCMၼS CူCS ECၶCSSၶIUCS Cႃ ECECႃ ACSၶူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CIူCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS ၵUCSS CႆS AၼSႁၢCS CီCီၼၼS CCSSၼCSS CCS ၼCS AၼSACSCၢၵS ၼCS CCS ႁECSSCႆ S CIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ AၼSACSCIUCSSECႃSS CူSCCSSၶECSSၵူ CၢCS S ႁUၼS EA ၸIူCSSACSCႆ CၢCSS ႁECSSCႆ S ၵMၵSSCူၼSSS CၢCS S AECS CၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CၢႆၸIူCS CၢႆCၢCS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆ CၢCS ၼIူCS ၵCSS CIUCS ၼIူCS AၼSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSS EC Eၵႃ CEၼSၽူ Cၢႆ AၢCSSEၵႃ AၢCSSEC ၸSCUၵS CၢၵS ၸMCSSCႃSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CူၼS CူၺSS CIူCSCEၼSၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSS CၢႆSECCႆ CMၼS CICS ၵၼS

CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS S CၼSSCUၵS ၸSCၢCSၼၢCSSCMႆSCၢCSSၸIူCS ၼႆS ႁၢၼS ၸS ၵMCS Cႆ CၢၵS CီSCီCEၼSCICS CUCSၸIူCS ၼႆS ၼႆ CEၼSCMၵS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

AၼSCႆ CၢCS ႁၢCS CIUCS ၶူCSSၶMCS Cႆ ၸၢႆ CူCS

70 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSCၼSSS CူၼS CCS CူၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSSႁCSSၸCS ၵCS CUၵS CီECႃSCCS ၼႆS Aၢႆ ACSCီ ၽၵSSၶCS Cီ ႁၢၼS CၢCSSၵIၼSၼၼS ၸၼSၸS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ EC EC S CၢCSSၵIၼSCIUၼS CၢၼS ACS ၵႃS CီSCႃSCၢCSSၵIၼSCMႆ ၵူ CၢCS S CMCS Cႃ ၶCS CၢၼS EC CူCS CီSCၢႆၸIူCS CၢႆCၢCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CၢCS ႁၼSCႃSECCMၵS S Cႆ ႁၼS CIူCS ACSၸIူCSSCS ၼSSၽၵSS CIူၼSၼCS Cႃ Cႃ Cႃ S CECS ၽၵSSၵၢCS S CECS ၽၵSSၵီSS Cႆ CEၼSႁI ူCS S CၢၵS ၽICS ႁECS S ၼCS CၢၼSS ၶECSSCူCS ၼCS CCSSၼCSS CIူCS Eၵႃ CIူCS S ၶS Cႆ CႃၼCS CၢၼS ၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ Cႆ S CၢၵS Cႆ CၢၵS CMၵS ၼႆEၵႃ CၢၵS ၸMၵSSAၺS CS CS S CၢၵS AူCSS ၸIူCSSၼCS ၵIUၼSSCႆ S CၢၵS ၶႃ ၶUCS S CၢၵS A CECS CူCS CSS ၵူၺS CီSCCSSၼCSS ၵူၺS ၼႆEၵႃ ECCီSCMၵS CICSSCMCSၸIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CIူၼS ၵၼS ၸS ၶS CIUCS CၢၵS CၢၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS CၼSS Cႆ Cႃ ECCIUCS CၢCSSၵIၼSၵႃ ၼMၵS ၼႆCႃ S CECS Cီ ၼIူCS AၼSCီCူၼSၸSၸCSS Cီ ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSCCSSCၢႆ CIUCS ၵIၼS CၢCSSၵIၼSၼၼS CCS S CီSႁၢၼS ၶCS CMႆSEၶ AၼSၶၢႆCၢCS CEၼS AၼS ၵၼSSECႃSCUၵS Cူ ၼၼS S ႁၢၼS ၶCS CMႆSCၢၼSSECSၶCSEၵႃ CီSS ႁၢၼS ၶCS CEၼS ၶCS CMႆSCႆS ၼႆEၵႃ CႃSEၶSၼIူCS ၵႆ CCSSၼCS CၢၵS AUၼSEC CECS CၢၼSEC Cႆ S Aၢႆ CၢၼSAUၼSSCူ S ၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSၶူCS S ၼCSCMCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ACSCMၼS CIUCSၸSCႆSCCS S CူၵS ၶCS CၢCS AၼSCႆ CူၺSSၵIၼS CIူၼSၵူၺS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CီSS ECၶS ၵIၼS ၶCS ၽၵSS CၢၼS S ၵႃSCႃSEၵႃ Cႆ S ၼMၵS ECၸIူCSSၼၼS ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECSS ၶCS CUၼSSၸၢCSS ၶCS CUၼSSၶႆ ၵႆ S ၶCS CUၼSSEၶ CSEၵႃ Cႆ ၵMၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၵS AMCS Cီ ၼCS ၵႃ CီCMႆ ၼCS CၢႆSCီCUၼSSၼၼS EC CႆၶCS CႃS CၢCSSၸUCSSCူၼS ၸSၶCSS Cီ ၼၼS CီS ၸUCSSCIူCS ၵCS 8Eၶ S ECႃၽၢCSSCႃ ၵႃSCႃSS Cီ EၼCူCSCCSSၼSSCIူCSSS ACSSEၼCCSSCူCS CMCSCCSS CECSၸၢCS CECSSCႆS EC

CၢၼS

ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSCCS S ACS CႃၸူCS

8 Cirtcus

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶၢCSSၼႆEၵႃ CီSCႆ ႁICSSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၼSSACS Cႃ CီSၶူSECႃCႃEၵႃ ၼIူCS CCSS EC CIUCS CMCSEၵႃ ECCႃ

ၵူၼSSCEၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁၼSCႃSၸူSCီ ၶCSS

CECS ႁၢCS ၽSၽSEၵႃ ACS CၼSSၶႆ ၼၢCSS CၢCSSCCSACS CႃEC CီSၸၢၵS ၾႆSၾႃ ႁၢCS Cႆ Cႃ CMႆSEၶႃEၶႃၼၼS S ၼSSCMႆSၼႆ

CီSCႆ AMCS AၼSၸၼSၸS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CEၼSAMCS Cီ

ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၵCS ၼCS ၶS ၵႃ ၼႆEၵႃ Cႃ Cႆ S ၼၼS CEၼS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSS CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼႆ CၼSႁECSSၸူCS ၶၢCSS ၼSSCMႆSၼႆ ၵMၺSS EC ၽSၽSEၵႃ ၶS CႃSၸၢCSSCUၼS ၽSCၢၼSCၼSSCCS S ၵECS CIူၺS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼႆ CEၼSCUၼS ၽMၼSS ECႃ CECS Eၶ AႃSၾၢCS CူCSSCူCSSCCS S CMၼS Cႃ CMႆSCီ ၼႆ CၼSSCႆ CSCECSSCၢၼSSCႆ S ၵႃ CEၼSCူCSၶCS Cီ CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼႆ ECCEၼS AႃSၾၢCS Cႆ CူCSSCူCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSCီSCUၼS

ၽMၼSS Cႃ ECACS CၼS ၸUCSSၸၢCS CECSSၶCS AS CႃSCူၼS ၸSCၼS ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၶCSS ၾၢႆ ၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS CCSSCၢCSSCႆ CၼS CၢႆCီ CၢCSCMႆS AၼS ECCႆ ႁECSSၸMCSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Cႆ

ၶၢCSSၶICSSCၼSSၸECSၸCS Cႃ

“CူCႃ ECၵႃ

ECႃ CMCSSECAICSSၼႃS Cႃ AS CEၼSCူCSCၢCS ႁၢႆ ၸႃ Cႃ CIူၼS ” ၼႆS ၵMCS CIူCS CီSၸSCၢၼSၶCSS ၵၢၼSECႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ႁECSSႁECSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၵႃ ၵS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS CၢCS ႁၼS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSS AၼSCEၼS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၶCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၶCSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ႁIUၼS CူCS ECႃ CMCSSCူ ၼၼS S CၢCSAၼSCႆ ႁၼSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSၼၼS ACSၽEၼS AၼSCႃSႁၢCS CူCS ၵႆ S CူS CႃCEၼS S ၶECS Cီ CူCSၼၼS CIူCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၽIူၼSS ၸCS CECS CCS CၼS CၢၵS CECS AၼSACSCႆ AMၼS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS S Cီ ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢၵS CCS ၶEၵSSCႆ ႁၢCS CူCSCCSSCီ CူCSၼၼS S CIူCS CၼS CၢၵS CECS ၼၼS CCS ၸCS CECS CCS ACSCၢၼS AMၼS CMCS ACS Cႆ S CIူCS ၼၼS ၵူၼSSECႃ CMCSS CCSSCၢႆ ACSCူCSၶCS ၵMCSၼIူCSႁၢCS CူCSCCSS ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSၽSCၼSSS

72 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ECႃSCႃ ACS CီSၵူၼSSCS CူCSCECS CCS ၼႆ ၸCS CECS ၽUၺS Eၼ CMၵS ၵMCS 9 CၼSSS ECႃSCီSၵူၼSSCIူCS ၼႆ ၸCS CECS CCS ၶIUၼSSCၼS CၢCSCUၼS S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS ၵူၼSSCICSS ၵူၼSSၽၢၼS ၵူၼSSCီS CCSSCၢႆ ၸၢCSSၵၢCS ၶCS CၢCSၼIူCS CCS CၢCS ၼIူCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၢCSECSၵMCS 10ၼႆ EC CEၼSAၼSၵူၼSSၵIUၼSSECCIူၼS CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCSECၼၢCSSCICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCSၵCS ၽMCS EC CၼSSCႆ CUCS ႁၼS CၢCSCSၵူၼSSၵIUၼSSၵႃ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၼIူCS CၢCSၼႆ

ၵူၼSSECႃ CMCSSCီSCူ

ACS CMCSSCICSSEၵႃ S CႃSၵူၼSSCCS ၵူၼSS

ၼUCS S CUၵS AMၼS EC ACS CႃSၼCS ၵCS S ၵCS ၼCSEC CEၼSၵူၼSSၸၢႆSS ၵူၼSSCICSSၸIူCSSCIၼS CS ၼၼS EC ECႃ CMCSSCႆ Cီ CၢCSECSၵMCS S ၵူၼSS CႃSECႃ CMCSSၵCS ၼCSၼႆ CEၼS CႆS EC ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၼSCMႆၶCSၵMၺSSS CူCS CECS EC CECS CူSAMၼS ၶCSCီSၼၼS ACSCႃSၵMCSၼIူCSၽIူၼSEC ၸၢCSSCူၺSS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CူၺSSEC CီAီSCူၶCSS ECႃSၶCSCUCSSCူCS Cီ CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼႆ ၵႃ ၸIUCS ECCUCS CIူCS Cီ ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSၶCSၵႃ ႁIUCSEၼႃS ၵူၼSSECႃ ၵူၼSSCMCSSCူCSၶCSEC CUၵS Cီ CECSSCIူCS EC CIူCSS CၢၼS Eၵႃ

CၢCS Cီ CၢCS CEၼS

CႃSၵCS ၼCSS ၵူၼSSၵႃ Eၶ CIUၼS Cီ ၵCS ၽMCS

CEၼSၵူၼSSCMCSSCူCSၼCS ၵCS EC S ၽၢၼSၽၢၼSCီSCီS ၸၢႆSၸၢႆSCICSS

CICSS ၵႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSCMCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ CူCSCIUCSSCECS ၵၢၼSႁICSSACSSၶCSS AMၼS ၵၼSCၵSSCႃCူၺSSၸMCSS CၢၵS CECS ECSၵMCS

AၼSCၼS Cူ ၼၼS S CူၺSS

CၢCSSCUCS ၼIူCSၼႃ ၶCSEၵႃ

CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼSၶCSCူ S Cူ

CၢCSSၶၢCS Cႆ

ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cူ CၢCS CႃSS ECႃSACSၵၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cႃ ACS CႃS CၢCSECႃ CၢCSCMCSSၼႆ ECCီS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁIUၼS CူCSECCIူၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CႆCႃSCၢCSS Cီ AၼSCီSၵၢၼSAၼSCIူၼS

ၼSSCMႆSCူCSၼႆ S CEၼSCီ CၢCSCICSSAၵSSCူCS AၼSEC

CIUCS CIူCS ၵၢCSၶIUၼSSCICSSAECSSCူCSSS CီSCၵSSAၼSCUCS CၢCSSCီ CCSSS ၼIူCS CၵSSၼၼS ၽEၼSAႆ Cႆ AECS AMၼS AၼSၼIူCS S Eၵႃ CEၼSၸCS CECS CူCS ACS 9 ECါCSECာCS 10 CEၼSEၶႃ CၢၼS S CUၵS Cီ “ECSECာCSCMCS” ၼၼS EC CEၼSSCEၼSCႃSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၼSၽSA EC CIူၵS CူCSCCSSCူCSၼIူCS S CS ၼSSAECS AMၼS ၼၼS EC ၽEၼS Cႆ ၼIူCSၸIၵSSCၵSSၼၼS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS Cႆ CIူၵS CၼS CMၵS ၵMCS CူCSAၼSECၽUၺS ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၼႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၼS AS ECႃ CECS Eၶ AႃSၾၢCS CIူၵS ACSႁCSSCၼSSS ECႃSCႃ ၽEၼSCၢCS CMၵS ၵMCS CCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ACSၵူၼSSCS Cႆ Cီ CၵSSၼၼS S ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ ၸၢCS CႃSCS Cီ ၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼSႁႃ CူCSS ECႃ ၵၢCSၶIUၼSS CICSSAECSSCူCSSS Cႃ ECA CMၵS ၵMCS ECCEၼS CူCSCSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS CီSCIူၼS CCSS AၼSACS Cႃ “Aႃ CIၵS ”11S CၢCS Eၵႃ CCS

ၽၼSႁၼSCCSEၵႃ

CS CူCSၼၼS S ၼSSၵႃ CၢCSCICSSAၵSS

CူCSၼၼS ECAMၵS ၼူႁႃ S ၸၢCS ႁႃ S CIူCSႁႃ S ၼူၵS CUCSSႁႃ S CၢCS CူCSႁႃ ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ S CၢCSSCူၺSSႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSS ECႃSCIူCS ၼႆ 1 CMႃSၼႆ EC Cႆ ၶIUၼSS 27 CMႃSS ၵူၼSSၼSSCMႆSၵMၺSS ၸCS Cႆ CS Cီ ACS ၸS S Cႃ ၵူၼSSCီ ၵႆၶCS ၸၢCS CS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACSCၢႆၵCSSCIUCS AူၼSSEC ၽUၺS CECS Cႆ CၼSCီ Cႃ CECS S CၢCS AူSS CECSSCIူCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSၶS CၢၼSၶCSSၵၢCSSၽူCSCၼSSEC AMၵS ၸSၶS CS Cီ CႃS ၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMၼS S Cႃ ECEC CူၺSSEၵႃ ACS CီSCCSCECS CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

AၼS

CီCူၼSၸSၼၼS EC CECSၾႆS CECSSCIူCS -Cႃ CECS CCSSၶCS CႃSၼSSCၢCSCMႆS ၸMCSSၶူၼSCၢCSSCၼSSEC ၵIUCSSCၼSၼSSၵၢCSCၢCS CMႆSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSၶီ CECSၾႆS ၶCSEC

CႃSၸECSၵူၼSSႁၢCS ၵၢၼS ၾၢႆ CECSၾႆSၶCS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSSCႃ CူCSS

EC ၼSSCMႆSၵၢCS ECႃ S CECSၾႆSEၵႃ ECႃSCECS Cူ Cူ Cႃ Cႃ ECၵIUCSSCႆ S ၵူၼSSၶီ CECSၾႆS CႃSၸECS ၵူၼSSၶCSSCECSၾႆSS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCECSၾႆSS ၵူၼSSCCSSCS CIUCSS CူCSSEC ၼSSCMႆS ACS ၵIUCSSECEၵႃ S ECႃSႁIUCSCၢၼS CၢၼS CCS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCECSၾႆS ၸCS ECCၼSCECSAူCS AူCSEC ACS ACS ၵူၼSSၶီ CECSၾႆSၶCS ၶIUၼS CECSၾႆS Cႃ CIUCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ Cူ CCS S Cႃ ECCS CူၺSS ၸၢCS CECSSCႆSS CၢၼS

ၸIူCSS ECၵႃ EၼECႃ

CIူCSSCECSSၼၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CCS S ၶႃCႆ CMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS Cႃ ECCႆ ၼCS Cီ ၸၢၼSSEႁႃEC CူၺSSၼCS 11 CACICSS CMCS Cႃ Eၶႃ CIူၼS CCSS Cႃ CူCSAၼSECၽUၺS CၼSၼၼS S

74 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ CူCS AၼSCCSSCIူၼSECACS Cႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS S “ၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCႃSCIူCS ၼႆ ႁCSSECACS CIUCSSCႆ CၢၼS CၢၼS ၼCS ၵCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS EၼEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACS CIူCS ၼIူCS S CIူCS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSCၺ ူ SSၼCS Cူ CူCSႁၢCS CီCီၼၼS Cႆ S ၽIူCS Cၢႆ CူၺSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ႁၼSCCSCIUCSCMCSCCS Cႆ EC ၸCS CၼSႁECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “CူၸၢCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CၼS ၸၢCS CၢၼSၶCSCႆ Cူ ၵMၺSS” “ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ Cႆ EA S ႁCSSCIUၵS CူၼS Cူ ၼMၵS ECႁCSS ၸMCS ECCီSၽSႁECSSCႆ ၼႆ” 

ႁႃ CၼSSCSCၼSSၼၼS Cႆ CMCSSCၢႆ AၼSCS AၼSCၢၵS CၢႆS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ECႃSၸIူCSSAၼSCCS CMCS Cႆ CၢCSCီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူCS CIUCS ၼCS ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ႁEၼSS ၵၢCSSCႆS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS AၼSၸS ၼSSCUCSSၼSSၸႆSၼၼS ECCႃ CIUၵS Cႆ ACSၵၢCSSACSSၵICS CၢCS ECႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ S ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCECSSEၼ CMCS CူၼSSCECSCႆS ႁႃ CူၼSS1 EC CUၵS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCS S ၵၢCSSCႆSၼႆ AICSၼIူCSCူၼSSCECSEC Eၶႃ CMCS CၼSSEၵႃ ၸၢCS CEၵS CIူCS ၵၼSၵႃ S ECႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ECႃ ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCS Cႆ ၾၢCS EC EC S ECႃSCူၼSSCECSၽICSS ၵႃ Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS AၼSCီSEၶႃ CMCS ၾၢႆ CီၼၼS ၸၢCS CEၼSEၶႃ CMCS ၾၢႆ ACS Cီၵႃ S CECSAၼS “Ma” ၼၼS AICSၼIူCS CူၼSSCECSEC ၸၢCS CEၼSၵႃ “CႃS” ACS ၼၼS “Cႃ” ၼႆၵႃ S ECႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽIUၵSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆSECႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၸCSၸSၵၼSEC CCSS ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၼSSEႁႃEC CCS CၢCS CMၵS ACS ၾၢCS CEၼS CူၼSSCECS EC “CႃS CႃS” ၼႆ CEၼSၵႃ “Cႃ Cႃ” CၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSSCCS Eၵႃ ACS A ၵMၼS S CီAၢႆၼႃ ECႃ ၶCSEC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶCSCCSSCECS ACS Cႆ ၸSCCSS AMၼS

ၵၼSCူၼS ECSCၼS CECSAMၵS CၼSSS CၢCS CMၵS 1 CIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ႁႃCECSSCCSSCႆ CီSႁႃ CူၼSSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶူCSၶူCSEC

76 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶႆ EၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS “ၸCS ” AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CECSAMၵS CၼSSACS CEၼS S CEၼS “ၸCS ” AၼSCီSCီ CMCS ၵႃ AၼSCီSCီၶMၼS ၸIူCS ၼIူCS ၼၼS Cႃ EC S CIူCS ACS Cႆ ACS ၵၼS CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႆ ႁEၼSSCႃS ၵၢCSSCၢCS ၸၢCS Cူ ECCႃ ACS CၢCS CၢၼS ၵၢCSSCႆSS ၵMCS CIူCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸၢCS Eၵႃ ၼႆ CႃSၽIUၵSSႁEၼSS ၵၢCSS CIUၼS Cီ ၶCSCူ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ႁၢၼS ၸSၸMCSSEC EC Cူ S CၼSSCၢCS ၽICSSၽICSSၽူၼSၽူၼSCၢၼS ႁIUCSEၵႃ ၽSACS CၢCS AS CၼSS ႁECSSၸSCူၵSSS ACS CMCS CECS ၵၼS EC CMCSSCၢCSSCCSS ECႃSCႃ Cႆ CIၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSSCၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS CIူCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆSၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCSSၶူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSၾICS CၢCS AၼSECႃႁႃ CMCS ႁUၼS ၼူCS ၼSSEၵ CၢCSSၵCS ၵIၼSSCၢCS ၽIUCS S CီSCMၵS ၼIူCS S ၸၢၵS CIUCS ၼCS ၼSSEႁႃCူ EC ACS ၸၢCS CၢCS ၼCS Cႃ CIUCSSၼSSEႁႃS ၵႃ Cႆ ACSၵMၵSSACSCUCSS ECႃ ACSCႃSCီ AၢCS CUၵS ၼႃ CSS ၼSSACS ၼCS CSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS

ACSCၢCSSCEၼS CUၵS AMၼS

ၸIူCSSၸၢCS ၽူSၼIူCSၼCS

ၼၼS CMႆ CS Cႆ ၼSSၵMၵSSၼSSCUCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS S ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CႃSႁၼS CၢCSSCEၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၸSၶႆ ၸႃ ၵMCS ၼCS ၼၼS ႁၢႆၵႃ EC ၸCS ၶS CUCS ၶူCS CႃSS CIူCS ၾႆSCMCS ၵႃ EC CCSSCICS ၵႃ CCSSEႁႃၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ACSCMၵS ၾႆS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cႃ Cီ CS ၼၼS

CႃSၸUCS ECCMႆ S CၢCSCူCSCူ

ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECႃCူ CUCS CUCS ၶူCSၶူCSS CၢCS CMၵS CူၺSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CUCS ၶူCSS AၼSCီၶူCSEၵႃ ၶူCSS AၼSACS CီၶူCSEၵႃ ၶူCSS CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CUၵS CီCီSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆ ACS ၸS Eၼ S ECႃSCEၼS Cႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSၸMCSSCIူCS ၶCS CMႆSၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႃ EC S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ Cီ CMႆSCႃ Cီ AၼSႁECSSCီ Eႁႃ CMCSၵCS EC CMၵS CS, CIူCS CူCSSCECS CူၺSS ၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼSCSS CIူCS ၶEၵS ၸCS ၶEၵS ၶUၼSၶCS CႃS EC Cီ EႁႃCSS CIူCS AMၵS CူCSSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSCSၼၼS Cီ ၼႆ

ECႃCူ CူၼS CူၼS EC

CၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS

Cႆ CူၼS ၼူCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸMCSSEC EC CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ႁၢCS CၢၼSCCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS

EC Cႆ ၸSCS AICSCIUCS Cႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CECSS ECႃSACS ACSၼၢCSSCICSS CၢCS ၸၢCS EC ACSၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၼႆEC ECECႃCူ ႁCSSႁICSSACSSCၼSS CSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCၼSSCSCူ S CMၼS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC Eၵႃ CIUCS ၵIUCSSၸCSၸSECCIူၼS ၼၼS CီSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSS ၶEၵS ၼSSCIူCSSၼMၵS CIူCSS CႃSEC Cီ Eႁႃ ၵူ CၼSSCCSSၵၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCSႁၢၼS ၸSၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃႁCS ၶEၵS CီCီၼၼS S CIူCS CၼSS CIUၵS CEၼSCၢCS ၼၼS EC ACS ECႃႁCS ၶEၵS CီCီၸIူCS ၼႆS ၸူCS ၶCSCMၵS CႃS CIူCSSCၢၼS

CၢႆCIူၼSAMၼS ၵMၺSS ၶUၼၽ S MCSSၶECS ၸIူCSSCEၼS CIူCSSAECSCီSၵSSS

ACSSၵICS ၶCS CႃSEC Cီ EႁႃCီ ECႃ EC ၵIၼSၶCS ၼSS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS CၢCS CIူCSSS ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS EC ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCSCCSSၼCS CႃS EC CႃSၸSS Cီ EႁႃCီ ECႃ S CၢCS CEၼSSၼICS AၼSCႆ CECS Cႆ ႁIUCSCီ Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ECSၵUCSSၶIUၼSSEC CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSACSၸCSSႁECSS CၢCSCEၼS CEၼSSၼICS AၼSၼIူCS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼS ၸIူCSSCူ CCSS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS ၼSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၶCS CႃSCီ Eႁႃ CEၼSCUၵS CEၼSၸUCSSS ၶCSCႃSၵၼS ECႃSCၢႆ ACS ၸCS ၾႃ EC Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECၶႆ EၼၸCS ၾႃ ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSၶCS CီSCCSS ECႃSCီSCၢCSၼၢCSSၸIူCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSAS Cႆ ၶCS ၵူ CၢCSS ၼSSACS ၵၢCSEႁႃ AၼSၵၢCS CၢၼS ACSSCCSSCူCS AMၼS AၼSၼIူCS ၼၼS CIူCS CၢၼSS CIူCSSAS CECSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS CMCS ၶECSSCIၼSCႆ Cႆ

CၢCSSၼMၵS

ၾၵSSCူEC ၶCS CႆၶCS CႃSၼSSEႁႃS ၶCSAMၼSၵၼS CူCS ၼCS ၼECS ၶူCS AၼS CS ၵIူCSၸECSSCႆ AICSSၼIူCS ၼၼS S ၵIၼSၶCS CUၼSSS CUCS CEၼSSCႃ EC ၼCS CS ECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECAMၵS CႃSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS ၼCS ၼIူCS ၽႃ ၵMCSSAၼSCCSSCႆ S ၼCS ၼIူCSၽၢၵS

AS ECႃ ၼႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS CၢCS ၵၢCSSECႃ ၶCSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ႁEၼSSၼႃ Cႃ ၽူ ၸၢႆS

78 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CႆS ၸIူCSSၶEၼSSACSCႆ ၼၼS S Cီ ၼႃ ၶCSၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼS ၸSႁCSSႁၢၼSS CMCS AၼSCႆ ၸIUၼS ၶCSSၸSCႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSS CၢCSSAၼSECႃႁၵS ACSAMCS CECSSS ၸS ၽEၼSCUCSS ၸSႁUၼS ၼူCSS ၸSECႃCMၼS CMCSSECႃ CIူၼS ၵCS ၼCSEC Cီ CၢCS Eၵႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼSၸSAၼSACS CIUCS ၽECS ၼၼS S ၽူ ၸၢႆSCႆS ၸIူCSSCႆ ၼူCS ၸႃၸႃ CCSSCၢႆSCCSSCူCSCႆ ၼၼS AECSCီSၵSS EC ACSSၵICS ၶCS

CၢCS EၶCၢႆၸS ၵူၼSSၶCSS CECSCIၼS

ACSSၵICS ၶCSCႃSS CIူCS ၼၼS

Cူ CECSEC

ၵူၼSSၶCSSၶCSEၵႃ

CECSCIၼS AECSCီSၵSSS ACSၸMCS CIၼSCူCSSCႃS

ၼIူCSCIၼSS ၽMCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS CCSSၸMCSS ႁႃၺMCSSၶCSၼၼS ၽူ ၸၢႆSCႆSၸIူCSSၼႆ Cႆ ACSၵူၼSSၶCSSCECSCIၼSၶCS

CၵS CIူCS Cႆ S

ၽMCSSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCS

ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆ EC CႆSၶCSၼႆ CီSၸSCၸSၸႃၼIူCS ၸUCSSAူၺSS CီၶCSS AMၼSၵၼSၵCS ၸMႆ CၢၼS ၶCSEC ၸၼS Cီ CMCSSCႆ

ၵူၼSSCIUၵSSၾၢႆ ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS CCီSCECSS2ၶCSS

ၸMႆ CၢCS ၵMႃ CၢၼS

AS CIUCSSCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIူCSSS Cူ

ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၸIUCS Cႃ

ၸၢႆSCူ S CၼSSCၢCS EၸSACSၵူၼSS

ၶCSSCECSCIၼS ၾၢႆ ACSSၵICS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၸECSSCႆ ၼၼS ၵႃ CIUCSၼူC I SCMႆ ၽUၵS ၼECS Cီ AၼSၵူၼSSCMႆၶCSCူ CCSSS *** CီSCၼSSၼIူCS

ၵူၼSSEၵႃ AၼSCႃ CEၼS Cီ Aၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS

ၽECSCႃSS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS CၼSSECCႃSS ACS CMCS ၶၢCS Cႃ Cႆ ECAICSSS ECႃSႁၼSၵႃSၸICS CၼSSၼႆ ၵူၼSSCS CၢCSSEႁႃၶCS ၽၢႆSCIUCSSEၼAS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A S CIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS ၽCS CEၼSSၼICS Cႆ CCSSၽူ CEၼS CEၼSSၼICS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS S CၢCSSCUCSCၼSSCIူCSSCUCSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၼIူCS ၼCSEၵႃ CIူCSSCCSECCႃ ECႃSႁၼSၼႆEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၵS Cႆ ၵCSS CECS CၼSSCEၼSၽSS CၢၵS CႃCၼSSEC CၢႆSၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႃ AၼSCEၵS ၵၼSEၵႃ CီSS CၢၵS CႃCၼSS ႁCS CၢCS ၸICSSၸICSSS ACS CၼSCႆ CၢCSSၸSAUၼS CIူၼSၼCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CၼSSCႆCႃSၸူS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CIUၼSSCIUCSSCၼS Cႃ CူCS CၵS 2 General Stiwel

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵၼSS “CူCEၼSၼMCS CS ႁCSSCူCSSEၼႃ S Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSၸူCSSEC CCS Cႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸCSSCIUCSSCူCS CၵS EC CၢCS ၵၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSS ၵMCS Cႆ ACS ႁၼSၵၼSS ၵMCS CIူCS CၢCSCEၼS CEၼSSၼICS Eၵႃ

ၸCSCCS CCS

EC ၸCS ႁCS CၼSSၵႃ CူၺSS CၢCSCEၼSSၼICS S ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၼSSEႁႃၶCS ၼECS ACSၼCS CူCS ၼCS CၢၼS CႃSCၼS CၼSSS “ACSၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCႃ ” CၼSSႁIUCSSCS S “CMCS Cႃ ၵCSACS CၵS ၼCS CူCS ၼႆ ၸIူCSSCူACS CMCSSႁႃ S ACS CIUCS ၶူCSCႃSEၵႃ Cႆ CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ ၸS CMCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ ႁIUCSSCႃ ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶCSၸIူCS ၼႆS CMCS Cႆ CီSၸMCSSCၼSSCႆ Eၵႃ ၸSၸႃ ၼႃ CCS Cႃ S ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCSၼႆ ACS Cႆ ၸS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS CICS ၵၼSEC CၢၼSၶCSSCႃSS ၸSၸCS ၶUၼSCူCS ACS CIUၼSSCၢCSSCႆ ECAICSS CCS S “ECCCS CIူCS CSCႃ S CီၶၢၼS ၼႃ CSS” CၼSSCUၵS Cႆၵႃ ၸူS AMCS CIUCS S ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSEၵႃ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS CၢCSS ၵIၼSCႆ S ၽIူCS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼS ၶUCS ၶCS Cႆ CၢCSSၼႃ ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSၵႃ S ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSCMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSၼႆ CUCSSCႃ ECၶUCS ၶCS ၵၼSၼႆ ACS CၼSCီSၼSSEႁႃCCS CူCSS CUၵS ၸၢCS CၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ ECႃSႁၼSၸCS ၶUၼSCူCS Cႆ ၼCS ၶUCS ၶCS Cႆ EC ECႃSCီSCIUCS CၢCSSEC AEၼS Cၢႆ CူCSSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

Cႆ ႁၼS Cီ Aၢႆ CၼSSEC

ႁCS CMၼS ၸူCSS

ၸူCSSCIူCSSCIူCSSS ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCSEC ACS ECႃSAIူCSCIူCSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ECႃ EC

80 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸCSSCIUCSSEC CူCS CၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵူ CMၵS ၶႃCီ ၼMCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCၢၼS ECႃ ၵၼSECCႃ ၵMCS CီS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၢCS ECႃ ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S “ၸCS Cီ ECCႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS” ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCSCEၼS ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCႆS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S “ၸCS Cီ CူCS CၢCSSၸMႆ CECSCီ ၸCS ၼMCS AIူCS ” CEၼSCၢCSSၸMႆ CECSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆ ACS CၢCS CႃSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS A ၸMCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS A CIၼSSCMCS Cီ Aၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵCS ၽMCS Cီ ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS ၼSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ ၶCSS CIူCS ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS CIူCSSၼၼS CEၼSၸSၵMႃ CၢၼS EC CၢCS ၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSSCECSECႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS CၢႆSCIUၵSSCူCS CCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS ACS CၼSCၼSSCူ Cီ ECႃ ၼႆS ၵMCS CIူCS CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSS ၼႆ CIူCS ၸCSECCၢၵS ACS CUၵSSCMၼSS CMCS CECSSၵMၼSSEၶႃ Cီ ACSSၵICS 1947 ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ ACS CIူၵS ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ S CIူၵS CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS CၼSSCႃSEC ၼႆ

ၸူCS ၵECS ၵCSSAMၼS ၵMၺSSECCႃ

CMCS ၶMCS ၶCS ၼSSEၵ ၶႃCီ ၼMCS CIUၵS CCS ၵႃ ႁIUCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSA CႃSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCူၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢႆCၢႆၵၼS ၵCSSCIUCS ၶႃCီ ၼMCS S ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ၼႆ ၶႃCူ AMၵS ACS CMၼS ၵUCSၵၼSECCMၵS S “CီCူ ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၢCS ၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ

CECS ACS CႃSၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECႃA Eၶႃ Cူ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS CIUCS CၢCS CCSCECS S AၼS Cီ Aၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSCMၼSSCၢCSSၸMႆ CECSၼၼS CEၼSCMCS CCSၼႆEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS AၢၼSSCၢCSCCS S *** ၵECS CIူၺS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

CီSၵူၼSSCႃSCIူCS ၵူ CၼSSS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSS ၸS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ႁECSSCၢႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSS ၶS CႃSCီ CMႆ CUၵS CၢCSSၼၢCSSECSCIူၼS S CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ ၵၼS ၸၼSS ECႃSCႃ Cူ Eၵ Cူ CIူCSSၶCS Eႁ ၵCS CၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၸIUCS

ၶCSCီ Cူ Eၵ Cူ CIူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS

CEၼS S CCS CIUၵSSၼႆ

ACSၵႃ CၢCS Cီ CၢCS

ACS ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC ႁECSS

ၶEၼSECႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၼSSS ECႃSCၢCS Eၼ Cီ ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS Eၵႃ

ACS ACSCIူCS CၼSECCMၵS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS CUCS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၶCS

ACS ၵUCSSCICSSCUၵS ၼMCS ၸMCSSCCSၶCSCCS ႁIUCSS

ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ

CCS ၸS

ႁECSSECႃ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSAMၼS ၶCSႁIUCSၼႆEC Cႆ ၸECS CECSSCီS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CၢCS EၼAUCS ၵUCSCႃSCMCS ၼႆ ၼSSCၢCSၵUCSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆS EC CၢCS ၵUCSCူCSCEၼSSၽMCSS ECCႃ Eၵႃ ACS CMၼS Cႆ Eၶႃ Eၵ CႃSECCMၵS S CMCS ၶMCS ၶCSCECS AၼSၼIူCS ၸCSS CၵSSၵၢၼSၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS AၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS

CCSSCၢCSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ACS CီSၽMၼSSCီCႃ

ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS

ၸIူCSSACS ၸS CၢၼS ၼၼS S ၼCS CMၼSSCူCSCIUၼSS AၼSCႆ Cီ ၵၢၼSၵႃ ၶၢႆၸMCSSၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSS ၵၢၼSCႃ Cႆ S ၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၵMၺSSEC

ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၸS CIUCSSCႃ CူၵSSCMCSၶူCSSၵၢၼS

CူCSCIUၼSSၸS ၸၢႆ

Cႃ Eၸ CIူCSSၶCSCCS

ACS

ၵIUCSSCCSၵႃ ႁIUCSCCS S CUၵS ႁEၼSSၶCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCူCS CၢCS ၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS CႃSCၢCS Eၼ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CIူCSSCႆS Cႆ ACS ACSS ၸMCSSၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS CIူCS 1947 ၼၼS ၽICSSCCS ၼႆCႃ S ၼSSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSSၼႆ CECS Cႆ Cႃ ECႃSCECSCICSSCီ

CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ ၽၢCS AMၵS

CIူCSSACS CUCS Cႆ ၼႆEC ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCၼSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸS ECႃS 1958 CIူCS CECS CICSSCီ ၶS AS ၸS CIUCSSCUၼS Cႆ ၼၼS EC CCS CIူCSSCႆSၵMၼSSEၶႃ ၼႆCCS S “ၼSSၸSCူၶCS CEၼSႁIUCSCႆ ၼႆ ႁႃSCMCS ၸSCူ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CၢCS ၶCSS “ႁႃSEၵႃ ၸSCCSၼCS ၵCS AIူCS S ၵူၺSSၼႃ Eၶႃ Eၵ Cႃ ႁCSSၼႆ CီS Cႃ ECၽၢCS AMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆ

AၼSCECSၵMၺSSၼႆEC

ႁႃSACS

82 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CUCS S Cူ ၼSSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆSS CEၼSSၽMCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSEC ႁCSSECCႆ CUၵSS CMၼSSS ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSႁCSS ၵႃ ACS Cႆ ACS ၸူSS ၼSS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSSEၵႃ CၼSCUၼS Cႆ Cႆ Cူ S Cႃ ECEၵ CICS ၼႆ CIUၵS CီS CIUCS CၢCSSCၼSSCူ EC ” CႆSၸIူCSSCUCS CMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႃSAMၼSACSၶCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS ၼၼS EC

ၸၢCSၸSၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၢCS ၸီ ၸCS CCSSCၢCS ၵၢၼS

ၽICSSၵၢၼSၽူၼS ၼSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSS CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS CEၵS CECSSCUCSSၶၢCS ၼႃ EC ၾၢႆ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS EC CCS CIUၵSS CCS CၢCS ႁၼSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၽူ ၵူၼSSၶS ၽၢCS AMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆCCS S CCSSCMCSCႃ CMCSၾၢႆ ႁၼSၽICSSCႆ ECCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CIူCS ၼIူCS S CၼSSၸUၵSSCၼS Cႆ ၼIူCSCၢCSSCUCS CCSCၼSSS CၼSSCIူCSSၸူSCႃ ၽMၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ၸIူCSSၸSCS CၼSSCႆ ၼၼS CCS S CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၽူ ၵMၼSSCCS ၸUCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Eၵႃ ၼCS CUCSS Cီ Cႃ CECS Eၵႃ CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS ၼႆ CႃSACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CၼSSCႃSCMCS ၶၢCS Cႃ

ၸMCSCC M SၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS Eၼ CIၼSS

ECCCSSCECSSCီ ECႃ ၵႃ ၼႆS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၾCSSCMCS CီCီCCS ၸCS

ၶIUၼSSCၢCS Cႃ “ECႃSCEၼSၼႆEC ၵCSၶႃ ၶS ႁCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS CႃSၵIၼSၶCS ၼS Cီ EႁႃCီ ECႃ AIူCS ” “ACS CEၼSCႆ ၶႃ EAႃ S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS ECACS CီS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼCSCၢၼS ၼၼS ၶႃ ” “ECႃSၼၼS ၵUCSSၼCS ၼECS AMၼS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ ACS CီEၼ ” “ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CEၼSCႆ ၶႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ

ACS CၢCS EၼCႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSCUCS ECCၢCS S

ၵMCS CCSACS CEၼSCႆ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ECၸၢCS ႁECSSႁIUCSCႃ S ၵၢCS ၵCSၶႃ ၵMၺSSCCS S ၵCSၶႃ ACS CီS CUၼS Cႆ Cႃ CူCSSၵၼSCCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSCCS CူSS Cႆ ECEC CႃSCMCS ၶၢCS CၼS CMCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS ECCCSSၽၢၼS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ႁCSSၵႃ AၼS Cႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ ၸူCSSEC CCS Cႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၶၢၼSCMCS ၶၼSၶၼSCႆSCႆSS “CIူCS CCSSCီ ECႃ ၵႃ ၼႆ

ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEC

ECၶS ႁၼSၸCS

ECႃ CူCS ၶႃ EAႃ ” “CီCူ CူSS ECႃSCၼSSCီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ႁၼSၵၼSCီ Eႁႃၼႆ ACS Cီ Eၼ ” “Cႃ ႁၼSၵၼSCီ Eႁႃၼႆ EC

ACS CEၼSCႆ ၶႃ S ECႃSCၼSSCUCS

ECCႃS CIူCS ၵႃSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS ECၶCS CႃSၼၼS CၢCS ၸS ၶS AS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS CS ႁCS Cီ ႁICSSCၢCSSၵႃSCူCSၼၼS ၶႃ EAႃ S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS ECၽECSCီ ECႃ ၶၢCSSCSၼႆEC ECႃSCၢCSSၶCS CၼSSACSSၵၢၼSSCႃS ႁCSSၶႃ ECCMCS CၼS Cူ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၼSSCႃCူၺSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CCSSACS CUCS A CၼSSCႆ ECAICSSS ၵMCS CCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ CႃSCၢCS AS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSCCSS Eၵႃ ၵႃ CS ႁCS ႁICSSCၢCSSS “ECႃSၵCSၶႃ

CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၽႃSၵႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC

ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS ႁICSSCၢCSSၼၼS

Cႃ CူCSSႁCS

ၸၢCS CEၼSCCSCႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸူCS ၵCSၶႃ CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၵCSၶႃ CၵSSECCႆ Cူ ၼCS CၢၼS CၢၼSSၸCS ၾႃ

Cႃ CEC ၼႃ Cႃ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS AၼSၵCSၶႃ Cႆ

CၢCSCူCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၶEၵS Eၵႃ CS ၶS CူCSSၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ECCႆ CႃSCူCSS Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ Cူ Cႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSS” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ CူCS CၵS ECCIူCSSၶIUၼSSS CၢCS ၵႃ Cႃ CၼSS ECCၢCS EၼCၢCSSၼIူCSCူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ႁECSSEC Cူ CူCSSS CၼSSCUCS CIူCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS CႃSၼၼS ACS EC Cီ ECႃ CCS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ

84 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECS ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ EၼCIၵS CMCSၽIUၼS ၸIူCSSၽECSCႆ Cီ CၼSSS CECS EC CMCSSၶႃ ၶၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ Cၢႆ ၽူ ႁCSSႁၢၼS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၸMCSCIUၵSS CူCSEၼ CIၼSSCCSSEၵႃ ၼႆCႃ S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS ၸUCSS EC ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ၸCS ACS ၾႃ Cီ Cႃ CECS CECS CူCS CႃSS AူSၼူ EC ၵCS CၼS ၾၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Eၼ CIၼSS EC ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSEC ႁၼSCEၵS ၵႃ S Cႆ A Cႃ ၶCSCMၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၽူ ၶEၼSၶCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆCCS S *** CၼSSႁECS Eၶႃ ECႃ

CီCECS CၼSSၼIူCS S ၵၼSSၾႆSၸIူCSSCUၵS Cီ

CIူၼS Cီ ၽECS ႁႆ CICSCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵMCS AူၼSCူၵSSS CၼSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ EC CMႆCICS CMCS S CEၼSၾICS ၶၢCSSAၼSCီ EC Cီၾၢႆ CၢCSSၼMၵS S ၾႃ CၢCS CIူCSႁI ူCSS AUCSEၵႃ ACS CီSEC CီၶCSSၵႃS EC EC S ACS ACS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSၼSSEႁႃ CၢCS ၼIူCSၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS 3EC AMၵS CႃSS CႃSၶူCSSCူ CၢCSSCၢၼSS Cႃ ၸCS CECSCူCS Eၵႃ ၽIUၵSS ၵCS CIၼSCCSS ၼIူCSCMႆၼၼS S ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၵႆ ၵႆ Cႆ ACSၽႃ EC CူCSSၵႃS Cီ CUCSS Cႃ ၵႃSECၶCSSၵႃ Cႆ S ၵICS ၶႃ Cႆ ၶCSCS CူၼS ၶIူCSSၶCSCS ၵECS CၢၼSၵၼSCႆ CူၼS ECႃ CူၼS S CၢCS CူၼS ၼႆEၵႃ AMၵS CMCS CMCS CECS CECS EC ၶECSၸCS Cႆ CCS S Aၢႆ CူၼS CၢၵS AူCSSCIူၼS CီၽIူၵS ၼၼS ႁIUၼS ACSCႆ CCSSCၢCSSS CEၼSၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSSS ၼMၵS ECCECSၵႃS ACS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCCSS CEၼSCီ Cီ Cႆ S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၶIUၼS CMႆAၵSSCၵSSၼႆ ACS CီSCၢCSSCၢCS CCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁIUCSEC ၼCS ၵCS S ၽIူCS CIUCSCီ AၼSၵႆCCSSၸIၵSSCMႆ CMၵS ၶIUCS CၵSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AS ၵႃSၵIUCSSCီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ႁCSSCူCSSEႁ CႆၶIUၼS ၵMၺSSCCS S ၵူCSCECSၵႃS CၼSCၢCSSCUၵS ၸS 3 Land Rover

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS CECSCူCSS CၼSSACS ၶS ACS ႁၼSၵူၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CူCSCIူၼS ၶCSEC ၵႆ CႃSEC Cီ CၼSSCႃ S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCSၶႆ

CၢCSCူCSၶCSCႆ ႁၼS CူCSCIူၼS

CၢႆၸIူCS CီSCႆ ႁICSSCUCS CၼSSၼႆCႃ S CၢCS CMၵS CCSSCႆ ႁၼS CIူCSၸUCS S CIူCSS CီS ၸၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၼS Cႃ ” CIူCS CႆၸMCSSCၢCSSCIူၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS CူၺSSၸMCSS CူCSEC Cႆ ႁၼSCူCSCIူၼS ECCႃ

Cႆ ၵႃ Cႆ

ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCႃSECCူCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CECSCူCS ႁၢCS CMၵSSCMၵSS CႃACSCႆ EC ၼUCS ၽႃ CၢCS ၵၢၼSS CီၶMၼS ၸCS Cႆ ၼၼS S CECSCူCSၼႆ ACS ECႃSCူ ၸCSၵူၼSSEC ၽIUၵSSၵCS CIၼSCCSSS CၢCSSၼႆ Eၵႃ ACS ၶS ႁၼSCCSSၵူၼSSEC Cၢႆ ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSCIူၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၸCS ACSၶူCSSCူ CၢCSSCၢၼSS ၸIူCSSCEၼS ၶCS CၢၼSS ၼCS CၼSSS ၵIူCSၸECSSS ၵIူCSCၢၼSS ၵMၵSSၼCS ၼူCSS ၵႃ CCSSCႆ CၼS Cီ ၼႃ CUCS S CECSCူCSၼႆ ၵIၼၽ S ၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECS EC CၢၵS Cႆ CၢၵS CMၵS ၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSSၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ AS CၼSSECႃSCႆ CီSCႃ CီSႁECSSၼႆ ၸCS Cႆ CႃSCူ CၢၼSS ၵMၵSSၼCS ၼူCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ S

CECSCႃSၼႆ ၶCS ၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSS ၽIUၵSSၵCS

CIၼSCCSS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆ CီSCICSSႁႃ Cီ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS CIၼSS

CMCS ၼၢႆSၶၢCS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSၶCS ACS ၵCSSCIUCS ၵူၼSSCၢCSSၼMၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AMCS Cူ CCS CCSSၶCSEC ACS CIူၼSၵၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSEC CCSSၸMCSS CECS CူCSၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS CၼSSၶIUCSSCႆ ၸUCSSၶCSS ၾၢCSCECS AၼS Cႆ CUCS CၢCSSၵႆၵႃ ၼၼS

ႁၢCS Cီၼႃ EC

CIUCSSCူၺS ၸSၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS S

ၼCS Cူ ၼႆ ၶူCSSၶူၺS CႆCူCSSCူ Eၵ CUCS CMႆၵၢCS ၶၢCSCူCS ၶECSၸCS ၸCS S Cႆၵႃ ႁICSSEႁႃCS CီၶၢCSၶၢCS AၼSၶCSCူ CCSS EC EႁႃၶCSSCူCS AၼSCူ CMၵSSၵႃ CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSS Cီ CECSSCီ ECႃ CီSCCSႁI ူၼSS CIUၼS ႁႃ ႁECSCၢႆS ၵCS ၼCSCEၼSႁI ူၼSSCMCSႁၢCS EC ႁၢCS CECSS CIူၼSCECSSAMၼS AၼS ၼMၼSSCCSSCECS Cီ Cီ Cႆ S CူၼS CMၵS CMႆSCUCSS CECSCECSSCႆ S Cီ CၢCS CူၼS CၢCS CS CMၵS CMႆSCUCSS ၵီ CECSၸMCSSACSSEC ႁၢCS CီCႆ Cူ S CIူCS CECS CၢCSSၽၢႆ ACS EC ၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS CUCS CMႆၼႆ CီSCူCS ၼႃS ၸIူCSSCIၼSCီ

86 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CီSၶMၼS S Aၢႆ CူၼS ၶCS ၶCS ႁIUၼS ၶIUၼS CႃSၼSSCူCSSS Cီ CUCSSCUCS CECSS ၵၢCS ၵၢCS CူCSၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSCႃ Cႆ CၵSSၶECSၸCS ၸCS ACS Cႆ CIUCS ACSAၺS ႁၢCSSCMႆS Cီ ၸIၵSSCMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSၵMCSSCူSၸIူCSS CႃSCUၼSၶၢCSၶၢCSCႆ S CၢCS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSCူ CECSS CၢCS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSCၢCSCီ Cူ ၵIUၵSSၵၼSS ၾၢCSCECS CUCS CၢCS CMႆ AၼSCECS CEၼSCႆ ၼၼS CECS ACSၸS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS AူၼS ၼူၼSSCႃSS ၽMCSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၢCSSႁၢCS Cီ ႁICSSACSSၶCS CEၼSAႆ CECSၵၼSCႆ ၼၼS CူၼS CEၼS Cႃ CၢCSSCICSSCEၼS ၼSSCUCS CၢCS CMႆၼႆ EC CCSS CၢCSSCူၼS CIူCSS ၶႃCူ AMၵS EC CCSS CၢCSSCECSCူၼS ၸUCS ၵူ ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSEC CCS ECCEၼSCႆ Cႃ ၸူCS ၵECS ၵMၺSSၼႆS ၸSၵူCSၸS CECS CUCS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSS CIၼSCMCSၶMၼSEၵႃ ACS CီSႁECSSCႃ ၸUၵSS ၸCS Cႆ CCS S ႁECSSCူCS CူCSၵႃ

ၼCS ACS CီSCIူCS ECAICSSS Cႆ CၵS

ၸၼSCCSSCႆ CူၼS ၼIူCS ECAICSCႆ EC EC

ၶEၼSSၸSAICSSၼIူCS S ACS ၼၼS

ECCCSSCူCS ၵႃ CCS CCS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၼCS CူCSSၵႃ EC

ၶCSSၸSCႆ ၸSၼICSၼICSCူ ၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “Cႆ CႆၶIUၼS CMႆEC

ႁI ူCS ၵႃ CCS CူCSSS CEၼSႁIUCSCႃ S CIူၼSႁECSS

CIူCS CူCS CူCSCႆ ” “ACS ECႃSCူ Cီႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶၢၼSCႆ CၢၼS ၼႆ ၵMၺSSS CMCS CၢCSSCီၵူCSCီၽၢၼS ၸIူCSSၽUCSSCႃSၼSSၸSCၼSSၼၼS

ACS CIူCSSၶႆ Eၼ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CၼSS

ၶCSSၸSCIUCSSCECS ၸSႁၼSႁၢႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CCSSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC AMၼSၵႃ ၼIူCSCႃ ႁႃ S Cူ Cီ ၼၼS EC CUCS CူၺSSၵႃ ၾၢCS CECS ႁICSSACSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၶEၼSSCIူCSSႁၢCS CီCႃSEC ၸSၵူCSၸSCECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSႁၢႆCICSSၵႃ S Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၼS AMၼS ၶCS

CICSSၸCSSၾCS ၼCS Cူ Cႆ S

ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ၸီ EၼCၢၼS Cႃ CူၵS Cီ ႁECSSၶCS CEၼS ၼၼS S ၶCSCႆ ၵႃ EC CၢၼS ၼၼS CCSSCႆ ႁIUCSCCSS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS ၼCS Cႆ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CUCS Aၢႆ CူCS ၸIူCSSAMၵS CIူCS ႁECSSၶCS CEၼS ၼၼS CူCSCူCSS ၶCS CEၼS ၸIူCSSAMၵS Cီ Cႃ CူၵS ၼႆ

CIUၼS ၶၢႆCCSSCIူCSSS ၸECSCၢႆSCCSၶCS CၢၼS AS

CEၼSၽMCS AS CEၼSၶCS CIူCSEၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁၼSS ACSၶCS CIူCSၸIူCSS

ၼၼS ၶူၼSSၼCS EC ႁECSSAS CEၼSAူၼSCႃSS ACSAူၼSၸIူCSSၼၼS CMCSEC CICS AS CEၼSCEၼS CႃSS CEၼSCEၼS CႃSၸCS CူCS ၶၢႆၼSSၵၢCS S ECႃSၵIၼS CCSS EၶSCီCီၼႆEC CၢၼSEC CCS S ECႃSCူၺSSCူCSSCႃSCၢCSSCS Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၼS AMၼS AၼSACS ၸIUCS Cႃ CၢCS CၢႆSS Cီ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵႃ CECS ႁEၼSS CၢႆSႁECSSEၸ CႃS CEၼSCၢCSSECႃCႆS ၸECSCIUၼS CIUၼSSၵMၼS EC CEၵS Cၢႆ CၢႆSCႆ ၸMCSSၵၢCS CၢၼS CၢၼSCIူCSSS ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢCSCီ Eၵႃ

ACSၼCSCႃEၸ ၼCS CCS EC

CူCS CCSSႁECSSၾႆSAူၼS AူၼS S CCSၶူၼSSAS ၼCSCႃၸIူCSSၼၼS

AS CၢၼS

ၵႃ S CၢႆSၼၼS CIUCၵ S CSSCUၵS AMၼS CICSS ၸECSSၶူCS CICSSၶူCS ၶCSCႃSCCS S ၶCSACSCႃCMၵS CS

ၼSSCၢCS AၼSEၸ Cႆ ၼSSၼCS S ACSCIUCSSCူCSSၸMCSS

ၽECS ၽECS S CUၵS AMၼS CICSSၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS CCSSႁECSSCCSSၶူCSEC CူၼS CIူCSSEC ၼႃ S ၼIူCS

ၶCSEၵႃ CူCS CEၼS ၵၢၼSၶCSCႆ Cူ EC S CီSၽူ CICSSEၵႃ

CူၺSSၸMCSSၶCSCႆ S ECႃSCႃAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

CၢCS CီCီCCS

Cၢႆ ၵၼSCူCS ၵႃ ၼSS

CUၵS ACSCၢCS ၵႃ CCS CၢၵS CECS Cႆ S CၢCS ၶCSၼၼS

ACSCႆ CEၼS ႁECSSEC CၢCSSCၢCSCCSSS ၵၢCS ၼIူCS CCSSS ACSၽEၼS CၢCS CၢCS CECS ၸCSSCႆ ၼၼS S AICSၼIူCSCၢCS Cႆ CECS EC CCSS Aၢႆ ၼCS AၼS CႃSCီ CႃEC CCS ၼSSCၢႆၸူCS CူCSSAMၼS ၵMၺSS ႁECS AS CႃSEC CEၼSSCEၼS Eၸ AၼSCီSCီၶၢCSၼၼS CCS S Eၸ ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၶECSCICSCICSCႆ EC ႁၢCS CီၼCS ၵCS S CUၵS AMၼS CICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၵSSAMၵS Eၸ ၼSSCၢCS CSCၢCS ၼၼS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CECS CECS S ၶCSEC ECACS A CူCS CMCS ၶCSCS CႃS ၵၢၼSECႃ CIၼSECႃCIUCSS CIူCS CIUၼS CIUၼSSၵMၼS CၢCS ၼIူCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S “ECႃSCႃ ECၶCS EC CူၺSS ၸၢၵS Cႆ ၼႆEC CUၵS Cီၵႃ CCS ” CECၸ S CS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၼIူCSCECSCူCS CECSS EC CECSၼူၵS ၸMၵS Cီ CူၼS CူCS ACS ၶCSၵႃ S

88 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႆ CIၼSSCႃ “ၸၢၵS Cႆ ”ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸUၵSSၵCSSCECSS ၵMCSCCSECႃ ၾၢCSCECS

CUCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC

CႆCႃSၸူSၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS

AၼSၵIUCSSCႆ Cီ CၢၼSSCၢCS ၼၼS CႆSCႆSS Cီ ၸၢၵS Cႆ CီSၸၢCS ECႃ EC CUၵS CီႁၵS CIူၼS ၼၼS S ၸၢCS ECႃ CူCS CီS 40 ၶူCS CCS EC CၼSၸIUCS Cႆ Cႃ “Cႁႃ ၸၢCS ”S ၸၢCS EC AၼSCEၼSECSCၼSSCCS ၸIUCS Cႃ “ၼၢCSSၸၢCS ”S CUၵS ၸၢCS ၶCSCူ AMၵS CCS ၸIUCS Cႃ “ၸၢႆSCECS”S ၸCS ႁႃCီSႁႃ ၶူCS S CIူCS ၵႃS ၶCS ၽECSၸCSၸၢၵS Cႆ ၼၼS ၸၢCS AMၼS ၸၢႆSCECS ACSCူCSCၼSSCႃS Eႁ Cႆ Cီ CၢCSS CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S CၢCSSCUCSၸၢႆSCECSၼႆ

CီSႁႃ CCSSCၢႆCCS EC

CၢCSSCUCSCၼSSEC CCSS CၢCSSၼၵSSCၼSSEC CCS ၵUCS ၸS Cႃ Eႁ AIUCSS ၶူၼSCၢCSSCႆ CီCီS ၵႃSCCSSCSEၵႃ ECACS ႁCSSၽႃ CၼSSၼႆ CၼSSA Cႆ CီCီS ECႃS CၼSSCီSၼIူCSၵၢCSCၢCSSၼႆ ၵႃSCSEၵႃ Cႆ ႁCS CCEၵS EC ၵIUCSSCၼSCCS Cႃ S Cႃ CMၵS ႁႃၼIူCSၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS ၼၼS ၸၢႆSCECS CS ECႃ ECႃS ၵူၼSSၼIူCSၵႃS CCSSCECS CူCSSCႃSS ၸၢႆSCECS ACSCူCSSCၼSS CူCSSႁႃ ၸMCS CႃS ၵူၺS S CECS ၾၢCSS CၢၵS ၶူCS 4S AMႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ CEၼSၵူၺS ၼႆ CMၵS CIူၵS CၼS ၸCS CUၵS ၸSCၼSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၵS ၵူၺS AMႆ CၼSSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMႆ CECSၾၢCSၼၼS ၸၢႆSCECS Cီ CMႆ CူၺSS ၸMCS CECSၾၢCSAၺS ၼႆ CUၵSS ACS CUၵSSၼႆၵMၼS S Cႆ CူCSSၸၢCSSၼCS ၵၢCSၸSCၼSSCCS ၸCS ၵIၼSCၢၼSCၢၼSS CၢCSSၵIၼSCႃ CၼSSCူCSSEၵႃ CၼSSACS Cႆ AICS S “ၾၢCS EC ” CIၼSၽၢႆ ၼႃ

ၸၢႆSCECS ႁၢCS ECCECS CEၼS

CIၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS S ၵူၼSSCICSSၸၢCS CMCSEၵႃ ACSEၶႃCၵSSCMႆ CၢCSS CCSCၢၼSAၸၢCS AMၼS EC ACS ၵႃ ၵႆၵႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸၢCS AMၼS ၸၢႆSCECS ACS AS EC ၶCS ၼၢCSSၸၢCS CIၼSSS ၽMCSSၼၼS ၼၢCSSၸၢCS CIUၵS ၶCS CUCSCႆ S CIူCS ACSCႆ CUCSၼူC I S

ၵႃ CCSSCီ ၵMCSCႆ CCS Eၵႃ

CEၼS CႃSၸူSCUၵS ၸၢႆSCၼSSS

EC ၶCSCႃSCူCS CMၼSSၵCSSၼIူCS EC ၸၢႆSCECS ႁၢၼS ၸSCၼSSၵႃ S ၸSCၼSSEၵႃ 4 CၢၵS CၢCSSEၽႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ACS CီSၼIူCSၶEၵS ၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSCႃSEC CႃSၸSSၼၼS CCS S CၢCS ACSCူCSSCၼSS CUၵS Cႆ CUCSၼIူCS ECCEၼS S CIူCS CၼSSACS ၵMၼSSၵIူCS Cႆ EC CူၵSSၼIူCSCIၼS ၵႃ ၼၼS

CEၼS ACS EC ၶCSCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CMၵS ၼႆ EC

EC ၶCSACS

CၼSSCႃSCူၺSSCCS S EC AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CMCS CECSၵMၺSSEၵႃ CUၵS ၶCSCီS EၽSEC ႁႃ ACS CီSEၽSႁႃ ၼႆ ECႃA ၸMCSSCူ CူCSS Eၵႃ CEၼSECႃ ၸၢCS CၢႆSCူCS Cႁႃ ၸၢCS ၼၼS EC CUၵS CၼSSECS CၼSS CEၼSCCSၼႆ ACS CၼSSCူၺSSS CၼSSCူCS CMCS Eၶႃ ၸS ၸCS CၼSSS CIူCS ၶၢCSSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS ၵMCS CၢၵS ၵMCS

CၢၵS CႃCၼSSၶMၼSၼIူCS

AၼSၵMႃ CၢၼS CIUCSSCS S ၸCS ၼႆ EC

Cႆ CMCS ၵႃ

ၸSCၼSSၸCSSၼIူCS

ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSCီSCီ ၸၢၵS Cႆ ႁICSSၼCS ACS AMၼS ၵMၺSSCCS S ၸၢၵS Cႆ AMၼS ၼႆ ACS CီSၵႃ ၶၼSCCSS Cႆ CၵSSၸIူCSSၵMCSCႆ ၼSSCၢCSSၼၼS EC

ၵႃ ၶၼSCS

ၼႃ S ၼSSCၢCSSၸၢၵS Cႆ ၼႆ ၶMၵS ၸၢCS Eၵႃ ACS CီSS ECႃ EC CီS CECSAMၼS Cႃ ႁECSSCၢၼSSၶCSCIUCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ “CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS ECCီSCICSSAECSSCူCSSCCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A EC CၢCSၶIUၼSSS “CီSEၵႃ CEၼSCCSCႃ ” “CS CူၺSSEC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSEC Cူ S ၽIူCS CECS CICSSAECSSCူCSSၼႆEၵႃ ၸၢCS CူCSCMCSCူCS CMႆ CUCSCႆ CူၵSSCIၼSEC ၵIUCSSၵၢၼSၶCSCECS ၵCSSCECSS ACS ACS CUၵS ၸၢႆSၶCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSCIူၼS S ႁၵSSACSEၼႃ Cႆ ၵCS ၽMCS EC CCSSၵIၼSCCSSCႆ

ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSCIူၼS CIUၵS CIUၵS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS Cႆ A

ၸၢCS ၶCSCီSCUၼS Cႆ

Cႃ ႁႃၵIၼSCMCS ႁCSSၶCSၵူ ၼSၼႆS

Cီ CၢCSSၸၢၵS Cႆ

ACS CီSၽSCECS CၢCSSၵIၼSၸၢCS S ၼSSCၵSSCIူCSCူCSၸၢCS ၶCSၼႆ CီSCူCSSCၢCSS CIUၼSSCEၼS AၼSၸၢCS CူၵSSCMႆ CၢCSSCS ECCႆ AMၵS ႁႃCၢCSSၵIၼS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS

90 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ECႃSၶCSၵIၼSAICS CIူCSSCႃSၶIUၼSSႁCSSၶCSႁႃ ” “ECႃSACSၼSႁႃ CူCSSၼႆ

ၸCS CၼSSCႆ CUၵS ၵႃ ႁႃၸၢCS CၼSS

ၼSS

CIူၼS Cႃ ႁECSSၵၢၼSS ၸCS ၸၢCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ Cီ CSCီSCၢCSSၵIၼSၸၢCS CီCီၼႆ Eၵႃ A AIူCS S ECႃSCIUCSCီ ၼၼS ၸCS CၼSSCႆ CၼSCECSACS ၸၢCS S ၽMCSS ၶCSႁႃၸၢCS ၼၼS CIူၼSၵၼSCCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS Cၢႆ CECSSၵၼSCCS S ၵMCS ၶCSS CူSCႆ Cီ CIၼSEC ၸၢCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ၵႃ ၵႆၵႆS CIူၵS Cီ CIူၼS CICSSCၵSSၵႃ ” CIူCS ၶIUၼSSCIူCSSၽECSEႁႃ

CူCSCူCSSCCSSၼSၼၼS

ၶIUၼSSၶCS CူၺSS

CMၼS CSCMၼS ၼၼS S Cႆ CႃSCၢCSSA CၢCSSႁၼSCS CMCS CIူCSSCၼSCMႆEC ႁၢၼS ၸSၸူCSSCIူCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႃ CIူCSSၼႃ EC

ၸSCUၵS CၢၵS ၵMCS Cႆ ACS ႁၼSCCSSၼၢCSSႁၢႆ

CCS ACS ၸၢCS ၶႆ EၼၽSS ၶEၼSSCUၵS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CCS S *** ၵၢၼSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၼႆ ၼCSၼႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃၸCSSၵၢၼSEC ACS ECႃSCႆ CၢCS ၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၼIူCS CၼSS Cႆ ႁၢCS ၶIူCS AUCSCMၵS CၢCSSCၢႆS Cႆ CECS CၼS CEၼS Cီ ၽၵSSCႃ ၵူ CၼSSS ၵၢၼSAၼS CS ECCႆ ၸS ၽS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EၽCECS CၼSS ႁIUCSCႃS CၢၼS CၢၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၾၢCS CEၼS

CMCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၶCS

ၵၢၼSCူ ၵူ CၼSS ACS CီSCၼSSCIUCS S CIူCS ၸCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS ႁႃ ၽECS ACS Cႆ CMCSSၵူၼSSEC ACS Cႆ A S CMCS ၼႆ ACS ၽECS CECSSS CUCS CIူCS CUၼS Cႆ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSCႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS ACS ACS ၽူ CၢႆၼSSEႁႃ EC ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼS EC AUCS ၵUCSCMCS ၼႆ S EၵႃSCICS EC ႁCS ACSSCႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCCSSCECS

ၶCS ၵၢၼSၵူ CၼSSCီ Eႁႃၼႆ ၼCS ၵၢCS

ၸSၼSSEၶႃSၶCSၵMၺSSၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CMCSSႁCS Cႆ CႃSCႃSS CၼSSACS CီSၸS ၶS ACSCUၼS ၼIူCSၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၸIူCSSCီSCၸSၸႃ ၼIူCS ၶCSၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCIUၼS AMၵS CMၵSSCၢCSS AၼS ၼIူCS S ၽSECCႆ ၶCS ၵၢၼSCၼSSCSS ECCႆ CIUCS CၼSSCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၸ CMၵSSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ ACSၵႃ Cႃ Cႆ Cီ ၽႃ ၼSSACS ၵIၼSၶCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSS CၼSCၼSSCIUCS ECCႃ

ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSၼႆ

ACS

CIUCS S CIUၵS ၶCS ၵၢၼS ၸူCSSၸူCSSCIူCSSCIူCSSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSCUCS ၵႃ S CIူCS ၼCS CၢCSၵUCS CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS ၼၼS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၶCSၸCS CCSSCECSSS ၶCSACS ၶS ACSCၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼS AၼSCCSSCႆ CIူCSCၢႆS ၶS ၶCS ၵၢၼSၵူ CၼSSS CီSCMႆSCီSCၢCSSCSS CီSၵၢၼSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSCႃECSCSS CီSCMCS CီCMCS ၸႃ CSS ၶS ၵCS CIၼSၵCS CCSSCSၸCS ၶS CIUCS ၵၢၼSၼႆCႃ S ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS CIUCS CCSSCECSSEၼCECS Cႃ AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS AS ၶCS ACS CၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSCၢႆၼၼS

CMၼS Cႃ ၶCSEC

ACS CCS CMCS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS

ACS CီSEၵႃ ACS CEၼSCCSၼႆCႃ S ၸECSCIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽECSCႃS CူၺSS Cႆ Cူ ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CUCSSCႃSCူၺSSCူၵူ CMCS S CူၺSSၼႆ ECႃCူ CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS ၶၵSSၵႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

ႁၵS CူၺSSECCIူၼS S ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၵCS ၼCS ႁၢCS CMCS

ECS ၵူ Eၵႃ ECCႃ CူၺSSEC CီSAMCSSCMCSSCႆ S ၵMCS Cႆ Cူ ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCSS CEၼSECSEၵႃSCICS

ၵူၼSSCၢႆSၽIူၼSEC CCSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS

ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃ ၸECSCICSSၸECSၸၢႆS ၼCS CCSCူၺSSS CၢၵS CႃCCSCၼSSEၵႃ ႁI ူCS CMCS Cႆ Cႃ EC S ၼႃ Eၵႃ CူၼSSCူၼSSEC CၵSSCMၵS CUCS Cႆ ၵၢCSၼSECႃ ၵၢCSၶCS S CECSAMၼS AMၼS CၼSSEၵႃ ECႃCၢCS AS CIူၼS ၶS CMCS ၶS ACSS ၵူၺSS ၵႃ

CIူCS CီCၼၶူၼSACSCီၶMၼS ၸCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCSS CIူCS CႃSCႃ

ၼCS ၶႃSEC CCSS CIူCS ACSCCS ၼICS CCSSCၼSCIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCS AူၼS AMၼS EC CူCSS CIူCS CၼSSၸIူCSS ၸCS ႁႃEC ၽECSၼၼS ၽIUၵSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆS ႁCSSႁCSSႁၢၼSႁၢၼSECႃ CူၺSSEၵႃ CECSS CူၺSS ၼႆ CEၼSၶူSCMၼSEၵႃ ECႃCႆ ၸSCIUၼSSCၢCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CီSၸSCUCSSၶၢCS S CၼSSၼIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ ႁCS ၶEၵS CCS CMCS ၸUCSSၼIူCS EC Cႃ CူၺSSCCS ACS CႃSၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼSS EၵႃSCICS EC CႃSCMၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ CူၺSSၼၢCSCႆ EC ၵIၼSCႃ CႃECၼMၼSSCႆ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၼႆS CူၺSSၼႃ EၵႃSCICS Eၵႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၸSCCSS CECS ၼSၼIူCS Eၵႃ ACS ႁၼSCူၺSSCႃSS

92 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS EC

AMၵS CႃSCူ ၸSSCူၺSSS ACSၽႃ Cၢႆ Cႃ CီCECS Eႁ

CႆCႃSCၢCSSႁI ူၼSSၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS

ၼၼS S CUၵS AMၼS ၸUCSSၼIူCS

AၼSCီSၽၢႆ CCSACS ၶူS

ၸMCSSCCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CၢCSႁႃႁI ူၼSS EၵႃSCICS EC CူၺSSၶCS CEၼSCCSCSS CEၼSႁI ူၼSSCႆ CEၼS CCSၼIူCS S Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSSႁICSSႁI ူၼSSၶCS ၼCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSS CၢCS Eၵႃ CူCS CIUCS ၶူCSS CၢCS Eၵႃ

CUCS CEၼSSCႃ S CၢCS ၸIူCSSAၢၼS CၢၵS ၼCS EC

CMၼSSCူSCၼSCႆ S EC CCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၵႃ AMCS ၼMၼSS

CူၺSSS CူၺSSၼMၼSSၶူCSSCႆ ၼIူCSCၢCS AMၼS S ၵူၼSSAUCS Cႆ ႁICSSCၼSSၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSECACS A CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵCSSCူၺSSCူၺSSS ၼIူCS Cႆ CUCS CUCS CူCSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSၵႃ CူCSCၢCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS ၶS AS ၽSA ၸMCSSS ACS ၶS AS ၸS ၸၢႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECS CCS S ၸCS CMႆ ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS ၵႃ ACS ၶူSECႃ CႃS CCSSCECSSCီ ECႃ CီSၶူSECႃCႃ Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSၽEၼS ၸUCS ၼCS CၢCS CၼSၼIူCSၼႃ ၽၢၵS CူၺSSS Cႃ CCS ၵၼS “CူၺSS ECCူ CီCႃSCူ S CူၺSS ECCူ CီCႃSCူ ” Cႃ ECၸၢCSSCူၺSS CၢCSSCEၼSCCSၼႆ EC CMၼS Cႃ ၶူSECႃCႃ Eၵႃ ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACSCႃSCီ CIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACS CီSCၢCSSCၢCS CCSS CူၺSSCEၼSၼၢCSCႆ ၵS Cႆ S ACS ၸၢCS CႃCီ ႁI ူၼSSS ECCႆ CူCS ACSS CႃS CCSSCၢႆSCၢCSSCEၼSCူၺSSACS CီS ECCၢႆႁIUCS ECၶEၼSSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ S CIUCSSCူCSCႆ S ၶူၼSACSECႃSACS ၵႃ CCSSၼCSCCS S ႁIUCSၵႃ CူCS Cၢႆ ၸCS CMCSCူCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶEၼSSS CီSCၼSSၼIူCS Cူ CIူCSSCၢၼS CူၺSSၶCS AMၼSCီ ၼMCS CူၺSS ၶCS CMၵS ႁႃ CICSSEC ၽECSCႃSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cူ CIူCSSCCS “ႁCSSၶႃ ၶS CUၵSSၶS CMၼSS Cီ ၸCS EC AS CူCSSCMႆ CၼS CူၺSSCၢႆ CMCS CMCS CECSS CECSSၶႃ EC ” “ၵMCS CCS ၸIူCSSCူCႃSCၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၼS CECS CECS S ACSၶECS ၶူCSSCICS CူCSSCၼSS

ၶIUၼSSECႃ ECႃSၸECSSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“CူၺSSECCူ CီCႃSၶIUၼSSAIူCS S ACS CၼSCၼSSCၢႆCႆ ” Cူ CIူCSSၸCS CCSSCECSSEၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ၸCS EC ၶႃ ၶႃ ၶCSၶS ၶႆ EၼCUCSSႁCSSၶႃ CIူCS ၵMၼS Cီ ၶႃ S ႁCSS ၶႃ A Cႆ CၢCSCူCSCူၺSSECႃSCီSၸSၶS Cၢႆ CူCS CၢႆCMCSCူCS ၶႃ CCS S CၼSSCCS CEၼSၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၸCS EC Cႆ EC ECႃSၸCS EC ACS CၢCSSCၼS ၶၼSCၼSS ACS ၸၢCS ၵႃ CSCီ ၶႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶEၼSSECႃ ၸCS EC CMႆ CၢCSSAS ၶၼS CူၺSS CIူCSSၵႃ CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSS ၶႃ EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSS ၵူCS ACSCူ Cႆ S ECႃSၸူS ၸSACSၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ EC ၶS ႁIUCS ၸIူCSSၶCS AMၵS ၵႃ CECS CECS CECS CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူၼS ၸSၵၼS EၶႃSCၼSS AS ၸSၼICSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ၵMCS CCS ၶCSCႃSCၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵMCS CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSၵူၼSS CICSSၵCS CၢႆၸSၶၼSCCSSCူၺSSCႆ S CၼSSACS CUCS Cႆ ECAICSSS CUCSSCIူCS ၵMၼS Cႃ CCSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS A S CူၺSSၼႆ ACS Cႆ Eၵႃ CS CၢၼS AS ECႃSၶMႆ CၢႆS CၢၵS CႃCၢႆAၺS CၵSSCႃCူၺSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ S ၽSၽSEၵႃ CIUCSS CူၺS ၸSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁEၼSၼႃ ECCၢCS CCSSCECSCS CECSCူCSS “ACS CၼSCူၺSSCၢႆCႆ S CၼSSCၵSSECCႆ CEၼSၵူၼSSCႃSၶIUၼSS” ၸူCS ၽSCႆ CၼSSCMCSSၼMCSSCECS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸUၵSS Cၢႆ AMၵS CႃSS ACS ACS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSEC AMၵS CႃSၸူSACSSCႃၵCSSCECSS CူၺSS EC CIUၵS CIUCSSCူCSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼCS ႁၢCS CူၺSSCIၼSS ၵၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ CူၺSS ECႃ EC CUCS EၼCၼSSS “CူၺSS ... CူCၵSSECCႆ CIUCS ၶီSၸSၵႃ S ECACS Cႆ Cၢႆ” CူၺSSၶIUၼSSCူ CီCႃSS CၼSSၼၼS ၵMၺSS ႁၢCS Cႃ CႃSCIူCSCIူCS ၵCS S CၼSSၼၼS ၵMၺSS CူၺSSA CူCSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ၶူၼSACSEၵႃ AMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSS ၼSSCူCS ၼIူCS ၵMၺSS CူၺSSၶCS ၵၢၼSCႆ CCS S CူၺSSၵႆ CၢCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S

94 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ၵMCS ၸCS EC ACS CၼSၶႃ CၢႆEC ၸူCSSEC EC ၶႃ EAႃ ” CၢႆSECၼၼS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSEC CCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSEC CCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSEC CCS CIူCSSၼCS CCSႁၵS ACSAMCS CECSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSS CၢCS ၵCSSEၵႃ CူၼS CIူCSၼႃ S ၵCSSၵCSS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၼSCMၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS CၼSSCီSၽUCSSCUၼSCS Cႆ EC

ၼCS CၼSSCUCS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS S 

AၵSS CEၼSCIူၼSEA CCCS S

ၼSSCၢCS CMႆCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSႁI ူCS CMႆ AူၼS ၼူၼSSၼႃ EC CCSS

Cႆ ႁCS ၼႃ S

CူCSCCSSၸIူCSSAIUCSSၼCS Cူ

EC CCSS CူၼS Cႆ ၸIူCSSႁECS ႁECS Cႆ Cူ EC CCS AMၼSၵၼSCUCS CMCSS ၶၢCSS AူၼSCMၼSSCUၼSS1Cူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CIူCS ၶၢCSSႁUၼS

ၼIူCS

CၼSCMႆCူCSCMၵS ၶီS AၼSCECSSCၢCS CၢCSCၢCSCႆ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸSCIUCSCၼSSၸIူCSS ၼႆ Cႆ CUCS Aၢႆ ၾႆSCႆ CIူၼS EC ၸၢCSၸSၵႃ EC EC CCS S ၵၼSSၾႆS CCSSၼCSCUCS Cႆ ၼIူCS CUCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ECႃSCီSCၢႆၵၢCS CၢႆCူCS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽEၼSၵၢၼSႁECSSCၢCS CူCSCMၼSCၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸMCSSCၼSCMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS EC

AS CIUၼS CMႆ CECS

AS ၸS CIUCSSCၢႆSCၢCSSCၢၼSCS

CၢႆSၸUCS ၾႆSCီ ၽECS ႁႆ ၼၼS

AၼSCၢၵS CၢၵS CၢCSSၵIၼS

ECCIူCSS

AMၵS ၼၼS S CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS Cၢႆ AMၵS ၸူSၸIၵSSCMႆ Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSEၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSSCCS S “CIူCS ၽUၵS ECၵႃ EC ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ 3 CCSSCၼSS” ၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ ႁECSSAS ၵူၼSSCCSSEႁႃ ၸIူCSSၶၢၼS AIူၼSCႆ ၼၼS ၼႃ ၸIUၼS CႃCၢCS CႃSS ECႃCIUCS EC Cႃ Eၵႃ CCS AS CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSၸMႆ ၼSS 1 Monson 2 Spring 3 CCCSSCာ

96 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIUCS CIUCS AS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCူၼS CIူCSSS CူCSCၼSSEC ၶီ CECSCICS CEၼS ၵႃ ၸူSၵၢCS S ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS Cႃ EASEၵႃ CူၺSSACSၸၢၵS ၵႃS ၵူ CCSSS AၼSCUၵS CီECSEၵႃ ECSCႆ CီCSီ ACSၼႃ ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCS Cူ ၶMCSS Eၵႃ ၸS ၵူၼSSCၼSS CMCS Cီ ၵMCS EC CMၵSSCIၼSၶCS AS CIူCS Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ ႁCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S “Cၢႆ CCICSS … CူၶS ACS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CႃSCCSSCူCSSEC ” ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMႆ ၵူၼSSၵႃ CMၵS ၸIူCSSCEၼSCီ CEၼSၼMCS ၸCSၸS Cီ ႁႃ AၵSSEၵႃ Cႃ ၸMCSSEC ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CUၵS ၸSS ECႃSECCႆ ၵႃ ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼႆ ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၼS ၼူCSCႃSS ၵူ CMၵS ACS CႃSCႆSEၵႃ CႆSEC S ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

CIူCS ၼႃ CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCS Cီ

ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼႆ ၵIUၼSSAIUၵS AIUၵS CူCSS CIူCS CECSEC ACS CီSၽSCCS EC CEၼSAMCS Cီ Cႃ ၶUၵSSCူCSSၶIUၼSS

CၢၼSCIူCS ၵCS

CၢCS ႁI ူCS ႁI ူCSSCIူCSSCSCႃS

ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ CECS CူၺSSAMCS ၼၼS S CၼSSCၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECCႆ ၸSS CၼSSၼIူCS ACS CၼSSၼIူCS EC Cႆ CူၼS ECSEႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ EC Cူ CCSSEၵႃ ACS A S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CMCSS ႁၼSCIUCSCႆ ECCIUCSCႃSCၼSSAၼSCၼSS ACS CCS ၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSၼၼS ၼႆCCS S ECႃSCIUCSCၼSSၼၼS CႃSEC CၼSSၸၢCS CIူCSSCၵSSၸS AS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSCIူCSSၼႆ ၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSCႃSS ၸူCS CၢၼSCူCS ၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSS CEC CCၢၸSၶCS AၼSCIUၵS CီSCီ CIူCSSCႆSၼႆ Eၵႃ ECCUCSSCၢႆSၵႃ CCS S ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ ECCMႆ ၾႃ ႁECSSCMCSၶCS AS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCႆS AၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ CIူၵS CCS Cႆ CCSSCၢႆSCၢCSSCီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CUCS CCSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆCCS S CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSၵႃS CEၼSSAူCS CS CူCSCႃSS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS ႁICSSCၼSSS ၵႃSၸICS AၼSCၢCS ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCSCECSCႆ ၼၼS ၸMCSS CႃSCၢCSSCCSၵႃSၶCSS ECႃSECAMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS CEၼS Cီ ၼႆ ACS CႃS ၶCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢႆCၢCSCႃS ACS CEၼSၼႆ ACS CCS ၶႆ Eၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS EC S ၶူၼS CၢCSSCူCS AၼSၵCSSCIUCS CၼS AIၼSSCီSCSS ECႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS

ၸIူCSSၼၼS

CီSၵူၼSSၸူၼSၸICSSႁICSၶူCSSၶMCSCIူၼS CႃS ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢႆCၢၵS Cီ ECႃ CIUCS CၢၼSCIူCS CECSS CူၼS CႃSCူCS CၢႆၵMၺSS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCMႆCူCS ၼCS CၼS CူCSSၺႃSၵူၼSSၸူၼS ၼIူCSၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ S CIူCSSCMႆCူCS ၼCS CၼS ၼႆ CီSၽၢႆ ACS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S ၶႃCူAMၵS CUၵS CၢCS AူS ၽECSCႃS Cီ ECႃ ACS CႃSၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSECEၵႃ S ၶႃၶႆ EၼCႃ ၶူCSSCIUၼSSၶူCSSၶCSSၶCSၵႃ ၼႆCCS S ၶႃၼCS

ၵူၼSSၸူၼSCၢCSEၵႃ

ႁICSACS

Cီ CCS CၢCSSCCSၵႃSEC CCS

ၼMၼSSCႃSS ၽIူCS CIUCSCၢCSSCMၵSSCီ ၼIူCS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸူၼSCMCSEၵႃ ACS ၵMCS CႃCႆ EC ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSEၵႃ CူၵSSၸSECACS S ၵူၼSSၸူၼSCECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS CႃSၸူSCီ ၶႃCူ AMၵS S CၢCSCႃ CEၼSၽSCၢႆCၢႆS ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCS ACS ႁCSSCMCS CIUCS S CEၼSCႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSၵႃ Cီ Cႃ CECS S ၵူၼSSၸူၼSEၵႃ CMၼSS ACS CECS CႃSCႃSCီ ၶCSCCSSCECS S ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSEၵႃ CIUCS EၼၼSSCူCSၼSS CMCSSCCSSCECS EC CၼSၵႃ CူCSႁႃ CၢၵS

AၼSCႃSCႃSၼၼS

CၢCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSၸူၼSၶCS ECႁၢၼS ၸSၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CCSSCECS S

Eၵႃ CEၼSACSၸူၼSCCS

ႁၼSCၢၵS CUCS CECSၸICS ႁၢCS CီCီAMၼS Cီ ၼၢCSSၾႃ S ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSEC CၢCS Cႃ ၶCSECACS ႁICSACSCၢၵS CUCS CIူCS S ECACS ႁECSSAS ၼၢCSSCICSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

CMႆ AူၵSSCMႆ ၼူCSSEC Cႆ Aၢႆၼႃ AၢႆCႃS Cီ EC ACS ၸS ၸIူCS

ၼၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵၢCS CီEC CၢCSCူCSၵူၼSSၸူၼSၶCS ACS CႃSCူCSSCၢၵS CUCS CIူCS S AS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CူCSSCၼSႁCSSၵMၺSSS CECS ၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSS ၶCSၽECSCႃS EႁႃCီ ECႃ S Cီ CIူCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ ACS CႃSCၢၵS CUCS S Cႆ ACSCIUCSSCၼSS CၵS CIူCS CူCSSAူၵSSEC ၶCS CႃSၼSS EႁႃS ၸCS ၼႆ ECCႆ ၸMႆ CECS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CMႆCူCSၼCS CၼS Aီ CCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A ၵCSSCECSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CူၺSS ၵႃ ACSAECS AMၼS AၼSCS ၵECS CECSCIUၼSSၶCSSၼၼS S CူၵSSAMၵS CၢၵS CUCS CECSCMCS ၸUCS ၼIူCS EC

CICSCၼSAS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCMႆCူCSS

ၶCSECCႆ CIူCSSCIUCSၼCS CၼS S

ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCS ၶUၼSCၢၼSSၸICS EC ၶCSSCႃ EC ၼႆ ၵႃ ECႃSACS CႃSၶCSS CၢႆCၢCS ECACS ၵႃ CSCCS Cႃ S

98 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIူCS ၵႃ ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼၼS ၵႃSCၢCS CCSSCႃSCႃSAၵSSCCSSS Cီ ၼMCS ၶCSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၾၢႆ ၽMCSSCCSSၶCSS ၾၢႆ ၼSSEႁႃၶCS CႃSCႃSၼIူCSၵႃSၸIူCSS ၼၼS CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS ၼIူCSCၢCSSၵႃSAၼSၵႃ ၸူSCECSS CIူCS ၼႆ ACS CီSၵႃSၵႃ ၵႃSCႃSၼCSS Cႆ CၢCS ႁၢCS ၶCSSၵႃSEC CူၺSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CECS CူၼS CIူCSSCႆ S ACS CီSၶCSSCၢႆCMႆ CECS AၼSACSAMCSCူCSSၼSSၵႃS Cၢႆ Cႆ ၼၼS EC CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AIUCS AIUၼSSCCS ၽECSSCႃSၸMCSSCၢCSSS Cီ CၢCSSၵIUCSSCMCSCီ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSCECS CူၺSSS CၢႆCႆ ၼSSၸS Cႃ ၸၢCSSၽUၵS CMCS CၢၵS CၢၵS CၢCSSၵIၼSS “ၽUၵS CၢၵS ၵECS Cီ ၼႆ ၵႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸီ EၼCMႆAIUၼS

ၸIူCSSCီSႁICSS CၢၼS CMႆEၶႃၼၼS

EC CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၼSSCႃၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCူၼSCၢၵS ၵECSCူCS AၼS CၢႆCႃACS CUCSSCႆ ၼၼS S ECႃ CECS CEၼSCUCSSCEၼSၼၢCSၼႃၼႃCႆ ECCႃ ACS CီSၸSCMၼS ၸSCMCSSS CMCSSAS AူၼSCႃSၵMၺSSCCS S ECႃSECၶS Cီ CUCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ECCႆ CီS ၵူၼSSCီSCႃ CီSႁECSSၼCSEC EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMCS Cီ ၸIူCSSECၽUၵS Eၵႃ ၾီ CCSS ၶICS AၼSCီSCၢCSSၼႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ CူၼS CႃS

CၢၼS ၸIူCSSAၼSECCီSၶူCSSၵၢၼSCႃSၼၼS

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၶႆ EၼCMCS ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ AICSSၼIူCS ECႃ S CီECMႃ EC Cူ ႁႃ Cီ ၼၼS ” “CီECMႃ EC AIူCS S ႁCSSEC CUCS CCSCႃ

CၼSSၼIူCS

ECCEၼS

ၼCS CIူCSSၽီACS ႁၢCS S CIူCS ၼၼS EC ႁCSSCႆ ၵႃ EC Cီ ၸCS Cီ AUCS ၵMႃ S ECMႃ CUCSSCCS Cႃ S CၼSSEႁ ၸCS CUCSSႁCSS ၸCS Eၶ Eႁ CIူCS ၼCS ACSSၵICS ၶCSႁECSSၼၼS ၼႃ S ACSSၵICS ၶCSၼၼS ACS Cူ Cီ Cႆ Cႆ CူSS ECႃSၶၢCSSCႆ ၼႆ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၶCSCCSSၸUCSS CUၵS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS

ၶၢႆ CႃSCၢCS

CCSSၼIူCSCMႆ AၼSCီSCီ CၢCS AူSS ACS ၵႆၵႃ ႁIUCSS CUၵS Cီ ၼႆ ECCႆ ၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CMၵS AၵSSCICSSCၵSSၵMၺSS” “EAႃ ... ႁCSSCMCSSCCS S CIူCS ၶီ CECSCIၼSCႃSၼၼS ႁCSSCႆ CIၼS ၼIူCSCၢCS AူSCႃS ACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “ၸS CCS Cႃ S ၸCS CUCSSႁCSS ၶၢႆ EႁႃCႃSCီ ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ S ၵူၼSS ၵူ Eၵႃ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၸSS EႁႃCူCSၼႆ CS Eၵႃ CS S ႁၢCS Eၵႃ ႁၢCS CီS ၵူၼSSCီ ၵႆ ၶCS CCSSCႃSEC S CIူCS CSACS Cႃ ၶEၵS CECSEႁႃCႆ Cႃ EC ” ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CICSၸMCSSၸSCူၼS ၵႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ CၼSSၶCSSၵႃSCူၼS CၢCSSEၽ AၼSECၵႃ ၸူS EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၵMၼS S CၢCSSEၽၼၼS CIူCS ၵMၼS EC

ECCEၼSCၢCSSCီS CIူCS CECSEC

CEၼSCၢCSSCIၼSၵMၺSSS ၵMCS

ၸၼSSၼႃ EC Cႆ ၾၢCS ECၶCSSCႃSS CၢCSSEC ၵၢCS Cူ S ECႃ EC CီS CUCSSၼIူCSCၢCSSEC

ၽIူCS CၢၵS ၼICSSCECS ၵႃ

Cႆ CIၼSSCECS ၶUၵSSၶUၵSSၶၢၵSS

ၶၢၵSSS CၢCSSၼႆ ACS CECSSCီCCS S CီSAUၵSSCUၵSSAၢၵSSCၢၵSSCႃS CCSSၼCSS ၸူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၼSSCၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS S “ၵIUCSSCECS ႁႃ CၵSSၵMၺSSCCS ၵႃ S ECႃSၽECSCီ ၼၼS ၸCS Cူ ECA Cႆ ၵIUCS CႃSCူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ” ၶCSၶCSSၶIUၼS CႃS ၼIူCSCMႆCႆSCႆSS ၾICS ၾႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ CႃSS CူCSSEၵႃ ၵCSSCၢCS CႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼSၼCS Cႆ CUCS ၼူCSAၢႆ CIူCS Cႆ ၸUၵSSCECS CူၺSS CူCS Cႆ ၶECSၸCS ၸMCSSAူ ၶCSၼၼS S “ASS ... ACS ၸS CူၼS CEၵS Eၼ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCၢCS CCSSၸူCSSS “ၸူCS ၽECSCIူCSSCၢၼS CႃSၼႆ ႁCSSCႆ Cႆ ႁၼSCူၼS CEၵS ECCMၵS ” “ၵMCS ၼႆ ႁCSSၸCS CၢCS ECCUၵS ၸSCူCူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CCSSCၢCS CCSSၶူCSS “CS CူၺSSEC ECCႆ ႁၼSCCSCECS ၼႆ”

100 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃႁၵS AMCS CူၼS Cႆ CူၼS CMၵS AၼSCႃ ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A CီCီS CၼSSCIUၵS CMCSS CIူCS Cႆ ၼCS AUCS ၵUCSၼIူCSၸၢၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS EၼၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CၼSSCUCS CCSCႃ Cီ CူၼS Cႆ ၶCS CီSCူCSႁၢCS ၾၢCS CီSၸSၶၼSCCSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ECCႆ Cႆ ၵႃ ၶၼS CIူၼSၼCS ၵူၼSS EC CCSSCCSSCၢႆS ECႃSၽECSၼIူCSၵMCSSCMႆ Cႆ ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSS CၢCSSAၼSCIူCS CၢCSSCႆ CီCီS Cႆ ႁၼS Cႆ CူCSSS Cႆ CEၵS S Cႆ ၵMၼSS CူၼS CၢၵS ACSCICSSS

CIူCS ၵႃSCCSSၵႃ

CS CူၼS Cႆ CူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS ႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ ECCႆCႃS CူၺSSCူၼS Cႆ CူCSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆS ၽIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSEႁႃCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIUCSSၵႃSCၼSSS Cႆ ႁၼS Eႁႃ CူCSCီၶၢCSCၢႆSCီၼCS ၼူCSSၼၼS

CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS Cႆ ႁၼSACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CူCS

ၼIူCSၸIၵSSCMႆ Cီ CIူCSSAီ CCီ CMCSSACS ၼၼS CCS S ၶECSSႁIၼSAၼSCIူCS Cႆ Cီ ၶူCSCႆAၼSၶIUၼS ၸူS ၾၵSSCူၵၢCSEႁႃၼၼS EC CUၵS Cီ CUCS CၢCS Cၢႆ Eၵ CIUC4S ACSCႃSEC CCS S EႁႃCူCSၼႆ CီSASCECSSCS CS S CCSCCSSCCSS CUCSCUCS EC CၢCSSCႆၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS Cႆ ECCႃ ၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSEC CCS S CMၼS ၵၢCSEႁႃၵMၺSS CီSAၼSCUCSSAၼSၵCS CIUၵS CီCူ ၼၼS S ၽၢၵS ၽၢႆ ၶႃ EC Cႆ ACSCEၵSSCၢႆ CUCSSCႆ CCS S Cႆ Cူ CECSၵMCS CIUၵSSၵMCS CIူCSCႃSEC Cႃ ႁၢCS ၾၢCSEႁႃCCSၼႆ CIUၵS CECS ACSၸS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCႆ Cႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS Cႆ ႁၼSၾၢCSCECS ၸIူCSSၼႆ EC ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CIူCSSၼူCS CႃSS CIူCS

1930 ၸူCS CICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS

Cႆ CIUCSSCECS CMCS ၶီCMCS Cႆ

ၸIူCSSCႆ CEၼS ၵMCS ၸCS Aူ CၼSSEC Cႆ CႃSCMၼS Cူ Cီ EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ S ECႃSၵႃ ၶIUၼS ACSSႁEၼSS Cီ Cႃ ၸီ CICS CCS CMၵS CႃSEၵႃ Cႆ CႃSCMၼS Cူ Cီ EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ ၵMၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ACS ႁၼS CၢCSSႁၵS CၼSSCMၵS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS CIUၵS ၸSCIUCSCႆ Cူ S ၸSCIUCSၸူ CCS CၼSSEC ACS ၸS S 4 Mediterranean Sea, CၢCS Cၢႆ AၼSCီSၼSSEၵ CIUCSCူSAူCS EC CIUCSAႃ ၾCီSၵSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸSCIUCS CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼS AၼSECႃႁၵS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ ၵMၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECCၢCS ECႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၾႃ AUCS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ ၸူCSSCႆ CႃS ၶူSAECS EA

Cီ ၸၼS ၸMCSAMၵS CAူCS 6S ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ၶMႆၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ EC CECSSCCSSၸSCၼSS Cႃ ECႁEၼSSCMၼSCIၵS CၢႆS AS CIUCSၸIၵSSCIUCSၸMCSS ၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS ၶCS ၽECSCႃSCၢCSSၼႃ CၢCS CၢCS Eႁႃ AၼSၶIUၵS ၶၢႆS CူCSS CUCS ႁI ူၼSSCS EႁႃၶCS ACSၶူCS CMၵS ႁCS CMၼS ၸUCSSၶCSS ၸECSCIူCS ၸUCSS ၶCSၽECSCIၼSCMႆၼၼS ၶCSECႃSCIၼSSCECSၵႃSCႃ Cႆ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSS Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS CIူၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSSAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၶS AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ Eၼ CၢCS CEၼSSၼICS AၼSCၼSSCEၼS CႃSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူၼS ၵၼS ၸSCၼSS ၵECS ၼIူCS EC CူCS CၵS ၵူၼSSCS EႁႃၶCSAMၼSCၢCSSS Cီ ၶCSEၵႃ ECCီSၵၢCSS ၵူ CMCS CMCS AၼSၶS ၶႆ Eၼ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSၶCSS ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ A ECCႆ ႁECSSCCSCၢႆCၢႆCCS

ၸUCSCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

AMၼSEၼၼSSEႁႃS

CီၶCSSCီ ACS ၼSSEႁႃၸIူCSSၼႆ CIUၵS ႁI ူCS CIUၵS CIူCS Cႆ S CႃSၸECSACS AၼSCႆ ၵူ ၶCSSCူCSၼၼS S ၼSSACS ၵၢCS CူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS ACS CီSCCSCCS S CၢCS CIူCS ႁI ူCSCႆ S ACSCEၼS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS CIူCS CIUၼS Cႆ S Cီ ႁၢၼS AၼSCUၵS CUCSCႆ AICSS ၼIူCS EC ECCEၼSAMCS Cီ AၼSCႆ ၵူ ၶCSSS ACSCႆ CEၼS ၸIူCSSၶEၵSSCႆ ၼၼS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ CCSSACS S

ၶCSSၸIူCSSCEၵSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CIUၵS ႁI ူCS Cႆ CIူၼSၼCS

CEၵSSCႆ CIူCS CႃSCIူCS CIUၼSSS ECႃSECCူ Cီ ASCECSSCူCS CECS ၾCၢCS ၸIူCSS CီSၽၢၵS AၼSCီSCၢCSSCႆၼၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ ႁၼSၾၢCSCECS ႁၢCS CီCီS ECCႆ ႁၼS CၼSCMႆ ၸIူCSSCႃ Cႆ ACS Cႆ ၼၼS ႁၢCSSၼIူCS ECႃ ႁၢCSSၼIူCS S CCSSACS Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၼS CူၼS AၼSၵူၼSSCCSSCCSECAICSSS ၼCS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS ၵCSSCECSCCS S “ႁၢCS CီEC CCS Cႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS CIူၼS AECS CS7ၶCS CMၵS ၶီS

5 Master of Art 6 Oxford 7 Alps, CၼSCMႆCူCS AၼSCီSCီ CMၼS ၵၢCS CIUCSCူSAူCS S

101

102 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶCSEၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS

CၢCS ႁCSSCၼSSS ECႃSCၼSSCၢႆ CႃSၶIUၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ

ၸUCSCIUCSSCၼSSAMၼSၵႃ ၽၢၵS AၼS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSCူ CUၼS CECSၼၼS S

CCSSCMCSEၵႃ ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCS S ECႃ EC Cႆ CIၼSS CECSCIၼSၶႃ CECS ၼIူCSCEၼS CIူCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CECS CIၼSSၶIUၼSS ၵၢCSS ၸIူCSSCႆ CၢCS CႃS CIူCS ၼၼS ႁIUCSEC ACS A S ၽၢၵS Cၢႆ Eႁႃၼႆ

CီSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS S ACS CUCSSEC Cႆ Cူ CECၵ S ႃ

ၵMCS CၢၵS CMCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSS CIူCS ၼၼS ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၽMCSSCCSS ၶCSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSEၵႃ CီSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃၼႆ S “CီECCၢႆEC Eၼႃ ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AMၼSၵႃ CၢCSSၽၢၵS AၼSၾႆSCႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS S “ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS CCS ၸSၸUCS ၽCSၵႃ ႁႃ S ACS ၼၼS CIUၵSSၵၼSCIUCSS ၵၼSEႁ ၾႆSCႆ ၵႃ ႁႃ ” “ၵMCS CIUၵSSၵၼSCIUCSSၵၼSEC ACS ၸS S

ၸECSCIူCS ၾႆSCႆ Cႆ

ၵMႃ

CၢၼS ၶCSECႃSCၢႆ ၵႃ CCS CူCSS CECႃ ACS ECႃ Cႆ ၵႃ ႁႃ S ၽSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ၶႆ EၼS ၽIူCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCSCႃSႁၼS ၾႆSCႆ EႁႃၼႆEၵႃ ACS EၶEC ၾႆS Cႆ CCS S ၵၢCS CီEC ACS CၼSSCႆ CူCSSEႁ CMCS ၵႃ ႁCSSCၼSSAIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCSCၢCSSCႆCUCSSS Cီ CီSၸၢၼSS AၼSACSႁIၼSႁECSSCႆ ၼၼS EC EၼၾၢCSCECS ၸIူCSS ၸၢCS ႁECSSAS ၶUၵSSၸS Cႆ CၢၼSCIူCS ၵMၼS ၼၼS S Cီ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၶႃ CၢCSAၼSCူၵSS CUၵS Eၶႃ ၼIူCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢCSSၵႃ S “ၵMCS CCS CူACS ECSၶIUၼSSCႃ ” “ႁCSSCႆ CူၼS EC Cူ S ၵူၺSSၼႃ

CၢႆSECၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCS AၼSၵႃ

CIူCS 1945 ၼၼS CCSSCၢႆSACS ECႃSCီS CIူCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS ၶCS CႃSၼၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ACSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၽMCSSCCSSၶCS

CၢၼS CၢၼS CMCSCIူCSSႁIUCSCMCSCီ S

CCS

ၸCS ႁCSSCEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSS ႁCSSEၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၸS ႁECSSCႃ CၢၼS CIူCSS CီS CၢCSSACS CူCS ၵMၺSSS CIူCS ၼၼS CIUၵSSCUၵS ၽIUၼS ၾၢႆ ၶMCS CICS ၼICS ၶCSႁၢႆ ၼႃ S ၶCSCCSSၶCS Cႆ CၢCS AူSS Cႃ CECS ၵMၼS S ႁCSSCႆ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS Cီ ECႃ CႃS Cႃ AS ၶCSၶCS CႃSCႆ ၼၼS S Cႆ ႁECSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ AIူCS ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS ECSCၢၼS CႃCၼSSCူ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSS “ECႃSECၶူၼS ၶIUၼSS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIူCSၼၼS ACS CီECAICSSS ႁCSSEC ACS Cႆ CၢCS ACS AMCS Cီ AၼSCICSSCEၼSCၢၼS Cီ ၼႆ ” “ECႃSCCSSCၢႆSCီCႃSၼႆ ႁCSSEၵႃ AMၵS CႃS AECSCီSၵSSS Aႃ CၢCS CUCSSCEၵS ၽMCSSCCSSCIူCSSCၢCSႁCSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS CၼSSECSEႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ S ၸCS ၼႆ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၸၢCS ၼCS ၵCS S ECCႆ CS ECႃ ECႃS ၶCS Cၼီ ၶUCSSEႁ “CႆS”ႁCSS ႁႃၼCS CMၼSSCႆ CႃSၼၼS ၵMၼS ” “ႁCSSEC ၶS AS CUၵS CၢCSSႁCSS CS Cီ ၼႆ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CICSSၵCSSCူၺSS ၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၼူCSACSၵCSS ၼIူCS S “CႃS ... ႁႃSၵႃ CူၺSSၼSSCူၼS” ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ

CCSSၽၢၼS

Cီ AၼSCၢCS CီS Cႃ CIူCS Cႃ CူCSS

CူၼSCMၵS ၵၢႆSCCSSS CူၼSCၢၵS A CECSၼၼS EC CႆCႃSၸူSCီ CီS CူၼS Cႆ CူCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၾႃ ၵၢCSႁၢCSEၵႃ CIUၵS CၢCS CSCႆ CIူၼSၵCS S ECႃSCUၵS Cီ CၢCS CUCS Cီ ႁECSCCSSၼၼS CUCS CူCSၵႃ CၢCSSCS ၸIUCS ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼSAၢႆ ၼCS ၶCSAIူCS Cႆ S “Cႃ ၶS Cူ CၢCSCီ CၼSSCႃ ” CIူCS ၼCS Cီ CCS CၢCSSႁIၼS ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆS

CS CူၼS CMၵS ၸၢCSCူCSၼၼS

Cူ

103

104 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “CၼSSၼIူCS CႃS ECCႆ Cူ Cူ ၵႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ A Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၵS EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ CIူၼSCၼSS ႁၵS ၼႆEC ၸူCSSၵႃ EC EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼCS CူCSSႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူၼSၶႃၼCS ၼSSCူၼSCMၵS CECSSCEၼS CS ၼၼS CCS S CCSSCMCSEၵႃ ACS CီS ၸS ၶS CUၵS ၵႃ ၸူSCၢCS Cီ CCS S “EႁႃCS ၶၢCSSCႆ ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼSၽSၶႆ ၸSAMၵS CႃSS CEၼSၸCS Cူ Cူႁႃ ” “ACS ၸS S ၸCS CUCSSႁCSS ၸCS Eၶ AIူCS

Eၵႃ Eၵႃ CၢCS Eႁႃ

ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼႆ S ႁCSSCၢCS CၼSSACS CီSAMCS Cီ Cႃ Cႆ ECSCၼSSCီ CICSS Eၵႃ ၼၼS EC

ၸCS Eၵႃ CၢCS Eႁႃ CS ၼႆ CူCSSS

CUၵS CၼSSCCS CီSCီ

Eၵႃ S CUၵS ၵECSSCၼSSCCS CီSCICSSCၢႆၵMၼS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS EႁCၢCS Cႃ S “ၵၢCS Cီ CူACS ၸMCSSAႆSCIၼS ၸCS CUCSSCူၼၼS Cႃ S CၢႆS ၸCS CUCSSCူ Cူ CCSSၼၼS ၶS ၶIUၵS Cႆ Eၼႃ ” “Cီ CၼSSCီSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS ၼCSCႃ ၼCSEC AIူCS S ၵMCS CCS ၼႆ CၼSSCS CႃSၼSSEႁႃၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS Cီ ECႃSCIၼSS Cီ CECSSCIူCS S CၢCS ၵႃ AICS ၵCၼS S EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS ႁCSSACS CၼSSCMCSSCၼSSCီCီS CIူCS CၼSS ၼMၼSSEၽSၼၼS ႁCSSCIUၵS CီSCီ ၶူCS ၵMၺSSS CၢႆSCႃS ၵMီSၽCႃS8ႁCSSၶႆ Eၼ ၸCS Cႆ A CMCS ၸCS CUCSSCီCီၵMၺSSS ECႃ ၶS A EၸS CၢCSCီ ၵMီSၽCႃS ECႃ S CၼSSEၵႃ ႁႃၵူၼSSၶS CMCS ၼၼS AIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ ၸSCႆ CMCS ၼIူCS ECCၢCS “ACS CီSၽS CECS CEၼSASူ Cႆ ႁႃ ” “ACS Cႆ CီSS CၼSSၼIူCS CႃS CူၸၢCS CECS Cူ CူS” 8 MC ီSCUCာS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺSSCၢCSSCူCSSEC ၶUၼS CUၵS Cႃ “ၸUCSSႁCSSCူCS ၵIၼSCူၼS ၸMCSSၵၼS ACS ၸS Eၼ S CIူၼS ECCႆ CS ႁႃSၼႆ Cႆ ၸS ၵMၼS ” ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ CIူCSSCႃSCၢCSSEႁႃS CႆCႃSCS CူၼS Cႆ ၸIူCSSၽUၵS Cႆ ၸECS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCီ CICSSCီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၼႆ EC CS CူၼS ၼႃ CCS S CူၼS CEၵS EၼႃSA MၵS 9ၶECSၸCS ၶCSCCS CMCS ၶCSCCS

ၵCS CၼSCႆ CIူၼSၸMCS

ၸီSၶIUၼS ၾႃ Cႆ S CူၼS CMၵS CMႆSCUCSSCီ ၼIူCSCၢCSSCႆS CMၵS CMႆSCUCSSCMCS EC

ၸCSCၢႆSCCS S CECS CCS Cႆ ႁၼSCႃS Cႆ CူCSSၶMCS CEၼSၸUCSSCEၼSၸUCSSS CMၵS CီၶMCS ၶCS

ၵီ ၼIူCSၵICS ၶႃ ECႃSCMၼS ၵႃ S

CMၵS CီၶMCS CMCSACSၶCS

ၵICS ၶႃ Cႆ ၶCS CUၵS Cီ CCSSCႆ AၼSCီSCS ၶECSၶECSAMၼS ၶCSၼၼS EC ၽUCSS CEၼSAMၵS CႃSS CIူၼSCCSSၾၢCSCီၽီCIUCSS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSCႆ CCS S CCSSCMCS CECSCူCSS ၸIူCSSၽCS CS CS Cႆ ၶCSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CႆCႃSၽSSၽSSS CၢႆCECSSCECS ၸီSၶCS CႃS ၼSSEၵ Cၢႆ ၵICS ၶႃ Cႆ ၶCSEC CMCS CIUCSCႃ CIူCS Cႃ ၼIူCSCၢCSSCႆEC

CၢႆSCIူၼSCIူၼS Eၼ ၸၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ CCSS

ၼၼS CCS S “ၸCS ... CၢCSSEႁႃCူCSၼႆ CူၼSCMၵS ၽECS AMၼS AၼSၼIူCS CCSS ACS ၸS CCS S ၶS CIူၼSCူၼSCၢႆSCECS CူၼS Cႆ CCS Eၼႃ ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CMCS Eၶႃ CCSSCၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ ၼၼS CၼSSၵIUCS ၵၢCS ၾၢCS ႁၼS CIူCSၸUCS CူCSၼIူCS CၢၼSၵၼSCCSSၶCS CMၵS CMCSCၢၵS CႃၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIUCSSၵCSSCECSS ACSၼICS ၸီ CၼSS CၢCS ၼIူCSCICS CူCSSCၼSSEC EၼCႃ AS AMၵS CECSS ACSCIUCSSၶMၼSၼIူCS ၸီ EၼCIူCS ၸUCS S CIူCSၸUCS CူCSၼၼS ACS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ Cႆ Cူ Cႆ ၼICS ၼICSS ACS ႁCSSCူၺS ၸSS CIူCSၸUCS CူCSၼၼS CၵSSCႃCူၺSSၶႃS Cႆ ႁၼS CIူCSၸUCS CူCSၼIူCS CCSSၾၢCSCECS CIUၼSSCEၼS ႁၢCS CီၼၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSAၼSႁၢၼS ၸSCႆ CCS S ၶႃCႆ ႁၼS CECS ၽၢႆ ၶႃCIူCSၸUCS CူCSCီ 9 Norfolk

105

106 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶူၼSCIူCS CIူCS ၼၼS S

CCS Cၢႆ CူၺSSCႃSCၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSS

ၶူ CCS

ECႃ CၢႆႁၢCS ၽECSCS CECS Cႆ EC CIူၼSCCSSACSၼCS ၶCSS ECႃ CS Cႆ CCSS CူCSS CူCSCၼSSACS CူCS ACS ၼIUCSECCႃ CICS EၼAူCS AEၼSCၼSSS CIUCS EၼCႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CEၼSၸCS CEၼSၶUၼS ၼSSCEၼS Cီ ၼႆ ၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCIUCS CUၵS CီEႁ ၵCS EၽSၶEၼSCူ ၼႆEC ၸS ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSCMCSEၵႃ

CၼS ၵMCS CIUCSSၶIUၼS ၾႃ S ၵMCS CECSၵMCS EC

CIူCS

ၸUCS Eၵႃ CEၼS ၶUၼS ၶCS ႁၢႆၵႃ ၼSSCIူၼS S ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၸIူCSSCS EႁႃEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ ႁICSSACSSEႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼႆ CီSCIူCSS CIူCSၸUCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၵႃ CႃSCႃSCႆ Cႃ EC ၼႆS ၵူၺSS ၵႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ACS ၵCSSၽSS ၽSEၵႃ ACS ၵCSSၶCSS CIူCS ၵIၼSCူၼS ၵၼSၼၼS

AMၼSၵၼSAUCS

CMCS CIူCSၸUCS S ACS

CၢCSSၵIၼSCS ၼSSCၢၼS ၽIူၼSEC CၢႆSCီ ၼIူCSCၢCSSCႆႁIၼSCူCS ၼႃ EႁႃCS S ECႃ CIUCS Eၵႃ CူCS ႁUCSCႃS ၽၵSSCီၽၵSSCၢၼS CၢႆCီ CၢႆCၢၼS ၸIူCSSႁIUၼSSACSCႆ ၼၼS S Cႆ ၵIၼSၵCSSၶCS AUၼS AUၼS S CICSSACSCMCS CၢၵS ၵECSS Cီ CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSSCူCS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃCS

ၸECSၸCS S ACSCS CၢၵS ၵECSSၵူCS CCSS

ၼCS ၽၵSSCူCS CIူCS ၵIၼSၵCSSၵၼSS ၶႆ CECSSၸႃ S ၼIူCS CူCူCS AၼSACSၽၵSS CူCS AUCS S ACSSၼCS CၼSSS CICS ၼCS CၢၵS ၽႃ CS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCS CUCSSၾႆSCၢၼS EC CIUၵS AUၼS CUCS CUCS Cႆ S ႁၢCS CူCS ECCႃ CီSၼCS CECS S CႃSCCSSၼIူCS ၵႆ Cီ ၼIူCS S ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECSEၵႃ EၸSS CူCS ၼCS EC ACS CႃSACS CEၼSS CၢၵS ၽICS CီCECSCီၶECSၶCSၼႆ ႁၢCS ၶIူCS AS Cီ ၽၵSSၶCS CIူCSSႁၢCS CီECACS ၵႃS ၸMႆ CECSAS CီSၼCS CECS S ၽႃ CECSၸICS CႃS Cႃ ၵCSSၵၼSCCSSၼCS ၽICS EC

ႁECSSAS CIူCSSၵIၼSၶCS CၢၼSS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CၼSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸSS “ACS ၸS Eၸႃ S CECS CIUၼSSCCS Eၼႃ S Cႃ ACSCIUCSSၵIၼSၵMၺSS CCS S ACS CီEၼ ” ECႃSၵIၼSCီ EႁႃCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS CၢCSSCၼS ၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CူၵSSCUၵS CCSSAMCS Cီ ၼႆ EC Cူ S CၼSSEC ၶS AS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵႃ S CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ECႃSACSCIUCSSၵIၼS CIူCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵIၼSၶCS CၢၼSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSEၵႃ ACSၽEၼS ၸECS CIUCSSS

ၼECS ACSၵMၵSSၵႃ CၵSSၼCS S ၵႃ

CIူCS Cႆ ၵIၼSၶCS EC CCSS

CIူCS CIUၵS ၵIၼSၶCS EC

CCSS CIူCS ၵIၼSၶCS CCS EC CCS ၽSၽSEၵႃ ECၶS CUၵS CIUCSSS ၸECS CIUCSSCူ ACS ၸS Eၼ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺSSၵူၼSSႁICSSCၼSSၵIၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆEC CIူCS ၸMCSSS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ CS CူၺSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၵIၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS ၵူၼSS CCSSCၢႆEC

ၸS ၼICS CIUCSSၶCSၵMၺSSEC CICSSACSၶCS ၽၵSSS ACS CၼS

ၵIူCS CၢCS Cီ S CူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၸECSCIUCSSS ၸECSၶEၼSS ၸECSCMၵSSCMၵS CEၼSCECS ၶCS ၵႃ CECS S ၸူၵSSACSၵႃ CEၼSၽၵSSS CၢႆSၵIၼSၶCS CCS Cႆ CUၵS CIUCSSCၼSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ ၸCS ၵECS CSၵႃ S Cီ ACSCၢCSSCႆၼၼS

CီSၶECS ႁIၼSCMCSCUၵS S CၢCSSၼႆ EC

ၶCS

CၢCSSCIUCSS Cႃ ACSၶူCSSAMၵS CၢCSSCူၼS CၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCၼSSS “ၶECS ႁIၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ ႁECSSCႆ Cႃ ၸS CIူCS AMၵS ၵIၼSCူၼS EC ACS ၸS CူCSSEၼႃ S ႁECSSCႆ Cႃ CၢCS Aီ CCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSၵIၼSCCSSCၢCSS “ၸS CCS S CCSSCီSCECS CMCSCUၵS ၵMၼS ” “ၶႆ EၼAICSSၼIူCS ECႃ ” “CIူCS ၸCS CUCSSႁCSS

ၸCS ႁႃEၵႃ CၢCS EႁႃCCSၼႆ

CMၼSSႁၢCS

ၽီCူSCီ CူCS Cႃ CS Eႁႃၼႆ ” “CEၼSၾICS CUCSSၸၢCSSCUCSCEၼႃ ” “ႁIUCSၵႃ ၸS Cႃ S ACS ၵECS ၶMCS ၵၼSCCSS CၢCSSCUCS CCS ၸၢCSS CUCSC ECAICSSS ၵၢၼSၵIူCSSၽီၼႆ CEၼSCၢCSSCUCS CCS AၼSႁCS CႃS ၸECS CIူCS Cႆ Cႆ ႁCS CEၼSၸၢCSSCUCSCၼၼS S ၵူၼSSႁCSSၼႆ CUCS CCSCႃ ၵူ Eႁႃၵူ ႁI ူၼSS CီSၶၼSCCSSၶCS CS CႃSႁၵS CႃCၼSS ႁCSSEၵႃ ECCႆ CူၺSSCIUCSCUCSSCႃS ၶCSၶIUၼSSၼႆCCS S Cီ EႁႃၸၶၼSSCႃ CီSႁၢCS ၽီCူSCီ CူCSS ၸCS CUCSSႁCSS CူCSၵၢCSSAS ၽီCူSCီ CူCS CS Eႁႃၼႆ S ၼIူCS ၵCS CS CECS ၶCSၼIူCS CECS ၼIူCS

107

108 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMၵS S CၢႆSၸCS CUCSSႁCSS ၼMၼSSEၽSၵႃ ၸCS Cီ AUCS ၵMႃ CCS ACS CIUCS CECS ၽီCူSၸIူCSSၼၼS S CၼSSCႆ ACSCIၵS ACSCၢႆSCႃSCီ AICS ၵCၼS S CၼSSႁၼSCIUCS ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ ACS CီSCီ CMCS S ၽIူCS CၢCSSၼၼS ၽီCူSၶCS CCS AMၵS ၸSႁၢႆ CႃSS ႁECSSCီ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSၼSSEႁႃCCS ” “ႁECSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSEၽၶCS CၼSSEC CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS S “ECႃSCႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACSCIUCSSၵႃ CIူCS ႁၢCS ၽီCူS CIUCSSCၼSSၵS CႃSEC ၶူCSSၶူCSSၶIUၼS ၶIUၼS CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS

CEၼSCၢႆCၼSSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS

CMႆ ACSၽီCူSECCၢၼS

AS CႃSၸMႆ ၵၢၼSၼSSCIUCS CIUCS S

ၵIUCS ၵၢCS ၼၢCSEC Cႆ CူCS ACSSCႃS ၵူၼSSCူ Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ

AMၼSၵၼSCIUၼS ၽၢၼS Cႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS Cီ AUCS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ ECCႆ ႁECSSCၼS ECAၼSAၼSCCS ၼႃ S ၸIူCSSAၼSၽီCူSACS ႁECSSAီ CCSၼၼS CီSCၼSS EC Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၵMၺSSCCS CူS” “ၽီCူSCCS ACS ႁECSSCီ ၶCS ၵMCS CCSCႃ ” “ၵMCS ၶႃCCS CၢၼS CUCSCIူCSECၽီCူSၶCSS ACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCCS Cီ ၶCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS Cီ AUCS ၵMႃ ၸCS CECSSCCSS Cႃ ECCIUCS CECS ၽီCူS ၶCSၶIUၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CIUCS Cႆ Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ CCS S ႁIUCS CၢCSၶCSAMၵS ၵႃ S AS ၶCSၵႃ CS Cီ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S CၼSEၶႃ CူCSၼၵSSၼႃCႃ

ECACS Cႆ ႁECSSCီ

ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆၼႆ ၸCS ၶၢႆ CၼSS EC ၸECSCIူCS ၼၼS ၽီCူSCီ CူCSEၵႃ ၽECS ၵႃ ၵၢCS ECႃ S CMCS ၶCSႁECSSCီ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ CIၼSSCCSCECS CCS ” “CူCUCS Cူ ႁႃ ” ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS ၶS CUCS ၵႃ ႁIUCSEC ၸCS CၢCSS “ႁCSSCႃ Cူ CူSS ႁCSSEၵႃ Cႆ CMCS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCၢCS CူCSSCႃS ၸIူCSS ၼၼS CၢCS ၵMၺSSCူCSS ECႃSႁCSSCIူCSS ႁCSSEC Cီ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S CၢCSCူCS Cူၵႃ CူၺSS ၽီCူSၸIူCSSၼၼS CီCီCႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIူCS CUၵS Cီ ၸၶၢၼSSCႃ CIူCSSCႃSၼၼS ၸMCS ၵႃSCီ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ EၼႁၢCS ၽီCူS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cႆ Cီ ၶူCS CၢCSSCီ ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼၼS S ၽီCူSCူCS AၼSCUCSႁႃ CCSS AၼSCႆ Cီ ၶူCS CၼSSAMၵS ၼၼS CECS CIူCSSႁၢႆ ECCIူၼS S CၼSSEၵႃ CIူၼS Cၢႆ CIူၼS ၶႃCူၺSSၸMCSS ၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSCႃSCူၺSSCၼSSCႆ ၼၼS S

CူၺSSၵႃ CူၺSSCႃS

CIူၼSCCSSCEၼS CႃSၶECS

CၼSSEC CMၵS CIူCS CIူၼS Cႆ CူCSCူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၵCS CၼS ၸECSCIူCS CီSCီ EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼၼS CူCSၼႆ CEၼSAၼSႁၢႆ ECCIူၼS ၼႆCCS S *** Cူ CECS CၢႆCIူၼSAMၼS ၵMၺSS Cႆ ACS CူCSS CMCS CၢၵS CၢႆSၶIUၵS ၶၢႆS CူCSAၼSၼIူCS S CၼSSCၢCS S ၵူCSSၵIၼSCၼSSၼႆCႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ACS ႁၼSCူ ႁIUCS ACS CၢCS ACS ႁၼSႁIUCS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CMCSS CီCီS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CူၼSၸSၼIူCS ၵူCSSၵIၼSCၼSSCူ CCS S ECႃၵႃ CႃS ၼSSCIူCSS CႆS ၸIူCSSECႃCူၺSSCIူၼSCၢCSၼၼS EC AMၼSၵၼSEႁႃSCၢCS CIူCSSၼႃ CႃS ECCEၼSCCSCEၼSCICS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ S AICSၼIူCSCၢCSSA ECႃ AၼSCီSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CၢႆႁECSCီ ၼၼS EC EႁႃSCၢCS ၵၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cႆ ၸSၵူCS CEၼSEၽS Cီ CၢၵS CႃၵူၼSSCူၺSSၶCSS ၸCS AMၵS CIၵS CIUၼS ၽၢCS

Cႃ AS

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS CူၺSSCUၵS CECS CIUCS CIUCS S ACS ACSECႃCMၼSၼSSACSSႁEၼSS ၶCSEC CCS ၵၢCSSCႃ CMၼSCၼSAS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CၢႆSၸီSASCMCS Cီ ၶECSS Eၸ ၼႃEC CူၺSSCၼSSCၢCS ၵူCSSၵIၼSCၼSSၼၼS S CEၼSၶၢCSSAူၼSECCႃ CIူCS CၼSSၵူCSSၵIၼSCၼSSၼၼS ၾႃ CၢCS CIူCS ႁI ူCSEC CECS Cႆ CECS CECS CူCSS CCS ၼICSCCSSCႆ CCSSၼSS ECႃ CူCSSCCSS ACS CူCS ACS ၼIUCSECAICSSS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS EC CCSSCECSS ECCMCS CႃSCMႆSCMႆSS ECACS CီSCECSCCSS ECCECS CEၼSCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၶCSSၶIUCS CIူၵS CCSSCUၵS ၼIူCS S ECႃSCႃ CIူၼSCCS CႃCၼSSၵႃ ၼႆ ၶCSECၸS CIူၵS ၼႆ ECCူၺSS CၼSSCၢCS S CIူCS CIူၼSCCS CႃCၼSSၵႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺSSS CIူCS ၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSAူၼSAၢၼS

ECႃSECSCႃSS

Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵMCS CECSCMၵS CIUCSSCS S

CႃSCECSၵMCS CECSCMCSS

109

110 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AၢၼS ACSႁECSCUၵS S ၵႃ CEၼS ECႃ S ၵMၵSSS AၢCS ACSCႃSCMႆ AS AMၵS CECSS Cႆ CMCS CECSၸIူCSSၼၼS ECႃSCၢၼS AECCEၵS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSCIူၵS CCSSCMႆ CCSSCႆ EC CၢCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “CEၼSCCSၼႆ S CEၼSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCၢCSႁႃ ” “Aႃ ... ႁCSSCIUCSSၶႆ CူCႆ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ Cႆ CEၼS CၢCS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIၼSSS “ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ AMၼSEႁႃ ႁIUCS ၵူCSSCူCS” “ၵူCSSCူCS?” “ၵူCSSCူCSၼႆ AၢCS AူCSၵIၼSCႃCၼSSAIူCS ” “EAႃ … ၸIူCS ၼႆႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CMCS ၸSၵႃ S “ECႃSCၼSSၵူCSSၵIၼSCIူၼS AၼSECCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ

ECAMၼSၵၼS

ႁECSSၼႆCECS S ၾICS CUCSSCIူCS ၵMၼS ၼႆ ACS CMၼS CMCS ႁၢႆECCMၵS EC ” CIUCS CCSSCECS CMCS CCSSCႃS

CIUCS CECSAူၼSAၢၼSECႃSECSၶCS

Eၵႃ CMCSSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS “ၵူၼSSၶCSCMCSSၵၢၼS ၵႃ CCS ႁႃ S ACS CီSႁECSSၸSCCS ႁႃ ” “CECS ECၸS Cူ S ၶCSACS CၢCS ECႁIUCSCၢၼS ၼႆ ” CIUCS ႁIUCSCIUCS CCSSCICS CႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS ႁIUCSCMၵS

CICSSCီ ၼICS S

CIူၼSCCSSCIူCSS ECႃSၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ S CၢCSSCီSၶCSEၵႃ ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ CCS S CူCS CECSSၼူၵS ၼူ ၵႃ CEၼSCူCSCCSSၶCSEၵႃ ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ CCS S ၼူၵS CUCSS CMCSCူCS AၼSCECS Cႆ CၢCSSၼႃ EႁႃၼၼS Eၵႃ CCSၼMၼSSCႃSEC CEၼSၵႃ S ၶၢCSSၵၢCSCၼSS CEၼSCီ Cီ CူCSၼႆ ၶEၼSSCီၵူCSEC CECSAူၼSAၢၼS ECႃS ECS CIူCS ၵႆ ၼၼS S CECS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS CCS CMၵS ၵူၼSS EC CCSS CCSS CၢႆႁIUCSEၵႃ

ACS A S ၵECS CIူၺS

CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS CၵSSCIူCSCECS CၼSS ၼSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၾႃ CIUၼS CUCS CူCSၼၼS CူCSCီSၸSCCSSCၢႆ ၼIူCSCUCS ၾႃ ၶCS ACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCCS Cႆ CIူၼS CIUCS ၵMCS ၵႆ CူၺSSCႆ ၵMၺSSCCS S ၽIူCS CCSSCECSSAMၼS CၢCS Eၵႃ

ECႃ EC CEၼSSAMၵS CႃSၼၼS

ၶIUၼSSCEၼSCူCC S EၼSၸSCႃSS

ၵူ ၸIူCS ၵူ

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCMႆ ECCIUCS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CီSႁECSSၸSCႃSEC AMၼSၵၼSၶIUၼSSႁႆ CMႆ CIူၼSCIူCS ၵႆ S CIUCS CECSSCႃS CIUCS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ AMၼSၵၼSECႃSECSCႃSS ၶCSCCSSCECS AMCS EC ၵႃ CCS S ၵူCSS CူCS CူCSAၼSAIUၼSACSCႃCၼSSCႆ ၼၼS

ၶIUၼSSၶၢႆSAMၵS CႃSEC AၼSၵႃ

CCS S ECႃSCၼSSၼIူCS CႃSEC ၵူCSSCူCSၼႆ ECAၢၼSSCႃSႁႃၵIၼS CႃCၼSS CECS Cူ ၵMၺSSS 

111

ၸECSS CၼS ၶMCS CIUCSCႃS ၶၢCSSAူၼSCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S ၽUၼS CUၵS ၸIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCS Cႆ CၵSSၶCSEၵႃ CူၼS ၵႃ CCS S ၼCS AူၼSCCS CၢCS AS ၼCSCIၼS CIူCSS ၵECS CSၵႃ S ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC CCSS CူCS Cႆ CIူၼS ၶIူCSSၶCSEC CCS CEၼSCူCSCEၼSၸSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ၼႃ ၼCS Cူ Eၵႃ CIUCS ၶIUၼS CႃSS ၸၢCS EၽၼCS CၼS Cႃ CူCS ၼႃSၸIူCSSAIUCSSၼCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCS S ECႃSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS CၢၼS ၵႃ CCS ၼCS CCSSCECS CCS ၸMႆ CၢCS AS CူၼS ၵႃ ၶCS CS CႃSCႃSS ၼSSၶၢCSS AူၼS ၼSSCႃ ၼSSCႃၼႆ AMၼSၵၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS CIၼSCCSSS CCSSCၢCSၸSCMၼS ၼSSၸCS ၵCS S ၸECSCCS ၸECSၼUCS ၼCS ၵၢၼSS Cီ CၢၼS AMၼS

AMၼSၶIUၼS ၵၢၼS ၶIUၼS ၵMCSSS CMCS CCSS

ၸIူCSS CီSႁICSSACSSEႁႃCS ၼၼS

CMႆ ႁICS CMႆ CMCSS

EC ECႃ CူၼSSAS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS ၶIUၼS ၵၢၼS ၶIUၼS ၵMCSSS “ႁCSSECၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSS ႁIUCSCMCSၵCS ” CIူCS ၼႃ Cႆ CIUCS CၼSSၵIူCS CၼSS CMCSၵCS ၼၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၢCS EၼCူ ၸၼS Cီ S “CူECၼCS ၸMCSSႁႃ S

ၸCS CUၼSEၼCCSSCႃSၼIူCS

ECCႃSEၼ

CCSSၵူ ၼS Cီ ၵMCSSႁCSSၵIူCSSCCSၼၼS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၸၢCS CMCS ၵCSSCECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၵႆ CၢCS

114 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၼSSEၵႃ ၶS ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSEC Cူ ၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃ CIUCSၸCS ၼႆ ၸSCၼSSCႆ CူCS CၼSSCႆ S ၼSSၸSCၼSSCၢCS ႁၼSCႃ ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSၼႆ CIူၼSCCSSCMCSSႁCS CEၼSၸၢCSSCUCSCEC

CၼSSCႆ ၸၢCS CECSSCCSSS CၢႆS

ၼCS CIUCS AၼSCၼSSCႆ CUၵS CCS CMၼSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CEၵS ၼၼS EC ACS CၼS CၢCSSၸSAUၼS CႃSCႆ Cႃ CၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSCIUၵS ECCႆ CECS ႁEၼSS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼS ၸၢCSSCUCSCECCCႃCၶCS CီSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS CEၼSCCSCၢႆCၢႆၼႆS EC ၸECSCIူCS CၼSS CၼSSၽECSCႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ Cူ CႃS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSSၽIUၵSSၵCS

Eၶႃ CCS CMၼS ၸCS CUCSCCႃSS ၼCS ၵႃ

ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼS ၶCSၸIူCSSAၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS

Cူ

CCSSၸSCUCS CCSEC EC Cႃ

Cႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁႃCCS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼSCUCSCCIUၼS CၢၼS AၼSၸCS CUၼS Cီ ACS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS CႃSCၼS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CEၼSCူၺSSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၵCS ၼCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ႁEၼSS ၾICS CၢCS S ၵၢၼS ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၢCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢCSSCUCSCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSEၵႃ

AMၼSၵၼS

ႁECSSၵၢၼSCီၵူ CူCS S ECႃ ၶူCSSၶMCS EC ၸECSCူCSCIUၼSSS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ S CၢCSSၵIၼSCၢCSSCECS ၸIူCSSၶCSCCSSCIUၵS ECCႆ ၸS CIUCSSCူ ၼၼS CECS CIUၼS CၼSCIူၼS ၸIူCSSၵIၼSSၼႃ ECၶCSS CီSၸSECႃAီSCူႁၵS AMCS ECႃ CIူၼS S ECႃၸMႆ CECSECႃ CIUCS

ၵူၼSSCEၼSၶႆ ၸCSSၼၢCSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSACS CီSCီ ၸSCS AICS

ၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS S ACS CီSၽSCS ECCႆ CIUၵSSCူၼSSCူၵSSCMႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ

ACSSCUၵS AMၼS ၽၢၼSAူ EC S ACSSCUCSSCႃS ၵူၼSSCCS S ACSSCႃၵူၼSSCMCS Cႃ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS CူCS CီSEC S ၵူၼSSCECSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS CူCS CMCSS Cႃ ၸCS CCS ၶႃ CႁၢၼSSႁႃ CၢၵS Cႃ ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSCCS S ECႃS ACSၼSၾႃ ႁUCS CႃS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS ၼUCS Cႆ CၢCS ၵၢၼSSၽႃ CIူCS CECS ၼECS S ACS CCSSၵMၵSSCCICS EC CUCSSCMCSSၶCS ၽၵSSACS ၵူ ၵICS ၵူ CၢCSSS ၼၢCSS CICSSၵူ CၢၼS ၵူ ႁI ူၼSS AMၼSၵၼSCUၵS ၸCS ႁUCSCIUCS ၶCS ၽၵSSEC CMCSSCS ၼSSၵMၵSSCCICS CCS ၶႃ ၸCS ၶCSCႃSEၵႃ ၵECS CIူၺS

ၶCSCီSၸSCIUၼS ၽS

ႁIUCSCႃS

AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS Cီ CCS S

AၼSACS CEၵS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS EC

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CMCS Eၵႃ CMCS S CCS CၢႆAီSCူၵMၼS S CၢCSCူCSၶCSEၵႃ CၢၵS CီS CီCEၼS ၶEၼSSၸSၼႃ Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S ၵႃ CီSၵႃ CIUၼS CECS ECႃ CIူၼS Cူ EC

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCS ECႁECSSႁIUCSၶIUၼS CS Cႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶIUၼSSCူCCS CIၵS CCS CၢႆS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼS

ၾICS CUCSCS CECS ႁEၼSSCMCS ၵECS CECSCၢCSCIူCS (CCၼႃ CၢCSၸCS )S Eၶႃ ၸIUCS ၸS Cီ CIူCS (CၸSၸႃ Cီ CIူCS)S ၵၢၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS CECS AၼS (CၵSၵCS CECS CIူCS)S CူၵS ၶူCSSCၢCSCၢၼS (ECႃၵ CၢCSAၼS)S ၸS (ၸICSC)S ၸSACSSCMCS (EၸCCIၵ)S CူCSCူၼS (AူC)S CICSSCEၼS (ၼICSCႃၼ) ၶCSၸIူCSSၼႆ CCS S ၽIူCS CECS ႁEၼSSEၵႃ CႃSၶCSCႆ Cီ Eၶႃ ၸIUCS ၸS CူCS Cီ Eၶႃ ၼၼS CCS S ၼSSၼႆ CၢCS Cႃ

“ၸူCS CၢၼS(ၽC)ၼႆ

CEၼSCMCS ၶUၺS ႁၼSၶUၺS CူCSS

(ECCၼႃ)ၵMၺSS”ၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁCS Cႃ CၢCSSႁၼSEၶႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCၢCSSႁၼS AၼSACS ႁၼSCီECႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSၼၼS ၼႆEC

ACS CEၼS ၸSCၼSSS CECS

Eၶႃ CၢCS ၸIူCSSCCS ၸSCCS CၢၵS (ECႃၽ) ၼႆ CEၼSCCS ႁၢၵS CူCS CၢCSS ၶUၺS ႁၼSၶUၺS CူCSS(ECCၼႃ) CCSSCECS ၼႆEC EၼCၢCSSCႆ

Cႃ EC

CMCS Cႃ ၸSCCS CၢၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS Cူ ၸS Cႃ ECCMCSSႁCS Eၶႃ AၼSCႃ ECCႆ CMၼS CMCSS ၸSCCS CၢၵS Cႆ ၼၼS EC S ECႃSCႃ ၵူၼSSၵူ Eၵႃ ECCၢႆ CECS ၸSCCS CၢၵS ၼCS CUၼSၸCS CUၼSၸၢCSSၶCSၸIUCS ECCီSၽMၼSSCMၼS ECႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS ၽူ CSEၵႃ CS ECACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CUၼSၸCS CUၼSၸၢCSS ၸIူCSSCECSSCCSSၸSCႆ Cႃ CUCSSၶCS ၽၵSSECၵIၼSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

A CူCSCၼSSCႃ

CၼSS

Cႆ CူCS CၼSSCႃ ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSS ၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ACS CႃSႁCSSEC ၸူCSSEC Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ႁCSSၶS CS ECႃ Cီ

ၼႃ ၾႃ CS CႃSS CူEၵႃ CCSSCECSSCMCS CCSS EၼႁCSSၽMCS ECႃ ” ၵၢၼSၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼSAၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၶIUၵS S ၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSS ၸMCSSCၼSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီCီCူ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CMၼS ၶCS ၸICS CUCS CCSSၼIူCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS CUၼS CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S CIူCSSၼႃ CႃSEၵႃ ECACS ႁECSSECCMၵS S ၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၸMCSSၸSCႆ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCီၵူ CူCS Cူ ၼၼS EC

115

116 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS ၼCS CEၼSCၢCSSၽICSS Cီ CူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၸၢCS ၸCSSႁECSSCMႆSCUၵS CၢCS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸSACS CီၸMCSSECAICSSS *** ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCCS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCူၼS CၢၼS ACSၶူCSၶCS CႃSႁCS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ၶCS CMႆSECႃ Cီ CၢၼS ၶCSS ၸCS MC ႃ CူCS ၵၢၼSSCCS CၢၼS ၶCSၼႆ Cႆ AၵSSCICSSCႃ CCS EC ၶCS CူၼSCၢၵS ႁၢၵS ၶCSSၵႃ

CIူCS CူၼS CႃS AၵSS

CIူၼSS ACSၶၢCS CူCSCၼSSၸCS CူၵS Eႁႃ Cႆ Cႃ AS Cူ ၼCS ၵႃ EC Cႆ Cီ ၵMCSSၸူCS ၶၢCSS ႁICSSCCS ၵMၺSSS CMႆSECႃ ၼႆ ECႁIUCSCၢCSCၼSSS ECၽCS ၶၢCS CူCS ၸCS MC ႃ CူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၼSၵၢCSS ECႃSCၼSSCIUၼSSCUCSS CIူCS ECၽCSၶၢCS CူCSၸCS MC ႃ ၼၼS CၼSS EC ၶၢCSSၶICSSCၼSS ECCႃSၶCS CMႆSECႃ ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၸႃ ၵူၼSSCႆSၶCS CၢႆCMၵS CCS S ၶCS ACS ECႃၶီCႆ S CၢCS CMၵS CၢCS CS CCSSCUCS ၶူCSCႆ ECၵMၼS S Cီ CIူCSSEAႃS CC M ီSCSSEC AMၼSၵၼSၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSCီCMCSCCS Cႆ ၼႃ ၶီCႃCMCS ECCႃS ၶCS S Cီ CIူCSSCႆSEC

ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼၼSS ၶCSCUCS CCSCႃ

CCSSCႃCIUCSSCIူCSSၵႃ ၼၼS

CၼSSECCIUCS CႆၶူၼSCၢCSS

ၵူၼSSEၵႃ

ၶူCSSၵၢCSၵူCSSCၼS

(CSCCႃ)S ECၵIူCS CEၼSS ECCၢႆS ECၵIူCS CEၼSS ECCၢႆ ၼႆCIၵSSCIၵSS EC ၸCS ၸၢCS Eၽ ၸSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵMCS CEၼS ၸCS CCS ၶႃ Eၵႃ ၶIUၵS ၶၢႆSCူCS CCSSCႃCIUCSSCIူCSSၵႃ EC ECႃ EC ECCႆ ႁၼS CၢCSSၶီCၢCSSCႆ AICSSAီ Cူ ၼႆS ၵူၺSSၼႃ ၽIူCS CIUCSCီ CMႆSECႃ AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၽICSSၽူၼSCူCSSS ၵူၼSSCႃSၶCS CMႆSECႃ CီSCEၼSACSႁECSS ၽECSCႃSၼSSၵMCSS CEၼS ၸUCSSCEၼSၸUCSSS ACS CီSCၢCSSၶီCၢCSSCႆ CCSS AMၼSၵၼS CႃSCMၵS Cႃ AMၼS EC ၵႃ Cႆ ၶၢCS CူCS ၸCS MC ႃ S ၼCS CCSCႆ CႃCIူၼSCၼSSၸCS CIUၵS CီSၸS ၼၼS S CIူCS ACSCူ Cူ ၵMCSSၶCS ၵၢCS Cူ ၵၢCS CၢၼSS Cူ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CႃSCႆ CႃS CူCSSCEၼSAMၼS ၼSၸCS ECႃ ACSCECS ၵၢCS Cူ ၵၢCS CၢၼSS ၵႃ ၸူSCီ ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆS EC

CၢႆCူၼS Cႆ ၼIူCSၸIၵSSCMႆ

ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ECႃSၵၢCS CCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCS AMၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ Cီ ၶCSႁECSSၸIူၵS Cႃ ၸၼSECႃ S ၸIူၵS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCS ACS Cႆ CၢCSSCEၼS ၽၵS CICS Cႆ ၸECSCIူCS CၢႆCူCS CCS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CႃSCICS ၽၼS AS ၸIူၵS Cီ CEၼS AၼSCၢCSSAၵSSCၢၵS CCSSၼCS ၵၼSၼၼS CCS CူCS ၵႃ S

CၢၼS CS ၼႃSၼIူCS

ၵူ CၢၼS ၵူ CူၼS

CႃSၸMႆ ႁECSSၸIူၵS

CMCSSၽSCMၼS CၼSSS CIူCS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCS CIUၵS ႁECSSၸIူၵS Cူ ၼၼS CီSCECS ၵMCS CECSCMCSSCူၼS ၸSCၼSCႆ S ၵူၼSSCICSSၶCSCCS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CူCS ႁUCSCECS CူS CIူCS ႁECSSၸIူၵS ၸၼSECႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၶS AS ၸIူၵS ၵIUCSSၼႆ Cီ CူၼS Cႆ CူၼS ၼIူCS

ၸီSASAၼSၵၢCS CMၵS CECS CEၵS AS CMCS S

ACSCႆ CၢCSS

ၽၵS CMႆ Eၸ ၼCS Cႆ ၼၼS CECS CS ၼSS ASၵူCSCႆ ၼၼS CICS CIUCS ၸၼS AMၵS S Cီ CၢၵS ၼႃ CၢၵS Cႃ ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၶၢCSSၶICSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS ၸIူၵS CS Cီ ECႃ AၼSCီSCၢၵS ၼICSS Cီ AၺS S CၢCSSၼႃ CMCSCEၼS S CၢCSS CCSCC M SCEၼS S CUၵS Cီ ၼIူCSၵMCSSၸူCS ၶၢCSSၼၼS ACSၵMCS ၸCS MC ႃ CူCSS CႃSCၢCS ၼIူCSECႃ S CCSSႁႆ CCSSCIUCS S AMCS Cီ AၼSECၽCSၾႆSၼၼS ၵႆၵၼSCCSSCီ ၼႆ CMၵS CၢCSCီ CၢၵS CႃS CEၼSၼIူCSၵMCSSCMႆAMၼS S CEၼSၶၢCSS CၢCSSCIUၼSSCUCSS Cႃ ၸCS MC ႃ CူCSS Eၵႃ ၵMCSCူCS ၼIူCSၵMCSSCMႆၼၼS Cႆ S ၵMCSCူCSCီၽIူၵS ၼၼS CUCSCMၵS CICSSႁႃ CCSSEC ACSCႆ CူၵS Cႆ CၢCSSၵၢႆ Cႆ S CCS CS CMCS EႁႃၸECSSCMCS CUCSSCႆ S CCS Cႆ ႁၼSCMCS CၢCSSAၼS ACS CUCS CMCSSCႆ ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS CူCS ၸIူCSSCီSCႃ CီSႁECSSCCSSCၢႆ AMၼSၵၼSACSAMCS Cီ

ႁICSSၸIူၵS ၸၼS

ECႃ S CIူCS ၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵMCS CCS CCS ၵႃ EC CၼSၶEၵS Cႃ CIUCS ၸၼSECႃ S ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ ၶCS ACS CႃSၸMCSSCႆ Cူ S ACSECႃ CၢCS ၵMCS Cႆ ၼSSၵၢCSEC CIUCS ACSၽၢႆ ၽSၽၢႆ CၼSSS CIူCS EC CႃSCႃSCၢCSSAၼS

117

118 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CီSၵMCSၾႆSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၼႃ Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS CCS CႃSၵႃ CECS ၽၢႆ CUၼS S ၽECS CႃSCီ ၵCS ၶIUၼSSS ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၶCS ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ

ၶCS CႃSCႆ

ၽၢႆ

AၼSၵCS ၸSၽSCၼSSEC CIUCS ၸၼSCႆ S ECႃSCႃ ACS CီSAMCS Cႃ CICSS ၸIူၵS ၼႆ ECCႆ CS Cႆ ၵCSSၼIူCS S ECႃSCီSၵူၼSSႁI ူCS CMႆ ၸၢCS ၵႃ CUCS CEၼSSCႆ AMCS CၼSSS ၽူ CICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSCၼSႁECSS CECSECႃS ၼၼS CူCSၵႃ S CIUၼSSCUCSSEC ECႃ CၢCS ၵMCS ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ AၼSCီS Cႆ ၵMCSCူCSၼၼS S ၵCSCIUCS CSSၸၼSၼၼS ႁIUCSၵႃ CMၵS ၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCECSSEၼCႃ ၼႆ ႁECSSCၢCS ၼCS ၵူၼSS EC ၽီ ႁICSၶၢCS CူCSၸCS MC ႃ CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CူၼS ၸူCS Cႃ

ECႃSၽၢႆ ၵူၼSSၶCSEC ၵႃ

ECႁECSSႁIUCSၼႆECCႃ ACS CEၼSCၢCS AS ၽSA ၸMCSSS *** CIူCS CူCSSCူၺSS ၼSSCူၼSCMၵS CCS

AၢၼSSECCIူCSSၶCS

ၼSSEႁႃ

ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼS ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSCႆS CMၵS CICSSCၢႆ CUၵS Cီ ၼSS ACS CUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS CႃSS ၼႃ CႃၶCSEၵႃ ACS CီS ၵူ CMၵS EC ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ ECႃSCUၵS Cီ ACS CUCSSCၼSSAMၵS CႃS ၼႃ ၵီ CႃCIူCSS Cႆ ၵူ Eၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼS ၸMCSS ECCEၼSCMCS CCSS ႁUၺSၾၵSSCူ CMႆSCMႆSEC ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼSSACS CUCSSCCS AၢၼSSCၢCSSၶၢCS CူၺSSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၼSSCၢCSCCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺS ၸSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS EC CၢCS Cႃ “ၶCSCႃSCUၵSSCMၼSS CIူၼSCIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CCS Cႃ ” “CူEၵႃ ACS CMCSSႁCS ACS ၸS ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS ECႃ ၼႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵMCS ၵႆ EC CCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၽIူၼSCႆ CၵSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACSCIUCSSCၼSSၶၢCS ၽIူၼSEC CႃSႁႃ CICSSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S “CူၶS ႁECSSCၢCSၼၢCSSၼႆ EC EC ACS ၸS ႁIUCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

CCSSCၢCSCCSSCS CူၺSS

CူCSECCႆ ႁၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢCSSCUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSS “ၶS ႁECSSCူ AၼSCႃ ၼႆ CူEၵႃ A Cူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS ၸၢCS CUCS S “CMၵS CႃSCီ ၼႆ CCS Eႁ ႁCSSEၵႃ ACS ၶS ႁECSS CၢCSCMၼS CICS ၵူCS ၵူ CECS ၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၺSSၼႃ

CၢCSၼၢCSSၼႆ EC

ACS CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS CၢCS

CMၼS CICS CူS” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ Cီ CူCIUၼSSCEၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ ႁCSSၵMၺSSS ၽSACS CECSCႆ EC S ECႃSACS CူCS Eၵႃ ႁCSSACS ၶS ႁECSS CၢCSၼၢCSS CEၼS CၢCSSၵၢၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AICSCEၵS CၢCSSCCSEC ၾၢCS CူၺSSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS

Cီ S “ၵMCS CCSA Eၼ S CၢCSၼၢCSSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၼႆ CCS CMCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC Cႃ ႁCSSEC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CၢCS “ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ၶS ၶCS CၢCSCMႆS AၼSCCS CMCS Cႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSCူS ၼႆ CEၼSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSၶCSS CECS CCS Cႃ ႁCSS … Cႃ ႁCSSEၵႃ EC Cႆ CီSEၶႃ CၼS ၵEၼS

AS CCSSCၢႆA Cႃ

ႁCSSECCႆ Cူ

ႁICSSၶၢCS Cူၵႃ

ECႃ ၸူCS CUCSSCၢၼSၼႆ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCၢCS CႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS CIူCS ၸCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CECSSCCSS Cႃ ECၵIUCSSCECS ၾICS CUCSSၼSS ႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃၵCS ၼCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၵCS CၼSၸMCSSCႃSCႃ EC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIူCSSCူၺSS ၵႃ CၢCSSASCECSSS CူၼS ႁႆSCူCSCူၼS ၼIူCS ႁUၼS AMၵS CS CS Cႆ EC

ၶECSၸICSSCICSSCူCSCူ CS CECS S

ၽIူCS CူCSSCၢCSSၸၢၼSS

CCS CႃS CS CူၼS ႁႆSၶCS ၼIUCSCMCSSCMCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢၼSSCူ CCSS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSS AS CEၼSCIူCSၽECS ၵMၺSSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSEC CီS

119

120 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS ႁECSSCၢCSၼၢCSS CMႆSၾICS CUCSS AၼSၵMCS ၵၢႆ ၵၼS CCSS CၢၼSCIူCS ၵMၼS ၼၼS S CUၼS Cႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

ECCႆ CီSCMCS CIUၼS

ၽၢCS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼS AS CCSSCၢႆA ၸMCSS CMCS CၼSSCEၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSS Cီ ECႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ACSၸICS ၼႃ Eၵႃ CS Cူ Cီ ၾၵSSCူ ACS CUCSS ၼၼS S “Eၼ … ၵႃ ACS ၵူၼSSCCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSၶIUၼSSCီ CUCSSၵCSEC S ၵCSCီSၵၢCSS AၼSၶS CCS CECS ၼႆ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSCၢႆ ၸူS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A EC CIUၼSSCႃ CS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCECSSCCSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS “ႁCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ ၸSCCS CCS S AIUCSS … ACS ၸS S Cီ EC Cူ ႁECSSAS ၸSႁCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS ” ၽIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CCS Eၵႃ

CၢၵS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ႁI ူCS

CMCS CႃSS ၵMCS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ႁၢၼS ၸSၵႃ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ ၶCS ၵူ CၢၼS

CၢၼS EC CCSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCEၼS Cႃ CCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS EC CCS ECCႆ A CIၼSSCEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼS CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CUၵS CUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆCCS S CၼSSECACS Cႆ CMCSCႆ ၸS Cႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSS CIူCSS ၼႃ CCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ECႃSၶCS ၸIူCSSAၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS CၢCSSၵႃ ၼၼS CူၼS CS CူၼS ၼIူCS CၢCS CS CၢCS ၼIူCSEC ၼMၼSSACS CCSSCႆ EC ၶCS S ECႃSCႃ Cႆ CUၵS CUၵS CၢCS CEၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CEၼSCၢCSS ၵၢၼSEC ၶCS CႃSၼSSCEၼS Eၼႃ CECSCIUၼSSၶCSS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CCS ၼႆEC CၢCSSCႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS ၼCS ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸၢCS ၼႃ ၽIူၵS Eၵႃ ACS ၵECS ၶMCS ၵၼS CCSS EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၼၼS ECၽူCS ႁၢႆၵႃ Cူ CCS S CၼSSၼၼS CEၼSၸူCS ၼSSCIူၼSCECS CECS CIူCS S CၢႆSECၼၼS ၵူၼSS ၼSSEႁႃCCSSCၢႆ ၸSႁIUၼS Cႆ ၵူ Eၵႃ S ECႃၵႃ CႃS MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS CIူၵS CIူၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸECSCMCS 11 ၶCS Cႃ ႁECSSCၢCSၼၢCSSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ S CMၼSSCၢCS CၼSSCီ ၵIူCS S CၢCSSCီ ၵIူCS S AMCS Cီ ၵIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CECS CCSS CၼSS1 CၢၵS ACSၸMCSSCECS CၢCSၶCSCႆ S ၼႆEC CၼSSCႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS CMၵS CMCSCIူၼS ၵMၺSS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸCS CECSSCCSSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼS CMႆSAၼSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSS CIူCSS ႁECSSCႃ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶႆ ၸSCႆ Cႃ ECACS ႁCS CMၵS ၵူၼSSCၢCSSၼMၵS S ECႃ EC

ECCMCS ၶၢCS CၼSၵMၺSSCCS ၼႆS ၵECS CIူၺS

Cႃ ၸCSSႁECSSCMႆSၼႆ CူCSAS Aႃ CၢCS ၾၢႆ ၸCSSႁECSSCၢCSCMႆS CMCSCၢCS CCSS CECS S ၵူၼSS ၵႃ ၶၢႆCECSS ၵူၼSSECႃSၽEၼS Cၢႆ S ၵူၼSSCECS ၶူCSSS ၵူၼSSၸMႆ CၢCS ၾၢႆ ႁCS ၶEၵS CECS Cူ CၢCSSCUၼS CECSSCIူCS ၶCS ၶIUၼS CႃSၽECS EႁႃCီ ECႃ EC ACS CူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACS CူCSၼSSၵၢCSEႁႃEၵႃ CEၼSၵႃ ၼCS ACS Eၼ ၽီCIUCSSCၢႆSCMၼSSၵူ ၸIူCS ၵူ CၢCS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACSၶူCSSCၢႆ ၶCSS ၶူCSS CူၺS ၶMီ CူCSS2ၶCS CၢႆSEၼၼIူCSCၢၼSSCIူCSSCECSCူCSS ၵူၼSSၵႃSCႃSၵႃ CECS Eၵႃ ႁၢCS CUCSCUCSၼၼS CCS ၼCS Cီ Cႆ CCSSCECSSCီCီEC ACSCECSCECSS ၸICS ၸIူCSSCIူCS CၢCS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS CၢႆSEၼၼSSCၢၼS AၼS CIူCS Cႆ ၶCS Cီ Cႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCS Cီ CCSSၼၼS Cႃ EC CIူၵS CIUCS ACSCECSAၼSCီ Cီ CUCSSS CၼS ၶCS Cီ Cႃ AၼSAူၼS ၼူၼSSCီ CUCSSS CၼS ၽEၼS AၼS CECS CၢCS ၶIUၵS Cီ CUCSSS Cၢႆ AၼSၼူၼSSCီ CUCSSS Cၢႆ CECSSCIူCS ၼၼS CIူCSSၼႃS CIူCSSၼၵSSEC Cၢႆ CIူCSSCႆSS CၢႆSCMၵSSCၼSSEၵႃ ၶCS CIၼSၶCS CIUCSS ၼႃ EC

ၼIူCS CၼSSCSၵMၺSSECႃSAMၵS Cႆ

CMCSCEၵS ၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIူၵS CIUCS ACSCIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ CီၶၢCS AၼSCႃSCၢႆSCMၵS CီၶMCS CCSS CီCIူCS ၸၢCS Cႃ ၼUCS CIူCS CၼSSCMႆSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ S CIူCS CUၵS Cီ CECSSCIူCS CECS CူCS CIူCS ၶူCSSCႃSၼၼS ၸCS Cႆ A CIၼS CူCS ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ CၢCSCီ CICSSCီ CIူCSSၸCS

ECႃSAMၵS Cႆ ၼIူCS ၽIUၼSS ႁၢCS CီEC EC S ECCႆ

1 CာCာ 2 ECMCMCSCIUS

121

122 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼUCS CCSSCIူCS ၶEၼSCၢCSSS Cႆ ႁၼSCၢCSSႁၢCS CီCူCSၶICSSCႆ CီCီS CS ႁၢCS CIၼSCIၼS CၢCSSCၢCSSCႆ S CIူCS ၸၢCSSၼUCS CူၺSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSS ၸSၵႃ S “CူၺSS … CႃSၵCSSၼIူCS CူSS ၵCSCူCS ECႃSACS Cႆ CCS S ၵCS Eၵႃ ၵCS S CIၼSCၼSSEၵႃ CၢCSSS ၼUCS CIၼS ၸIူCS ၼႆEႁ ၵCSECႁECSSႁIUCSCႆCၢCSS” “Cႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSၸCS EC S ECCႆ ၽIUၵSSCႆCီ ၶႃ EAႃ ” AMၼS CICSSCူ ၸCSCၼSS CCSSCၢCS CCSSCMၼSCၼS CၢႆSCႆCၢCSS CၢCS CIၼSႁီ ႁီ ၼၼS S “ၼၢCSSၾႃ CၢၼS ၶCSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCSEC

ECႃSၼUCS

CIၼS ၸIူCS ၼႆ Cႆ CႆၸIူCS ၼႆၵMၺSSCီ ၶႃ EAႃ ” “ၵCSAၢCSSCႃ S CIူCS ၶူCSSAၼSၵCS CၢၼS ၼႆ ၼႆ ၼMၵS EC ၼCS Cႆ ၼICSၼICS ၶCSECၸၢCS ႁECSSCCSCႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸၢCSSၼCS CူၺSS AS CECS ၼECS

CIၼS CူCS ၼႆ ၶECS ၵႃ EC CIၼSSCECSCႃ ၽICS

ၽICS

AS CီSCEC S

ၼႆEC CIူCS CUၵS

CIူCS ၼCS ၼၼS ECCၢCS Cႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆCၺ ူ SSCႆ CူCS Cီ ၵၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSCECS ၶူCSSၶCSS Cႆ ၶႆ EၼၶCSCႃ Eၵႃ ECၼUCS ၼႆ

CEၼSၵူၼSSCူSAူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S

ACS ၸS ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆS Eၵႃ ၸၢCS CႆCႆ CIူၼSCECSSAMၼS CူCSၼIူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ AႆSCECS CၼSS ECCႆ ၵIUCSSၼႆCCS S CIူCS Aႃ CၢCS ၾၢႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCၢCSCMႆS ၶUၼSCUၼSS CႃSၶCS ႁၼSၸCS Cီ Eႁႃ CIူၼSၵူ CၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCၼSSS “Cႆ ႁCS CMၵS CMၵS CၢႆEၵႃ CCS CCS Cႃ ” “ႁႃ CၢၵS Eၵႃ CCS Cီ ၶႃ ” ၼSSၸSၶUၼSCUၼSSEၵႃ CMCSA Cႆ CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၸS CIူCSS ႁCS CMၵS CECS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ECCႆ CMၵS CIူၼS CECS ၼႆ S ၵူၼSSၵCS ၼCS CၢCS Cႃ ၶCSACS Cႆ Cႆ ႁCS CIၵS CMၵS ၼႆCႃ ” “ၶႃ ၶS EၶႃCMၼSSCႁႃ EC Cီ ၶႃ EAႃ S ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ

Cႆ Cႃ ၶႃ

ၸCSSCၼSၵMၺSSCီ ၶႃ Eၼႃ S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၶS Cႆ CIၵS ႁCS CMၵS EC ၸMCSSCCS ၶႃ Cႆ ၼၼS

CီSAၢၼS ACSႁECSCီ ၶႃ EAႃ S

ၼSSCၢCSၼၢCSSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼS

Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၼၼS CီSAMCS Cႃ ၶEၵS ႁႃ CၢၵS ၵMၺSSCီ ၶႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CီSၶCSSCၢႆ ႁၢႆSၵၢၼSCၢCS AၼSCCSSၼCS

ၸECSSCၼSSၸECSSၶIUၼSSEC

ၶCSECCူၼS

CIူCSSCူ ၵMၺSSCီ ၶႃ ” “AၼSCူCၢCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸS Cူ Cႆ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ ၸSECၸCS CၢCS S “CူCူၺSSCူၺSSEႁ ၶIUCSၵႃ ၵMၺSSCႃ ” ၼSSၵၢCS ၼSSCႃSEC CCSS

Cီ ႁၢၼS CIUCS CၢၼSEC CCSS

Cီ

ၵၢၼS Cီ ၵMCSSEC CCSS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCီ ECSEC CCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSAUCS ၶႆ ၵၼS CMCS CMႆSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ CMၼS CMၼS S AMၼS ၵၼSCႃ ၽSECCႆ CUၵS ႁCS Cႃ ၶCS ACS CၢCSCMႆSS ၾႃ ၽီၶCS ၽMCS ACS ၽMCS S ၼၢCSSၾႃ ECၼUCS ၶူCSSCCSS AၼSၶCSၸူCSSCIူCSSECCIူၼS ၼၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSၶCS CMႆ CၢCSSCၼS AS ၶCSၸCSSႁECSSCMႆSCူCSၼႆ CCS S ႁECSSၼႆEC ၽECSCႃSCIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS CၢCS CIူCSႁI ူCS ၼSၼIူCS ၼၼS

ၼSSEႁႃCS

Cီ ECႃ EC

ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCူCS CၼSSCႆ

Cႃ

CၢCSၼၢCSSCUၵS CၢCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CCS S ၼSSACS CူCSၵၢCSEႁႃ ECႃSၽECS CICSS Cႆ CူCSSCူCSSS ACSCၢၼSSCIူCSSၼႃၼႃCIူCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCIUၼS Cႆ CၵSSS ၵူ ၶCSSCူCS AၼSCICSSCႆ CၢႆCီ CIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSSACSAMၵS CႃSEC ႁၢCS Cႆ ၼSSၵၢCS EႁႃS ACSၽႃ ၵMCSSၶCS Cီ Cႃ CီCECSCCSSCႆ ၼIူCSၵူ ၶCSSEC CီၶS ၵႃ ၼCS EC CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ CCSSCူၺSSၵူ ၶCSSEC ၸS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၶCS CူCSSCECS ၸMCS CCSSCီ CူCS ၸIူCSSCၵSSCႆ Cီ ၸECS ၵူ ၶCSSS CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ၸMCS CCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ CECS ၵၼSCCSSEႁႃၶCSS AၼSၸCS Cူ ၶCS ၸCS ၶUၼS

123

124 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ACS CECS ၵၼSCCSS EႁႃCS ၼႆCCS S EႁႃၶCSSCူCS ၼၼS EC Cႆ CUၵS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ CူCS Cႃ CECSCECS CCS CCS S CၢCSၼၢCSSEC ECEC CၢႆSCၼSSၼIူCS CူCSSECCႃ ၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼS ၸCS

ၶEၵS ၶCSECႃSၽECSCႃSCCSSၼCSEC

ၸUCSSၾၢႆ ႁCS ၶEၵS ၶCS ACSCECS

CူၼS CၼSSၸS EC CၢCSSၵIၼSCၢCSSCECS ႁCS CMၼS CECS CူS ၵၢCSၼSCICSS CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ EC CECS ႁၢCS ႁၢCS ၶIူCS S CူၺSSS ၸIူCSSCEၼSCUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSS ECSၼၢCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CူCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS CႃS ၸMႆ CECS ႁၢCS CၼSS ၵECS CIူၺS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ EC CCSS ၵECS CECSCIUၼSS ၶCSSEC CCSS CၢႆSႁၢCS ၶIူCS ၸMၵSSACSEC CCS ၶCSၵူ Eၵႃ ၾၢCS CူၺSSCၼS ACSCMႆ ACSCECSSS ACSၽEၼS CCS ႁCS ၼCS CIူCS ACSSCၢCSSၼSSS ႁCS AS ၵCS ၼCS ၵႃ CEၼSCႆ S ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSၶCSၼႆ ACS ၶS AS CCS ၼူCSSၶCSCီAMၵS Cႆ S ၶCSSၸSAS ၽECS ၽၢCS Cႆ ၼCS ၵႃ CEၼSCႆ S ၶူၼSACSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCၢCSS CIUCS CMCS ၼMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CICS S ၽၼS S ၸMၵSSEC ECႃSၶECS ECႃSၸECSSCႃSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႃ ECႃSECCIUCS ႁECSSAS ၸECSSCူ ၼႆEC ECCႆ ၵECSSၶူၼSACSCECS ၵMၺSSCCS ၼႆEC ၶCSၸCS CMၼS CMCSSၵႃ S ႁIUCSCၢCSၸူCS CူCSSCCS ၸCS

ၵၢၼSCECS ႁၢCS

AၼSAS ၼၢCSSCICSS

ၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CEၼS ၸCS CICSSၾႃ ၼSSAႃ CUCS ၵႃ CCS S CIူCS ၶCS CူၺSSၼSSၸCS ႁၼSCၢCSၼႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CUCS CူCSCၼSSCႆ ECAICSSS ACSCIူCS ၶူCSSCီၶၢCS AၼSACSCီၶMCS CီCIူCS CCSS ႁၢCS ၼူၵS CUCSSႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCS Cႆ EC ၵCS ၵIၼSSCႆ CCSSCူCSS ၽႃ Cၢႆ Cႃ CီၶMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ CCSSႁၢCS ၼူၵS CUCSSCႆ S CၢႆEၶႃSCECS CူCSEၵႃ

ႁI ူCS CၢCS CူCSCႆ CCSSCီၶCSSS ၸMၵSSACSCၼSSEၵႃ

CEၼSCECS CၢCS

CIူCS ၵMၼS S CၵSSCီCECSၸICS CCSS ၸMCS CECSၸICS EC CIူCSSၶIUၵS ၶCS CႃSCECS S EC AS CEၼSCၢCS S CMCSSၵူၺSSၶCSEၵႃ ႁI ူCS CၢCS Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူၼS CူၺSS CCSSCၼSS ၼSSၸCS S ၾၢCSႁၢCS ၼၢCSSCICSSၽECS AMၼS Eၵႃ CီS CၢCSSCူCS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSSၶIUၼS CMႆS Eၵႃ CၢCS ACSCECSCICS CူCS Aူ ၶCSEC ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSCႃS ၼၼS ACS ၸၢCS ႁႃႁၼSၼSSၸCS CCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cႆ Cူ Cႆ ၼSSACS ၼႆ

ACS CူCS ၸSCႆ Cူ EC

CၢCSSၼMၵS S ၼၢCSSၾႃ Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼS ၼSSၸCS ၼႆ

ACS ႁCSSAMၵS

CIူCS ၼၼS

ACS ၸS

ၼၢCSSၾႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CEၼSCICSSAMၼS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS Eၵႃ ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSS CၼS ၽEၼS ၽECS ECၽECSCႃS Cႃ ႁI ူCSS Cႃ ၵUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ECႃSACS ၶS CUCS Cႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSAS A CူCSCၼSSၶIUၼSSCႆ CႃSEC ၸCS CီSၸSႁCSSႁၢၼSCႃSS ၸCS CUCS CCSCူCSၸCS ၵCS CႃSၶIUၼSSS CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼS CၢၵS CၢႆS ၸIူCSS Cႆ ACS CIူCS Cႆ ၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ CMၵS ၼႆ Eၵႃ CႃS AၼSၼIူCS S CူၺSS ၵႃ CMCSCူၺSSCCSSCၢႆSCၢCSSၼMၵS EC ၶIUၼSSCႃSCၢCS “ၸCS ECႃ CူCSEC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCူCS CၼSS CီSCႆ CၢCSSၼIူCSCCS S CUၵS CီEC CၢCSၼၢCSSCCS ၼႆCီ ၶႃ Eၼႃ ” ECႃSCIၼSSၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ AEၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSၵIUCSSၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS ECႃSAMၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS Eၵႃ

CၢၵS Cႃႁႃ CၢၵS ၵူ

ECCၵSSCူၺSSCၼSSCCS

EC CၼSSCMCSၵC ူ SCႆ S CECS CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS ၼႆ ႁECSSAS ၼSSACS AUၼS Cႆ ECCႃ CၢႆCIၼSCၢႆCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSCၢCS Cႆ CCS S “CူၺSS … CူၺSSCၼSCီCီCူSS ၶECS CECS Cူ Eၼႃ ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCၢCSECႃ CူၺSSၼႆ ၵMၺSSEၵႃ ECႃSၶS CၼS Cႆ CCS S “ၸCS EC

ႁၢCS CီCIူၼSCIူၼSCIူၼSCၢCS ၼIူCSၾႃ ၵၢCSႁၢCS Cီ ၶႃ

CCS EAႃ ” CူၺSSCၢCS CႃSၸIူCS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ ၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSCCS S ၸCS Cီ ၼၼS Cႃ ၸUCSCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၼSၵႃ Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSS ECႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CIူၼS CIUCSၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS S CၵSSCႃCူၺSS CIူၼSACS CၢCS ႁၼSၵၼSECCMၵS S ၶၢCSSCIူၼS CူၺSSCႆ ၼႆ ႁIUCSECႃSCၢၼS ၼIူCS ၸူCS ၼIူCS ၸၢCS CCS S ၽIူCS A CူCSCႃS ၸCS CၢCS Cႃ

125

126 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “CEၼSၼၢCSSၽီၼSSၽၼSEC CCS Cႃ S CူCEၼSၼၢCSSၽီAMၼS Cႃ ႁCSSCCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸUCSCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSSCႃSCၢCSSCS Cီ ၶEၵS ၶCSCS Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSCႆSCီၶၢCS ACSCၢႆ CECS Cႆ S ၶEၼSSACS CCS CEၼSCီၶMCS S Cီ EၶႃSCIူCS CၢCSSၼSSEC CS CၢၵS CUCS CECSCECSCႆ S Cႆ ႁၼSၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCEC ၼႃ EC ၶEၵS ၸIူCSSCႃS

ၶCS CMႆSCCSSCECS AMၼSၵၼSCMCS ECႃSS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSၽၢၼS ၼSSၵၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMCS CECS CၢCS AUCS AၢCSSEAႃSၵၼSCူ CCS S CၢCSၼၢCSSEC CIUCS

CIူCS ECႃ CူCSCEၼSၸCS ၶCSCCSSCMCS ၼCS

ၼIူCSၵူ ၶCSSCCS ၼၼS S ၶIူCS CMႆ CIUCS ၼSSEႁႃCီ CၢCS Eၵႃ CMႆ CIUCS CူၼS ၸS CCSSCECSCူၼS S ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၸCSS- CICS ၵူCS AၼSCီSႁၢCS ႁI ူCSSS Cီ S CICS CIၵS AၼSACSCႆ ၶEၵSSCႆ ႁၢCS CီCီ EC EC M ႃSCCS S ECႃSAႃ CၢCS ၾၢႆ ၸCSSႁECSSCၢCSCMႆS CUၵS CIUCSSEၼEၵႃ CECSCူၼS EC CCSS CECSၵူၼSSEC CCS CEၼSၵႃ CCSSCECS S ACSCIUCSSၶMၼSCၢႆ CၼSS CICSSၵEၼSEၸ

CူၵၢCS

CၢၵS CMCS ECႃSၽUCSSCUၼS ၾၢႆ CႆS CCSSCECSCS CECSCူCSS ECႃ CူCSCEၼSၸCS AၼSAUၵS ၶMAUၵS ၸီ CၢCS ၵCS ECႃSၸCCS C CIူCSSCီ ECႃ AUCSSCMCS ၼႆ

CEၼSCIူၺS AၼMႆ ECႃ EC

Cႆ CUCS

CၢၼS CEၼSS CIူCSSCႃSEC CCS S ၸMCSSၼCS CၢCS CၢၼSAMၼSCီSCႃS ၼၼS ECႃ CူCSCEၼSၸCS Cႆ CMၼS CICS ၵူCS ၵူ ၵၼSCCSS ၶၢCSSၶICSS CၼSSၸCS CCS CCS S CၼSSၼၢCSSၼႆ

CEၼSEၵႃ CECSCၢCS Cႃ CCီ

ၼCS CCSSCIူၼSၽECSCႃS ၼIူCSၼCSCIၼSCIူCSSၵူၼSSS Cူ Cီ CၢCSၼႃ CၢCS Cႃ ၶႃ CၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCCSSCECS

AS ႁIၵS ACS

ၸCS ၼၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S EC CၼSSCIူCS ၼႆ ၼၢCSSၾႃ ၸCS ၼၢCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS Cူ CီCMCS EၽSCၢၼS ၵူ CIူCSECၵCSSS ECႃSCႃ ၵၢCS CၢၵS CUၵS CMCS CCS Eၵႃ

ၶICSSCူCS ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၼSSEႁႃ

CၢCSEၵႃ CIUCS ၵMၵSSAႆၶၢCSS CIူၼSCCSSECႃ ACSEၶႃ ၵၢCS CၢၵS

CIူCS ၵႆ ၼၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CICSၵႃ ၼSSCူCSS AS ၸMCS ၵႃ ၵူ Cီ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS ႁICSS ၶၢCS ၽၢႆ Cၢႆ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ၼICSၼICSEC ၾCSSCMCS CECSCIUCS ၵMၵSSAႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ CၵSSCႃCူCSSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS CIူၼS ၵၼS Cႆ EC CMCSCECSSCူၺSS Cီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS ၸIူCSSCီSCS ၵူ ၶCSSS CECS ႁEၼSS CူၺSS ၼႃ CႃCီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS ၶCS ၼCS ၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSၼၼS EC ႁၢၼS ၸS ၸူCSS CIူCSSCႆ Cူ ၵူ Eၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁၢၼS ၸSCၢCSSAMCS CၢCS CၼSS

Cူ CCS S ၶMCS ၸSCIUCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC EC Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Aူ EC Cီ ၼMCS

ၶS AS

AူၺSSEၵႃ CIူCS CEၵS ၶCS CႃSႁၼSၾၢCSCECS ၼႆ EC

CCS S Aႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS AူSCၢၼS ၶUCS ၶCS EC CUCS ၶIUၼS CႃSၸူS ၵူ ၶCSS EC ၽCSSEၼEၶႃ CူCS ECႃ CူCSCEၼSၸCS AၼSCECS Cႆ ၼIူCSၶECSSၶCSS AၼS CUၵS CၢCS ၶၢCSSၶICSSCၼSSၸCS

CEၼSၸCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ

CIူCSSCီ ECႃ

AၼSCႃ

ၼၼS S AS ႁIၵS ACS Cႃ ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S AS CၢCSSCီႁႃ CIူCS CီSၸCSSၼIူCS CၼSSၼၢCSSၼႆCCS S AူSCၢၼS ACSၶECSSၶCSSCၢCS ၼIူCSၵEၵS 3EC ၼMCS CIUၼS ၸူSၸCS ၾႃ S ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ Cၢႆ ၼႃ CUCS ECႃ ၼၢCSSၾႃ EC CIUCS CIUၼS CၼSၶECSS ၶCSSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၵူCS ACS CUCSSCIUCSSCMCSၶMၼS ႁCS ACSၶECSSၶCSSS CMCSCMၼSSCူS Cႃ AS CIူၼS ၾၢCS ႁၼS CIUCSSCၼSSCၼS Cႆ ၼၼS S CIူCS CူၺS ၸSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS CCS

ၸCS Cၢႆ CူၺSSCၢCSSၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ CCSSCၢCSSCUCS

AMCS CၢCS CၢႆSၼIူCS S CၢႆSၼၼS

ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၶCS ACS CIူၼS ၵၼS Cႆ ၸSၶCSEC AMၼS

ၵၼSCUCS CႃSၸူSၵူ ၶCSS

CMCS ACS Cႆ EC

ၸူCSSCIူCSSCၼSCMၼSSCUၵS CMCS

ECႃ ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ S CီSၵူၼSSCၢႆ ႁၢCS CၢCSSCၢႆ Cၢႆ ACSCႃ CၢႆCCSSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AMၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ CၼSS

ၵႃ ၸူSCီ AၼSCECS Cူ

CIUCS CၢၼSECႃ Cီ ၼMCS CႃSCMႆSၶCSၼၼS S ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSEၵ Cီ ၼMCS CႃSCMႆSၶCS 3 CၢၼS AMၼS AၼSCႃSCIၼSS AၼSCIူၼS ACS Cႃ “CCCS” ၼၼS S

127

128 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS EC CူCS CၵS AUCS CၢCS ၵၼSS ECႃSၶCSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCUၵS CMCS Eၵႃ

Cႆ

CMCS S ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSၶMCS ၸSS CၼSSCS CၼSSCူCSCၼSSၼIူCS

ECႃ ECႃSCCS

CီSCၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSS

EC Cူ CCS S CၼSSCMႆSCCSSCၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSCႆ ၸS

ၵူCSCႆ CီSAၼSCႃ

AၼSၵCSSS CCS CူCS CီCၢCSSၸCS CCSSၸSCၢCSSEၶႃSS CIူCS Cူ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSS EC CS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႃSၼၼS

CMႆ ၸSCၼSSCECS

AS CMCS CECSSCၢCS

ႁၢCS S ၼCS CႃCIUCS AၺS CႃSS CႆCႃSၼIူCSၵECS EC CIUCSCႃSECႃ CICS CူCSSS ၸCS Cႆ A ၼCS CECS ၼCS Cႃၼႆ ၸECSSCႆ S CၼSSAၢCSSEAႃS CMCS Cႃ ၸS ၸူCSSCIူCSSEၵႃ ECႃႁECSSAS CူၵSSၼCS Cႃ ၼCSCၢၼS ၼႆ S CIူCS ၶႃCMၼS CICS ၵူCS ၵူ ၼၼS CCSSECACS ၸူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ S ၵMCS CၢCSSႁCS ACSSCIUၼSCၼS

AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ႁCS ACS

Eၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆၼႆ EC ၸCS CCSSၸSCၢCSSEၶႃSCႆ ၼIူCSၵၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸIူCSSCၢCS CMCS CECS CႃS AS Eၵ ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Cႆ CIၼSSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CၢCS Cႃ ECႁၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECSECႃ ၸူCS S ECACS ၽၢCS ၵၼSECCMၵS S ECCႆECႃ ၸူCS CUCSSCၢၼSS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSS CၢCSS CUCS CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCSSCၼS ၵIUCSSCႃSEC CၢCSSCႆ ၸSS CၢCSSCCSSCCSS Eၵႃ ႁၢႆၸၢႆ ၵႃ CူCSSCCS S *** CMႆSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ AၼSၸCSSႁECSSCူ ၵူ Cီ ၼၼS CIူCSSCၼSCECS ၸECSSCၼSSS ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆSၶCS AၢၼS ACSႁECS ၶS ႁၼSၸCS ၾႃ CCSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ EC AီSၵၼSၽIUCS ၵၼS CူၺSSCီ CၢCSCMႆS EC CIူCS Cူ CIူCS CၢၼSSS ၵူၼSS CIူCSSAၢၼS ACSႁECS CႃSႁၼSၼႃ Cၢႆ ACS Cီ EႁႃCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cီ CၢCSCMႆSEC Cႆၵႃ Cႆ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIUCSSၶECSSCIၼSCႃSS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ ၶCSSၸS Cႃ Cီ CIူCS ၾႃ CIၼSၶCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢႆSECCၢCSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼS

ၼၢCSSၾႃ CCS CၼSSၼIူCS

ႁCS ACS

ၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS CႃSCီ EႁႃCီ ECႃ EC ၵၢCS CၢၼSSCMCSS EC EၶSၽMႆS ECႃSၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS ၼCS ၼIူCSCၢၼSSCIူCSSCCS Eၵႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS CUၵS ၽIူၼSCMCSSၼMCS CၼSS CECS CၢၵS ၵူ CူCS CၢCSSCီS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၸECS CICSSၸECSၸၢႆS ၸIူCSSၶၵSSၵႆ ၼႃ ၼၼS ၶCS ၶCS AMၵS AMၵS EC CECSCၼSၶCS ၽၵSSEၶSၽMႆS ၽIူၼSCMCSSၼၼS CUCSCMၵS ၼIူCS ၶIUCS CၢႆCၢႆEC CၢႆSCႆ CCSSCၢၼS EၽEC S CၢႆSၵIၼSၶCS ၽၵSSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS ACS ၼCS ECႃ CီSS ၵူ CၼSSEC ၼIူCS CၼSSCS Cႆ ၵIၼSၼIူCS Cႃ S Cႃ ECCႆ ၶCS

ၽၵSSၼIူCS Cႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

Cႆ ACSၵMၵSSCCICS ၶCS AMၵS

ၵူ ၵICS ၵူ

CၢCSSEC CUCSSACSS ECႃSၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS ၵIၼSCMCSSCCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼMCS CIUၼS ၶူCSSCူ CၢCSSCၢၼSS ၸIူCSSAၼSၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCS ၸၢCS ႁCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၼႆ ၼMၵS ECၶူCSSၶMCSACS CIUCSSACS CEၼS ၼၼS

ACS CICSSCIUCSSCCSECCECSSS ၶူCSSCူ CၢCSSCၢၼSS ၸCS ၼႆ EC

ၽႃ CIူCSS ၽႃ ACS S ၶECSSCIၼSS ၸMCS S Eၸ CECS CIၵS S ၵCSၸIUၼSSS ၵMၼS CီS Cႃ CီၶECS S ၼECS ႁECS S AECS CႃS ၵMၵSSၼCS ၼူCSS EC ၵMၵSSAူCS CS CIၼSS ၶCSCCS S ၸCS MC ႃ CူCS Cႃ CS ECCIူၼS ၸCS CMCS EႁႃSCCSSCUCSCၸCS CCSSၾၢႆ CႃCIEC CCSSCECSSEၼ CCSSၾၢႆ CႆSၶIUၼSSS “Eၶႃ CႆS EC CႃCI AၼSၸCS MC ႃ CူCS EႁႃSCူ ၼၼS ႁCSS ACS A CMCS ECAICSSS CၼSSၸCS CၼSCMၼSSCီ ႁCSSႁႃ

ACS ၼၼS CCS

CMၼSႁCSSႁႃ ” “ၸS Eၵႃ ၸS AIူCS S ၸS Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S ၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCSၼႆ CၼS CMၼSSECႃ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၶS Cႆ Eၶႃ CCS CMၼSCီ ၶCSၼႆ Cႃ EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶCS ၶCSSၸSၾၢCS EC ၵၢၼSECႃSၵီ ၵၼS ၵူၼSS” “ECႃSၼႆ CၢCSSၼႆ ၵMCS CCSႁCS ၶCSၸCS CႃSCႃ ” “ၵECS CIူၺS CၢCSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSCႁႃ EC Cီ ၼႆ ႁCSSၶS ႁECSSၵၢၼS

129

130 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cီၵူ CူCS EC ၸCS ႁCS CႃSAIူCS ” Eၶႃ CMCS ၼႆ

ႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵCSၵႃ S CၼSSၶS A Cႃ

CၢCSSCူ ၼႆ CၢCS ၵIူCSS ၶIUၼSSၶS Cႆ ECၸIူCS ECCMCS EC

ႁECSS

ၸCS AMၼSၵၼS

Cူ CၢၼSSႁႃ ၼႆCCS S “Cႃ ႁCSSECCႆ ECAၼSAၼSၼႆ

ႁCSSCႆ CၼSECAၼSAၼS

Eၼႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶMၼSSACSECCMCS S “ACS ၸS S ၵၢၼSCူ ၵၢၼSCၢၼSSၼႆ

ACS ၸS

ၵၢၼSCMၼS ၵၢၼS

CၢၵS ၸIူCS ၼၼSS ECႃSCႃ ႁCSSCIUၼS CECS Cူ CၢၼSSၼႆ ၼSSၸSၼSSEၶႃSႁCSS ၸူCSSCIူCSSၸIUၼS CၢCS CႃSS ၸၼS CၢၼS ႁCSSEၵႃ CIUCS CUCSCႃSCMႆSCMႆSS EC ACS Cႆ CၢCS ၵIူCSSECAၼSAၼSEC Cူ CၢၼSSCIUၼS CECS S ၸMCS CECSSၸS Cူ ႁႃ ” “AIUCSS … CၢCS EC CECSSCူ ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CီCီEC ၸCS CMCS S “ႁCSSEၵႃ CၢCS CူECCECSSCူ ၵMၺSSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ECႃSCIUၼS CECS ၶူCSSၶMCSCၼSCIူၼS ၼႆ Cႆ ႁၼSCူ ၸူCSSCIူCSSCူ Cႆ Cႃ EC CူS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CMCS CCSၶIUၼSSS CIူCS Cႆ Cူ CၢၼSSCIူၺS CၢCS ၼၢCSSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ ၼၼS CCSSCႃSၸSCႃSEၶႃSEC

ACS Cႆ ၼMCS CIUၼS Cီ ၸCS MC ႃ ၶCS

Cႆ ၼECSၸSၶIUၼSSCူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CႃSၸMCSS

ၵၢၼSၸၢCSSCUCSCၶCS CၢႆCMၵS CCS ECCႃ ACS A CIူCSSAၢၼSSCၼSSS CၢႆS EC

CၢCSCUၵS CၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ CCS CူCS ၵႃ Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSၼCS

ၵူ CၼSSၶIUၼSSEC ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၼICSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ACS CီSCCSCEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢCS ႁၼSCႃ AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CECSCႃS Cႃ ၸCSS

ႁECSSCMႆSၼၼS ACS CီSCီ CMCS S CIူCS CECS ECႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECS ၶCSS ၵႃSၶCS CၢCSSEႁႃၼႆ ၵူၼSSCS CၢCSSEၵႃ CUၵS ၵMCS CၵS CCS CIူၼSCCSSၸCS ၵMႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CECS CႃSCႃSၼၼS CCS S Cႆ ႁၼSၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ

CIူCSSၼCS CCSCႃS

CIူCS CIူCS Cႆ Cႆ ႁCS CEၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSၼၼS CCS S 

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CECS ၾICS ၾႃ ႁCS Cႆ CူCS CႃSႁႃႁECSSၶEၼSECႃ

CUCS ၵူCSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S

ၸECSၵူၼSS ၸECSCCSS Cႆ CMၼS Cူ CS ACS Cႃ ECCၢႆ CMCS CECS AၼS ACS ECႃAီSCူၼၼS S Cႆ ၵၼS ၸSၵၼS EၶႃSCူ ECႃ ECႃSCECS CECSၸၢCSS ႁၢCSSCူCS ACS ႁၢႆၵႃ CၢCSSၼIူCSCMႆCၼSSCူၵSSၼၼS S ECႃSCIUCSၵCSSၼၼS EC ၶူCSSၵၢCSCူCSEၵႃ

ၸCS CEၼSCူCSCEၼSၸSCႃSS CECSႁUၼS ၶူCSEၵႃ

CICSCႃSၼSS

CူCSSS Aၢႆ ACSၶCS ၽၵSS AၼSႁUCSCUICS Cႆ CCSSCၢၼS ၾႆSၼၼS ႁIUၼS ႁIUၼSS ၸMCS CူCS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECSS CူၼS CMၵS CMႆSCUCSS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS ၸIူCSSၵီ Cႆ CECSၸMCSSACSSၼၼS CIူၼSCCSSၸMCS CCSSၼCS ACS Cႆ CၼSၼSSCECSSS CCS CIူၼSCCSSCၼSCၢCSSၾၢCS CIူCS ၽUၵS Eၵႃ CECS ECCIUCS CၼSCၢCSSၶၢၼSၸS Cူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CUၵS Cီ ၼSSEႁႃ AၼSၵCSSCEၼSၼၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼS ၶIUCS CIUCS CႆAၵ M S CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS S CEၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၶႃCႆ AUCS ၵၼSၵူ CMCS CMCS S AUCS ၵၼS ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ ႁECSSCႃSCCSSCၼSS EC CEၵS Cၢႆ CၢCSSႁၼSၵၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACSCၢၵS CMႆ AMႆ CၼS CႃCECS ၸEၼS AၼSၼCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၶECSSႁIၼSEC ၼၼS S CEၼSCႃAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၵS ECCIူၼS S ၸIUCS CၼSSACS Cႃ CEၼS CS 1S CEၼSၸIူCS CIူCSSၵMႃ Cၼီ S 1 Senta

134 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ၸCS … ႁCSSၶS CၢCS ECႃ CူAICSSၼIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸUCS ACSၼCS CၢၵS ၽႃ AၼSၶူၼSSၶCSSCႆ CCSS ၵMၼS 2

ႁႃ EC CၢCS ႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “CၢCS EC S ႁCSSECCIUCSSCႆ ၵၢၼSႁCSSၽMCS ၵႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူၼSSCIၼSCၼSS CၢCS ၼIူCSCCS Cၢႆ ႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCူCS CၼSSCႃ CMCS S “CီSၵူၼSSCႃSCIUၵSSCူၼSSႁCSS Cႃ ၽMCS ႁEၼSSCူ ၸUCSSCူၺSSCူ EC CUၵS AMၼS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS” “ၽSCSCႃSCIUၵSSCူၼSSCႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢCSSCႆ S “ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCSၼၼS ၼႃ S CMၵS CS Cႃ ၺၢၼS S CMၵS CS ၶUၼS EၸႃS EC Aႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS AူSCၢၼS ၶCSEAႃ ” “AIUCSS … CူႁECSSႁIUCSCMCS CၼSၶIUၼSSCႃ ” CၢၼS CၢၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CUCSၶIUၼS CS CႃSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS ၸUCSSၵUCSSCႆ S “ႁCSSACS CIUၼSႁCS Eၵႃ ACS CEၼSCSူ S ႁCSSCၵSSECCႆ CူၺSSCူ ၵူၸMႆ

EC CICSSၸIူCSSECCႃSၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၼS S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၶCSCႆ ၸSCS

EC ၵECSS ACS ၼၼS Cႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS Cီ ACS CီSၼCS ၼၼS ” “ႁCSSA Cူ …CUCS EC …ႁCSSEၵႃ A Cူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CၢCS S “CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၵCS ၼCSEၵႃ ၸူCS CၢၵS ACS CIUၼSSCၢCSSS CMၵS CS Cႃ ၺၢၼS CၢCS EC ၼSSCUၵS AMၼS Cီ Eၵႃ S CၢCSEၵႃ ၼႆ ၸူCS ၶူCS 2 ႁႃ = ၼCS AၼSၵၢCS Cႆ ၶECSCႆ ၼၼS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶCS ACS CၼSSCECSCMCSCီ ၼႆCႃ ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁECSSCႃSCEၼSၵCSSCEၼSၵCSSS CCS CႃSCIၼSCႃSCIUCSS CႃSS “ECCECS Cႆ EC ACS CEၼSၵMၺSS ၸCS S ႁCSSEC CၵSSECCႆ ၵူၸMႆ CCS ” “ECႃSCူႁECSSEC ECCEၼSEC Cူ ၵMၺSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CMၼSSၶူၼSACS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCၢCS S “ႁCSSECႃSႁၼSCႃ Cႆ CCS S

CူECCူၼSSCUCS

ၽMCS ႁEၼSSCႆ

Cူ ၸUCSSCူၺSSCူEC CICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS AၼSၶIUၵS ၶၢႆSCၢၼS CUCS Cူ ၵMၺSS” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼႆ ႁCSSACS ECႃCCSCႆ CူS” Eၶႃ ၶၢၼSၶIUၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CECS ACS ECႃSCီSႁECSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CCSCCSSၸSCၼSSEC ႁၢၼS ၸSCႆ Cူ S ၼMၵS ECၼၼS ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CၼSၶူၼSACSၸIUCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS Cႆ ၶS CEၼSCCS Eၵႃ ECCႆ ECCEၼSCCS ACS ၸS Eၼ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၵႃ ၶၼS ECႃ ၸSႁၵS ၽS AၼSECႃAMCS CECSSၼႆ CIူCSECCၢCS AၼSCူ S “ႁCSSCၢCS CူႁECSSCEၼSCႆ Cူ S CူECႃၼCS CMၼS ECႃၶႆ ၸSS CီS ၸSၽS ECႃ ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆS CီSၸSACS CUCS ACS AၼSS ECCEၼSCႃSCMႆSCMႆS Cူ ၵMၺSS” CECS CၼSSၼIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁCS CMၵS ACS ACS ၼၢCSSCICSS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCIူCSSၶCSEC CIUၵSSCူၼSSCႃ ၽMCS ႁEၼSSCူ ၸUCSSS CၢCSၵUCSၵCSSAMၼS CၢCSSၼႆ CီSၼၢCSSCICSS CၢCSCICSSၸECSSEၵႃ CႃSၶCS ACS S ၵCS ၼCS CEၼSCႆS CEၼSCၢၼS S CၢCS CEၼSEC CUၵS AMၼS ၵူ Eၵႃ S CီSCMCSEၵႃ ၵMၺSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ACS ACS ACS CၢႆECEၵႃ S CၢCSCICSSႁႃ Eၵႃ EC

CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS

CၢCS CၢႆCၢCS ACS CႃSS CIူCSSၼႃ CႃS Cႃ AS CEၼSၼႆCECS ၼႆEC ၸCS EC

135

136 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၽMCS ႁEၼSS ၸUCSSၸIူCS ၼႆS CECS CၼSSၼIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ACS CEၵS ၵီ

ECၵႃ CူၺSS ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS S CEၵS ၵီ ၼႆ Cႆ CUၵS CIူၵS CCS CCSSၵၢCSၸS ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS

CEၼSၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSSCူ ၸUCSSS CၼSSCEၼSCUၵS ၶIUCS ACSSၵICS S

CီSCႆ CီႁၵS S Cူ CCSSCီ Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ ႁIUCSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CူCSCၼSSEၵႃ

ACS CၢCS ၽECS CၢCSSၼSSACSSၵIူCS CUၵS ECCMၵS ၼCS ၵCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSCMCS Eၵႃ ၵMၺSS ၶCSSၵႃSၸICS ၵCS CCSSၼIူCS EC ၶCS CႃSၼSSCၢCSSACSSၵIူCS CUၵS S CEၼSACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ ႁၢCS ၼIူCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCူ ၸUCSSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ

AၼSၶECS CECS Cႆ CၢၼS CၢၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ ၼCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ႁECSSၵၢၼS

Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S CECSSCCSSCႆ ၼCS ၵႃ CူCSCၼSS CီSCႃ CီSႁECSS ECCMၼS CMCSSၸၼS CၢၼS ECႁECSSၵႃ S ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS EC CICSSႁၢCS CCS CCS Eၵႃ ACSၽEၼS ၸUCS ၼCS CMCS CူၶECSSEC CIူCS CIUၼS ၼၼS ႁၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC

CECS ၽEၼS ၸUCS ၼCS EC CEၼS ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼSSS

CIူCS CၼSSAMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS CၢCSSCCSCၼSS CႃSCႃSၼၢCSSCICSSႁၢCS CီAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CEၼSCၼSSEC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၢCSSၼUCS CူၵSSၵCSSCUၼS ၽMၼSSS CၼSSၼUCS Cႆ

CIူCS ၶၢCSCCSSCIၼS CMCS S CၢCSSCUCSCၼSSEၵႃ

CီSCMၵS Cီ

CCSSCၢႆၶIUCS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ CူၺSSႁၢCS CECSSCECSSၵCS ၽၢႆCႆ Cူ S ၶEၵS ၸIူCSSၶCS CႃSEC ၼႆ CEၼSၽSၼႆ ၼၢCSSၼUCS A Cႆ CCS EC ၸCS ၶCSSၶIUCS Cႃ EC CူၺSSၼSSACSSၵIူCS CUၵS S CီSACS CၢCSACS S CCSSCႆ ၵူ AMၼS CICSSAၺS S ၵIUၵSSCႃSCCSSAူ Cႃ CS CUၵS AMၼS S EC CICSSCႃSၵIူCS CUၵS CီSCႆ ၸECSSEၵႃ ECCႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၵMၺSSCီSAၵSSEၵႃ ၸIူCSSACSၽႃ AMCS CီၶၢCSCEၼSSEႁႃ Cႆ CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS S “Cႃ ၶS ACS CူၺSSCUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႃ ” ၼၢCSSၼUCS Eၵႃ ACSCUၵS AMၼS CICSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSCၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၼႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၼSSၽႃ AMCS ၼႆ CECSၶMCS ၶMCS AMၼS CCSSၶူၼSACSCCS CCSS CECS ACSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၵႃ CCS S CၼSSACS Cႆ AUCS ACS CUၵS AMၼS ႁIUCSၼႃ CCS EC ECႃSၶS CIUCSSCCS S ၸSEC Eၵႃ ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSS 3 Maggie

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၵႃ CEၼSEC CUၵS AMၼS EC

ၼUCS ၶူCSSCီCၢCSSEC ၼCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၵူ S ၵMCS

ၼၢCSSၾႃ CူCSCCSSEၵႃ AUCS ACS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSCႆ EC CၼSSEၵႃ ACSၵUCS ACSCUၼSCႆ S ACSCIUCSSACSSCၢCS ၼႃ AူၵSSEC EၼCMCS ၸူCSSCIူCSS ၶMCS ၸSCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSၽSၼႆ ACS CူCS ၶႆ EၼၽSS ၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ၼၢCSSCICSS EၶႃSEၶSCEၼSS CUCSCUCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆSၼႆ CီSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSS ႁၼSCီ CSEၵႃ CIူၼS CMCSS CCS S “ၸIUCS CUၵS AMၼS Cူ Cႃ ႁIUCSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSႁCSSEC CUၵS AMၼS S “Cႆ A Eၼႃ ” EC CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼႆ ႁၢCS Cႆ CS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS CMCS Cႃ Cႆ A ၼႆEC ACSCIUCSSၽၢႆ Cၢႆ CူCSSCူCSS

ၶူCSCူ ၶIၵSSၶIၵSSႁCSSCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

CူၼS ၵCSၵႃ S Cၢႆ ၸူSCEၵS ၵီ EC CၢCSCCSSၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S “ၵMCS CCS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ CCS Cႃ ACS A ၸIUCS CUၵS AMၼS CၼSSၼႆCႃ ” “EAႃ … Cီ CIူCSSၼႆ Cႃ CၢCS ၸIUCS CၼSCECS CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ Cႆ ACSၶၢCSSCၢCSSႁIUCS CူCS ၼIူCS CMCSCူCS EAႃ S CၢCS ၵCSSႁIUCSAၢၼS CIူၼSCၼSSၵMၼS EAႃ ” CEၵS ၵီ CCSSCECSSEၼS “AICSၼIူCS CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ ၵIူCS CIူCS CၼSSCSၼႆEC CၢCS CၼSၸIUCS CECSS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ ECႃၵႃ CႃSၶCS CIူၵS CၼSS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ Cီ Cီ ၼMCS ၼMCS ၶCSCIူၵS CၢCS CၼSEAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ ၶS CMႆ ၼCS ၵCS S

Cႆ CMႆ CUၵS AMၼS

CS ၼSSAူ ၶIUၼSSECCႃ

CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS

CCSS

ECAMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၶIUၼSS

ၼၼS ၼၢCSSၼUCS CၢCSCႃ “EAႃ … ECၶS CူၺSS ACS ၵIူCS CUၵS Cူ ၶႃ Eၵႃ ACS A ၶႃ

137

138 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eၼႃ ” “ECႃSACS CီSၵူၼSSၵIူCS CUၵS ၼႆEC ၶS CူၺSSAIူCS ” “EAႃ … ACS CီSၶႃ EAႃ ” ၼၢCSSၼUCS CIUCS ၶႆ EၼS “ၵူၺSSၼႃ ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ ၼCS ၵCS S ECႃSCႃ ၶCSACS EC Cႆ CCS ၼႆEC ၶီ CECSCၢCSၼICSSEႁS ၶီECႃ Eႁ ၶS ၽECSCႃSၶၢCSSCSEၵႃ ၸၢCS ၽECS CႃSCူ EAႃ ” ၼSSACS ၵIူCS CUၵS ၼႆ CECSSCီCူ S CူCSSCSCီEC CCSSACS Cႆ ႁၼSၶႆSECCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶIူCS ၶူCSSၸS CIUCSSၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼS AၼSCႃ

ၼၼS ACS CီSECAICSSS CီSၵူ Cႆ CူCS Cႃ ၵIူCS CUၵS CၼSS ၶECS AၼSCၢCS AၢCS ၼCS S ၼSSCIူၵS CCS Eၵႃ CီSၵICSSၵECSS EC ၵICSSၵICS ၸၼSACSCUၵS AMၼS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၼSSACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CCSၼႆ CMCS ၼCS ၼႆEၵႃ ACS ႁၼSEC Cီ S ၾႆSၾႃ ၼႆEၵႃ ACS CီSS ACS CီSCMCS ၼCS S ACS CီSၾႆSၾႃ EC ၶCS ႁECSSႁIUCS ၵIူCS CUၵS CၼSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS ACS Cႆ S “ၼIူCS CIူၼSCS Cႆ ၵIူCS CၼSCၢႆEၵႃ ” CIူCS CႆAMၵS CႃS CၢCSSCႆၽၢႆ ၼMၵS ၼၼS CEၵS ၵီ CၢCSEC ၼၢCSS ၼUCS Eၵႃ CUCS ECCMCS S “ၼIူCS CIူၼSCS Cႆ ၵIူCS CၼSCMၵS CၢCSSEၵႃ EAႃ S ၵCS ၼCSEC Cႆ ၵIူCS CၼS CူCS CIူၼSCူၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS EAႃ ” “ၵMCS CCSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSၵႃ S “ACS A ၶႃ CCS EAႃ S CEၼSၼႆCူ Cႃ EC S ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ Cႆ ၾၢCS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ CၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၺSSEAႃ ” ၼၢCSSၼUCS Eၵႃ CCS CူCSCCS ၸSၵႃ S CIUCS AMၵS CူၺSSCၢCSSၼMၵS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၸUCSSCူCီSCၢႆEၵႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A AၼSၼႆ S “ၶႃ ၶCS EC CIUCS ၵIူCS CUၵS CၼS CီSCMCSEၵႃ ၵMၺSSEAႃ S Cီ EC ECCႆ CီSCၢCSEၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSၶCSCCS Cႃ Cႃ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS ၼႆ EC ACS ၶS CၼSၵူၼSSCECS CCS ၼႆEAႃ ” “Cႃ ECCUCSSCႃSCူၺSSCIUCSEC CၢၼSSCူCS ၼႃ ၵIူCS CUၵS Cႃ CၢႆSECၵIူCS CUၵS Cႃ ၸMCS CူCႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCူ ႁႃ ” “ACS Cႆ ၶႃ ” ၼၢCSSၼUCS ၶMၼSSACSS CူၺSSၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CECS ၵCSCူၵCSCႃCႆ S CIူၼS CCSSၼၢCSSၼUCS ACS A CMCS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSၼၼS S *** CECS CၼSSၼIူCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

AS CူၺSSAMၼSၵႃ EC

CၢၼS ၶCS

ၼCS CၢႆS AၼSCီSႁICSSၾCS ၼCS Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS ၵႃ CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS Cီ ၼCS CၢႆSS ၶCSႁECSSႁIUCSCူ CCSSS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCCSCၢႆ CၢႆS ၶCSႁECSSႁIUCSCူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃS CUၵS CၢCSSၶCSS CIူCS ၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS CူCS

ၵIUCSSCီ ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSCူ CIူCSSၼCS CၢႆSၼႆ

Eၵႃ ၵူၼSSၼSSCၢၼS ၸECSCCS ၸECၼ S UCS CႃSAUCS CMCS ၵၼSCႆ CCS S “ႁCSSCႃSCီ ၼႆ ၶS CၢCS ECႃ ECSCူ EC ၼၢCSSCICSSၼSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSCၼSSCႆ CၢCSSၼႆ AIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ECႃ

ၵူၼSSEၵႃ CီSၼူCS ၸႃၸႃCူCSၼၼS S

CၼSSCCS ၶUCS ၶCS Cႆ CၢCSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS ECCၢCS CECS S “ၶS AUCS ၵၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSႁCSSEၶႃEၶႃၵMၺSSၼႃ ” ၶIUၼS ၼIူCSႁI ူၼSS ၸMCSSCႃ CIUၼSS Eၵႃ CEၼSECSCူ CIူCSSၼၼS ၵႃ S AMၼS

139

140 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵၼSACSAMCS Cီ ၼSSၵၢCSႁI ူၼSSS ၵၢCSႁI ူၼSSCူ CIူCSSၶCSၼႆ ၵၢCS Cႆ ၼCS ၵCS S CူCSSၶCS CူCSSAMၵS Eၵႃ CီS CIူCS Cႆ CCSSCၢCS CIူCS S CီSCCS CီCူၼS Cၢႆ AၺS EC CီSCၢၼS ၽIူၼSCီCECSCMCSAၼSS EC ၸCS ႁI ူၼSSၶCS AS CUၵS CICSS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCIUCS ၶူCS CႃSCႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS S CIUCS CIUCS EC ၵၢCS ႁI ူၼSS ACS ၸS Cီ CECSၵၼSS Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS ၼၢCSSCICSSၼSSCၢၼS ၸECSCCS ၸECSၼUCS CECSၵႃ ၼSSၵၢCSႁI ူၼSSS ECႃSၵၢCSCၼSSEC ECႁECSSCၢCSAUCS AူCSS ၵၼSS CIူCS Cႆ AUCS AူCSSၵၼSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECS CUၵS AMၼS ႁႆ EC ACS ၸၢCS AUCS ၵၼSCီCီS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Eၵႃ CEၼSEC CUၵS AMၼS ၼၼS CIUCS CCS

ၼူCSSCMCSCၼSEC CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ CECS ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS AS Cႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSA ၵႃ ၶCSႁECSSႁIUCS ၵIူCS CUၵS AMၼS S ႁECSS ႁIUCSCECS CူCUCSSCႃS AS Cူ CS CႃSၼႆ ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSၶႆ Eၼ CIူCSCူ CIူCSCCSSၶCS ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSS ၵႃ CႆS CူCS ၼIUCSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS ၶႆ EၼCႃS ၶIူCSSၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSS CUၵS AMၼS CICSSၸူCS ၶူCS Cီ Cီ ႁႃ Cီ ၶCS Cႆ CECSCူၺSS ၼMCS ၶCS ၸIူCSSCIUၵS ၵIၼSၼူCSSCူ ၼၼS S ECႃSၶCSACS CECSCူၺSS EC ၶCSEၵႃ

ACS CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECCူCS ႁUCSၶCS ၽၵSSS CၵS CMႆSၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ S ၵႃ ႁႃၽၵSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႆ CCS S ၽူ CICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၵCS ၽMCS Cႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၸIူCSSCEၼSCIူCSCS ၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼSၶCSS CIူၼSၼCS ၵၢၼS CၢၼSၵူၺSCၢၼSCMCSSCSS ၵၢၼSႁECSSEၸ CႃCSS ၵၢၼSႁECSSၶCS CUၼSSၶCS CMCSS CSS ၵၢၼSႁႆ ၵၢၼSၼႃSCSCCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSၶCS EC ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSS ၸECSၸCS EC ACS CIUCS Cူ CCSSၸMCSS ECႃ EC ၶCSCCS S Cႃ CIUၼSS CီSCUၵS CICSSCMCSEၵႃ CEၼSႁI ူၼSSCCS ၼၼS S Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CIUၵS CၢၼSSCႆ S CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC

AUCS ACS Cႆ CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC

ၸUCSCIUCSSCႆS CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS ၸIူCSSCEၼSCၢၼSCၢCSCIၵS ႁIၵS CMCSEၵႃ EC Cႆ EC ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSS Cႃ CIUၼSSၵIူCS CUၵS CႃS ၵCS Eၵႃ EC ၵIUCSSCႆ Cီ Eၵႃ ၵMၺSSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ၵIူCSEႁCၢႆၵCSSCECSS Cီ Eၵႃ EC CၢႆၸECSCIူCS CEၵS S CUၵS Cႃ CIUၼSS Eၵႃ ၸူCS ၶူCS CICSSၵCS ၼၼS ၸIUCS Cႃ EASၼMCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSၼႆ CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS ၼၢCSSCICSSၼSSCၢၼS ၶCSCီCီS EC ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSS CIူCS ၸူCS ၶူCS CICSSAၵSSEC CၢၼSSCႃSS ECႃSCECSCICSSCIူၼSၼႆEၵႃ ၵIူCS CUၵS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S Cႃ CIUၼSS EC EC ၵECSS Eၵႃ ACS CၢCS ၽIUၵSS ႁEၼSSCႃS CီCီၼၼS CူၺSSCူၵူၸMႆ CECS CၼSS EC EC CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ Cူ CCSS ၼCS CIူCSၽECS EC Cူ CS CႃSS ECႃSCUၵS AMၼS ႁႆ ECCMCSၼူCSSS ECACS CၼSၽၢCS CIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃS ACS Cႆ CCSS Cႃ CႃEႁ CၢCSSCEၼS CCSEC CၢCS S ECACS ၵူCS CူၺSSCၢCSSCEၼSS ၼMၵS EC ၼCS ၼူCSSEC ACS Cႆ ၵIၼSCCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ Cူ CS CEၼSၵူၼSSCႃSCူ EC S Cူ CECS CECS CIူၼS EASၼMCS CၢၼSSCႃSCECS CCS S ၼCS ၼူCSSႁECS ၵႃ EC CၢCSS ၵIၼSCႃ CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ S ACSၶCS AူၼS CIူCS CIူCS CCSS CၢCSS ၵIၼSCၢCS CၢCS AICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSS CEၼSSCၢCS ၼCS ၼူCSSEC S ACS CီSၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSSS ၵူၼSSCႆSၵCS ၼCS

ACS Cူ CၵS ၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSS

CၢCSSၵIၼSCIူၺS ၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS S CၢၵS Cႆ CၢၵS CMၵS S ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECSၵCS ၼCSၼၼS ၸၢCS AS CUၵS AMၼS CMCS Eႁ ၼႆEC ACS CECS ACS CMCSCၼSS ၽၵSSCIူCS ၶIူCSSၶECSၵCS ၽMCS CIူၼSၸIူCS ၽၵSSၵCS ၸMၼSSS CၵS ၸIူCSS ၼၼS EC

CCSၶူၼSSCCSSၶCS EC CECS CၼSCူ S CUၵS AMၼS ၵCS ၼCS

ၸUCS CMCSSCၢCS CECS ၸSCႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS Cူ Cီၵႃ ႁIUCSS ECႃSၵIူCS CECS CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸCS CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ CS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၸMၼSၵIၼSၼူCSSEC ၽMCS S CီၼၵSSၸSCႃ CIူCSSၼႃ CUၵS AMၼS EASၼMCS EC EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSEC ECCIUCS ၵIူCS CUၵS CECS Cူ ACS ႁၢCS S CIူCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ A CႃSCCSSၼCSS CၼSSCECSSCCSS Cႃ ECCUၵS CၢၼS

ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS

CEၼSACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ CူၺSSCူEC EC CUၵS

AMၼS AၼSCီSၶIူCS ၶူCSS EC Cႃ CႃၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSS ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSS CEၵS ၵီ EC CUၵS ၸUCSSCCSSCၢႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵSSCMၼSSCူCSၵCS ၸMႆ Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၵူၼSSCၢၵS CီSCူCSၶCS ၼSS CECSSCီ ECႃ S CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS EC ၵူၼSSၵႃ ၼECS S ၸCS ၶူၵS ၸၢၵS S ၵူၼSSCICSSCSCECSSCၢၼSSၼIူCS CECS ACS CႃS ၵူၼSSၵႃ CူCSCCSSCၢႆ ၵCS ၸMႆ CူCS

141

142 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIUၼSSCCSSၼCSS Cူ ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ACSCၢCSSၵCS ၸMႆ CCSSCECSSEC ၸCSS ႁECSSCၢႆSCၢCSSႁႃCူCSၵMCSၵၢCSၵူ CၢCS CIူၼSၼCS EၼCCSSCူCS S CၢCSCEၼS CၢၵS ၼCSCMCS S ၾၢႆ CEၼS ႁECSSS CၢCS Eၶ CECS ACS ၽECSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CCS S CIူCS CMႆSၵECSSCၢႆEၽSCIUCS ၽUၺS ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS AၼSCS ၾႆSၾႃ EC CMCS ၼCS CCS CCS ၼၼS CီSၵူၼSSCႃSၶCS ACS CCSSၼCSS CIူCS ၼCS Cႆ CS

ၼCS ၵCSSCS

AၼSEၸ CS CICS ၽႃ

CႆAMၵS CႃSၼSSAၢCS CUၵS

CCSS ၸIူCSSၸS ၼSSACS ၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆCူCSSCIUCSSၸူCSSၸMCSSS ၵECS CIူၺS CူCSCIUၼSSၸS ၸၢႆ Cႃ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS EC CIUၼSSCIူၼS ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSCCSSCECS ၼႆ Cူ ၸUCSSCူၺSSCူEC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၼSACSၽMCS ႁEၼSSၼၼS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCCSSCူCSSS ၶူSECႃ CႃCူCS ၸၢCSSၵႃSCႃSEၵႃ

ECႃSCီSၵၢၼSCCS CMCS EC

CႃSၸMႆ CူၺSSCၼS

Cူ S CၼSSACS CCS CၵSSၸSCူၺSSCူ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS CCS EC CCS ၸSCၼSSၵႃ EC Cူ S

CၼSSEC CၢCS ႁၼSCႃ

CCS CူCS

ၵၢၼSၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၼS

CEၼSၵၢၼSၼၢCSSCICSSၶCSၵMၺSSၼႆEC ၶS AS CCS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၽSECSCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CCS EC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS CMCSEၵႃ ၸIူCSSCူCSSႁEၼSSCႃS Cီ ACSSCႃၼCS ၶCSS ၶMCSCMၵS CS CီSၵCECS 4ၼၼS S CၢCS CECS ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CCSၼIူCS Cႃ CူၺSSCူEC CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSCူ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၽSႁI ူၼSSCၼSSEC CႃSEၼၼၼS S ၼႆ CIူCSSAၢၼSSCႃ ႁၢႆSၵၢၼS ၶCSSCၢႆCူၺSSCူEC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AS CIUCSCီ S CီSၶIူCS ၶူCSSၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSCႃSECCႃ

Cႆ CEၼS

ၵၢၼSၸMCS CူCS Cႆ ၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၼၢCSSCICSS ၼSSၶူSၼSSCECSSၶCSEC CူၼSၸSၶCS ၸSCႃSCူ S ၼၢCSSCICSSၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼSၶCSEC ECႃAၢႆECႃၵူCSEC ACS ႁCSSCႃSCီ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS CECSSCCSSCႃ ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCူၺSSCူၵူၸMႆ

EC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၼႆ

ႁECSSCIUCS ၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼSၼႆCCS S 4 Dr. Gordon Seagrave

CၢCSCူCSၶCSECCႆ CူCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS ၸCS CUၵS ၸUCSS Cူ ၸUCSSCူၺSSCူEC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS EC EC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS ၶCS ACSၽႃ AMCS ၶူCSSၼUCS CUၵS AMၼS S ၽMCSၼCS ၼူCSSS Cႃ CICS CS CIၼS CCSS ၶူCSSCMၼS ၶMCSၾၢၵS CCSSၼCS CၢCS ၼIူCS ၵႃSCEၼSSAူCS CS S ၵႃSၸICS EC AMၵS CႃSၸူS CECSSၵCS AၼSCီSၾCS ၼCS Cူ ၽၢႆ CUၼS ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS CMၵS CၢၵS Cၢႆ CႃSCS ႁCS Cႆ S CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSCCSSCူ CIူCSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCECSS EၼAICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSSS CၢႆSၼၼS CCS ၵၢCSSAS EC CၢၼSS EC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CႃSႁCS ၵူCS CCSS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCူ CIူCSSS CIူCS ၸCS EC ၽSEၵႃ ACS ႁCSSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၽIူCS ၼၢCSSCICSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶCS CႃSAMၼSCၢCSSCCS Eၵႃ ၼၢCSSCICSSCCSSCၢႆ AMၼSၵၼSCႃSCEၼSCECSCူCSCႆ CCS S Cီ ၼSSၵၢCSႁI ူၼSSCူ CIူCSSၼၼS

EC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS ၶCS

CCSS

CECSS AUCS ၵUCSEၼ CMCS CၢႆSCၢCSSCUCSSCႃS CIူCS Cႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS EC CCSS CၢႆS ECၵIူCS CUၵS CCS ECႁECSSႁIUCSCUCSSCႃS EC EC CUၵS AMၼS CCSSCMCS Eၵႃ EC CCSၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CEၵS ၵီ EC ၵIUCSSCူ ၼIူCSၵႃS EC CCSSCECSSEၼ CၢႆSCIUၵSSCMCS Cႃ CICS CS CIၼS EC ၽMCSၼCS ၼူCSS ECႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSCIUCSSၼူCSSCCS ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSCႆSၵCS ၼCS ACS Cူ ECCီSEၽS

CူCS ၵIၼSၼCS EC

ECႃSECACSၽMCSၼCS ၼူCSSCECS ၼCS

ၼCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS CIၼSSCMCS CီEၶႃSၶူCSCူCS Cီ CECSSCIူCS CUၼS S

Cူ ၸUCSSCူၺSSCူၵူၸMႆ ၾၢႆ ၵၼS ၵူၼSSၸUCSSၼIူCS CIူCSSAၢၼSSCႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CEၼSCႃ CEၼSႁECSSၼႆEC CIUၼS CECS CၼS ၽMCၼ S CS ၼူCSS AS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS CEၼSCႃ CEၼSႁECSSCႃSECAICSSEC CUၵS AMၼS ၵCS ၼCS

CEၼSCMCS Eႁ S CEၼSၼၢCSCႆ ၵS S CEၼSၸECSSCီ CူCSCIူCS EC Cူ ႁၢႆCၢႆၵႃ CCSSၼCSS ၽIူCS CႃSၵူCS CCSSCူၺSS Cႆ A Cႃ CEၼSၵMCS ၼCS ACS CEၼS CS ၼၼS CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC ၶႆ EၼAS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSS CူၼSၶCS AS ACSၽMCSၼCS ၼူCSS ၽMၵSSၼIူCSၶCS AUၼS EC CECS CူCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ ECႃSၵIၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ CီSCႃ CီSႁECSSAIူCS ၼႆEC CၢCSCူCSCၼSSEၵႃ ၵIၼSEၼEC ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS AMၼS ၵၼSၸူCSSၶူCSS

143

144 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢႆSECၵၢၼSCCS CူCS CီCၢCSSS CIUၼS CECS CၼS ၶူCSSCMၼS ၶMCSၾၢၵS CCS EC CIူCS ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ECCIူCSSၼၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSၼSSCၢၼS ၼSS CူၼSၶCS CCSSACS ၶS CMႆ ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSCIူCSSCCS S EC CUၵS AMၼS EC

EC CၢၼSSၶCSEC

A CႃS CၢႆSCၢCSSၵၢCS CၢၼSCS ၼႆ

CECS Cူ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCၼSၵၢCSSCၼS

ႁECSSၸMCSSCၢႆ

ECAMၼSၵၼSCႃSEၼ

Cီ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS ၽEၼS ၽEၼS Cူ S ECႃSCႃ Cႃ CICS CS CIၼS EC ၽMCS ၼCS ၼူCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ CူCSSၵႃ ၸIUCS

ECCႃSACSCECS Cူ ၼႆCCS S

EC CUၵS

AMၼS ၸIူCSSCCS Eၵ ၼၼS EC CIUၵS CCSSCCSSCႆ ၼIူCSCMCS CၢႆSCၢCSSCၢၼS CS ၼႆ ECCီCMၼSSCIူCSEC CၢႆSCၢCSSCၢၼSၵCS AၼSၶCSCICSSၵECSSCႃSCIူCS ၵူ CMၵS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS CၢCSCူCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CူCSCCSSEၵႃ

CူCSSၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼS CႃSCူ CႃSၸSSၶCSEC

AMၼSၵၼS

ႁၢၼS ၸS ၸူCSSCIူCSS Cႆ EC CCS S ၶၢCS CၢCSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECSSၵCS ၼႆ ၸMCS CူCS ၵႃ CCSSCIူCSSS CၢCS CၢၼS CၢCS CူၼSEၵႃ

AMၼSၵၼSႁCS CMၵS

AS ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CႃSCူ

CႃSၸSSCီ CၢၼS ၶCSS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSAၵSSCIူၼSၼႆ ၼၢCSSCICSSၸIူCSSCႃSၵIူCS CUၵS Cီ ACSS ၵIူCS CUၵS ၼႆ ၼCSCIူCSCႃSECၵCS CMCSCUၼS S Cႆ CCSSCႃ CႃEႁ ၵCS CၢCSS CEၼS Cႃ CUၵS AMၼS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS S EC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSႁCS ACS CၢCSSCူၺSS CူၵူၸMႆ

ၸUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၼၼS

ၾၢႆ CၢCSSCူ CီEC ACSၼCS CUၵS AMၼS

CီSၼCS CMၼSSၽMၼSSCီ

AၼSCႆ CၢႆCႆ ACS Eၵႃ

CMCSSCႃSS *** CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ၸSၶCS EၶႃS ၵၢၼSၵIူCS CUၵS S ၵၢၼSCUCSSCႃS CူၵSSCMCSCUၵS CၢCSSၼႆ

ႁECSSAS CၢCS ECႃ

Cႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSEC Cူ

CCS S CူၺSSEC ၾၢCS CEၼS AMၼSCၢCSSCIူၼS CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢၼSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CႃSၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CၼSSCMCS CECS CCS Cီ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၼSSEႁႃS “ၸIူCSSႁCSS ECCႆ CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃS ၸCS EC ႁCSSCIူCSECၵCS S ECႃSၼႆၸCS CUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ECၵIူCS CႃS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSAIူCS ” CူၺSS ၸီ CCS Cီ ECႃCIUCS ECCႆ ႁUCSCCS ECACS Cႆ ႁUCSCCS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S AၼSCႃ AၼSCူCS ၼၼS ACS CUၵS S ၵူၺS ၼႆEၵႃ CUၵS CCSSၸIူCS ၼIူCS ၵMၺSSS ၶCS CCSS ၼIူCS ၵႆ EC Cႆ CCSS ၸSCၢCSSEၶႃSCူ S ၽၵSSၵCS ၸMၼSSEၵႃ ၶECS Cူ ၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၶူSECႃECႃ

ၸၢCSSCEၼSSၼICMS

CIUၼSCၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢၼSSCႆ ၼၼS EC CူၺSS CEၼSECႃ CIူၼS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSCၼSSCႆ A AMၼS CၢCSSCIူၼS S ECႃSCၢCSSၶCS ၵူ CၼSS ၶႃCူ AMၵS AၼSECCEၼS Aူ EC CUၵS AMၼS CႃSၼၼS AUCS CၢCS CMCS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSၶႃ ၼIူCSCUၵS AMၼS AၼSEC ၵIူCS CႃSၼၼS

ၶIူCSSၶIူCSSCSSCSS ACS CCS ACS CၢႆSCႆ S ၶႃACS CၢCS Cႃ

ၼIူCSCUCS ၾႃ ၼႆ ၼMၵS ECၶႃ ECACS CီSၵူၼSSၸIူCSS ၸူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “CူၶS Cႆ CUၵS ၸၢႆSႁႃ ” “ၶS Cႆ CCSၼႆ ႁCSSACS Cႃ S ႁCSSEC ၶS AS CUၵS ႁႃS Cူ CီCီS CၼS ၵMၺSSS ၼႆ CEၼS AၼSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS CCS ” “ECႃSCEၼSCUၵS CICSS Cႃ ECCUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSSၼၼS

ACS

CၢCS ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၸSCၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၸCS ၾႃ ၵCS ၼCSၼႆ

ၶS AS CUၵS ၸၢႆSၶCS CUCS CEၼSSAMCS Cီ ၶCSၵMၺSS ACS ၸS Eၼ S

ၸCS

ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၸူCSSၶူCSEC “ECႃSCEၼSၼၼSႁႃ S Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ACS CီSCၵSSCIူCSၾICS CIူCSS CUၵS CICSSႁCSS ECACS Cႆ CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၼႆCူSS CUၵS

145

146 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AMၼS CICSSၶCSEၵႃ CီSၼCS ၵCS CၢCSSၶEၼS CIူၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၸၢႆSCူ EC S ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCႆEၵႃ

CECSSCCSSၸSCၼSSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆS

CECS Eၵႃ S CၼSSCIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႆ

CၼSSCီSCUၵS CICSS

AS CUၵS CICSSCူCSCၼSS CUCS CၢၼS CEၼSS

CIူCSS ၼႆCCS CCS ” “ၼႆ Eၵႃ

CEၼS Cူ ၵMၺSSEၼႃ S

ၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSSCႆSႁCSSEၵႃ

ႁI ူCS ႁI ူCSSCIူCSSCSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CၢၼS ၸCS CUCSSCူ CSS5 ၸCS Eၶ ႁIUCSၼၢၼSS CCS ACS ၸS Eၼ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶMCS ၸSCIUCS ၵၢCS CၢၼSAMၼSCၼSS AS ECႃSCႆ ACS ၺႃS ၽူCSEၵႃ ECႃCႆ ၸSၵူCSၸSၵၢCS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS “ECႃSECCႆ CၢCS CEၵS CEၵS CECSSCECSSEC

ECႃSCIUCSCၢCSS

CUၵS ႁCSSECCUCS CၢၼS CEၼSSCIူCSSCႆ ၼၼS CၢၼSၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSS CCSS ECACS CီSCCS ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CၵS CECSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AၢၼSSၽIUၼS

Cၢႆ CၢၼS CIူCSS AS CEၼSCIူCSၾၢCSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS Cီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

A CီCီCူ S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၼCS ၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ႁEၼSS

Cႆ ၼၼS EC ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၽIUၼS Cၢႆ ၵၢCS CၢၼS CၢၼSCIူCSS Cီ CIူCSSၼႆ ACS Cူ CIူၼSCIူCSSCIူၼS S Cႃ ၽၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECCEၼSCႃSCႆ ၼၼS

ECႁIUCS

CECS CၢႆCICSSCီ Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ Cႆ S CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ S “ႁCSSECႃS AS ၽူ Cၢႆ ႁႃၵူၼSSCCS EACCS ” “ၸSCူCၢCS ၼႃ S Cႃ ႁCSSECၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၼS

ၵIUCSSCECS

AၵSS

CIူၼSၵMၼS ” CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၼECS ACS Cႆ CၢၼS ၼႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS CEၼS ၸူCS ၸCSECCEၼS Aူ CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ ECႃCႆ ၸS 5 Sir, ၸIUCS ၶူSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ႁၢCS EႁႃAICS ၵCၼS ၶCS CIUၼS CၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CႃSS ECႃႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃS ၵူ CMCS CMCS S CMCS ၸIူCSS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ႁECSSAS ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CIူCSSCႃSS “CူECCႆ ၵIၼSCႃ CICS CS CIၼS ၼCSၼCSၼႃ” “CူၵIၼSAူCS CS CIၼSSCCS Eၼ ” “CူACS CUၵS CီCIUCS ၽCS CEၼSSၼICS CCS ” “CူၼMၼSSCၼSSCCS ႁႃ ” “CူCႃ ECႁECSSၵၢၼSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSၼCSCၢၼS ၼႆ S ႁCSSCႆ ၸSၼႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႃCႆ ၸSၼႃ S

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

Cၢႆ ၶႃCCSSCၼSSEC CူၼS CIူCSSၸSCႆ S CီSCႃ CီSႁECSSCႆ

CEၼSၶCSSCIၼS CECSCူၼS S Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၶS AS CIူၼS CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃS CIူၼSၵူၼSSCEၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CMCS Cႆ CႃSEACႆ Cီ CူCSCႃ S CMCS ၵၢၼSၵIူCS CUၵS Cႃ CEၼSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSCၼSSၵႆ Cႆ ACS ႁၼS CIူCS CူCS ၼIUCSၵၢၼSCူ ၸUCSSEC EC CUၵS AMၼS ၼၼS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ၼMၵS EC CၢCSSA CၢCSSႁၼS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ 6

CCMၵS ၼၼS

Cႆ CူCႆ CCS

CMၵS CS

CၼSSၽEၼSCႃ ECၸS ၸၢႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵCS ၼCS Cီ ACSSၵIူCS

CUၵS EC CECS ႁEၼSS CၢႆSCၢCSSၵIူCS CUၵS EC CၢႆSCၢCSSCUCSSCႃS CUၵS AMၼS CEၵS CECS CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSS *** CIူCS ၶCS CIူၼSCီ CူၼSSၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူCSၾၢCS Cႃ ECၵIူCS CUၵS AMၼS CCS S CMCS ၸECSSCႃSCCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Eၵႃ CUၵS Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၸMCSSCႃSCႃ CUCSSCႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၼၼS ၼECS ၽECS CICSSၶူCSS CၢCS ၼIူCSၵႃSCMCSCCSSS ACS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ၸူS ၶူSECႃCႃCEၼSSၼICMS Cီ ၼCS Cူ S Cႃ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ ၸူS ACS CႃCUၼS CECS Cီ ၼCS Cူ ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႆ CီCီၸECSၸCS EC EC ႁIUCSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSၵIUCS S CUၵS Cီ Cီ ECႃ AMၵS CႃSၸCS CီS CMCS 6 Dr. Spock

147

148 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၵSSၵMၺSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS S “ၸCS … CၢၵS ၶIUၼSSEC S ႁCSSACS ၵၼS Cႆ ECႃ ECႃSCIUCS ၼCS Cူ CCS ” ၶCSCၢၵS CႃS EႁႃCS EC CCSSCႆ CၼSSႁIUCS CMCSၸူCS CူCSSS ACS CၢCSSၵူၸMႆ ၼၢCSSၼUCS EC ၵIူCS ႁၼSၼႃ CUၵS CICSSCCS ၶCSS CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ

ၼႃ ၶMCS ၶMCS

CCSSၶူၼSACSCCSCCSEC CီႁၵS ၼႃ S ACS CီSCီ ၸီ

Cီ EၼSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AUCS ACS CUၵS AMၼS Eႁႃ CEၼSSCႆ CCSSၽႃ AMCS Cီ CီCၢCSSCၢCSSEC AၼS CႆCူ Cႃ EC EC ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS CMCSCႆ ၸS CႃSS ၸIူCSSၶCS ACS CၢCS ႁၼS ACS CၢCS CIၼSS ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ AUCS ACS CUၵS AMၼS CEၵS CECSCႃSECCMၵS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS CIUၼSSACS ၶCS CႃSၸMCSS ၵၢၼSၵIူCS ႁၼSၼႃ CUၵS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆCႃSS ၵူၼSSCူCSCီ ၵMCSSMၽ ႃS ၼSSEႁႃၶCSEၵႃ Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆEC AူCUၼSၽUCSSCCSSCၼSS ၸCS ECႃ CCS CူCS CူCSSၵႃ CCS ၼႆS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACS ACSၵၢCSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CS ၸSECAICSSS ၵIူCS CUၵS AMၼS CCS CၢႆCီ ၼICS ၵMၺSS ECႃၵႃ CႃS MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS EC Aႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS AူSCၢၼS ၶCS ၽECSCႃSၵCSSCECSS CECS CူCSSCECS CၢCS CIူCSSCၢCS ၼIူCSCS CၢၼSS Cႃ ၸCS CICSS AMၼS Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CႃSCS ၼၼS S CCSSCၼSSၼႆ

CEၼSCၢႆCCSSCႃ CၼSSၵIူCS Eၵႃ ၸS S CၢႆSCႃSCႃ CၢၵS CMၼS

ၶၢCS Cၢႆ CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ ၼႆEၵႃ

ၶCS CၢCSSCIUCSSEC Cူ S Aူ EC ၵူၼSSCႆS

ၵCS ၼCS ACSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃ CၢCS ၸIUCS CECSCUၵS ၶCS ႁIUCSEC EC S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS ၶS ၸMCSSၾICS CၢCS AၼSၼၼS S ၾICS CUCSSCၢCS ၸIUCS CECSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CီSၸSၶCSSၶၢCSCCSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၶCSၼႆ ၵIူCS CIူCS CၼSSၽCSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸIUCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၶCSၼႆ

ECCႆ ACS

CူCSEC CIၵS CS ၽS C EC CCS S CၼSSCSCၼSSၼၼS CီSCူCSEC CIၵS AၼSECCႆ EC CCS CၼSၸIUCS CECSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AUCS ACS EC CUCS CIၼSCUCS CIUCSSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECS ၵႃ CEၼS Cီ Cီ ၼMCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼMCS ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSCၼSCၢCSSၶႆ ၸS Eၵႃ ASEၵႃ CၢCSSS “ၶႃ EC ၶS AS CၢCS ၸIUCS CႃCI CCCCီ ၼႆ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CECSS “Cႆ CEၼS ၸS” “ECႃSCEၼSၸIUCS CႆS CMၵS ၶCSS ၼႆACS Cီၶႃ ႁႃ ” “ၼႆ Eၵႃ Cႆ CEၼS ၸS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၢCSSၶၢCS A Cႆ CCSSCၢႆSၵႃ S ၼႆ CEၼSၾICS CၢCS

CႆS AၼSၶS ၶCS CႃSၸICSၸMCSSၼႃ ၵၢၼSCႃCၢၼSSCIူၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၶS AS ၽS ၶCS ၸICSCႃSၸMCSS ၵၢၼSCUၼS CECSၶCSS “CMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSႁႃSECCECSSCCSSACSၵMၺSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶၢၼSAMၵS ၸIူCS ၼႆEC Cၢႆ ၶCS CႃSၼSSACS

AၼS

CUၵS ECSCၼSSCီSCူ ၼၼS S ၶႃCIူၵS ACSၸIUCS CႃCI AၼSCႃ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၼၼS S ၸIUCS ၼႆ Cႆ CMCS CIၼSSCIူCS CSEၵႃ CၢၼSACၢၼSၸSS CEၼSၸIUCS CECS AၼSCႃSၼSSCCS ၽIUၼS CIUၼSSMၽ ႃSCUCSCCႃSS ECႃၵႃ CႃSၶCSEၵႃ CMCSSႁCS Cႃ CီS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၼႆ CEၼSCIူၼS ၶIူCSSၸCS ၶႆ ၾႃ CCSSCIူCSSEC CIUၼSSCႆ CS “ၸCS ” ၼႆၵCSS CECSCCS S ၸMCSSၼCS ၾICS CUCSSCႆS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၼႆ CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ EC ACS Cႆ Cၢႆ ၸIUCS CECSS CCSSၸူCS CCSSၸၢCS ECCီSၸIUCS CECS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၼႆၵMၺSSS ECႃ ECႃSEC ၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSSEၵႃ ACS CCS Cၢႆ ၸIUCS CECSS ၼSSၸူCS ၵECS ၵCSSAMၼS ၵMၺSS ၸCS CICSSAMၼS ၼႆ CEၼSၵူၼSSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS ၼSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ CႃSCCS S ၵူၼSSCCS EA ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCCS CEၼS ၵူၼSSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS Cီ CMCSCႃSS ၼSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCႃSCCS CMၼSSၵၢၼSCCSS CၢႆၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ Eၵႃ ၼႆ CUၵS CECS ECCIူၼS ၼႆECCIူၵS ACSCႆ S ၸူCS ၶူCS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSၼႆ CီSAၵSSCICSSCCS EC CၢCS CEၼSEC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS Eၵႃ CူCSSႁEၼSSCႃSCီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSS ၽူCSCၼSS EC CUၵS CၢCSS

149

150 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၼSSEၵႃ CCSSၶMႆ CူCSSCCS S CCSSၸူCS CCSSCၢၼS CၼSSႁECSSၵၢၼSEC CIUCS CႃS

AၼSCၼSSCူCS CEၼS ၼၼS S

ECCႃ

ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSECႃCၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆSၵၢCSSCၢၼS

ACS ECႃCၢCS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S ၸူCS CၼSSCIUၵS ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSၾၢႆ

CUCSSCႃSၵူၼSSCEၼSၼၼS ၾၢႆ ၽIူၺSEၽ CႃCၼႃၶCICS ၶCS AၺSSCၼSSၶCS CEၼSၸၢCSSၶCICS ၸူCSၼCS S ၵMCS CIူၺS ၸူCS ၶူCS EC ၼCS ၵCS CၢCSSၶEၼS EC ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃၶCS ၸIူCSSCEၼSၸၢCSSCUCSCၼၼS ၼCS CCS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSECCႃ

AMၼSၵၼSၾၢCS CူၺSSၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ၵMCS CၢCSSCUCS CCSၼCS

CIUCSCၼSSS ECႃ CူၺSSCCSSCၢCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ

ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCႆ ၸS

ၵူCSၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCူၼSSAၺSS ၸCS CICSSAMၼS CEၼS ၸၢCSSၶCICS ၵႃ ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS ACSCMCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CS ၸSS CူCS CၢCS ၼႆ CEၼSCီ AၼSCၢႆSCူ Cီ ၶECS CECS Eၵႃ ACS ၸS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၵႆ CEၼS ၶႆ CEၼSၼၢCSS ၼSSၸူCS ၶၢCSSၼႆ Cီ ႁICSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSၼႆ ECCႆ CီS EC CIUCS Eၵႃ ECႃCCS CUၵS AMၼS CီCီၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸS ၵူCSCUCSSၸIူCSSAၼSECႃ CႃS CECSSAၼSၸၢCS CEၼSၼၢCSၶႆ Cႃ S CECSSCMCS EC CECSSၸCၢCSS ၸIူCSSCီSၵMCS ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ ၼMၼSSၼSSCUCSS CUၵS CICSSCၼSS EC ၵႃ ၵူCS CူၺSS ၵူ ၶCS ၵူ ၶIUၼSSS ECႃSၵၢCSCၼSSၼႆEၵႃ ၾၢCS CူၺSS ၶEၵS ၸIူCSSCႃSEC Cီ EႁႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCီS CၢCSSCEၼS CၢၵS S CUCS S ၼၢCSCႆ ၵS ၸIူCSSၸၢCS ၸCSSEၽ ၼၼS ၶCS CႃSၼSSEႁႃS CၢCS ၶCS CCSSၼMၼSSACS CCSSS CူၼS Cႃ Cႃ AMၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၵႃ Cူ EAႃSCC M ီS CSS ECႃ ECႃSCS ၼၼS ACS CီႁIUCSS Cီ ၼၼS ECCီS ၶူSECႃCႃ ၾၢႆ CူCSS CႃCUၵS AMၼS CီCီ ACS ၸS Eၼ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵMCS CIူCS ၼCS ၵCS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS

EC CၢCSSCႆ ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CMCSSCႃSCMႆSCMႆSEC ၸၢCS CCS CUCSS CႃS AS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CႃS Cူ CS CၼSSCIၵSSCIၵSSCူ CCS S ၽIူCS CူၼS CECSCECS CIူၼSၼၼS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ၶCS CၢCSၼၢCSS AၼSၼIူCS ၸMCSSAူ EC CၼSSS ၼSSCIၵS ႁCS CMၵS AၼSAႃ CၢCS ၶMAUၵS CူCS CECS Cႆ ၼCS ၵႃ CS ၼႆ S ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၶCSၸCS CူCSၵၢCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CႃS Cႃ ႁCS CMၵS CူၸCS AS ACS CCS ၶCS ACS CၢCSCMႆSCၢCS ၸIUCS CECS CUၵS CICSS ၶCSၸCS AၼSECၸCSSႁECSS CIူCS Cီ CIူCSS DDDD CIူၼSၸECSCMCS DD ၶCS ၵၢCSၼS DD CူCSS Cီ EႁႃCS ၼႆEAႃ S ၶEၼSS ECႃ Cႃ ACSၶူCSSCMၼS ၶMCSၾၢၵS CCSCႃS ECၵCSSၶႃ S ၽECS CECS ၶူCSSႁI ူၼSSၶူCSSECS AၼSCီSCS CၢCS EႁႃၼၼS EC CIူCS CၢၼSSCIူCSSၵူ ACS ၵူ Cီ S ႁCS ACS ၸCS MC ႃ CူCSCၢCSၸCS ၸIူCSSCႃ CS ECCIူၼS

ၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCIူCSS ၶCSEC

Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSCႆ ႁCS CMၵS Cႆ CECSCႆ CS CၢCS Eႁႃ CီSCEၼSACSCၢၵS S AS ၸCS Cႃ ၵMီSၽCႃS Eၵႃ ၸူCS ၶူCS CS ECCIူၼS ၼSSEၼႃ CECSCIUၼSSၶCSS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ AMၼSACSCၢCSၼၢCSSၼႆ S Cႃ ၼႃ CၼSS CီSၵMၵSSCIUၼSS AၼSCS CMၵS Cႆ ၸIူCSSCီS CCS ၵCႃ EC CCSS ၼCS ACSEC CCSS ၵECS CECSၵCS CIူCS ၸIူCSSCEၼS ၸICS CECSCECS CECSCMCS ၶႆ CUၵS ၶCSEC CCSS ၶူCS CS Cႆ AၼSCီSCCS ၵCႃ EC CCSCCS S CS Cႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႆ ၶCS CIူၼS ၶCS ၶIူCSSEC ႁႃCMCS CႃS ႁIUCSCူCS ၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSၵႃ CူCSSCီၶMCS AၼS CၼSSၼUCS CႃS CIူCS CEၵS ၼၼS

CIူCS Cႆ CUၵS ၸUCS ၼCS

Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS

ၼUCS CၼSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSS CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CICSSAMၼS CၼSSEC

CႆCႃSၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၶCS CMႆSၶCS

AUCS ACS CUၵS ECႃ ECႃSACS

ႁၢၼS CCS ၵCႃ ၼၼS S ၵMီSၽCႃS EC ၼCS Cီ CS ၸCS MC ႃ CူCSၶCSEC ၸCS ၵၢCS Cႃ EC CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ ၵႃ AS ႁIၵS ACS ၸCS CICSSAMၼS Cႃ ၸCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၼႆCCS S ၵMီSၽCႃSၸCS ACSၼCS CၢၵS ႁၢၼSၽECSSCၼS CၢၼS CICSSCၼSSEC CၼSCMၼSSS ၵႃ ၼႆ ၵMၺSSEၵႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၶCS ႁI ူCS ၼႃ CCS EC ၸCS AS AMၼSၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼSSၶIUၼSSS CIူCS ၸCS Aူ CၼSS ၾၢၵS CMၼS ၵECS CECSS Cႃ CီCူCSၼIူCS EC CူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSSCူCS ၼIူCS ၼၼS EC CCSS CIူCS CECS CၢၵS ၵူ CူCS CၢCSSCီEC CCSS CIူCS CECS Cူ Cီ ၼMCS CႃSၶCS CMႆSၶCSEC CCS CၢCSCူCS ၸCS CICSSAMၼS ACS CၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCႆ CECS ၵႃ CီCီS ***

151

152 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS Cႃ CူၵS ၶCS CၢCSSACS ၼၼS CႃSCူCS ၶူCSS CMၼS ၶMCSၾၢၵS ၶIUၵS CMၼSS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CEၼSၼူၵS ၶECSႁၢCS CီCီAMၼS CူCSၼIူCS S ၵMၵSSACSCCSSACSCEၼSCီၵCS S ၽICSၼIူCSႁၢCSCူCSSCၼSSEၵႃ CEၼSCီ ၵCS S CူCSSCၼSSCCS CEၼSCီCECSၸMCSSACSSS CူCSCၼSS EC CIၵS CၼSSEC CEၼSCီၶECSၸၢCSS Cီ CCS ႁၢCSCၼSSEC ၶS CၢႆSCီၶCSSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS CEၼS ၶCSၵECSSCIၵS ၼူၵS ၶECSCႃS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CၼSSCၢCS “ႁCSSCႆ ၸSၶူCSSCMၼS ၼႆ Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ႁCSSႁCS Cႆ ၼူၵS CူCSၼႆ

CIူCSSAၢၼSSCႃ CMႆ ၶIUၼSSEC ႁCS Cႆ ၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CၢCS CMၵS Cႃ ECၺMCSS ACSCူCSCCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC CႃSCၼSႁCSSCCS ၼႃ ” ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS EၼၵၢCSၸS CMCS CၼSS ACS Cႆ ၸS Cႃ ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ CူCSCCSSၸIူCSS CူၼS Cူ ၼSSCIူၼS ႁCSSၶCSS CIူCS CၢၼS ၸCS ၾႃ AUCS ၵMႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ CၼSS CၢCS ACSၶMၵS ၶCS CECS Cႆ CီCCSS ၼCSႁICSSၶူSACS S ECႃ CီၶူCSSAS ၵူၼSSCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cၢႆၵႃ Eၵႃ

CIUCS CECS Cီ

ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႆ S CIူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CီSCMၵS ၼIူCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSSၶCS ACSCIူCSၸUCS AMၼS CူCSၼIူCS CႃSCူCS CၼS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CECS CၢCSS ၵIၼS AS CIူCSၸUCS AMၼS ၼၼS ECCႃ CIူCSၸUCS ၼၼS ACS ၵIၼSCႃSCႃSS ၵMCS ACS ၵIၼSCၢCSSၵIၼSEC

ACS CီSႁECSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cႃ ECACSၵႃ CMႆ ၼSS

CIူၼS Eၵႃ ACS CEၼSS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူCSၸUCS AMၼS ႁၢCS CီCီၼႆ ႁECSSCူCS CႃS CIၵSSCIၵSSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸSၸႃ EC EC S ၼSSႁICSSACSSCECS CၢၵS CၵSS CၼS CူၼSSၼႆ

ECႃCႃၾၢႆ CူCSSCႃCCSSၼႆEၵႃ

ACS CီSECEၵႃ S CIူCS

ၸUCS AMၼS ၼႆ Cႆ Cၢႆၵႃ ၼSSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACS ၵIၼS CၢCSSၵIၼSCCS EC CၢCS CECS ၸSၶၢCS EC Cၢႆၵႃ ၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼႆCႆ CCS ၵၢCSSAMၵS Cႃ Cႃ ECACSCူCSCCSSCCS CႃSCူCS CၼSၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵူၼSSCၢၼS Cႃ CူၵS

ၶCSCCS ႁCS ႁၼSCႃ ၼူၵS ၶECSၼႆ ACS CႃSၼSSCEၼS CူCSCCSSၼႆCူCSSS Cူ ၶMCSS CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS ၼူၵS ၶECSCူCSၼၼS CီCEီ C ၸCS ႁCS CCS

CECS CMCSCၢCSCူCS CIၵS CၼSSECCီCႃSၶIUၼSSEC ၸၢCS CMႆ ၶIUၼSSCႆ

Cူ Cႃ ၼႆS CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၶMCSS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ CူၺSSCူၼူၵS ၶECSCူCSၼႆ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵႃ ၼSSၵၢCS EC CIUCS CႃS ၶMၵS ၶCSCS CS CUၵS ၼIူCS EC CၢၵS Cႆ CၢၵS CMၵS ၸIူCSSCူCS CSSCီCၢCSSၼၼS S

CူၼS CၢၵS ၵႃ

AၼSCီSႁICSSCIUCS CIUCS ၼၼS

CEၼSAMCS CီCီ CUCSS Cႃ Cႆ ၼူၵS ၶECSS ၵMCS Cီ CIUCS CIUCS CီSၵူၼSSCႃ EC EC ၸၢCS Eႁႃ ႁIUCS CၼS CECSSၸIူCSSၸၢCS ၵၢႆ ၵႃ ၵၢႆ CႃSၼၼS S CS Cႆ ၶECSCူCS Cႆ EC Cႆ CCSSACS CီCၢCSSS ၼူၵS ၶECSCူCSၼႆ EC ACS CIူၵS CၢCSSၵIၼSCCSS CၼSSAMၼSCၢCSS CUCSSၼၼS ၵIၼSၵၺ ူ S CUၵSS EC CECSၾၢCS ၼႆEၵႃ ႁၢၼS ၸSCၼSSၵႃ S CၼSS CMၼS Cူ CS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵႃ CCS CECS CၼSSၼIူCS CီSCီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS CႃSCူ CႃS ၸSSCၼSSS CEၼSၼူၵS ၶECSၽUCSၼIူCS S ECCီSCMၵS AၵSSCICSSCူCS CူCSSCႃSCIUCS ၼIူCSCူၼS CၢၵS ၵႃ S CECSACS ၶCSECႃSၼႃ ECႃSCၢၼS AECCEၵS S ၼMၵS EC CECSACS ၶCS ACS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCCSCCS S ၵူၼSSCCSSEႁႃEၵႃ

CEၼSCCSၼႆ

AMၼSၵၼSAMၵS CႃSCူၺSSS ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS EC CIၼSCၢႆ ၵႃ ၶIUၼSSS Cူ ၶMCSSEၵႃ ၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS AၢCSSCႆ S CCS ၶMၼSSACSEC ၶCSSCႃ “ၼူၵS ၶECSၸIူCSSCႃSၸCS Cီ Cူ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၼႆ

Cႆ CၢCS ႁၼSEC

CMၵS ” CECS ၼSၽUၵS Eၵႃ ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCECS S ၵMCS CCS ၶCSၽECSCႃSၼႆEၵႃ ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSSA ၸMCSSCႆ Cူ S ၵMCS CIူCS Cူ ၶMCSS ECႃCUCSS CႃSEC CCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၼူၵS ၶECSၶCS ၵႆ CႃSCၼSႁECSSEC CCS CCSSCၢႆS ၼူၵS ၶECSၼSSၶMၵS ၶCSၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၶECS CECS CႃSEC CIUCSၸၼS Cႃ ECCMႆ Cႆ ၶIUၼSS

CCS S CIUCSCႃSၼSၼIူCS Cူ ၶMCSS CIUCS ၶMၵS ၶCSCၼS ၸူCS ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSၶCS Cႆ CႃS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸUၵSSCူၺSSCႆ S ၶCSAMၼSၵၼS CS CူၺSS ၼူၵS ၶECS AၼSCႆCႃSၸူSCီ ASAMၵS ၼၼS S ၼူၵS ၶECSEၵႃ Cႆ CIၼS AMၵS ၵႃ S CIUၵS ၸUၵSSCူ Cီ ASAMၵS S Cူ ၸူCS ၼIူCS ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSၶCS CIၼSCႃS ၸူSCူၼS CၢၵS ၵႃ CIူၼSၵူ CၼSSS AၼSCၢၵS CၢႆSACS CIူၼSCIူCS ၵူ CၼSSၼၼS EC CIူCS ၽUCSၼူၵS ၶECSၶCS CIၼSCIူCSSၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၼၼS ၼူၵS ၶECS AၼSၶCSCႆ CUCSSCႃSCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ CIၼSCIူCSSၸMCSSၵႃ ၵCSSCECSCCS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႆ CူၺSS

153

154 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CူCUCSSCႃSCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ AMၼSၵၼSCူCSSCIUCSSEC CၼSႁECSSS CၢႆSECၼၼS ၼူၵS ၶECSCူCSၼIူCS Eၵႃ ACS ၽECSCႃSCီ CူၼS CၢၵS ၵႃ ႁICSSCIUCS CIUCS EႁႃCS ECCMၵS CCS S 

ၵCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼSSCUCS ၶႃSAMၼS

CူၼS CMCSCၼSS

EC ECႃSၶCS CႃSCCS S Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCMCS ၼSSAူCS CIUCSSၵူၼSSCIUၵSS ၶCSၼၼS EC

ACS ႁၼSCIUCS CၢCSSECAICSSS CIူၼSCၼSSCီ ၼIူCS ၵMၺSSS

ၸMCSSၼCS Cႆ CIၼSSCီ ၵူၼSSCႃSၸECS CၢCSCၼSSၼၼS EC Cႆ A Cႃ ၸMCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS ၸS ႁECSSCIUၵSS CIUCSSACSႁECSSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSEC CူCSS CECS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS AၼSCၢCSၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIူၵS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS S Cၢႆ ECၼၼS ၵူၼSSCူCSၼSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS EC ၵူၼSSAၢၼS ACSႁECS Cႆ CUၵS ၵUCSS ၶCSCႆ ၼႆCCS S ECႃSၸIူCS ၼႆEC ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ Eၵႃ ECACS ၸၢCS ၵူၸMႆ AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၼS CMCS Cႆ CCS S ၵIUCSSCECS

ၸၢCS ၸIUCS

CUCS ၾႃ EC ၵူ ၸIUCS ၵူ CIူCSSၶCSၵMၺSS ၸၢCS ECCICS CEၼSSAS ၸUCSSCIUၵSS CၢၼS

AၼSႁCS ၸIUCS ၶMCS Cီ CUၵS ၽIUၼS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cႃ ECCEၼS

CႃSၸIူCS ၼၼSEC ECCႆ ACSၶၢCSSCၢCSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CCSSCCSSCႆ Cႃ CIUCS CၢCSSAၼSၼၼS ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ Cႃ CၼSSCူ ႁIUCSၼႆS ၸSCS CCSSCECSSCICSCICSAMၼS AၼSၸီSၶCS CႃSၼSSCUCS ၶႃSAMၼS EC CူၺSSCူ AႆSCၢႆၸS Cီ ၾႃ CIUCSSၶMၼSၶႃCၼSSS ECႃCူၾႃ CIUCSS Cီ ၵMCSSCူSCူS EC Cႃ ၵUCS CၢCS ၶၢCS Cၢႆ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ AႆSCၢႆၸSCၼSSၼႆ ၶၢCS Cႆ Cီ ၸူCS ၶူCS CၢCSCICSSCၢႆၼႆS ၸMCS CIUCSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CCS ႁIUCSS

156 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူၼSSCူCSၼMၼSSၼIူCSCၢCS EC CCSSCႃCၼSSCႆ S ႁI ူCS CMႆ AူၼS ၼူၼSSCႆ ၼႃ CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS ၶၢCS CၢCSS CMCS CCS CIUၵSSCIUCSS ႁECSSCMCSၵႃ EC CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS Cႃ CၼSSECCူၼS CMCS Cႆ EC ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ CECS CူCSSCCS S ACS Cႃ

CIၵS ၸIူCSSAၼSCၼSSCႆ CၵS ၾၢၵS CIူၼS ၵႃ

ၼၼS ၽECSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၸICS Cီ ၵႃ Eၵႃ ၶCSECႁECSSႁIUCSၵူၸMႆ CၼSSCႆ Cႃ S ACS ၸၢCS CူၼS ၸMCSSCCS S Cႆ CIၼSS CECSCMၵSSCIၼSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼECS CUၵS ၼCS S CၼSSACS ၶS AS ၽူ ၶEၼSၶCS ႁၼSႁၢCS CၼSS ၸSAMၼS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၽIူCS CECSCMၵSSCIၼSCIUၵSSၶCS ႁၢCS ၵႆၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၼၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၼS CူCSCၼ M S ၸSCၼSSCECS CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS CIူCS ACS Cႆ ACS ႁၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸECS CၢCSၶCSCECS EC CူCSၸSCူCSEၶႃSAICSSၼIူCS S CၼSSCူၵSSAMၵS ၶECSSႁၢCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ AၼSCS Cႆ ၼSS CMCSSCIူCS CMၼS CၼSSS CEၼSၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS CၼSSCူၵSSCူၺSS ၶECSS ႁၢCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CၢႆSECCUၵS Cီ ၺMCSSACSCႃSၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECAMၵS CၢCSSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CMၼS CIUCSS Cႃ CS CၼS ၶECSSႁၢCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ

AၼSCၢႆ Cႆ ၵCSSCIUၼSSၼၼS EC

CMၵS S Cႆ CူၺSSႁၢCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CUCS ၶူCSCႆ ၼၼS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSCႃSEC

ACSၶECSSႁၢCS ၶIUၼSSCECS CS ၼSSCMCSS

CECS S ECႃSCၼSSCၢႆၵႃ ၸIUCS CUၵS ECSCၼSSECCIUCS Cူ CCSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၵႃ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၶCS CႃSၼSSၸSCၼSSၵူ CၢCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSAIUၼSSEC ACSၾႃ CIUCSS CMCS ၼႃ CၼSSCႆ S Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼSCIူၼSCCSS CၼSSCီSCၢCSSၽICSS Cႆ S CၼSSACS CS ၸSၾၢCS

CCSSၼၢCSSႁၢႆ

ၸIူCSSၸၢCS ၵIူCS AMၵS EၽSၶEၼS

ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ S CၼSSAၢCSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS ၶIUၼSSS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCCSSၼCS

Cႃ CCSSCၢCSCူCS

ၸCS ၵCS ၶIUၼSSS ACS CီSၵၢၼSCCS ECCႆ ၵႃ ႁECSSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCီ ၵCSၵUCSS ၶCSCၼSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၸၢCSၸSCႃSၵMCS CၼSSACS CMCS CၼSCCS AၼSၶCSၶS

A ၶS CIၼSSၼၼS S ၵMCS CCS CၼSSACS ၾၢCS CEၼS EၽSၶEၼSCၢCSSၼSS AၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၼ CIၼSS EC CCS CIUၵSSCၼSSၸၢCS ႁECSSCီ CၼSSၼၼS S CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CူၼS CႃSCMCSCီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ CMCS CECSCၢၵS CECS ၸUCSSၶCSS ၸUCSS Cီ ECMS ၽ.C.C.C1 AၼSCCS CIUၵSSၵူၸMႆ CၼS ၵူ ၸIူCS ၵူ CMCS ၼၼS ၵၢၼS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS EC Cႆ AၢႆCIူၼS CႃSEC EC S ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ ၸIူCSSCႆ CIူၼS ACSCႃS ၸူCS ၶၢCSSCMCSCီ CၢၼSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၵUCSSCIူCSS AၼS Eၼ CIၼSS EC CCS CIUၵSSCၼSSAMၼSACSၼၼS S ၽIူCS CIUCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CႃS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ ACS ၶS ႁCS ၸIူCSSၵECS ၶMCS ၵMCS ၵၢႆ Cႆ ၵၼSCCSSCCS CIUၵSSၼၼS S AMၼSၵၼSCၼSCECSEC ၼMCS CIUၼS ႁECSSCMCA S S ၾၢႆ ၸUCSSCၢၼS CMIၼSS ၽ.C.C.C.2 AၼSAူSၼူ AMၼSACSၼၼS S ၸူCS ၶၢCSSCၢၼS CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS ၵUCSSCIူCSSၼၼS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSACS ECႃၶCS ႁႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS CၢCS ၸS ႁECSS CMCS CႃSEC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆEၵႃ AICS CIူCS ၼIူCSၶCSCႃSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCS CMၼS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၶCS CMCS Cႃ

ECႃS

ACS CီSႁECSSၵCS CၼS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆၸIUCS ACS ၸၢCS Cႆ ႁECSSCMCSCၢၼS CIူCSS ၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS Eၼ CIၼSS ECCၢCS ၵႃ CCS EC ECACS ႁCSSACSႁECSSCIUၵSS CIUCSSႁECSSCMCS CၢၼS CIူCSSCCS ၼႆS CIူCS CECSEC AၼSCၼSSႁၼSCIUCSCႃSၼၼS ၽICSSၽူၼS CူCSSCCS S CIူၼSၵၼSCCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၼCS AူSၼူ S ၸCS ၶUၼSၶECSS AူSCႃ CူၺS ၶCSEၵႃ ACS CၢCSSၶၢCS ႁၼSCIUCS ၸSCCS CၢၵS ႁECSSCMCS AၼSCီSCႆ Cီ ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSၶCSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵူCS ACSCၼSS EC ACSCIUCSSCၼSSCMCSၶMၼS CUCS CMႆ ၵMၵSSACSCၼSSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၽICSSၽူၼS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCMCS Cီ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSACS ၸS S CၼSSCႆ ၽICSSၽူၼSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS ECၼၼS S CၢႆSEC ACSSၵICS ၶCS ႁIUCS AMၵS ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSEC CIUCSSACSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶIUၼSS ၼၼS

ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCS ၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSAၵSSCICSSၸECSSEၵႃ

CႃSCၢCS AS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁCS CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ S AၼSCၼSSCႆ ႁCS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ 1 CCSMC ဲ C.C.C.C 2 CC့SCMCSS C.C.C.C

157

158 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS

CEၼSCၢCSSၽICSSCၼSS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSCCS S ၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS

CCSSCၢႆ ACS ၶS ႁCS ၸCS Aူ EC ၸCS Cီ CၼSS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ ၵMCS ၶႃ CၢCS ၵူၸMႆ ၾၢႆ ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS CIူCS ၸCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CECSSCCSSCႆ Cႃ ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSCီ CူၼS CီS EC Cႃ ၸီ CICS ၼCS CၢၼSၵူၼSSၽECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CIူCS ၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIUၵSSCူၼSSAS ႁCS CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ ၼၼS CၼSSCႆ ႁCS CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ CႃSS CၢႆSEC CၼSSCႆ CECSSCCSS CIူၵS CEၼS CၢCSS ၽICSSၽူၼSCႃS ၸIူCS ၼႆCCS

CၼSSCႆ CIUၼSႁCS Cႃ

CၼSSCIUCS ၽICSSၽူၼSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S CIUCS CူၼS CIUCS ႁၼS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSS ၸIူCSSCၼSSCႆ ၽICSSၽူၼSCႃS ၼCS ၵႃ CMCSSCႆ ၼၼS EC ၸSCၼSSEၵႃ CUၵS CူၼSCIၼSS CၢၼSCႃSCူCSSS “ECႃSCႆ CCS Cႃ ” CၼSSCၢCS ႁCSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS S

CၼSSၾၢCS CEၼS CူCSCၼSSၶIUၼSS

ECႃSCႃ CၼSSECCIUCS CူၼS CMCS AၼSCၼSSCႆ CIူၵS Cႆ CEၼS CၢCSSၽICSSCႃS ၸIUCS ႁECSSၸSCၼSSEၵႃ ECCူCS CMCSSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSၵMၺSSS CၼSSACS ၶS AS CEၼSၼၼSS CIူCS ၽUၵS Eၵႃ ECCႆ ECႃ Cူ CCSS ၵူၼSSၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼS CIUၵSSၶCSCECS ၵMၼS S ECCႆ Eၶ CECS ၵၼSCCSSၶCSၵMၼS S CIူCS CECSEC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CIUCSSCECS ၵူ AၼSAၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶS CူCIၵS ECAၼSAၼSS

ၶS

CIူCS CIူၼS AMၼSCၼSSCႃS Cီ CCS Cႃ

CူSၼၼS CူCSAၼSCၼSSCS CCS CIၵS EC Eၸ CECS CIၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CCSSACS Cႆ ACSCႃSၸCSSCူCSCႃSS

CIူCS Cူ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S

CIူCS ၶီ CECSCIၼS

ECႃSCီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CၼSSCူCCS CၢႆSၵၢၼS Cႃ ACSSCၢၼSSႁUCSၵIူCS AၼSEC ႁECSSCီ ၵၢCS ECႃ ၼၼS S ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS ၸIူCSSECၸS Cီ ACSSCၢၼSSၼၼS ECႃS CၼSSCူCS ၵႃ CIUCSCီ ECႃ CCS S ECႃSCၼSSCIူCSSၽECSၼႆ ECEC ၵၢၼSCCS CူSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ECႃSCႃ ACS CIUCS Cႆ ၵIူCSCၢCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ ႁUCSၵIူCS Cီ ၵၢCS ECႃ AS ECႃSၵUCS ၸS Cႆ Cႃ ၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S ၵIူCSAၼSAMၵS Cီ ၵၢCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

159

ECႃ ၼႆ CၢCS CEၵS ၼီ CECS ၶCူCS Cၢႆ CS3 CႃSၼCSCႆ EC ၶS ၶူCSCႆ AICSS AICSSS Cႃ ECၶႃAMၵS CECS CၢCS ၼၼS CီSCၢႆSCၢCSSCၼSSCူ EC S CIူCS CECS CၢႆSCၢCSS EC ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CီSCႆ ၼSSCIUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCCS CCS S

ၶCSECၸၢCS ႁECSSAMၵS ၵIူCS

CၢCSSၵIၼSACS CီSACS CEၼS

ၼၼS ECAS ၵUCS CူCS Cႃ CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS CCSSCIူCSSCူ CCS S ၶူCSSၵၢၼSCCSSၼCSၼၼS CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႆ AMၼSACS ၸCSSၵၢၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ EC

ၵMCS CIူCS CEၼSၵူၼSSCီSCIူCSSAၢၼSS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CၼSSၸCS Cႆ CႃSၽECSCူ Cီ AMCS ၼႆ S CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ACS CၢCS CူCSCၼSS

ၸၢCS ႁECSSၶEၼSCႆ ECႃ CIူၼS ECCႃ

ၵႆ Cႆ CIၼSS

CIူၼS CၢCS Eၼ CIၼSSEC CMCSၵူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၼႆCႃ S ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸၢCS

CMCSA CူCSCႆ

CMCS ၸၢCS ACS ၺႃSEၽSၶEၼS AၼSၽSACS

ၵူၸMႆ ၵECS CMႆ Cႆ ၼၼS S Cႆ A CူCSCႆ ၼIူCSၶူၼSCၢCSSၵႃS Cီ ECႃ -

Cႃ CECS ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢႆCီ CIူCSSၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CIUၵS ၶIUၼS ၼCS ၼIူCSCECSCIၼS

Cူ Cီ EA

CၼSSCUၵSS Cီ Cႃ CECS Cႃ ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS CီSၵႃSၸICS CCSSၼIူCS ၼECS ၶCSSၶCS CႃSၸူS CECSCIၼSEC ၵIUCSSCီ CIၼSၶူCS CႆCECSCIၼSS ၽူ Cၢႆ ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ၼECS CႃSၸူS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CUၵS EၼCIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS S “ၸCS ECႃ CူCSCီ ၶႃ S ၶႃ CႃSCႃSCIၵS CCS CMCS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS AၼS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSS CၼSCႃSၼၼS ၶႃ EAႃ ” ၽIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵMၵSSCIၵS ၽIUၼSၼၼS CူၺSS CUCS Eၵႃ ACS

CUCS Cႆ S CႃSၵICS ၶMCS ၸSCႆ S CEၼSCIၵS CIUၼS CMၼSS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSACS CူCS CၢၼS CIူCSSEC

AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ႁUCS CIUCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၼSS AၼSECၵႃ

Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS ၼႆCႃ S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ CၢCSCူCS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ECCCSSCECSSEၼCႃ ၼႆEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼECS Cႆ ၵႃ ၸူSCၼSSS ၽူ ၶCSS 3 Magnesium chloride 4 UBA = Union of Burma Airways

160 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECSCIၼSEၵႃ

ၽMCS Cႃ ECCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၼႆ ACS ၸS

ၵၢၼSCၢCS ၸS

Cႃ ၶCSS ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၶCSEၵႃ ECCၼSS Cႃ CEၼS CIUCS ၼIူCS CECS Cီ ၵၢCS Cႃ CECS ACS ၸS Eၼ S CIူCS ၼၼS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS

ႁၢCS CCS Cႃ ႁECSၶၢႆ

ၼIူCS CECSS ၸCS ACS ၾႃ ၸUၵSSCS Cီ ၾၵSSCူCႆ S “ၶCS CႃSEC ၸCS ၼMCS S ႁႃSAUCS ၵၼSၵCSSၼIူCS ၵႃ S ECSႁႃS EC ႁCS AUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၽၢႆ CUၼS Cူ ” “CၼSSEၵႃ ECၶCS CMCS ၸMCSSEAႃ S ၵMCS CCS ၸCS ၼMCS ACS Cႆ ၵႃ Cႃ ၵUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၶS AS CၼSSA ၸMCSSၵCSSCECS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸUCSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၶCS ၼSSACS CUCSS ၸCS ACS ၾႃ S CMCS CူၺSSCECS ၸCS ACS ၾႃ Eၵႃ CၢCSSၶၢCS Cႆ Cႃ ACS CီS ၵၢၼSCၢၼS ၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼSCCS CMCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CCSSCCSS Cႆ Cူ S ၸSEၵႃ ACS CIUၼSSCၢCSSECAICSSS “CီSCMCS CCSၶႃ Cႃ S ၵူၼSSၶCSSCECSCIၼS CIUၵS CS ၸCS ၼMCS Cူ Cီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼS” ၶUၼSCC ူ SၵၢၼSSCIူCSS Cႆ ၼႃ ၼICSၼICSECCၢCS S “ႁႃSACS CၼSၸCS ၼMCS ၸMCSSCECSCIၼSCCSSၼႆ ၵႃ Cႆ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ECႃSႁၢCS CUCS Cႆ S “ၵMCS CCSၶႃ Cႃ ” “ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS ၸUCSS Cီ Cႃ CECS

ၸCS CIUၵSS CူCS ၶMICS CMECS

ECၼCS CECSCIၼSၼႆ ၵႃ Cႃ ၵUCS S CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ECႃSECCႆ ၼCS CECSCIၼS CCSSCECSၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၼMCS ၸIUCS CၼSSACS Cႆ CCSSၸSCၢCSSEၶႃS Cႃ CMCS ACS CူCS CၼSSS ၵၢၼSAၼSCၼSSECCႆ ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS 5 CIUCSCMSMC ီSCMCSMC IAUCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶCSၼၼS CCS CMCS EC ၸCS ၼMCS ECCႆ ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSS ၼႆ Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS Cီ ၸCS ၶS CCS AS ၸCS ၼMCS CS ၸMCSSCECSCIၼS CၼSSACSS ၵၢၼSSEႁEC ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ CႃSS “ၸCS Cီ CCS CMၵS ၸCS ၼMCS ၶႃ ႁႃ S Cီ ၸCS ၼMCS ACS CႃSၶIူCS CၢၵS CCSS ACS CMၼS CMၵS CIူCS ႁECSSၶEၼSCီ ၽSCႃSS ၸCS ၼMCS ECၸMCSS CECSCIၼSCCSSၼႆ ၵMၺSSS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CMCSၵူCS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

Eၵႃ ACS CႃSၶIူCS CၢၵS CCSCႃSၼႆEC

CEၼSၵၢၼSCUၼS CECSၾၢႆ

CၼSSၵMၺSSS ACS ၵECS ၶMCS ၵၼSCCSSၸCS ၼMCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACSCၢၵS CႃCECS CၵSSCူၺSS ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSS

CCS ၸUCSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC AၢCS CႆAMၵS ACS CUCSSCႃSS “ၸCS ၼMCS … CSSCMCS ၵၢCSSႁႃSEC S ႁCSSECCႆ ၸMCSSၸS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS AIူCS ” ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSSEၵႃ AၢCS ECႁၢCS CီS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆEC ၸMCSSCႃSၽၢႆ CCSၵCSSCECSS ၽIူCS CIUCSCီ ၾၵSSCူၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူSCၼSSEC CၢCS S “ECႃSCႃ ၸCS Cီ CECS CIၵS CၼS CMCS AၼSၸCS Cီ CၢCS ၵႃ CIူCS ၵႆ ၼၼS ၼႆEC ၸCS ၼMCS ECၵIUCSSCူ Cႆ EAႃ ” “Cႆ ECႃ S ၸCS Cီ ECCႃ S ၸCS ၼMCS CECS ၸMCSSEC S CCS ၸCS ECSၶIUၼSSCီCီၵႃ ” ၸSၸCS ACS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ၼICSၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ႁၢၼS ၸSၵႃ EC ၸCS CMႆ ၵူၼSSၵႃ CMၵS AS CECSCIၼSAMၵS S Cီ CၼSSEၵႃ Cႆ CIၵS CၵSSCၢၼS Cီ ၶUၼSCူCSၵၢၼSSCIူCSS CMCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

CMၵS CIူCS CၼSSၼၼS ACS

ၸS Eၼ S CIူCS CUၵS Cီ Cႃ CECS

CIူCSSCႃSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS

AS ၵႃSACS CူCS ၵႃ

161

162 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢCSSၼႃ EC

ၵႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS

ၸMCSSCႃSCၢCSSCCSS

CIူCS CCSSၼSS

CIူၼS Cႆ CူCSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵMCS CCSSၵၼSCEၼSCၢႆၵCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AီSAS ECSCၼSS CူCS Cႆ ၼSSၵႃSEC CၢCS AS ၶCSSၵႃSCႆSCႆSS CIူCS ၵႃSၶCSSAMၵS CႆSCႆSၼၼS

ၶEၼSSCႆ CIၼSSCECSၵMCS

CIူCSSၼCSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS CႃSCIူCS ၺႃS

ၽၢႆ CCSၵႃS Cီ CS ၶူCSSS ၽIူCS ၶIUCSSၵႃSACS CူCS CၢCSSၼႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cၢႆ CူၺSSCၢCSSCCSS ACS CီSၽSၸMCSSCႃSCၢCSSCCSၶCSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSS CMCSCMႆSCIUCSSၶCSၼၼS ECCECSSCႆ Cူ ၼSSCႃ Cႆ CူCS ACS ႁၢCS S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSAၼSCIူCSSCႃSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CMCSSCီCီ

Cူ S ၼMၵS EC CECSၸၢၵS ၵႃSၶCSEၵႃ Cႆ CIၼSSCECSၵူ CၢCS CECS S ၸECSCIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၾၢCS A CူCSCႃ Cီ CၼSSCီSEၽSၶEၼSCူCSCႆ CCS S ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCUCS CMCS CCSCႃSS Cူ CECS CၢႆCီ ၵMၺSSEၵႃ CၼSSCူCSCIUCSSၵႃ CECS S CၼSSၶIUၼSSCၢCS Cႃ CၼSSACS CူCS Cႆ Cူ ၼႆၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCSSCSSၶIUၼSS CIUCS CၢCSSၸIူCSS CၼSSCႆ CUCS ႁၢCSS CႃSၼၼS ၽMCS S CၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCS Cႆ AUCS ၵUCSၵၼSCCSS ၽူ Eၵႃ CCS ၸUCSSၼUCS CIUၵSSႁၢၼS AၼSCEၼSၸUCSSCႆS CICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS ၶCSၼၼS S ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CIUၼS CMၼSSAS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSAMၼSACSၶCSS ၵူၺSS ၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁCS S CCSSCCS CMၼSၶCSCႃ CMCS AၼS ႁCSSၶS

Cႆ ၶS CEၼSၼၼS

ႁCSSECCႆ AUCS ၵUCSCUၵSSCMၼSS

Cီ CၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSS

ၼႆၵMၼS S CIူCS CECSEC ၽICSSၽူၼSCူCSSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS ၸUၵSSEC CႆCၢCSSEC CECSၽၢၵS Cႆ CၢCSSECႃS ECႃSCူ ၸUCS ၸUCS S CၼSSCႆ CႆCီ CၢCS ၵMၺSS CIူၵS Cီ ၽႃCၢၼSCCS EC Cႆ CၢၵS ၶIUၼSSS ACS Cႆ AၢCS ၼCS AၢCSၼၢႆS Cၢႆ ၶူCSSCၢႆ CECSS CီS CEၼSCMCSCၼSSCCS S CCSCႃ Cႆ ၸUၵSSCS ၼCS CICSSCMၵS EC CၢCS CECS ၽၼSႁၢႆ CူCSCီ CICSSCECS ၸူCS CူCSS ECCီၵႃ ႁIUCSS CIူCS CECSEC

ၼCS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၵMၺSSCီSCIUCS ၶူCS AၼSၵူၼSSCS ၶCS ၵႆ CႃSCူCS CၼS ၶၢCSS CၢCSSၽEၼS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“Cႃ ၶS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSCႆ CECS Cႃ ” ၸCS CၢCS ႁCSSၸCS ၵCS CCS CEၼSCၢႆၵCSSEၵႃ ACS A CCS S *** ၶCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS ၽIူCSSၼၼS EC ၽၼSႁၼS CMCS CီCူၼS CIူCSS S CၼSSCႆ CၢCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼIူCSႁI ူCSSCECSSEC ၶၢCS ၼCS Cူ CႃSS ၶူၼSACSCCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၼႆ CIူCS Cႆ CS CၢႆCECS S CIUCSSAMၼS ၶCS AၼSၶECS CECS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CICSSႁI ူCSSCႆ

CCSSCMCSၶMၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၵၢCSSCီ ၵူၼSSၾၢႆSႁI ူCSS Eၵႃ CICSSCၢCS ၾၢႆSၼၼS Cႃ “CူCS CၼSႁCSS ၵႃ CၢCSSCူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS ၼႃ ၾCS CUၼS EC ” ၽICSၼႃ ၼCS Cူ Eၵႃ ၼICSEC ၵCSSCၢCS Cႆ S ACSႁI ူCSSAီSၽႃ ၽICS ၼႃ ၼCS ၵႃ Cူ Eၵႃ

ၽICSၼႃ ၼCS ၼၼS

ACS CူCS ACS ၼIUCSECAICSSS

ၽIူCS CIUCSၵၢCSၼCS ၶႃCီ ၼMCS ACS ၽECSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS “CၢCSAMၼS … CၢCSAMၼS … ႁI ူCS CECSS” “EC ၸEၼS CႃS Cႃ ၸMCS CSSCီSၶူၼSၸEၼSႁႃ ” “CူCSAၼSၼCS ၼIူCSCူၼS CEၼSCMၵS EC CMၵS EC ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS ECႃၸMCSS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ S CECS ၶCS CၢCS ႁၢCS ACS ၽECSS CIUCS AူၵSSCIUCS ၸSၼၼS CCS Cီၼႃ EC CECS ၶCSၵMCS Cႆ ၼSSၵၢCSၼCS Cူ CCS S CECSCူၼS

AၼSCႃSCECSၶIူCS CS Cၢႆ EC

Cီ ၸIူCSSၼၼS CUၵS Cီ ၼSSၵၢCSၼCS CIUCS ၶIUၼS CႃSEC ၵူၸMႆ AS CECSၵူၼSSACS ECႃၽECSSၶCS CIူCSSCီCMCS CႃSEC EC S ECႃSCၢႆ ACS ECႃၽECSSၼIူCS ACSEၵႃ CIူCSSCႃSCECSႁႆ CIUCS CၢCS ၼIူCS CIၵSSCIၵSSEC CIUCSၵCSSCIUၼSSCႃS CIူၼSၵၼS CCSSCႆ ACS ECႃၽECSSၵၢCSS CCSSၸUCSSCECSCူၼS CူCSCႆ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CCSSCႆ ၶS AS CUCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼႆ ၵMၼS S ၼCS Cူ CူCSEၵႃ CIူၼSCCSS ၵူၸMႆ CၢCSSၽS ၶS CၼSSCႆ S ႁI ူCSSEC ၾၢႆSၵႃ ၸူS ၾCS ၼCS Cူ ECCႃ ၾCS

163

164 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼCS CCS CUCS AၼSၵႃ Cူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS “Cႃ CႃS6” CECSACS ၼႆ ႁECSSAS CECSACS ၽECSS EC CECSႁႆ CIUCS ၶCS ၵIUCSS CIUCSSၵႃ CECS S “Cႃ CႃS S CICSS ၶS CIူCSSႁI ူၼSSEAႃ ” Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CCSSၸSၵူCSၸSEႁ ႁEၼSCူၺSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CၢCS S “ႁECSSCCSၼCS CူCSCCS ECႃACS ၽECSSCႃ S CICSSၵူCSEAႃ ” Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ CUၵS CICSSCၼSS ၵူCSEႁCႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECSS CIUၼS CႃSS ၽၼSCၼSSEၵႃ CUCSSႁၢႆၵႃ S CIUၼSSCႃCၼSSCူၺSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCCSCCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶIUၼSSCCSSCႃCၼSSEC AၢၼSSၵMCS ACSCႆ CၢCSS ၸူCSSCIူCSSCၼSS AၼSCႆ CECS ACSCႆ ၸူCS ၵECS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၵS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ႁႃCီ CEၵS CCSSACS CီSS CၼSSCၢCS

ၼCS ၶCSCီSCႆ ၼSSၸSCၼSSCႃ EC ၼၼS S CEၼSၸူCS ၶၢCSS

ၵECS ၵCSSAMၼS ၵMၺSSECCႃ ႁECSSAS ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CICSSCEၼS ၵႃ Cႆ Cူ EC S ECႃSCၼSSCMၵS ၽECSႁI ူၼSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ

ECႃCIUၼSSCIUCSS

CEၼS CႃSၸူSEC ႁCS CMၼS S CCS ၶS AS AUCS ၶCSEC CUၵS CUCSCUCSS ၵICS ၼCီ ECႃSCီSCၢCSၶူCS CCS EC ECႃSၸCS Aူ ၶCS AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSႁIUCSၸIUCS ECႃCၢCS ၵၢCSSၶႆ ၸႃ ECႃ

ၸCS Aူ ၶCSCCS CူSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS

ၶS AS CၼSSCူ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၵMၺSSS ACS ၶS AS ၽၢCS ႁI ူၼSSၽၢCS ECSၵႃ S ၵၢCSၼS ၸCS ECႃSCUၵS CႃS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS ECႃCႃSCS Cီ ၾၵSSCူCႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCS ၼၼS EC CEၼSCUCS ၵCSSၼIူCS S ECႃSၼၼS CUၵS CICSS AMၼS CၼSSA Cႆ Cႃ CၼSSECAMၼS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၵႃ Cီ ၵMCSSMၽ ႃS ၼSS CၢCSSEႁႃEC Cႆ Mၽ ႃSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSCႆ Mၽ ႃSCCS ၼႆ ၵႃ CူၵSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼS AၵSSၶူCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵႃ ၵIၼSၶCS ၽMႆၸMCSSၵၼSS 6 Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ ၶCS ACS ၸCS Aူ ၶCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ Cႃ CႃS Papa

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ႁၢၼS ၸSၸMCSS ၵMCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ

Cႆ

CCSSၽၢၼS ၸူCS CၢၼSCUၵS AMၼS AၼSCူCSCၼSSCCSS ACS CMၼS CၢCS Cႆ CCSSၽၢၼS CႃSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆ CEၼSEC Eၵႃ CီSၼCS ၸSCECS CူၼS CီCၢCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၺႃSAူ Cီ CႃS ECCႃ CၼSSၶCSSၸSAS CEၼS Aူ CီEၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႃ CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ S EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSEC CECS ၵၢCS CUCSSCUၼSၵႃ ၵMCS CၢCSSCEၼSCMCS Eႁ ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CMCSၶူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၼSSCMCSS EC ၶCSCီCီS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၵS EC CIUCS ၶCSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ EC CIUCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSEၵႃ

ၵMCS ၶႆ ၼၢCSEC CECS ၵၢCS CUCSSCUၼSၵႃ

CICSSCMCSၶူCS S CၢႆSECၼၼS

CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ

ၼၼS ACS CီSCCS S Aူ ၶCSEၵႃ

CIူCS CၼSSCႆ ႁI ူၼSSAၼSCႃ

ACSECSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CUၵS

CၢCSSCၼSSEၵႃ CMႆ AS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS EC EC Cႃ ၼႃ Aႃ ၸIူCSSCီSၸSCီ ၼၼS CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCၼSၵMၺSSCCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CူၺSSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSEC ၶMႆ ၸူCS CၢၼSCUၵS AMၼS AၼSCၼSSACS CၢCS CCSSၽၢၼS CႃSၼၼS ၼႆEၵႃ Cႃ Cႆ Cူ S CIူCS CSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCS CၼSSCႆ CIUCS CECSၾႆSAMၼS CႃS CIူCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၸCS ႁႃ Cႆ CMCSၶူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CၼSSCMCSCUCS Cူ ႁCSSCၼSSS CUၵS AMၼS CMCSၶူCS ၼၼS ECႁECSSႁIUCSECႃCEၼS CECSၾႆSAMၼS ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSACS CMၼS CIUၼSႁCS ၼႆ CIUCS CႃSCႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၸCS ႁႃECႃCႆ ၼႆ ACS ၸS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMႆ CECSၾႆSAMၼS ၼၼS Cႆၵႃ ၸIUCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSSEၵႃ CIူၼS CူၺSSၸMCSS CECSၾႆSAMၼS AၼSCႆၸMCSSၶူၼS CၢCSSၼၼS CCSSCၢၵS CႃCCSCCSCၼSSS CECSႁUၼS ၶူCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ CၼSSCူCSၵႃ CCSSACS S ၾၢCSႁၢCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ EC CCSS ECS ၼၢCSSEC CCSS CECSၾႆSAMၼS EC CCSS AMCS ၼMၼSSEC CCSS ACS ၼCS AၼSCIူCS ၶECSSEC Cႆ EC CCSS ၸၢၼSSEC CCSS ႁI ူၼSSECSEC CCS CႃS ၸCSSAႆ Cႆ Cီ CၢၵS ACSၸS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸSCIUCSႁI ူၼSS ၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS CီSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCCS ECAICSSၼCS ၵCS S 

165

CICSS Cီ CCS Cၢႆ ႁICSSCCS ၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS ACS CီSၵူၼSSၼCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS Cႃ CႆCၢCSS CIUCSCူၼS CီS Cႃ ၵUCS CူၺS ၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCၼSSၼၼS EC

ၵူၼSSCCS Cႆ

Cီ CCS ၼCS ၼႆ

ACS

CၢၵS CၢႆSCCSCႃSၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CMၵS ၼႆ ACS CီSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼCS Cႆ ၼႆ EC

ACS CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S ACS ၸS CIူCSၽECS S ECCCS Cႆ CၢႆCၼSSAMၼS

ၵMၺSSACS ၵႃS ၸၢCS CCS ၵႃ ECႃ ၸူCS CUCSSCၢၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃ CၼSS CၵSSၸSCူၺSSS CူCSၼSSၸSCၼSS ၸၢCS Cႆ ႁၼSECAၼSAၼS ၼႆ CCS S ၶS AS ၼCS ၵCS CMၼS ၸS AၼSACS ၸS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSၼၼS EC ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ ၸူS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CMCS CၢCSS ၸIူCSSACS ၸS ၼCS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSၼၼS CၢCS CီSCႃSၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSCႆSၶCSEC EC S CIူCS ၸCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CMCSSႁCS S ACS CUCS CCS CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ S CIူCS Cူ Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁCS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼSCႃS

Cႃ AS

Cႆ CUCS CCS CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS AၼSACS ၸS ၼCS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS EC CၢCSS A ECႃEC CၢCS ၵႃ CႃS ၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS ၼၼS

CMႆ ၵူၼSSၵႃ ACS MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS

Cႃ CၢၵS

CူၺSSၵECS ၵICSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CS ႁIUCSCၢၼS CၢၼS Eၵႃ ACS ႁၼSCႃSEC ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACS CIUၼSSCၢCSSCႆ ECAICSSS ၽIူCS ၵူၼSSၵႃ ACS CMၵS CႃSၼၼS ၶႆ EၼၶၢCS CၢCSS AၼSCီEၶႃSၶူCSS ECႃၵႃ CႃSCူCS AၼSၶCSCCSS

168 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢႆCUCS CCSCCSSၸSCႃSၼၼS CၢCS CႃSCႃ CၼSSၵူCSCUၵS CIUၵSS ၸIူCSSCS Cႆ Cီ CၢCSSEႁႃၼၼS EC ACS ႁCSSCႃSႁၼSၼႃ ၸCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS ၵCSS ၼIူCS S Cႆ ႁၼS CMCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ECႃCEၵS Cၢႆ ၸS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CၢCSS Cီ ၸူCS CူCSSၼႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႆ ၸၢCSၸS ၵMCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACS CီSၸSCၸSၸႃၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ECႃSCၼSS CIၼSSCႃ

ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸၢCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

ၶS Cႆ CCSSCၼSSၽIUၼSၼIူCS

ၼႆၸIUCS

ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ ၼECS CEၼS CႃSၸူSEႁႃCS Cႃ EC S CMCS ၽIUၼSCCSSCၼSS CEၼS CMCS CၢCSSAၼS ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸၢCS

ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၶECSၶCSCူၼSၸS Cႃ AUCS ၵUCS

ၵၼS Cီ CၢCSCူၼS CIူCSSၶCS ACS ႁၼSၵၼSၼၼS CၢCS ၼIူCS S MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS CCS ACS ECႃၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S ECႃSCႃ ၶEၵS ၶCSEၵႃ ACS ECႃၵၢCSSCႆS ၵၢCSS CၢၼS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ECၵၢCSSCၼSCႃ EC EC CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ Cႆ ACS ႁၼS ၶMCS ၶCSCS CS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCS CၢCSS AၼS CၼSSACS CIUCSSCႆ ECCMၵS ၼၼS S

ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSEC Eႁႃ

Cီ ECႃ S CၼSSCၢCS ႁၼS CCSSCၼSSCIူၼS AၼSMC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS CECS CၼSCECS CECSCူၼS CူၼS EC ၸCS ၼႆ CၼSSEၵႃ ၶS AS CECS CCSSCၼSS Cႃ CၼSS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS ၼႆCႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၼSSAMၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC Cႆ AMၼSၶEၵS ၶCS EC MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS CႃSၼSSACS CူၺSSCIၵS S ၶCSAMၼS ၵၼSACSAMCS Cီ CCS EC MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS Eၵႃ

EႁႃSCၼSၼCS ၵႃ CၼSSႁၼS

ၼၼS ၵCSSCECSS “ၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ CႃSၸMCSSCၼSSCႃSၼၼS ACS ၸS ECSၼၢCSS CၼSSၶႃ ” “CၼSSCၢCS Aီ CCS” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS ၶS A ၼႃ EC ACS CၼSSCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၵၢCSS CၼS ECCၢCSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ႁCSSECCၼS ၼCS MC ႃ

Cႃ ႁၢၼS EႁႃSCၼSၼၼS S “CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ

Cူၼႆ

Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃS CၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSS

CCS ၼႆCႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CMCS CၼSAS CၢCS CUၵS ၵႃ EC CၢCS ႁCSS MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS S “CူၽICSSCCS CူCSSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၽECSCႃSCႃ ၵUCS CီSCEၼSCၢCSCီ CIူCSSCCS S CMCS Cႃ ၶႃCMၼS CICS ၵူCS ၵူ CCS CCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCCSS CၢႆA ၸMCSSCူ ၼႃ” “Aႃ … ACS ၸS Cႆ S ECSCၼSSၼၼS CီSCႆ Cီ CIUCS AၼSACS ၸS CIUCSEASCီSCSSၼႆ EAႃ S AၼSၶႃ CၢၵS Cႆ ၼႆ Eၼ ၼMၼSSCူ ” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၶS A Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS MC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS AUCS ၵၼSAီ CCSၼႆEC CူၺSSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၸS AS ၵၢCSSMC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CၢCS CMCS S ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ECSၼၢCSSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS AၼSMC ႃ Cႃ ႁၢၼS EႁႃS EၼၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၶႆ EၼၽSS CECS Cီ ၼIူCS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၶUၼS ၽMCSSၶECSCCSSCၢႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼSA CMCS ၸIUCS ၸS AၼS EC ၵႃ CCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSEၵႃ AၼS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၵCSSCIUCS CၼS CIူၼS Cႃ CEၼSECSၼၢCSSCၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cီ EC CEၼSECSၼMႆ AၼSCၼSS CၵS CMCSACSCႆ ၵMၺSSS ECSCူCSCၼSSၸCSS CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCUၵS CၢCSS CၼSSEC CီSCူ Cႆ Cီ CIူCSSCူSAူCS CIူCSSၼIူCS S CEၼSၵူၼSSCူCSCMၼSCၼS ၾၢႆ ၼCS CIUCS ၸၢCSSၶECS CCIၵS 1Cူ ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၼSACSCSCၢၼSSၼႃၼႃ CီCIူCS AၼSCECS Cႆ CူCS CIၵS CူCSၼCS

CEၼSSCၢႆSCူCSၼၼS

CECS ၽCSSCူၺSSEၵႃ

ACS A Cီ

CMCS CၼSSS ECႃ EC ၽCSSCႆ CၼSSS CIူၼSS Cီ AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIူCS ၼၼS ECCႃ

ACS ၸၢCS ၶၢCS Cၢႆ CMCS CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ S ၸCS CၢႆSA ECႃ

ၸIူCSSၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSCႃSCႃ CMၼS CၢၵS CCSSCူCSၼCS ၸIူCSSၵECS ၶMCS ၵၼSCCSS CECS CၢCSၼၼS ၸCS ၸၢCS Cႆ S ACS ၸS ၵၢၼS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၢCS EC CူၺS ၸSၵCSSၼIူCS EC Cႆ CMCSSၵၢၼS CCS S 1 Catholic

169

170 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS Cႆ ၼCS ၵCS ၸS AၼSၸၢCS CUCS ႁၼSCႆ CIူCSS ၼႃ ၼၼS S ECCႆ ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS A S ECႃ CIUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ACS ႁၼS CMCS CၢCSSAၼSCူၼS CEၼSၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS AၼSၼIူCS ၼၼS CၼSSACS CၢCS CူၼS CS ၸS CMCS ၸIူCS ၼႆECCMၵS S ၵMCS CMCS ၼၼS EC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

ၶႆ EၼCMCS CၢCSSAၼSCူၼS CEၼSၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS

AၼSCၼSSACS ႁၼSCႃSၼၼS S ႁIUCSCႃSCၢႆCီ CIူCSSCCS Eၵႃ CIUၵS Cႆ CၢCS Cႃ ၸCS ႁႃCEၼၵ S ႃ CIူCS CႃSCIူCS CIUၼSSS *** CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS Cီ CUCSSCၼSSCMၵS CႃS CIူCS ၵၢCS CၼSS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSSႁCS Cီ CၢCS CၢCS S CIူCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS Cႆ CၼSSၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူCၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၼSၽUၺS CၼSAMၼSCၢCSSS “CူCMၵS CႃSCၢCS CUၵS EC CCS S

AၼSႁCSSCႆ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူCS

ၼႆ ACS CီCUCS ECAICSSCCS Cႃ ” ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼS CMCS Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၾၢCS CူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECS ACS ၸS CIူCSၽECS S CၢCS CၢCS CၢCS EC CၢCSSA Cႃ CၵSSECCၢၵS CၢႆS ECၸIူCS ECCMCS CCS ၼႆS CIUCSSCၼSSCMCSၶMၼS CၵS ၶEၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC AMၼSၶCS CႃSၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS Cီ AၼSၵCSSCEၼSၼၼS S ၾႃ CIUCSSCၼSSCMCSၶMၼSEၵႃ

ႁI ူCS ၸီ Cႆ S

ၼႃ Eၵႃ ၽIူၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS CူCSCႆ

EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCSSA Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူCSEႁCႆ ECၸIူCS EC CMCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶၢCS ACS ႁCS ၶEၵS EC

CႆAMၵS CႃSၼIူCSCၢCSSCႆS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS ၼIူCSCCS CၢႆCCS ၸCS CၢCSS “ၶႆ EၼႁCSSEC S CူCEၼSCCSCႆ S ႁCSSၶS A EC AIူCS ” “CူECACS CUCS ၼCS ၵCS S CUCS Eၵႃ ACS CီCUCS ECAICSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺS ၸSၵCSSၼIူCS EC CၢCSSၵၢCSCၢCS CUၼS S

CူၺSSၶၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CMCSCၢCSSA

CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူCSSႁၼSCႃS CMCS CၢCSSAၼSCူၼS CEၼS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSၼၼS ၼႆCCS S CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၼၢၼSSCႆ ႁၼS Cီ CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSECCႃ Eၵႃ Cီ CIူCSSCႆS EC ၵႆ Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CEၼSၵူၼSSEၵႃ CUCS CCSCႃ ၵူၼSSၼႆ ၸၢCS ECႃCEၵS Cၢႆ Cႆ ၸၢCS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၢႆSEC ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSCႃSCီ AECSCီSၵSS ႁIUCSCီ Cီ CCS EC ACS ECႃSCႃSၸS Cႃ AUCS ၵUCSၵၼS CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆ CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CၼSACSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMႆSCMႆSECCၢCS S “CၢCS EC S ႁCSSCIUၵS CS CMCS Cူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၢCS CCSSCECSAMၼS AMၼS S “CIူCS CူၼS CႃSၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSၵMၺSSS Aၢႆ CECS Eၵႃ CCSSCူSၼၼS CႃSႁCS AS ႁCSSၵႃ ၸူSႁI ူၼSSၶCSS CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ECSCၼSSACS Cူ CီS CEၼS ၵIၼSSCႆ S CၢCS Cႃ ၶS CၢCS ECႃ ႁCSSၼႆCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSCႃ ” “ECႃSၼၼS CူCCS ႁECSSCCS” ၵၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶၢCS ၵႃ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCၼSS “ႁCSSEၵႃ Cီ CIၼS 2EC

ACSCIူၵS Cႃ CႃS CႃSCCSSAECS AၼSCS CEၼS ၵႃ ၸူSႁI ူၼSSၶCSS

ၽEၼS ၼီ

ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSၼၢCSCIူCSၽECS Eၵႃ

ACS ၸS S CEၼSCၢCS CMCS CူCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵIUCSSၵၢCSSCၼSSEC ၶMၼSSACSS “AၼSCၼSSCEၼSCူ ၼၼS ႁCSSCၢCS CူECACS CUCS Cႆ ၵMၺSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CICSSACSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CS ECႃ ECႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၶIUၼSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆ ၼၼS S “EASၶCSSၼႆ CၼSSCMၼS ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSCႃSEၵႃ ACS ၸS S ၵၢCSSACSS ၵICS Eၵႃ ACS CၢCS ECႃCႃSECEၶႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS … CၼSSCUၵS ၼCS 2 Penicillin

171

172 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CUၵSSCUၵSS CၢCS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS ECႃ ႁCSSS CIူၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSၼSSႁၢCS ၼSS EႁႃAICS ၵCၼS ၶCS CၢCS ၼၼS CCS Cႃ S CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ၸCS EC … Cႃ Cႆ ၸSCႃ ၶႃ ၼႃS ၶႃ ECCူ Cီၵႃ Cူ ၵMၺSSS ၵMCS CႃSCူ CႃSၸSSၶႃ EC ၸူCSSEC EC EAႃ ၼႆCႃ S ၽူCSCၼSS AIၵS CႃS CUၵS CၢCSSCၼSSS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSS ႁICSSECSၶCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၽSEၵႃ ACS ၵူCSS CၢCS ၸူCSSၶူCSECႃ EASၶCSSCႆ S ႁCSSCၢCS EC Eၵႃ AၼSCူၵSSၸSၵူCSEႁCႆ ၼၼS ECCီSႁCSSEၵႃ CECSၵMၺSS Eၵႃ ACS A S ႁCSSၶS CEၼS Cၢႆ ၵCSSCECSEC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CီACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “ၸS ECႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS AS CၢCS CႆSCႆSCCS S “ႁCSSEၵႃ

ႁECSSၵECS

CၢCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS ECႃ CၼSSCႃ

EC Eႁ CၢCS AS EASၶCSS ၶIUၼSSၼMၼSSၼIူCSၽႃ S CၢCSCႃ ႁCSSECCႆ ၸMႆ CECSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS CၼSSCCS ၶIUၼSSCၢCS Cႃ CႃSCူ CႃSၸSSၶႃ ၼႆ

CIူCS ၶႃ ၶS ႁၼSၼၼS

CIူၼSၵၼSCCSSၸMႆ CECSၶႃ CCS ၼႆCႃ S

CူၺSSၼႃ ၽၢၵS CၼSSၼၼS

ၸCS EC CIူCS ႁCSSCူCSS

Cႆ Cႃ Cႆ EC EC CCS S ႁCSSCၢCS Cႃ

ACS ECႃCႃၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSCCS Cႃ ACS CCS ACS CCS ၼႆCႃ S CၼSSECCူ Cီ ၵႃ ၵMၺSSCၼSSၼႆCႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ ၼCS ႁICSSCၼSSEC ၵCSCႆ CCS S ECCႆ ႁECSS CCSCၼSEၵႃ ACS A S CIူCS ႁCSSAၢCS AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS EC CၢCSAၢႆ CECS Cႃ ECႃSECSCၼSS ACS Cူ Cီ CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CၢCS ႁECSSCၼSCCSၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSCႆ CၼSSAMၵS EASၶCSSCၢCS AMၵS ၵၢCSSCႃSCECS S ၵCSSၼႆ EC ACS ၸS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS S ၵၢCSSCႆSEၵႃ ACS ၸS S ၵၢCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S ၵူၼSS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSၶCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS EC CEၼSၵၢCSSEၶ Cႃ ” “CၢႆSၼၼS CIUCS CEၼSႁIUCSCECS ” “ACS CEၼSႁIUCSCECS CCS S EASၶCSSEၵႃ ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ CIူCSSCႃSၶIUၼSSS CIူCS ၵႆ ၵMၺSS Aၢႆ CECS CႃSCၢCS Cႃ ECSCၼSSA CူCSCႃSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSACS CMCSSCCS ၼႆCႃ S CCS CၢCSCႃ ၵMCS CCS ၵူၼSSႁICSS

ႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECSၶCS ၽECSCႃSႁI ူၼSSၶCSCႆ ၼႆၵMၼS Cႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ECႃSၼၼS CၼSSCူ Cီၵႃ CCS ACS ၸS ႁႃ S CူCCS ECCႆ ၸS ၸMCSSႁECSSCCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CCSSCUCS AIူCSCIူCS

CူၺSSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

CၢCS S “ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CူACS A CMCS ႁႃ S ၼႆ ACS ၸS CIူCSၽECS S ၽECS CCSS

CူCSCၼSSEAႃ ” “CCSSEၵႃ ၸၢCS CEၼSCCS” “ႁCSSၵူCSECႃ S ACSCUCS ၼႃ S ECႃSၶCSCႃSCCSS CူCSCူCႃ CူCSႁCSS Cႃ ECႁECSSႁIUCSS ႁCSSEC ACS ၸၢCS CUCS Cႆ ECAICSSCCS Cႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸSCUၵS CၢၵS ၼႃ S CူCSS CMCSSၵူၺSSCၼSSEC ၶIUၼSS CUCSSEC ႁECSSCEၼSCၢႆၵCSSEၵႃ ACS A CCS S “CUCS ႁCSSCၢCS EC S CူACS CCS Cႆ ၸSCCS” “ၸCS … CူECႁECSSႁIUCSCႃ Cႆ ” CCSSCECSACS ECႃSၶS CUCS ၵႃ ႁIUCS CၢCSECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSS “ၵMCS CၢCS CူCSSCၢCS ႁၼSEC ၸCS Cႃ AIူCS Cၢႆ CCICSSS ႁCSS CCSS ACS Cႆ CၢCS ၶႆ EၼCူEၼႃ S ACS CီၵူCSၶCSၼႆ ႁCSSECႃSA CCS CCS S ၼSSCူၵS ၶူCSSCူCSၼႆ AၼSၵူၼSSႁCSS ACS ၸၢCS A ၸMCSSCႆ ၼၼS CီSCCSSၼCSၵMၼS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢၼSSECCIUCS CၢCS Cူ ၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A ၼႃ EC CCSSၵၢCSSECCၢCSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CၼSSACS CMၼS ႁECSSၼႆEC CMၵS S “Cႃ ႁCSSၶS A EႁCႃ S

CူCၢCS ACS ႁၼSCႃSၸIူCS ႁIUCS

AၼSCႃ

ၼၼS S ၶႆ EၼEC ၸCS ” “ECႃSၼႆCMCS EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CူECCႆ A Cႆ Cႃ CMCS ၼႆ ႁCSS

173

174 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ACS CMၼS ၶႆ EၼၽSS ၶUၼSAူS Eၵႃ AၼSCီSၸMCSSႁCSS CIူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CMၼS ၶႆ EၼၽSS ႁCSSECၶႆ CIူၼS CၢCS ၼႆ CူEၵႃ ECA Cူ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ EC EC S CECSၼICSCၼSSEၵႃ CIူၼSၼCS AMၼS CMၼSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSCၢႆCIၼSCၼSS CECS CS CS ၵMCSS CCS AၼSၼIူCS S ACSၵMၵSSACSCၼSS AICSၼIူCSACSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ႁႃ CၢCSSCူCSၸSCၼSSS “CIူCS ႁCSSၸCSECAMၵS CႃS CIူCSSAECSCီSၵSSၼၼS AIူCS S ႁCSSCCSS ၶUၼSAူS AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃS CၢCSSCEၼS CIၼSၸCSSCIူCSSEၶ CUၼS S CEၼS CIၼSၸCSSCIူCS ၼၼS ACS Cူ CီSACSSႁECSSCCSS ၵMၺSSCီSႁI ူၼSSCIUCS CCSS ၶMCS ACS ၵၢၼSEၵႃ CၢCS ၶCSS ႁI ူၼSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၶCSၼၵ ႆ ႃ S ၽECSCSEၵႃ

Cႆ ႁႃ

CIUCS ၼMၼSS ၵႃ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၸIူCS ၼၼSၵMၺSSS ႁI ူၼSSၸIူCS ၼၼS CCS CီSCူCSၵႃ ၸMCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSS ၼSSCIူCSSCႆSၵူ Cီ S ၸUCSSႁCSSEC

CႃSၶူCSSCႃS

CECSS ၵူ CၢCS S ECႃ ၽႃ ၽEၼS ၶူCSSၼMၼSSEၵႃ CႃSAIူCS S ၵူၼSSၸS CMႆS ၶCSS CၢႆCၢCSS ECႃCIUCS ၶCSEၵႃ CႃSၸMCSSS CEၼSၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCူCSSCူCSSS ၸIUCS ECႃCIUCS CCS CEၼS Cႃ CUCS ၼႆCႃ S CၼSSႁECSSၵၢၼSCီ ႁCSSEၵႃ ႁIUCSCCS S CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၸMCSSၸIူCS ၼႆS CMၵS ၼၼS EC ႁCSSAMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS ႁIUCSႁႃ CၼSSႁႃ ၶIUၼSSS Cႆ ၶၢႆ ၼMၼSS ႁI ူၼSSCIUCS CCSS ၶMCSACS ၵၢၼSEၵႃ CၢCS ၶCS Cီ ၼIူCS CCS Cီ ၼIူCS S CUၵS Cီ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CMၵS CႃSEC CႃSCIUCS Cီ Cႃ CECS S Cႃ CECS EC CူA Cူ ACS ၸS Eၼ S ACS ECႃSၵႆၵၼSCCSS Cီ ECႃ ႁCSSCူCSS Cီ ၼၼS

Cႃ CUCS

ႁUCSCIUCS CCS EC ႁEၼSSၶCS CၼSS

CၢၼS CMၵS EC Cူ Cီ AၼSCၼSSႁECSSCECS ၶCS ၼၼS CEၼSAၼSCၢၼSEC CIူၼS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSႁCSSCCS Cႃ S CIUၵS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ Cူ EC S ၵIၼSCECS CCS Eႁ ၶUၼSAူSCCSSႁCSS CူCIၵS ႁIUCSCMၵS CMCSၸူCS CူCSSS ACS CီSၾႆSၾႃ EC Cႆ Cႆ ၵMၵSSၾႆSS ၾႆSEၵႃ CUCS CUCS CၢCS CၢCS EC ACS CECSSCီ EC Cၢႆ CႃႁCSSEၵႃ ၵူၼS CႃSS Cၢႆ CူၺSSCၢCSSၶUၼSAူSEၵႃ

ECႃSCCSSCICS Cႆ CCS S

CIူCS ႁCSSAၢCS ECCCS ၾႆSCMCS Eႁ ၼMၼSSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMႆ ၾၵSSCူS CEၼSCၢCS EAS Eၵႃ ACS CႃSCႃ ၸMႆ ႁCSSS CၼSSCႃSCၢCS Cႃ Cႃ CUCS ACS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cူ CီS CEၼSၼၢCSၶႆ Cႃ CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S CEၼSၵIၼSSၼႃ ၼႃ CCS Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ႁCSS Eၵႃ CူၼS Cႃ CူCS ACSSCႃၸCS CUၵS ၼႆEC CၢCS Cီ CၢCS EAS CၢCSCူCS ႁCSSECCူCS AS ၼႆS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSS ၶUၼSAူSS ႁCSSS CၢCS EASၶCSCီ Eၵႃ ACS Cႃ CUCS CၢCS ၵႃSၸICS CူCS AS ACSSCႃS AၢCS Cႆ Cီ ECႃCႃၶCSCီCီS Cႃ CUCS ၼၢCSႁECSSCႆ EC AIူCS S CၼSSCCS ၵႆ ၼၢCSၸIူCS ၼႆCႃ EC EC

ႁCSS

Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSၼIူCS CMCSCၼSS CၼSSECၶEၼSSCႃSၼႆၵႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၵCSSၼIူCS EC CူCS CIUCS ၶူCSAIUၵS ၼIူCS S “ႁCSSၶCSEၵႃ CIူCSSၼMၼSSCီ ႁI ူၼSSCIUCS CCSSS ႁIUCSCၢCSCီ ၸူCS CူCSS ၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMႆ ၾၵSSCူCECS S CၢCSCႃ CEၼSၽSၼႆEၵႃ ACS CူCSSACS CECC S CSS CIUCS CMႆ Cူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cႆ ၾႆS CIUCSSၶECSSCIၼS CIUCS ၾၵSS CူCူၺSSS CEၼSCႃ CUCS AIူCS S ၸUၵSSCူ Cီ ၾၵSSCူS ႁCSSEၵႃ CၢCS ၵMCS CCS ACS Cူ Cီ ACSSCႃEႁ CIူCSSCႃSS CၼSSCMCS Cႃ ၵူCSႁCSSၶCS Cႆ ၸSCႃ CၼSS EC CႃSCMၵS Cႃ Cႃ Cႆ ၸSCႃ CၼSS ၼႆCႃ S CIူCS ၼၼS ၶUၼSAူSEၵႃ CIUၼS Eႁ ၽECSCႃSCီ ၾၵSSCူS ႁCSSၶCSCMCSEၵႃ CၢCS

AS CၼSSCS Cႆ S ႁCSSၶCSEC

Cႆ ၶူCSSEC ECCူCS CၼSSCIUCSACSSCႃၼႆAIူCS S CၼSSEC ၶၢၼSCႃ “EAႃ ၶႃ ” ၼႆCIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S ႁCSSCၢCS ၶUၼSAူSS ACSSCႃၼႆ ACS ၵႆၵႃ ႁIUCSS ACS ACS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSCCS ၼႆS CIူCS ႁCSSၶCS Cႆ ၶူCSSCCS AMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS ACS ႁၼSCႃ CUCS CCS CူCSS ႁႃCူၺSSၵႃ CSEၵႃ ACS ႁၼSS CၢCSCူၺSSၽSEၵႃ ACS ႁၼSၼႆCႃ S CIူCS ႁCSSCူၺSSCူCSSCၢCSS ECႃSCီSCMၵS CMCSCူCSSၵIUCS CCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CCS ၵၢCSSCၼSSCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃS

CၵSSၸSCၵSSEၶႃSECCMCS S “ႁCSSEC CၢCS Cႃ CUCS CႆCIူCSSACSSCႃEၵႃ ACS A ၼႆS ၸECSၶUၼS AူS ၸECSႁCSS ၶS CူCS Cႃ CUCS CIUCSAMCS ၼMၼSSCီ ACSSCႃS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၵMၵSSၶIUၼS ၼIူCSၵႃSEႁ ၶCSSCႃSၸူSACSSCႃ ၸMCSSCၢCSSCCSSS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS ႁၼS Cႃ CUCS S ၶCSSႁႃCECS CၢCSSCၢCS CEၼS Eၵႃ ACS ႁၼSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ႁCSSEၵႃ CၢCS CူCSCႃ CUCS ECႃSCၼSSCIUCSACSSCႃၵႃ Eၵႃ ACS A S ႁႃSၵႃ CူၺSSၼႆ ၶCS CူၺSSCီ ACSSCႃS CIူCS ႁCSSၽECSၵႃ ACSSCႃS EC CIUCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCSSၼႃ Cႃ

175

176 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ACS CီEႁ CEၼS AMၵS CႃSၸူSႁCSSEႁCၢCS Cႃ “ၸSACS CီEC ” ၼႆCႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ ၶႆ ၸႃ ၶCSEC CၢCS Cႃ CၼSCIူCSSAMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၼႆၼၼS

ႁECSSCCS CMႆ ၵူၼSSCEၼSၵIၼSSCၢၼS ၼႆ EC CIUCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CCS CႃCူၺSSႁCSS

ၶCSS CECS CၼSSACS CUCS AၼSႁCSSCၢCS S “ၸCS CၢCS Aီ CCSS ၶႃ ၶCSCMႆ Cႃ CUCS CၼSAMၵS CIူCSSCၢCSSၼMၵS ၼႆၶႃ ႁႃ ” “CူCMႆ CIူCSSEC CၼSSၸCS CႃSCူၵSSႁCSSCIUCSAMCS ၼMၼSSAIူCS S ECႃS CူACS CMႆ CၼSSECႁECSSႁIUCSCႃS” “ၸCS ႁCSSၶCS ၽICSSCႆ CCS EAႃ S CၢႆSၸCS ႁCSSၶCS CႃSCူCS CၼSS CCS CၼSSACS AMၵS ၵႃ CSၶႃ S CIူCS ၵၢCSၶIUၼSSCMCSCူCSSၵIUCS ၼၼS CၼSS CECS ၵၢCS ၵႃ CCS EAႃ S CIူCS CၼSSၸCSCူCSSၸSၼၼS ၶႃ CCSSCီSႁICSSCၼSSEAႃ S CႃSၶႃ EC CၢCSCူCSၸCS ႁCSSၶCS ၶCS CIူCSSCူၺSSၶႃ EC ” CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSCူCSၶICSSCႃ CUCS ၼMၼSSCECS Cႆ ၼIူCSၵူ ၼICSၼICSၼၼS CMCS Cႃ Cႃ CUCS ACSCူCSၶICSSCၼSS CႃSၸSSႁCSSၶCSACS ၸS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ႁCSS ACS ႁCS ACS Cႆ CCS CူSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶၢCSSCၼSSCၢႆၼၼS CူCSCၼSSCႃS CူၵSS ႁCSSၶCSၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S ႁCSSၶCSCႆ ႁၼSCၼSS ACS ၵႃS Cႆ CၢCS ECႃ CၼSSEႁၵMၼS S CီAၢCSSEC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CMၼS Cႃ ႁCSSEC ACS CၢၵS CၢႆS CCSCCS S EC CၢCSSၼၼS

ႁCSSACS ECႃၵူCS ၽီၽECS ၶၼSCCSSCSCCS S

ႁCSSCၢCS ႁၼSၽECS S CၼSSCီSၸSAီSCူECႃ CIူၼS S CCSSECႃCႆ ၸSCႃ ႁCSS ၵMၼS S Cီ ႁICSSACSSႁCSSCူ CCSSCႆ ၼၼS CီSၶၼSCCSSၶCS EC CၢCSSCူ Cႆ AIူCS S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ

ႁCSSACS ၾၢCS CEၼS

CMCS ၶCSCီSCူ Cႆ ၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ

ၶCSၸၢCS Eၼ ၾၢCSႁၢCS ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSAICSSAီ AS ႁCSSCႆ ႁၼSၼႆEၵႃ ႁCSS ECၸူCSSEC AIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CICSSCIUCSSECႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCSS

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSECEၶႃ S Cူ CECS CECS CCSSႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃCၼSSEC ၶIUၼSSCူၼS CူၺSS CMCS AၼSCၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIူCS ၵၢCSCၼSSၼၼS S AၼSCၢCSCူCSCၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCႃSEC CCSS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၢCS ACS ႁၼSCႃSၼၼS EC CCS ၶCSSCIၼS Cၢႆ ၶႃၵၼSCCSS AၼS

CၼSSCႆ ႁEၼSSACSCႃSCီ CူSAူCS S CMCS ၽECS CMCS ၽIူCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CIUCSၵၢCS CၢၼS CEၼSAႃ CUCS CႃSCCS S ACS CီSၽၢႆ ၼMၵS CCS ၼႆS CIူCS ၶIUၼS ACSSႁEၼSS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS Cူ CၼSႁECSS Cႃ CMၵS ႁႃ CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSAၼSCူၼS CEၼS ၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS EC CEၼS EC ၵၢCS CၢၼSၸCS ၼႆ S CIူCS CECSEC ၸSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵူၼS CCSSႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ CူCSSCCS EC ၸS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၢCS ၸIUၼS CႃSS ၸSၵူCSၸSEႁEၵႃ ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ S Cႆ CၢCSS CICSSCEၼSCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CICSSCIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵEၼS ၵEၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CMCSSCႃ ၶS AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A AၼSCၼSSၶႆ Eၼၼႆ CီSၽMၼSSCီ Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S *** Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶIUၼSSCICSSCSCၢၼSSCCSSCၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Cီ

CီS AMၵS CႃSၸူSၼSSCူၼSCMၵS S CႆCႃSၸူSၵMCSSMၽ ႃSAၼSCီSCီ CၢCSSCၼSSAMၵS CၢCSSEႁႃCUCSSCUCSSၼၼS S ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၼႆ ACSCႆ ၵၢႆ Cႆ CEၼSCMCSႁၢCS S CS CၢCS ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၼႆ CICSSCႆ ၶူCSSႁၢCS ၶူCSSEႁႃ CIူၼSၼCS ၵူ ၶCSSS ၸMCS CCSS ၶCSS AIUCSSCႆ Cီ CၢCSSၶၢCSSႁIUCSCCS EC CEၼSAMCS Cီ CီCၢCSS Cႃ CECSSCMCS ၶCS CECSSၸCၢCSSၶCS ၸIူCSSCီSၵMCS AၼSၸၢCS ႁECSSAS ၵူၼSSCၢႆၼၼS CMၼS ACS Cူ CCSSၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cီ ၶူCSCႆEC ၶIUၼS CႃS CၢCSSၼIူCS ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSS ၵMCS CIူCS CီSၸၢၼSSCECS CMCS ACS CCSSCCSCႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸSEC EC S Cူ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSCECS ၼၼS EC ၸၢCS CUCS CူၺSSၵႃ ႁၼS Cႆ ၼႃSCၢCS ၸIူCSSCီSၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS S ၶၢCSSၼႆ EC ၼႃSCၢCS ၶCSႁECS ၶECS CECS Cႆ CCS S ECၽUၵS CMCS ၶCS ၼႆEၵႃ

CIUၵS ၸCS Cႆ S ECၽUၵS ၽၵSS

CူCS S ၽၵSSCူCSၼႆEၵႃ CCS CူၵSSCIUၼSSၼႃ CCS S Cႆ ႁၼS ၵၢႆSCCSSၼCS ၵIၼSCIူCS Cႃ ၸMCSSCIူCSS CီSၼူၵS ၵECS ၸCSSၼIူCSCCSၵၢႆS CူCSCSCူCSၼၼS S CIၼSၼႃSၸIူCSSCီSၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႃSCIUၼS CECS CၼS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCSCCS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CEၼS ၵၢၼSCီၵူ

177

178 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CူCS ၼၼS EC CီSCၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSS CီSၸSACSၵUCS ACSCUၼSCႃSS CIၼSၼႃS ၸIူCSSCီSCEၼSCၢႆCIUၼS EA ၵႃ ၼၼS

Cီ ၽECS ၶူၼS ၶူ CႃS

ၸECSCIUၼS CIUၼSS

ၵMၼS S CEၼSၼႃSၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႃSၼၼS ၵMCS Cႆ CIူCS CIၼSၼႃSၸIူCSSၼႆ EC ACS CူCS CူCSS ၸSACS CIူCSSS CၼSSCၢCS ၶႆ Eၼ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ ၾICS CUCSSAၼSၼႆ ACS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSS CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS ၵIၼSၸIၵSSၵIၼSAၼS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCSS ECCႆ CEၵS Cၢႆ CECS ၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁECSSEၼ CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSS CIUၼS AMၵS Eၶႃ CူCSၵၢCSSၼၵSS AၼSၵူၼSSႁECSSႁႆ

ႁECSSၼႃSၶCSၵMၺSS ECCႆ CIူCS

CIၼSႁႆ CIၼSၼႃS EC CၢၵS ၶCS CCS ၼCS ၸIူCSSAMၵS Cီ CIၼSႁႆ ၼႃSၸIူCSS ၼၼS

ၼႆCCS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSEC

CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸSCCSSCCSSCႃ

AMၼSၵၼSၸူCSSCIူCSSEC

CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS EC ACS ႁၼSCီၼIူCSCMCS ၼႆ S ၶCSCီS ႁECSSCCS CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ CူCSCCSSEၵႃ EC CIUၼS CECS CၼS

CIၼSႁႆ CIၼSၼႃSECႃ ၵူၼSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၼႆCCS S ၵMCS ၸSCIUၼS ၽS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ၵႃ ၸS ၸၢႆ

ၼSSEႁႃEၵႃ

CECS ၼCSCIူCSSCႃSS Cႃ ၼSSEႁႃ EC Cႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၼSSEႁႃ CၢCSSAၵSS Eၵႃ ၼၼS Cႆ CIUCS ၵIၼSၶCS CၢၼS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS ၸMCSSၼCS CUCSS CIူCS ၵMၼS

Cႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSၼႆ

Cႆ CၼSCူCSCIUၼSSၵူ CIူၼSACS ၵႃS

Cႆ CၼSCႃSၶCS CၢၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMCSCCSၾၢCSCECS CူCS ၼႃS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူၶCS CႃSၼSSACS Mၽ ႃSS CၢႆCECS ၸီSCMCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSACS Mၽ ႃSCႆ EC CMCS CၼS ႁUၼS ႁၢCS CUCSCၸCS Cႆ S CMၵS ႁၢCS CီၸIူCSS ၽUၵS Cႆ ၼSSCူၼS Eၵႃ

ACSCႃSCၢCS Mၽ ႃSCႆ CCSSၼCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၼCS CူCSSၼIူCSCၢCS

EC ႁEၼSCူၺSS ၼႃ ႁUၼS ႁၢCS CUCSCၸCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC CၼSSCႆ CၢCS ႁECSSၼႆS ၼႃ ႁUၼS ႁၢCS CUCSCၸCS ၼႆ

ၶEၵSSAS ECႃSCUၼS ECႃSCIူCS Cႆ EC

CIူၼSCCSS CီSCၢCSSCICSSCEၼSS CီSAEၼSႁECSSၸSၶCSEC ႁI ူCS CၢCS AMၵS Cႆ S ECႃS CEၼSCႆ ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS ၵCSSCEၼSCူ Cႆ ၸIူCS ၼၼSS ၸSCၼSSၽူCS CICS ၵႃ ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CၢCSSS CCSSCႃCၼSSCMCSၶMၼSEC ၶCSSၸSCႆ ၸSၼICSEC ႁႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢCSSCICSSCEၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS Cႆ S Cႆ ၼECSၸS ၵMCS ACS Cႆ ၼCS ၽIUၵSS

ၵCS CCSSၸMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSၼၼS CCS S ၼSSၸSCၼSSCMCSCECS CECSS CCSS CၼSSၼIူCS CႃSEC ECၶCSSၸS AS Cႆ CီSၸSCICSSCEၼSS CIူCS CUၵS Cီ ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSCIူCSSCႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CူၺSSၶECS ၸCS CIူCSS AၼSCီSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ S ၶECS ၼႆ CီSCႆ ၼIူCSCCSCUCSCUCS Cီ CူၼS S CCS ACS CS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS AMၼSၵၼSCUCS CCSCႃ CEၼSAMCS Cီ ၸCS CၢၼS ၸCS CIူCSSၶCS Cူ CCSSS ၼIူCS ၵCS ၼIူCS CMၵS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ACSCၢၵS Cႆ CၢCSSၵIၼS CႃSCၢCS CႃSCၢႆ ၸCS CၢၼS ၸCS CIူCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ႁၢCS CCS ၵၢၼSCၢႆ ၽီ ၸIူCSSACS ၸCSSၵၼS CCSSCၢႆSႁၼSCIUCS

ၸၢCSSCUCSCECCCႃCၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၽSEၵႃ ACS ACSၵၢCSSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS

ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSၼSSEႁႃၼႆ ၼCS CMၼS Cႃ Mၽ ႃSCUCSCၸCS Eၵႃ ၼCS CIUCSၵIူCSS CီCူ S ECႃSECCၢႆ ၽီ ၸIူCSSၸၢCS CူၺSSCIUCSၶCSၼၼS Eၵႃ ECACS ၽICSS ၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSၸSၸMၼSၸECS EC ECႃ EC CၢCS CႃSCူၺSSၶECS ၸCS CIူCSSCMၵS ၼIူCS S CMၵS ၼႆ EC ACS CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS CCS S Cႃ ECၵCSSCIUCS Cႆ CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ ၸMႆ

Cီ ၽီၶCSEC CCS S CIူၼSၼCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIူCS Eၵႃ CEၵS ၼၼS

ၶS ACSCၢCSSၵူ CၢCS ၶUCS ၶCS

ၽၢႆ ၼႃ ၸCS CIၼSCCSSၶCICS CၢၼS ၶCSEC CMၼSSCူSCႃSၼၼS CIူCS CECS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUCS ၶCS ၽၢႆ ၼႃ ၶECS ၸCS CIူCSSEC CMၼSSCူS AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS ၵၢCSSEၽSၶEၼSCူ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃCႆ EC CMCS ၵူCSCႃ ECCႆ CူၺS ၸSS CၼSSCIUၵS ၶUCS ၶCS CS CူၼS ႁUCSSCူCS ၼIူCSCIၼS ၵECS ႁIUၼS ႁIUၼS Cႆ S CECSCCSEၵႃ ACS CIၼSSS CCSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCီ ၸSS CCSEၵႃ ACS CၢၵS CၢႆSCႃSS Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS CူCSSCEၼSAMၼS CMCSSCCS CႃS EC CS CူၼS ႁUCSSCCSSCၢႆ CူCS CႆၶMၼSSၼIUCSၵႃ ၵူ CS S CECSႁICS AMၼS ၸIူCSS Aႆ Cႆ Cီ ၸၢၼSSCECS

ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ

AူၼS AMၼS CEၼS EC S “ၼႆ CEၼSCCSSၼၢCSSႁIUCS”

CUၵS ECႃSCႃSၼCS CECSCူၼS

179

180 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSၶIUၼSSCူCSCၼSSS ၼMၵS EC Eၶႃ CMCS AၼSCီSၼSS CၢၵS ACSၸSCၼSSၼၼS ACS AMၵS CCSCႃSCECS S CၼSSEC ၶCSSၸSၸIUၼS CUCS Cႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCMCS EၽSၵၢCSSၶEၼSS CၼSSၼIူCS ECၽECSCႃS ၶIUၼSSCူ ၼႆၵMၺSSCCS S *** CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSACS ၵၢCSEႁႃCူCS

AၼSၵCSS

CEၼSၼၼS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSႁUၼS ၶူCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၵICS ၼCီ S CIူCS ၼႆ ၵICS ၼCီ

CၢCS Cႃ

ၶၢၼS AIူၼSCႃ ႁECSS Eၵႃ Cီ ၶCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ

ၸMCSSၵႃ ACSS

ႁEၼSSၼႆEC ၵIUCSSCႆ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSS ၵICS ၼCီ CCSS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ၵူၼSSCCS EA ECႃ CEၼS ၽၢႆ CMၢCS ၽီ CS

AၼSၼၢႆSၶCS Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSCူCS CႃS

ၼၼS S ၾၢႆ CၼSSEC Cႆ EC ၵICS ၼCီ ၸCS ၸူCSSၶူCSCၢၼS ၼႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၸၢCS ၶCS ၸူCSSCIူCSS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၶCSEC CECS EC CႆCCSS ၵၢCS EႁႃEC ၶIUၼS CႃSCၢCSSၼIူCSS AၢCS CIူCSSCူ Eၵႃ CECS ၼSSACS ၼMၼSSၵၢCS CူCSၼၼS S CၢCS CူၼS Cႃ CၼSSၵIူCS ၵICS ၼCီ

CူCS ECCႃS AၼSECၶMCS ၶူCS

CၢCSCီ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS ACSCIူၵS CCS ၵႃ CUၵS ၼIူCS S ECCIUCS ၶူCSSCMၼS ၶMCSၾၢၵS

Cႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS ၸIူCSSEC

ACS ၸၢCS CIUCS Cႆ Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS CS CIူCSSCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECၶCSSၸSCႃSCIူCSSႁI ူၼSS

AS ၶIUCSSCၼSSၵIူCS ၵICS ၼCီ Cူ

ၼႆCCS S CၼSSၵIူCS ၽSEၵႃ CီCCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၼSCUCS ႁၢCSSEC CMၵS S CီSCီ CSEၵႃ CႃSCIူCSSႁI ူၼSSCႃ EC S ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CICSၽူCS ၵႃ ၸူS ၶCS CIူၼSCၢCSCူၼSS CIူCS CူၼS CႃS CၢCSCီ S CEၼSၶၢCSSCMႆSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ

ၵIUၼSSAIUၵS AIUၵS CူCSၼၼS S ၸCSEC

ၵIူCS CUၵS Eၵႃ CူၼS CMCSCCS EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

ACS ၸၢCS ၵႃ

EC CMႆSS CMၵS ၼႆ EC CECSSCCSSၸSCႆ Cႃ ECၵIူCS CECS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSၸCS 3 Schwarzpeter

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵCS S ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ Cႃ ACS ACS EC CIUCS ၼၢCSSၼUCS Cီ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS EC AS CECS CၼSS ၽMCSSၶၢCSSၵၢCSၶCS ၵCS CူCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS Cီ CၢCSSCႆEC ႁEၼSCူၺSS Cူ CCS ၼSSCူCSSCIူၼSCူၼSSCူCSS “CႆCၢCSSၵCSSၼIူCS Eၼႃ ၸCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “AECS ၶS ၶIUၼS CႃSAICSSAICSSCCS ” ၽIူCS CၼSSCႆ CႆၼIူCSCႃ CIူCS Cႃ ၶECS AၼSCCSSCIူၼSႁၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS ACS ၼIူCS ၸIUCS ၵMCS CCSAECS ၶIUၼS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A ၵCSSCECSCCS S “AႃS … ECၵIူCS CCS ၸCS S ၵႃ ACS CၼSEC CIUCS CႆSCႆSEC S CႆSCႆS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

Cႆ ႁICS ၼECS

CIူၼSCIူCS ECၵIူCS

Cႃ Cႃ Cီ

ၵႃ CူၼS CႃSCၢCSCီ ၼၼS S ၵCSSၼႆ EC Cႃ ၸMႆ CECS Cီ ၵၢၼSAၼSCီEၵMႃ S ၵၢၼSAၼSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCS ၼႃ CူCSၼၼS

Cႃ CၢႆSၶCSEၵႃ

ACS CီSCီ Eႁႃ

CIူၼSCMၵS CူၼS CႃSၼၼS S Cႆ CMႆ ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS ၵႃ ACS EC CIUCS S CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CS Cႆ ႁICSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cႃ ECၵႃ ACS ႁႃ EC CIUCS ၼၢCSS ၼUCS

Eၵႃ ၵႃ EC ၼSSEၵ ၵူၼSSၶCS CMႆS AၢၼS ACSႁECS Cီ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ

ၼၼS ECCၢCS ၵႃ ႁIUCSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၶCSACS A CCS S ၽIူCS ႁIUCSCECS CMCS ၸူCS CူCSSEC CIူCS ၼၢCSSၼUCS ၽECSCႃSCီ EႁႃၼၼS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ CူၼS CMCSၼၼS

ECႃSCၼSSAၢCS ၼCS CCS CCS S ECႃSCႆ ၽႃ AMCS CူၵS

Eႁႃ CီCီEC ၽECSCႆ ၼSSCၵSSၼSSAူၵSSEC ၶCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ

CီSႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵူၸMႆ CၼSၵူ CMCS CMCS S ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS

EC CူၺSS Cႆ ၵူၸMႆ ၵIူCS CECS CၼS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ “ၵIူCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CECS CCS Cႃ S Cူ CီS ၶူၼSACSCCSS ၽICS ၼIူCS ၶၢCSၶၢCSAMၼS CIူၼၵ S CSၶႃ S CEၼSCUၵS CၼSSၸၼS ”

181

182 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ “CူCS CၢCS ၸIUCS CECSCၼSCCS ACS ၸS Eၼ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၶၢၼSS “ၸIUCS CၼSS ECCႆ ACSEC CECS ၵS ၶS C EC CCS AIူCS ” CူCS Cီ ၵၼSCCSS ECႃၵႃ CႃSၶCS Cီ Cီ ၼMCS ၼMCS ၶCSEC CIူၵS Cႆ ၸIUCS CႃCICႃ CEၼSၵICS ၼCီ S CEၼSၸIUCS ၼၢCSSCICSS ၼSSၼၢCSSCICSS CICS CS Cီ Eၵႃ ၼSSCIUၼSSMၽ ႃSCEၼSၸCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ECACS ၵႃS CEၼSၸIUCS ၼူၵS AၼSၶIUၵS CMၼSS ၼSSAႃ CUCS CႆSCIူCS ၵMၼS S CMCS CီၸူCSSCIူCSSCူၼS ၼူCSၸIူCSSၼႆ Cႆ CEၼSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃS CၢCSCီ ၼၼS S CMCS CူၺSSCECSႁUၼS ၶူCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၼၼS EC CECSS CCSSၸS Cႃ ECၵႃ ၸူS Cီ ACS AၼSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS ၵICS ၼCီ CEၼS Cူ ၼၼS S 

CICSSAECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူCSCႆ ၽၢCS ၵၼSCCSS CUၵS CICSSၶCSEC EC S Cႃ ECၶCS ႁEၼSSACS ၸၼS AMၼSၵMၺSSၼႆ

ACS ၶS

CူCS CUၵS CICSSၶCS ၵႃ ၶCS ACSSႁEၼSS CၢCS CၢၼS CၢCS CECSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CူၼS Cႃ ACS ၶူS CႃSCMၼSCီ EႁႃႁI ူၼSSၸCS ၵCS S ၵMCS CIူCS ACS ၸSCS Cႆ ႁEၼSSAၼS CီSCီ Cီ ECႃ EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸCS Eၵႃ CCS

ACSS

ACSSႁEၼSS

CUၼS CECS Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼMၵS CၢCSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ S CMၼSCၼSCCSS CIၵS CႆSS CIၵS CၢၼS S CIၵS ACSSၵICS S ၵCS CCS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ ၵCS ၸMႆ CူCSCIUၼSS Cႃ ACSSႁEၼSSCCSၼႆ S CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၢႆSCICSS CႆSS CၢၼS S Eၶ S ၵႃSCႃS CႃSၶCS ACSSႁEၼSS ၼCSECၼCS ၵႃ CUCS CMCSSCႆ S Aူ EC ၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS

ECႃA ၵႃ ၶၼSCၢႆSA

ECႃEC CCS S ၶS AS CUၵS CၢCSSၶCSECႃ CIၵS CႆSS CIၵS CၢၼS S CIၵS ACSS ၵICS CီCီ ၸECSCIူCS ၸၼS CCS S CECS CCS EC ၶူSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CUၵS ၶIUCS ACSSၵICS CၢၼS

Eၵႃ CEၼS

Eၵႃ ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆၼCS CCSၼၼS CEၼSၽူ ၵMၼSS

ACSSႁEၼSSS CၢCSCူCS EC ၶူSCူCS ၸCS CIူၵS CECS CCS ၶူSCMၼSၸၢႆSCICSSCႆS ၸIူCSSECၵCS ၸMႆ CၼSCၼSS ၾၢႆ CူCSCMၼSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ S ၼၢCSSၸICS Eၵႃ CEၼSCUၵS CICSSCူၺSS EC CUၵS CၢCSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၼSSEႁႃၶCS ၸUCSSCECS Eၵႃ CUၵS Cီ EႁႃCS CႆCၢCSSၵႃ ACSS

184 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ႁEၼSS ၵူ ၼSၵူ ၼSS ၶCSCECS ၼUCS ၶူCSSႁၢCS CီႁၢCS CၢCSSS CႃSCူCSCႆS AၼS CS CCS ႁEၼSSS CCS CECS S CICS AECS ၶCS Cႃ ၼSEC ၵႃ ACSSႁEၼSSS CၢCS CၼSS ECႃSၵICS ၼCီ CႃSၸSၼႆEၵႃ ၸMၼSၸMCSSCီ ၼၢCSSၶCSၵႃ S CၼSSCၢၼS CIူCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ CIူCS Cီ 1962 ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AS ၵႃ Cူ Cႆ Cီ ACSSႁEၼSS CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS CCS CIUၵSS CၢၼS ၶCS Cႆ CီSၶCSSCၢႆႁၢႆSၵၢၼS Cႃ ECCႃ ၵCSS ၵၢၼSၼSSACSSႁEၼSSS CၼSS CCSSCIၼSCIUၼSSCUCSSEၵႃ

ၸCSၼႃ CCS S ECႃ CCS CၢCSCCSSCIၼSၼႆ

Eၵႃ ECCီSCၼSSCIUCS ႁEၼSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢCSCIူၼSS ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၵS CႃSၼႆEC ၼSSCIူၼSEA CCCS AၼSCႆ ECCIူၼS ၼႆ ECCႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSS CၢCSS ၵႃ EC ECCီ Cီ S ၾICS ၾႃ CCS ၸIUCS CIူCSSCႆS CူၼS CီSၼၼS ၵCSSCEၼSCီၼႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ ၸSCႃ ၵႃ EC CူၼS CီSEC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACS CMၼS ACSၾICS ၾႃ CS ၸSCၼSSS CၢႆSEC ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS CၢCSSႁECSSCMCS CၼSAS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCႆS AၼSCၢCSၼCS ၵၢCS ၸS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ CIူၵS CCS Cႆ CCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵUCS Cႆ ၼCS CၢCSၵUCSၶMCS Cီ CIူCSSCႆS ACS CCS ACS CၢႆSCႆ ECCMၵS S CIူCS ၸCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ ECႃSCၢCSSႁECSSCMCSၸCS ၾႃ CCS ၵၢၼSCၼSSEၵႃ EC CCS ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSCႆ CUၵS CIူၵS CCS CEၼS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cီ ၶMCS Cီ CIူCSSCႆS EC CၢCSၵC U SCEၼSSၽMCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S CIူCSCS CၼSS AICS CIူၺS CMCS ၶMCS ၶCSၼSSEၵ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS

EC ၵူၼSSCႆSCCSS

CၢႆၼၼS CIUCS CS CႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSEC ၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CIူCSSၼCSCႃSS ၼႆEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS ၵႃ CူၼS CီSS AMCS Cီ Cီ Cီ CUCSS Cႃ ECၵႃ EC ၼၼS CEၼSၼCS CၼS S CEၼSCECSSၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSS CMႆCူCS CၵSSEႁႃၼCS CUCSSS CၢCS CUCSCီSAၵSSႁECSCၢႆS Cႃ ECၵႃ EC Cီ Eႁႃ CူCSၼCS CၼS ၼၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCS ႁCS Cႃ EC S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSS ၸSCႆ

CIူCS Cီ ၵၢႆ Cီ Cီ ECႃ AၼS Cႆ ၼႃ EC

ၼCS CၼS ၼၼS S

AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ EC

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

*** CIူCS CUၵS AMၼS S ၵူၼSSCCS EAS ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSၶCS AMၼSၵၼS ၶIUၼS ၵႃSCCS ၼၼS CIUၵS CEၼSCၢCSSၼSၸCS ECCႃ CECS ၶၢCSSCႆ ၼၼS Cႆ ႁCS ၼႃ ၼႃ CCS S Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cႃ “ACS ၶS ၵႃ S CICSSၶS ၵႃ CUၺSSၼCS EAႃ ” ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸCS Cႃ “ECႃSၼၼS ၵႃ CUၺSSၼCS ၼSSၼCS Cူ Eၼႃ ” ၵMCS ၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ EC CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸူCSSCIူCSSၵႃ EC EC S CMCS Cႃ ၼMၵS ECၼMCSCUၺSSၼCS AၼSACS ၶECSSEC CီCC M S ႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ Cီ Eႁႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၼSၵႃ CUၺSSၼCS CၢCS Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS ၼCS ECႃ CီSEC S ၶCSၽECSCႃS Cႃ ECS Cီ AၼS ၶူၼSCၢCSSၵႃ ၼCS CၼS EC ECႃ CၢCSCUCSS ၶၢCS ၼCS Cူ S Cႆ ACSECSCၢႆ ၸIူၵS EC Cႆ ၶၢCS ၼIူCS ၵCSSCS ၵႃSၼIူCS CCSSS CီSၼၢႆSCCS CႆSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႆ CSCECSSCၢၼSS ၶၢCS Cႃ Cႃ EC ECႃ CူCS CၼS CECSECႃ ၵူ CၢCS S ၸူCS ၶူCS CၼSS ECCီSCၢႆၶူCS ၼႆEၵႃ ႁၢCS CၢCSSCၢCS Cႆ S ႁI ူၼSSၶCSCCS CီSCူ ၾCS CUၼS S ECႃSCႆ ႁၼSၵႃS CCSS ၼIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၼၢႆSCCS ၼၼS ၸCSSၵၢၼSECSCူCSCၼSSEC ၶၢCS CႃSၾCS ၼႆ S ၼၢႆSCCS ၼၼS CMCSSၸCS ၾႃ CီCီS ၽICSၼIူCS ၼCSCၼSS ၵCS CCSCႆ S ၼႃ Eၵႃ A ႁCSSCႆ S CIူCS CၼSSCUCS EၼၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSၶECS CCSCCSCၼSS AၼS AူCSCူ CႃS CCSSၸူCS CCSSၸၢCS S ၼၢႆSCCS ၼCS ၼIူCSCIၼS CCSSCIUၵSSCIUၵSS Cႆ EC ၶUCS Cႆ ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCSS CCSSCႃ “Cႃ Cူ Cႃ Cူ Cႃ Cူ ” ၼႆCၢCS ၵCSSS ACSCEၼS CူCS CႃSၵၢႆ CၼSCႃ ၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ ၶCS ECၶIUၼS Cႆ ၼIူCS ECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CCSSႁI ူၼSSCCSSECS ၸUၵSSၼIူCSECSEC ၸMCSSၵႃ ၵCSS CECSS CIူCS Cၢႆ ၼCS ၸECS ECႃ ACSECSၶCSၵႃ Cူ ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSၾၢCSCECS CၢၵS CၢႆSAၼSၼIူCS S CၢCSSCS CUၼS CMၵS ႁႃ CICSS CCSSၼၼS ၵၢႆSCူCSCူCS ၼIူCS CူCSSၵႃ ၼSSၼCS S ၶCSSၸSCUၺSSၵႃ ၾCS CUၼS S CUၵS AMၼS CECS ၵၢႆS

185

186 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CEၼS ACS ၵၢႆSCၼSS AS CၢၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၵၢႆSCူCSၼၼS

ACS CMCS ACS ACS ၵၢCSSၸCS CၼSSCCS S “Mၽ ႃSCEၼSၸCS … ၵၢႆSၼၼS ECCMCS ၸMCSSၼCS ၵႃ CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSECCၢCS S CူCSၼၼS

ၼCS ၸECS CၢၼS ၼႆ Eၵႃ

ACS CMၼS ၸSCႃSCႃSS

ၵၢႆSCူCS

CIUCS CUၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSCၼSSCIၵSSCIၵSSS

CUၵS AMၼS CECS ၵၢႆSၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CIUCS ACS ၵၢႆSCၼSSCCS S ႁၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶီၸSCၢCSCႆ EC ၼၢႆSCCS ၸCS ၶႆ EၼS “CEၼSၼၵ ႆ ူ CၼSSCCS ၸCS EC ၶS A S ၵၢႆSCူCSၼႆ ၵႃ ႁႃၵIၼSCIူCS CၢCSSၾCS CUၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSCၢCSSၶCS CၼSSECႃႁႃCႃSၸူS CၢၼSAMၼS ၶႃ Eၵႃ CECS ၵၢႆSၼၼS Cူ ၶႃ EAႃ S ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ၶS A Cႃ

ၵၢႆSCူCSၼႆ CၼSSEC

ၵႃ CၵS ၵIၼSAီ CCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS EC EC EAႃ ” CIူCS ၵႃSCၢCS CCSS CIUၵS CS ၶၢCS Cႃ ၼCS Cူ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSၵႃSCႃS AMCS Cီ CၢႆCMCSS CIူCS CၢၼSCၼSSCEၼSCUၵS AMၼS Cႆ CUၺSSၼCS CႃSၼၼS S ၼCS AၼSCႆCႃS CMၵSSCMၵSSၵူCS ၵူCS ၼၼS ၽIူCS CIUCSCီ ၼၼS ACS ၸECS CCS S

ၼCS Eၵႃ CSCႆ S

ၾCS ၼCS Eၵႃ

CEၼSCIၼSCၢႆCၢႆEC

CူၼS Cႆ CၵSSCူCS CS CူCS CူၺSSCူၺSSCၢႆSCၢႆSCႆ Cီၼႃ S CCS ECႃSCUCS ACS ၼIူCSၾCS ၼCS Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

CICSSCICSS ၵICS ၼCီ EC AS

AEၼS ၼSSၼCS S ၵICS ၼCီ CCS ACSCIUCSSCၼSS ၽCS ၼCS EC ACSSCၼS Eၵႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼႆ S Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC CUၺSSၼCS Cီ ၼCS ACS ၸECS ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS CူၺSSCၼSSCႃ AS CUၵS CICSSCူCSCၼSS CMCS CႃSၵႃ ၼCS ၵၢႆSCူCSၼၼS S ၶူၼSCၢCSSၵႃ ၸူSၼCS CၼS ၼၼS ၵၢCS Cႃ ၵႃSCCSSCECSၶCSSCႆCႆ S Cီ CMၵSSCီ CEၵSSEၵႃ ၼCSၼႃ EC ACS CီEၵMႃ S CUၵS CICSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS CၢCSၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၸSၶCSSၸMCSS ၶူၼSCၢCSSAၼSCၼS CECS ၸMCSS ၸIၵSSCMႆCECSCECSၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႃ “Cႆ CIUCSၶႃ ႁႃ ” ၼႆS ၸMCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cီ ၸူCS CူCSSၼၼS ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼS ၵႃSCူCSCၢCS ၼECS ႁECS ၵCS ၽMCS EC

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cႃ CၢCS CMCSၽUCSၵMၺSSS ၽIူCS CIUCS CၢCS CUCSAၼSၸၢCS ၽUၵS CူၼS ၼECS Cႆ ၼၼS ၾၢCSCECS Eၵႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS ACS Cႆ ႁၼS Cႃ Cႆ Cႃ CIူၼS CCSCCS S Cႆ ႁၼSCူၼSၼECS CCSSCူCS ၸIူCSSCUCSSCႃSCႆ CီCီ ACS CူCSSၼIူCSCMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS Cႆ S

Cီ ၸIၵSSCMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS CCS

Cႆ ႁၼSၵMCSSCူS

CUၼSၶၢCS ၸီSၶIUၼS ၾႃ Cူ S Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆၶCSCူ CCSSၵCS ၼCS CီSCႆ Cီ ၵႆS Cႆ CCSSၽၢၼS ၶCS CၢၼS CECSၵMၺSSS CၢၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CECS CၢၵS CီSCီCEၼS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၼECS S ႁI ူၼSSCႃSၼႆEၵႃ CIူCSSၶECS CECS CIူCSEC CၢၼS ၸIူCSSAၼS CီSၸMCSSCၢၼSSCၢCS CMႆၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၵCS ၼCSCEၼSႁI ူၼSSCႆ CMၼS Cႆ ၸICSS ACS ၸS ႁI ူၼSSCႆ CူၵS Cႆ CၢCSSS CCS ၸCS CUၼSၶCSEC CEၼS ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ AၼSၶIUၵS ၶၢႆSECCIူၼS Cီ CၢၼS ၼႆ EC CIUCS EၼCႆ CMCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS CီSၸSၼCS CIUCS ၼIူCSCႃCၼႃCUCSC ၵႃ ႁIUCSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁၼSၼၢCSSCICSSၵူၼSSCMႆၶCSCူ EC S CMၵS ၼႆ Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ CီႁI ူCS ၶCSS CMႆSCIUၼSSS ၶIူCSCCIူCSS EC CၢႆEၶႃS CIUၼSSၶCSCECS S CၢၵS ACSၶCSS CIူCS CီCCSၶCS CCSSCIၼS ၼႃၼႃၶCSၼၼS CECS ၵၼSCCSS ၾICS ၾႃ ၵCSSCEၼS Cီ ၶCSCူ CCSSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၼS CIူCS CMၼS ၼႃ AMၵS CႃS Cႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CECSSၼCS CၼS ၼႆ CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCႆ CCSS CMၵS ၾႃ ၶCSS CီSၼIူCS CၢCS CECSSၵECS ၵECS AMၼS S ၵCSSCEၼSၼICSCCSSCီS ၵႆCၢCSၵၼSCCSS CUCS CIူCSSၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ ႁCS ၼႃ ၼၼS S ၵႆCၢCSၵၼSCCSS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCUCS CECSSၶCS Cႆ S EႁႃCူCSၼCS CၼS ၶMCSၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCSၼႆ CMCS ၵၢCSSEၽSCIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSS

ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSSCMႆCူCSCEၼS CUၵS ၶIUCS ACSSၵICS CၢၼS

Eၵႃ

ၼIူCS S EႁႃCူCSCCSၼႆ CီSCႆ ၼIူCSCMႆAၼSCUCSECCIူၼS ၼSSCECSSၼCS CၼS EC ၵၢCS CူCS CူCS CူCSCႆ S Cႃ CUၵS CၢCSSၶCSCCSSၼCS EC Cီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS ၶCS ECCႃSCIUCS CႃSCCSSၼၼS EC

CၢCS CUၵS ၼႃ CCS S CီSၽီSၾႆSၵူ

ACS EC ECႃ CEၼSၶၢCSSCႆ Eၵႃ CCSSCႆ AMCS ၾႆSS ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ ၸIူCSS AၼSၸၢCS ၸၼSၸSCႆ ECCIူၼS

ၼSSCECSSၼCS

CၼS ၸCSS CEၼSၵMCSSCUၼSၸCS ၸIူCSSCီSCMCS CCSSၼCS EC ACSSCၢၼSS

187

188 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼECS ႁECS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၶMCSACSSCၢၼSSၼECS ႁECS ၼၼS CEၼSၵူၼSS ACSSၵICS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ၽMCS ႁEၼSSၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼSၸUCSSၼIူCS Cႃ ၸCSSၵၢၼS ACSSCၢၼSSCၼSSS ACSSCၢၼSSၶCSၼၼS ACSCS ၼECS ၶECS CၢၵS ႁECS S ၼIUCS EC CIUၼS ၶၢႆCIူCSSCႆSCIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIUၼS S ACS AMၵS ၼCSCႃ CIUၼS ၶၢႆCIUCS CၢCS CIUCS CၢCS CIူCSSECCႃ Eၵႃ

CEၼSၼECS CEၼSSAၼSCီCီ CUCSSၼၼS CCS S

Cီ EC ၸCS ACSSCၢၼSS CICS CS CCMCSS1 ၼၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSCူCS CEၼS ၾၢႆ CUCSSCႃSCႃ CIူၼS Cႃ Cႆ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၵၢၼSၼECS ၼႆ ECႃ EC CEၼS CၢCSSCူCS CၼSSၵMၺSSS

CၼSSCCS CူCSCႃ EC ႁႃCIUCSSCူCSCIူၼS EC

CUCS ၼCS

CၼS ၼႆS CEၼSAMCS Cီ CီCၢCSS Cႃ CၢCSSCူCSCၼSSEC CCS S ၵူၼSSCMႆၶCS ၼႆ

ၶEၼSSECႃၼCS CIUCSCႃCၼႃCUCSC CIူCSECၵူၼSSCႆSEC

ၵCS ၼCS

AMၼSၵၼSEC ၵၢၼSၶႃ CူCSACSၸSCIူၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ACS CီSCႃ CIူၼS Eၵႃ CS ECCႃSCႃ CECS CၼSSS Cီ CUCS CMႆၼCS CၼS ၼႆ

CီSCူCSCIူၼS ၵူ CၢCS

ၸIူCS ၼCS CIူCSS ႁEၼSS CူCIူၼS S ၸူCSS CီS CၼSSၸUၵSSCူ Cီ ASCECSSEC ၸီ EၼAႆSCIၼSCIူCS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSSCၢCSSCူၼSCၼSS AၼSCECS CၼSၵႃ Cႆ ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCSၼၼS S CၼSSCၢCSSၶၢCS EC ၸCS ႁႃCECS ၶCS CႃS CIူCS ACSၼSၼႆ ၵMၺSS Cႃ S CIူCSCူCSCCSSCူCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCူၼSEၵႃ CၼSS EC CႃCၼSS CCSSACS CIUၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆCၼSSCCSSCMCS

CIူCSCူCSၼႆ

ECႃCႆၵႃ CူCS CူCS ၼႆၵၼ M SS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS CူၼSၸS CMCS ACSSCၢၼSS ၼECS CIူCSECAႃ CUCS CၼSSEC ႁႃCIUCSSCူCSCIူၼS ၼၼS EC CICS CS CCMCSS ACS CECSSECႃSႁၢၼS ၸSCၼSSS CIူCS ၶIUၼSSCIူCSSၽECS

EႁႃCူCSၼCS CၼS ၼၼS

ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCS

CMၼS CၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCSCIူCSCS CS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS AၼSCီSAႆSCMၵSSASCMCS Cႆ CCSSၼCSS CEၼSAႆSCၢၵS ၵMCS S AႆSCၢCS S AႆSAၵS S “CIၼSSၸူCSSEC ၶႃ EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CIUၵSၵCSCႆ S Cႆ A CMCS CီCၢCSSS ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCS ၸCS CCSSCECSSEၼ 1 Mr. Brown

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ႁCSSၶႃ ACSCၢႆCၼSSACS ၸS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACSCၢႆၵMၺSSS ACS ACSCၢႆEၵႃ ACS CEၼSECႃ S CIူCSCူCSၼႆ ၶူCSSၵIၼSၵူၼSSCၢCSEၵႃ CCS CCS S CCSSCီ ၼႆ ECၵႃ ၵႆCCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၵSSၸSECCၢCSS “CEၼSႁIUCSၶႃ Cႃ ” “CူCSၼႆ CMCSCMႆSCS CIူCS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵႃ CICSSၼECS S AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS ၶူCSSCUၵS AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢႆS CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS CCS

ၶူCSSCူ CCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S

ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCSEၵႃ A AIူCS S ECႃSCူCSၼႆ CMCS Cႆ Cႆ CIူCS ECCႃSႁႃၵIၼS ၵူၼSSCECS S ၼႆEC CႃSၵMCS CႃSၵၢCS ၶIူCS CၢၵS ၵူ CၢCS EC CCSSႁႃCIူCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS ႁၼSS CIUၼSSCUCSS CIူCS CၼSSၶူCSSCၢႆ CၢCSAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

ၸCS ၺMCSSCႆ CၼSSCၢႆCၢႆ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSCႃ “CီၵူCSEC CCS S CIူCS ၼၼS CICS CS CCMCSS CCS ACS CCSSCIUCSS CIူCSၼၼS ႁECSSCCSၶႃ Cႃ ” “ECႃSCၼSSCီSCူ EC ECCူ Cၢႆ Eၼ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၽMCSSၼၼS

CၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼSEႁ CIူCSSၵႃ AICS ၵCၼS ၵECS ၼIူCS S ၵMCS CၼSSACS Cႆ CIUCSS CIူCSၶူCSSၵူၼSSEC ၽIူCS CၼSSCMၵS CႃS CMCS AူCS AူCS AၢCS AၢCS Cူ Eၼ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ “ၸIူCS ၼႆEC

ACS ၼCS ECႃ CEၼSEC S

CIူCS ႁCSSEၵႃ CEၵS

ၼၼS Cီ Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ CၢCS CIၼSSCMၵS ၼIူCS ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS ၶS A S “ၵMCS CCS CCS CEၼSCIူCSၵIၼSၵူၼSSCႃS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CၼSS “ႁCSSEC ACS A CီCီၼႃS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆCႃ ECႃSCIူCS

189

190 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶCSCCS Eၵ CႃS ၶCSACS ၵႆ ACS CECSSCECSS Cႃ ႁႃၵIၼSCူCSCIူCS ၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSSS ၼႆEC Cၢႆ CႃSႁႃၵIၼSၵူၼSSCႃ S ၵူၼSSCCS ၺMCSSCၢႆ EC CူCSCIူၼS ၶCS ACS ၸS Eၼ S ECႃSCႃ CၢCS ၵIၼSၵၼ ူ SSၼႆEၵႃ CCS ၶS ၵIၼSၵူၼSSCECS ၵMၺSSCCS Cႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ACS ECႃSၶS ႁCS ACS

ၼCSCIူCSၽIUၼSၼၼS S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵႃ Cႆ ႁCS ACS AS ၸCS ႁI ူၼSSႁၢၼS ၸSS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CIUCS CCSSCီ ၼCS CၼS CCSSႁIUCSS EC CMCS ၼSSCူၼSCMၵS CူCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CMႆCူCS CUCSSCႃSCႆ ၼၼS S CၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶီ ၵႃSၸICS EC CၼS EC ACS ၼIူCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS ၶCSSၵႃ CIUCSCႆ CၢၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆ AၼSၸIUCS Cႃ CUCS CူCS ၼၼS S CၢၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆၼႆ CီSၼSSCEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CCS ၸCSၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCMႆ CူCSS ၸCS ၾႃ CMႆCူCSEC CၢCS Cႃ Cႃ ECၵႃ S ၵႃSCIUCSCႆ CၢCSCCSSCီ ၼIူCS ၵMၺSSS CUၵS Cီ ၼၼS Cႆ ACSCႃ CၢCS CႆACSၼႆCႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၶS ၵႃ CူၺSSCူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSS CIူCS Cီ ၵၢႆCီ AMၼSEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS CၢCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ EC CၢCS CႃSCIUCSCီ ၵS Cီ ၸCSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵူၸMႆ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆၶCS Cႃ AS ၶCSCIူCS CၢCSSCႆ ႁCSSၶCSS CIူCSSAၢၼSS ACSၵႃSCူCS CEၼSSCၢCS Cီ Cႃ CၢCS Cႃ ECႃ CၢCS ၼECS ၶCSၼၼS S ECႃSCႆ ၵႃ CECS CICSSCၵSS CၢCSSCIၼၼ S ႆ ၵECS ၵႃ EC CEၼSၶူၼS CၢCSS CူCSSၸၼSSCIူCS ၵIူCS CူCSS CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS CၼS CECS CMႆCUၵS ၼIူCS ၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ ၵIUCSSEC S Cႃ ECCIUCS ၵႃ CECS CCS S Cႃ ႁCSS CIူCSS ၼႆEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ACSၵၢCSSECAICSSS “ECႃSၽECSCၢCSSၼႃ EC ECCီCူ ၵႃ ” CCSSCၢCS CCSSၶCSS ၵႃ ၸူSCၢCSSၼႃ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽICSSၵႃ CCS S CIUCSCၢၼSSCၢCS Cီ ၼIူCS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ၵႃSACS CIUCS ၵႃ Cႆ CCS S Cႆ ၵIUCSSၵႃSCECS Cီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSCႆCူၺSSCၢCSSၼႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CECS EC ၸCS CIUၼSႁCS Cႃ S “ႁCSSCMCSSၵၢၼS CCS Cႃ S CၢCSSၼႆ EC EC ၵူၼSSCMCS ၵMၺSS ECCႆCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CူၺSSCူSS ၸMCS ႁၼSEၼ CUCS CူCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸီ Eၼ CၢၼS AၼSCီSCီ CၢၼSSCၢCS CMႆ ၽၢႆ CUၼS ၼၼS S ၵMCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢCS CIူၼSSၼႃ EC CCSS ၵMCS ၽူCSCၼSSACSၶECSၼႃ EC CCS Cႆ ႁI ူCS CူCSႁI ူCS ၸSCႆ EC ၸၢCS CUCS

CMCSSAMCS Cူ ECCႃ

CၢCS ႁႃCECS

AၼSCS CႃSၼSSCူCSCႃSCႆSၼၼS S ၼႆ CEၼၾ S ICS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS

Cီ ၵႆ ႁECSSEၼ CIူCS CၼSSၸSCCSၶႆ ၸႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶIUၼSSCူၼS CူၺSSၶၢCSS

CၢCSSAၼSCႆ ၵႃ CUCS CူCS CIူCS Cီ ၵၢႆCီ AMၼSၼၼS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS AIူCS CUCS CူCSၶCSCၢCSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSSCEၼS CIၼSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS ႁCS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ Cႃ CႃSCIUCS ၽUၺS CၼSၶူၼS CၢCSS AၼSCၢCSSၵCS CၵSS CIူCS Cႆ ၸMCSSCၢၼSSCၢCS S CၢCSSၼၼS CIUCS ၵၼSCCSSၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCS ၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ CၢCS CEၼS ၵႃ S CUၵS Cီ Cီ ECႃ Cႆ ၶCSSႁIUCSႁႃ ၸူCS CူCSS ၸCS ၽECSCီ ACSCၢCSS AၼSECCIUCS ၽUၺS CS CS S CUၵS AMၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆၶCS ၶCS CႆၵၼS CEၼSCECSSCEၼSCECSS Cၢႆ ၶႃCၢCSSEC ႁCS CMၼS S ၵူၼSSCူCSEၵႃႁCS ၶEၵS ၶCSEၵႃ

CUၵS Cီ ၼIူCSၵႃSCူCSCCSSၼIူCS EC

ၵMၵSSCူCSSCႃS Cႃ ႁCS CMၼS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ ၶCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၵECSSCၢႆCၢႆ CIUCS ၽUၺS CၢCSSCၼSS Cႆ CၼSCMၼSSS Cႆ CMၵS CၢၼS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSS Cႆ ႁECSSၼၼS CၢCSCMၵS CၢCSၵCSSS ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၶူၼSCၢCSSCEၼS ၼႆ CၢၼS CၢCSCၢၼS EၽCၢCSCMၼS EC ႁECSSCႆ EC ၸCS ႁECSSၼႆS CIUၼSS CUCSSEC CIUCSCUCS CူCSS Cီ ၼၼS EC ႁECSSCMႆSCၢႆCMCSS ၶူၼSCၢCSSၵႃS CCS CူCS CီCၢCSSS CႃSCCSS CၢCSSၵႃ CၢCSSCEၼSS CၢCSSႁႆ CၢCSSCIUCS S ၽECSS ၵၢCSSS CMၵS ႁၢCS CီS ၼၢCSSႁၢCS CီS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CၢCSSၵIၼSCၢCSSCECS ၸUCS EၸSCီၼႃ S CၢCSCူCSCူ ႁECSCUCS CူCS ႁCS CMၼS CECS Cူ ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSS

191

192 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ ECႃ AၼSၵၢႆ Cႆ CS CS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၼCS ၵIၼSၶCS ACS Cူ ၸMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS AၼSCီSCCSႁI ူၼSSCၢၵS ႁႃ CICSSၼၼS AMၼSၵၼSCS CူၺSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ႁECSSႁIUCSၵIၼS ႁECSSႁIUCSCူCS CႆS ECႃ EC CူၼS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ ၼCS CၢႆSCUၼSSCႃSCCS S CၢCSSၵIၼS AၼSၶCSCၢႆS CECS ၸCSS- ၶႆ CူCS CECSCႃ AၼSႁၢCS CူCS EC ACူCႃ ၶMCS ၶMCS S CMၵS ၽၵSSၶၢCSၶူCS EC CူCS AၼSCူ ၼSSCႆ CူၵS Cႆ CၢCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸICSS CူၺSSCူCSၼၼS ECCႃ ACS CၵS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSၵူ Eၵႃ ၶS CၢCS ECႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CCSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ EC AMၼSၵၼSၶCS CECSCS Cႆ S ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCူၵS CၢCS ၶIူCSS ၶူၼS CၢCSSCူCSၼႆ S ၶCSACSၼECS ႁECS ၶCSCၢCS ၵႃSCူCSEC ၵႃ ၶၢႆCIUCSCၢCSၵၢCS Cႆ CCS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS CUၵS Cီ ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCSၼႆ EC ၼIူCS Cီ CS ၸၢCS ECႃ CူCS ၼECS 700 CၼS

ACS ၼၼS 650,000 ၵီSCူCSSၵCCSSS Cူ ႁECS

CUCS CူCS CCS CIUၼS ၽၢCS AS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆA ၸMCSSCႃ CီSၽEၼSၵၢၼSCS Cႃ ႁCSSၼCS EC ACSCMCS EၽၼCS CၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCSၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CUCS CူCSၶCS Cႆ ၵႃ CEၵSSၼCS Cီ AၼSၵႆCၵSS CၢႆၶIUCS ၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACSCECSၸၢCS CUCS EC CူၺSSၵႃ CၢCSSCၢၼS CUCS

CူCSS CIူCSSCႃAS ECႃSCၵSSၸECS CီS CၼSSၶS A ၽEၼSၵၢၼSCMCS ၼCS CCS ACS CCS S ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၶIUၼSSCၢCSSၸူCSSCIူCSS AၼSCူၼS CႃSၼၼS EC ၸS AၼSၶႆ ၸႃ ECႃ ၽူCSCၼSSEၵႃ ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ S “ႁႃSCIူCSSCCS Eၼႃ ” ၸECSCIူCS CUၵS Cီ ၼCS CၼS AMၵS CႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CEၼSCၢCS

ၵၢCSSCUCS CUCS Cႆ Cႆ ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၶMၼSSACS ECCၢCS Cႃ S “Cႃ ECၶႆ ၸႃ CCS ၼႃ Cၢႆ CCICSSS AၼSႁCSSႁECSSၼၼS ၶS CIူၼS ၵူၼSSCMCS ၵႃ ECႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၸS CCS Cႃ S ႁCSSၶCSSၸSCIူCSSၶIUၼSSEၼႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ AၼSCCSၶCSSCIၼS ၽူၼSCႃS CEၼSCၢႆCၵSSS CIUCS Cီ ၶူၼSCၢCSSၵၢCS AICSSၼIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၸၢCS Cၢႆ ACSၶIUၼSSEC Cႆ ၶCSSCႃS CီCီS

CၢႆSၼၼS

ၶCSCIUCS Cူ Cီ ၼCS CၼS ၵMၺSSS

ACS CEၼSAMၵS ၾၢႆ

EC ၵႃ CSCECS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CMCS ၸSCMCSSႁCS ၵႃ Cႃ ၼMၵS EC ၶူၼS CၢCSSၼCS CၼS CူCSSCIUCSCီ ECႃ ACS CီSCECS CၢCS CEၼS CCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIUCS CCSSCီ

CUCS CIူCSSၵCSSCEၼS CၢႆCၼSSCၢႆၶIUၼSSCCS EC

CူၼS Cႃ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၼႆEၵႃ ၸSCIUCS CၢCSSCEၼS EC ၾၢCSCECS AၼSၶCSCႆ ႁၼSCႃ EC ၼၼS ၼႃ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS ၶS CIူCSSၼCS CၢၵS CUၵSSCၢCS Cႃ ၽEၼSၶူCSSၵၢၼSႁUCSၵIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS CIူCSS CCSSCIၼS ၶCSSCၢႆႁၢႆSၵၢၼS Cႃ CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS S CၢCS Cႆ Cီ ECႃ ၽECSCIUCS 100 CၢCS ASCIၼS ႁၢႆ 2 ၶIUၼS ၼIူCSS ၸၢၵS CၼSCူCSSCEၼSၼSSEႁႃCS CCSSACS EC Cႆ CCS S CၢCSSၶCS AၼSCIူCSSၽECS Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ AMၵS ၼCS Cူ ၼIူCSCႃ CIူCS S ACS CIUCSSၶECSSCIၼSEC CECS CႆၼIူCSCIူCS Cႃ AMၼS CၢCS CၢCS CEၼS CEၼSS ၵMCS CMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႆCႃSECCႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSၸၢႆ ၸCS CEၼSၼMၼSSS CIူCS ACSၶCS EC Cူ Cီ CူCSSCEၼSCူCSSCCS ၼၼS EC AUCS ၵၼSၶIUၼSSCူCSCူCSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼCS CၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS Cႆ CIူCS ၽUၵS EC ECACS CUၵS ၸCS ၸCS S ECၼMၼSSAICS AICS CCS ၸCS CUၵS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၼႆCCS S *** “CီSCၢႆCူCSSCCS Cႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CူCSCၼSSEC CၢCSႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CECS CMႆ ၾၵSSCူၼႆ ACS ႁECSSၵႃ ႁIUCSECCႃ

CMႆ Cႆ CEၼSCၢႆၵCSSEC ACS ၶS

CUၵS Eၵႃ ၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CCS S 2 100° Fehrenheit, CECSSၵၼSCCSS 32° Celsius

193

194 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ၸCS ႁႃCီSႁႃ CူCSSၵIUCS ၵMၺSSS CEၼSCCSCႆ Eၵႃ ACS A ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS CUၵS ၽMCS ACS ၶS CUၵS ၽMCS CUၵS ႁႃCUCSSၶECSS CIၼSEC ၵႃ ၸူSၾၵSSCူACS ၼMၼSSS Cႆ CIၼSSCEၼS CECS Cူ ၶMCSS ႁICS ၼECS ႁၢႆSCၢၼSSEၼၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CူSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼS Cႃ Cူ ၶMCSSၼႆ ႁECSSCCS

ၵMCS CူSAMၼS CူCSၼIူCS ၵMၺSS

CႃSႁႃCူၵSSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSႁI ူCS CၢCSSCႃS

ၼၼS ၼႆEC CUၵS ၼCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSCUCS Cၢႆ ၵူၼSCီၶMၼS CCSS CCMCS CMIACS EC CၢCS Cႃ “CIူCSCူCSၼIူCS ၽECSCႆ ၼSSCCS ၵႆ Cႃ ” “ႁCSSEၵႃ ECၸMCSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS ၸMCSSECCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CၼSSCS CၼSSS CIူCS ၶCS CႃSEC AၢၼSSၼMၼSSAICS AICS ၸCS CUၵS ECCႃ CIူCS CECS ၽUCS ၽၢCS CUၵS CႃSEC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃ ၸMCSSCၢCSSCCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ AၼS CီSCCS ၵႆ ၽၢႆ CCSACS ၶူSၼၼS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၵႃ EC ၼSSCIူၼS ၼၼS ၶS ႁၼSCIူCSEC CMၵS ႁႃCူၺSS CႃSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS ၺႃSECCMၵS S CIူCS CECS CIူCSCူCSၼIူCS ၽECSCႃSၼSSCCS ၵႆ CCS ၼႆCႃ S CCS ၵႆ ၼႆ CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CECS CၢCS Cႆ EC AS ECႃCIUCSSEၶ AႃSCႃ Eၵႃ ၵၢႆ Cႆ S CEၼSCCS ၵႆ Cႆ CၵSSS CCS ၵႆ ၼႆ Cႆ Cႃ ၵႆ ၽECS ၵႆ CIUၼS Cီ CၢႆCၢႆACS ၸS S CEၼSCCS ၵႆ Cႃ Cႆ ၵႆ CECSၵUၼSၼCS AူCS AၼSCCS Cႆ

ၸECSCၢCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCUCS ၾႃ ၶIUCS ACS ၼIူCS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ၶS CၼSၵႆ CECS ၸMCSSၵႆ CIUၼS Cီ CIူCSSႁCSSS ၵႆ CIူCSSႁCSSၼႆ CူCSCEၵS S ၶႆ Eၵႃ

AၺS CEၵS ၼႃ S ၽIူCS ၵႆ CECSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၽECSCႃS ACSၵႆ CIူCSSႁCSS

ၸIူCSSCIူၵS CMCSCႆ CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS

ၶူၼSSၶCSSECႃSECSCႆ

ၼSSCCS ၵႆ

AၼSCS ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၵႆ ၵႃ EC ၵႃ ၸSS CCS ၵႆ CS S Cီ ၼၼS CီSၸၢၼSSCECS S CီSACS CၢCSSၼSS AၼSACS CူCS S ACS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၼႆEၵႃ CCSSCီSAၼSCUCSSAၼSၵCS Cႆ ၵMၼS S ၶCSSၸSEႁ ၵCS CၼS Cႃ AS AူၼSCMၼSS 3 Rhode Island Red

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CUၼSS CၼSCၢCSSCၢCS ၶၢၼSၸSCႆ ECႃ EC CၢCS Cႃ

CIူCSCူCSCူCSၼၼS

ၵႆ CECSၶCSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CီSၸSCီၸSCၢၼSEC ၶူCSSၶူၺS Cူ Cႆ

ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၵႆ ၶCS ၼICSၼICSၼႆၵMၼS S ECႃSCႆၽECS ၸECS CၢCSSႁICSSACS ၶူSၼၼS Eၵႃ

Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCUၵS

CၢၵS AူၼSAၢၼSECႃSECSCႆ CCS S CECSၵႆ CူၵSSၸSEC CEၼS ACS ၵCၢၵSS ၵCၢၵSSS CECSECAၼSAၼS ၽCS CူCS CူCS CၢCS CၢCS S CECSၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCS ACS CEၼS CၢၵSSCၢၵSSS CCS Cႆ CIၼSS CECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸီ CCS S “Cႃ ECCIUCSSၵMၼS S Cႃ ECCIUCSS” Cႆ ႁၼS ၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၵCS ၽMCS ၸUၵSSCူၺSSCူ ႁICSSCCS ၵႆ AၼSECႃSECSCူ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A ၶS ႁၼSၼႃ EC Cႆ ၵႃ ECႃSၸCSCCSS CၢCSSၶCS CCS ၵႆ CMၵS CICSSCႃS Cူ ၶMCSSCCS

AMၵS CႃS

CၢCSSၼMၵS EC “ၸCS EC … CIူCSSၶIUၼSSCီ Eႁႃၶႃ EC S AMၼSၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ

ၵႃ ၵႆၵႆၶႃ EC S ၶႃ ၶCSECCIUCSSCၢႆ CIူCSCူCSၼႆ ၶႃ

EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCၢCSCCSSCႆၵႃ ၸCSCIၵSSCIၵSSS “ႁECSSCCS ၸIူCSSCူCCS ECၶS CIUCSSCၢႆ CIူCSၼႆ ” “ACS CIUCSSACS CEၼSၶႃ EAႃ S CူCSၼႆ ၺMCSSၵIၼSၵႆ CECS CၢႆCူCS CCS EAႃ S ၵႆ CIူCSSႁCSSEC CၼSSACS ၺMCSSCႆ ECCူCS” ၵMCS CECSၵႆ CူၵSSၸS CCSS CECSCIူCSACSႁၢCSCၼSS ၽCS ၵCSSၼၼS EC ၵူCSACS Cႆ CIၼSSCီCီEC Cူ ၶMCSSEၵႃ Cႆ CၢCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၸCS A CူCSCႃ CIူCSCူCSၸSCီ ECႃCူ ၼICSၼICS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CEၼSCၢCSS CIူCS CIူၼS S CၢCSSၸSCႆCၢႆ Cၢႆ ၵMၺSSၼႆS “ACS CIUCSSCၢႆEႁ ACS Cႆ ႁႃ S ၺMCSSCူၺSSECႃ ” “ၸICS ၼႃ ၶႃ CၢCS EAS ၶCSSၸSၺMCSSACSCၼSSCူ S ႁၢCSCၼSS

195

196 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS ႁECSSၼႃ S ၶIUၼSSၽCS CS ၶႃEC

ACS ၸၢCS ၵႃ ၸCSCၼSSCႆ

AICSSCီ ၶႃ ” Cူ ၶMCSSEၵႃ CCSSCၢCS CCSSၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSCCS ၵႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS CၢCS ႁၼSCIူCSCူCS AၼSCူၼS CEၼS ၶCS CႃSCၼSCၢCSSCၢCS ၶၢၼSၸSCူ ၼၼS EC

ၵႃ ၸူSASၶCS CCS ၵႆ S ၵူၼSSEၵႃ Cူ CၢCSSၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CၢCS CႃSCႃ

Cႃ ECၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၵS Cီ ၾၵSSCူAႃ Cႆ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACSCၢၵS CႃၶMၼSၶႃCၼSS CMCSCECSSCူၺSSၵႃ CၢCSSၼSSS Cႆ ႁၼSၶူၼSၵႆ

ၽူCS ၽီ ၽူCS ၽၢCSS ၽCS CူCS CၢCS

CICSၵႃ CူCSၼSSCCS ၵႆ S

ၵူ Cႃ ၵူ ၽၢႆ

CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼS

ႁၢCSCIူCSCူCS

CCSSၸSECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ CူCSၼၼS

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSSၸSၵႃ S “ACS CEၼS ACS CEၼS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CီSCူ CၢCSSၼSSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCS ၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူၼၼS CူၺSSCႃSၸၼSCၼSSၵႃ Cီ ၵႆS “ၸCS EC … Cီ ၼႆ ACS CီCူ S CIူCSSၶႃ EC ” CECSCူၺSSႁၢCS ၶECSCICSCICSCႆ S CIူၼSCCSSCၼSEၶႃ CူCSCႆ EC

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ Cၢႆ CူၺSSS ၼႃ CူၺSSၼႆ ၵူCSၼႃ EC ECႃSCECSၵCS Cႆ S CၢၵS Cႃ CၼSSEၵႃ ECႃSၶS CEၼSSAMၵS CႃSCCS S CECS ႁI ူCS ၸSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ S CၼSS Cႆ ၸCS EC ECCၢCS Cႃ S “CIူCSSၶႃ EC ၸCS EC S CIူCSSၶႃ EC S CIူCSSAMၵS CIUCSCECSၵူၼSSCS CၢCSSEႁႃၶႃ EC S ECႃSCIူCC S ူCSၼႆ Cႆ Cၢႆ Cႆ Cႆ CCSSၸSCီ ၶႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ACSၵၢCSSCူၺSSEC AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS S CCS ၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS AS ၵႃ Cူ ၵႆၵႆCCS CၢCSႁCSSCူၺSSS “ၵCS ၵMၼS S ECႃSCIူCSCူCSၼႆ ACS Cၢႆ ၸၢCS CEၼSCCSCႃ ” “ECႃSCၼSSCMCS ၵႃ EC

CMCS Cႆ CIူCS CSEၵႃ

CၼSSECCႃSၶIUၼSS

Cီ ၼႆ EAႃ S ECႃSACS ႁၼSၵႆ CၼSSECၺMCSSCၢၵS CူCSCCSၵIၼS ၽSECCႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cႆ Cီ ၶႃ ” CူၺSSEၵႃ ၶႆ Eၼ ၼCS CၼSSCၢCS CူCSSCၢCS ႁၼSCႃSS “ၵူ CMၵS Eၵႃ Cီ ၼႆ CၢCS ႁၼSCIူCSCူ ႁႃ ” “ACS CၢCS ႁၼSCႃSၼCS ၵCS ၶႃ S ၶCSEၵႃ ၸCS CCSSCၢၼS CCSSCူၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS Cူ CႃSCီ ၵS Cီ

CEၼSSCMႆCူCSCS CS EC

CၢCS

ႁၼSEAႃ S ၶCSၵႆ CႃSၵIၼS ၵႆ CSS ၶႆ ၵႆ CSEAႃ ” CူၺSSCCS ၵCSSၼIူCS EC CIUCS CၢCS Cႃ S “EC ၶႃ ၶCS CၢCS ၶႆ EၼCႃ CIူCS ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ CEၵS CIူCSCူCSၼIူCS CႃSၼSSCၢၼS EC ၺMCSSAူCSAIUၼSACS CUၵS AMၼS CCSSEၵႃ ၼႆCႃ ” ၵMCS Cႆ CIၼSSၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼႆ EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CူၵSSၸSၵႃ S ECႃS

ၼၼSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS Cီၸီ CCS AS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ႁECSSCီ CIူCSCူCSၼၼS CCS S ECႃ CECS CၢCSCူCSCၼSSCCS ၽECSCႆ ၼSSCCS ၵႆ S ၼSS ၵႆ ၸIူCSSCူၵSS ၸSၵူCSEႁCူ ၼၼS

CီSCIူCSCူCS AMၵS ECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ CူCS

ၼIူCS S ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCၢCSEၵႃ ၶCSSၸSႁႃCMၵSSCၢႆS Cႃ ၽECS CECS CIူCS CူCSၼၼS S CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၼၵSSၼႃၼIူCS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC ၵၢၼSCECS CူCူCSCCSSၵႃ ႁIUCSS CCS AIူCSCIူCSၼIူCS ၵႆ CECSCၢCS CIူCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵႃ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CီCီS CIူCS ၵႆ ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၽECSCႃSCႃ ၵUCS ၵူCSၸIူCS ၵူCSႁIUCSEC CMႆ ၽူ CၢႆCၼSS ၵႃ CၢCS CECC S IၼSEC ECႃ ACSCႃS Cီ ECႃ ၵCSSCECSS CIူCS CECSEC ၵႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS CူၺS CCS S ၼၢCSSCICSS EC CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSCႃSၸUၵSSCူၺSSEၵႃ ၼCSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CICSSCCSSၸUၵSSၸMCSSၶCSႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCS ACS CၼSSA CူCSS ၽIူCS CIၼSSCECSCၼS ၵMCS CCSSၵၼS ၸCS A CူCSCႃSၶIUၼSSS ၶႃ Cၢႆ

CIူCSႁၢႆ CူCSၼIူCS Eၵႃ

CEၼSၵၢၼSၶႃ CူCSACSၸSCIူၼS ၵMၺSS

EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIၼSSၽICSSၸSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

197

198 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ACS Cႆ ၸS Cႃ ECCIUCSSCၢႆCူCSCIူၼS CူCSCCSSS Cႆ ၵႃ ၶၼS ECႃ CူCS CCSSCCSSCၢႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CECSၵMCS ၸIူCSSCႆ CIၼSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸS EC ၸCS Cႆ CIUCSSၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S CECSAူၼSAၢၼSECႃSECSCူ ၼSSCCS ၵႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CEၼSၵႃ ၽMCS S ACS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCIူCSCူCS ၽCS CူCS CူCS CၢCS CၢCS S ECႃ EC Cႆ CIၼSS CECSၵႆ ၶCSECႃS ၵCၢၵSS ၵCၢၵSS ၵMၺSSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၶMCSS AMၵS CCS ၵႆ CႃSAMၼSCၢCSSS CၢCSSCCSၶႃၼၼS ၸICS ၼႃ CCSS CၢCS EAS CၢၵS CIူCSCူCIၼSAMၵS CႃSS ECCၢCSSCMၵS CICSSAၵSSCCSSS AIUၼSCႆ ၵႆ Cၢႆ CူCSEC

CူCSCၼSS CီAMCSSCMCSS CEၼSCUCS CEၼSCUCS S ၶS CIူၼSၶMၼS CCS

CႆCၢCSSS ECႃ ၼCS CီCႆ CEၼSCUCS CEၼSCUCS CၢၼS ၼႆ Eၵႃ CIUၵS CEၼSAၼS ႁၢCS CီCႆ Cူ S CီၼCSCၼSS ၶS CၢႆSCီၶCSSၸCS EC CီSCီCူၼS ၸCS CEၼS CMၵSSCEၼSCMၵSSCႆ S ၵMၵSSACSCၼSSCCS CEၵS ၼႃ EC CCSSCူCSCၼSS ACS CECS ၵၼSECAICSSS CူၼS CူၺSS CCSSၵMၵSSACSCEၵS CၢၼS ၼႆ CၼSSႁECSS ႁIUCSAIUၼSACSၵႆ ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ

CီAၢCSSCႆ ၼCS ၵCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cႃ AIUၼSၵIၼSCူCSCIူCS CS CS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

ၸၢCS CူCSSCECS CUCS ၵၢCSSၶCSCႆ ၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ၶႆ Eၼ

CIူCSၶCSၼႆ

CCSSACS CUCS

Cႆ S ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cီ ၵMCS CIူCSCူCSCၢႆၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CCS EၶႃSၶူCSၵMCS ၵႆ CECS ၵUၼSၼCS AူCS

CၼSSCၢႆၵႃ CၢCSSCူCSS ၵIUCSSCီ CူCS

ၵMၺSSCCS S ၵႆ CIUၼS Cီ EC ECႃEC EC ACS CၢႆECCူCSS ၸူCS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ ACS CIUCSSCMCS CIူCSCူCSၼၼS CCS Cႆ CUCS CၢCS ၸMCSS CူSႁCS CECS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSCႆ Cႆ ၸS CMCS ACS CူCS ၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ Cီ CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CီSCႆ ၼႆ S ECႃCၢၼSSCၢCS Cီ CECSSCIူCS CMCSEၵႃ CႃSၵUCSSECSCၼS ၽႃEႁႃCS S ၶCSၾၢCS CူၺSS “CCႃ ” CူCSAၼSၶူCSSၼMၼSSCူ CS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSSS ၵႆ CCSS Cီ ECႃCၢၼSSCၢCSၶCSႁECSSၵၢၼS AၵSSCICSSCCSSS “CCႃ ” CEၼSCႃCS CၢCSSEႁႃCူCSၼIူCS S CႃCူCS CCႃ ၵIUCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၶUၼS CEၼS CၢCS CၢCS CူCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CႃSၸူS ECႃCၢၼSSCၢCSCMCSEၵႃ S Aၢႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ CူၵSSၸSEC CEၼS Cၢႆ ၽူCS CူCS ၽၢCS CၢCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CႃCCSSႁႃၶူCSSၶCSACS ၸS S CီSCူSႁCS CူCS

ၼIူCS AၼSCၢCSSAၵSSCCSSၼၼS CCSSCMCS CႃEC CႃၸCS CEၼS Cၢႆ CႃS ၵMၺSSS ECႃCၢၼSSCၢCSEၵႃ ၸIUCS Cႃ

CMCS CIၼSS4ၼၼS ၸCS

CEၼS ၵႃ ၸူSCူS

ႁCS S CၼSSCCSSCႃ ၵCS CူSCႆ S CCS CီSၸSႁCSSၸSႁၢၼSS ECႃSႁၼSCူSၼႆ CၼSSၶS CEၼSECႃ CIူၼS CMCS Cႃ Cႃ CူSCၼSSၵCS S CMCS Cႃ CၼSSႁCSSႁၢၼSS ၼSSၵႃ CူSCCSSCၢႆ ၵMCS CူSႁCS ၼႆ

CCSECCIူၼS S ECႃSECECႃ Cူ CIူၼS

Eၵႃ ACS CUCS ACS AၼSECCMၵS CူCSS CMCS CIၼSS ၺMCSSACS ႁၢCSCူSႁCS EC ၽCS CS CIၼS CူCS CူCS CၢCS CၢCS CEၼSCၢႆၵCSSS ACSCူSECႃS CMႆ ၵႃ S CMCS CIၼSS CIူCSSCECS CူၺSS

CCS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSSS

ၸီ EၼASCူSCIၼSAၼSၼIူCS EC

CၢCS Cႃ “ၼႆ ECCႆ CEၼSASCူSCူ ၼၼS CCS S ၵCSSၼIူCS CူSCECS CူCSၼIူCS ECAMၵS CႃSႁႃ Eၵႃ EC CၼSSCCS ” CMCS CIၼSS ၸSCIUၼSSၸSCၢCSS ၼCS CS Cီ ASၼၼS S Cႆ CS CၢCSSCီ ၼICS S CူSႁCS CူCSၼIူCS AMၵS CႃSCECS S CMCS CIၼSSၺMCSSACSCႆSCၢၼS ၾႃ CECS EC ACSCၢႆCECS CIူၼSCIူCS ၵႆ S ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCS ၸIူCSSAၢၼSSCS ၵူၸMႆ CၼSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸCS ၸၢCS CူၺS ၸSCီCီS AMၼSၵၼSCMၼSSCူSCႃ ၼSSASၼႆ Cႃ AS CီS CူSCECS CCS ၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCMCSCၼSS CUၵS ၼSSASCCS CူၼS

CၢၵS ၵECSSၼၼS AMၵS CႃSCECS CူSCီ CူCSS CၢCSCူCSEC ၺႃSၽီCIUCSS CMCS CIၼSSS CူCSၼIူCS EC ၺႃSၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACSၽႃ CၢCSS ၽၼSSၶၢCS CEၼSCMCSCMCSSS CၼSSAၢCS CႃECၽၼSS ၵMၵSSACSCူSS CMCSSAၼSCႃS ၵMၵSS ACSၼၼS CCS

CူCီECႃEC ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSASS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸS ၵူCS

CူSCူCSၼၼS AMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSS ECႃCၢၼSSCၢCSCၢၼS S ၶCSSCၢႆCၢCSCႆSၶCS Cႆ ၶႆ EၼCႃ CူSCူCSၼၼS CၵSSECCၢႆCူ ၼSSASၼၼS S ECACS AMၵS CႃSCႆ ၼႆCCS S CၢႆSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS Cႆ Cႃ EC S CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSS 4 ECာCSCCSS

199

200 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMCSEၵႃ ၼႆEၵႃ

ACS CၼSၽၢCS CIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃECCMၵS CCS S CၢCS ၶCSS

CူၼS ၺႃS AၼSCူSCCSSႁႃCၵSSၼၼS ACS ၸS CႃS CEၼSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSၸIUCS ECCEၼSႁIUCSၼႆEC ၼMၼSSACS CCSSCႆ S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CUၵS CICSSCၼSS CEၼS CS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSSCူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CူၼS ၺႃSCႃ ၵMCS CCS CIူCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ CEၼS CS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECSSCူCSၼၼS CူSၸIူCSSၼၼS ACS AMၵS CႃSCႃ ၼႆၵMၼS S ECႃ ၼCS CူSၸIူCSSၼၼS

CCSSACS ႁႃႁECSSၶEၼSECႃ CUၵS CICSSCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸS AS ၵၢCS ၽECS ၵႃ CEၼSCူS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS ၼႆ ၸMCS CီSCMCS ၽECS CECSS Cူ ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ ၸSCIUCSEၵႃ EC CၼSS CIူCS CEၵS ၼၼS S ၶCSEC ECCီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCူၵSSCMCS CUၵS CၢCSSၶCSCႆ CီCီ Cီ ACS CီS CူCSCူCူCSၵၢၼSS ၸIူCSSCီSၵMCS CီSႁEၼS ၼၼS S CၢCS ၵCSSEၵႃ CီၶMႆၶCSၼCS ၵCS S *** CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS S CMႆSCၢCSSၵEၼS S CMႆSCီ CS CIူၼSႁႃ S CMႆSAၼSၵူၼSS CCSSCၢႆCူCSCIူCSSS CEၼSCMႆSCၢCSSCူCS AၼSၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCCSSCၢႆ CMCSS CSSCႆ ၼၼS CCS S ၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ ႁI ူCS CMႆ CႃS ၵMCS ၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSSၶCSၼၼS AၢၼSSCUၵS Cၢႆ CECS

ၼSSၶၢCSSCMႆSCူCSၼႆ S CMႆSၼႆ EC CIူCS

CၼSSCီ

CIူၼSEA CCCS CၢCSSၶCS S ECႃSACSCၵSSCီ CၢၼS Cႃ EC Cီ CIူCSS DDDD CUCSSCECS ၵႃ CCS S CMႆSၼႆ ECႁIUCSCၢCSCၼSSS ၼSSCIူၼSEA CCCS CMၼSS ၼCS ECEC CၼSSCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵCSCႆ Cႃ EC S AၼS ႁECSSAS CIူCSSCUCS CၢCS ၼၼS ECႃSACSCၵSSCီ

CႃCၼႃCUCSC Cႃ EC

ACS ၸS Cီ CIူCSS DDDD S CEၼS Cီ CIူCSS DDDD CCS S ၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS ၶCS ACSCီ CIူCSSCႃCၼႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ CၵSSCၼS CEၼS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCSCႃSEၶႃEၶႃEC ၸCS CUCS CၢCS ၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵECS CIူၺS CMႆS CMၼSSၼCS ၼႆ CီSCၢCSSCUCS CCS AၼSACS ၸCSSၵၼSCCSS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼS CUCSCၸCS S ECႃSCIUCSၶၢCSSCMၼSSၼCS CၢCSSၵEၼS 5 CၵSSCECS CၼSSS CၵSၶCIၼ

ၶUၼSAIၼSS Eၵႃ CEၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS CIူCSSၶူCSSၽီ Cႆ CူCSSCႃSCIUCS CIူCSSၵူၼSSၶူCSSၵၢCSEC Cၢႆ CၼS Cီ CIူCSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CEၼSCၢCSSCUCS CCS ၸၢCSSႁIၼS Cူ ၶCSS ၶUၼSAIၼSS CႃSCူ CCSSCီ CIူCSSၵူၼSSCၢCSCၼSSS ၸူCS ၵႃ ၶUၼSAIၼSS Cႆ CMၵS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CIူCSS CIူCSSၽီၼၼS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ ႁECSSCMႆSႁECSSCၢCSSEC CMCS ECႃSၵUCS CUၼS ၶUၼS AIၼSS Cႃ ၼႆS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 13 CIူၼSEA CCCS CၢCSSၶCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCIူCSSၶCS Cႆ ၵႃ CCS CႃS ၽႃCIူCS EC CS ႁCS ၶၢCSSAၼSၶUၼSAIၼSS ECCူCSSCႃSၼၼS S CီSၸUCSSCMႆ CIUCS CၢCSၸUCSS CMႆ CIUCS ACS ၵၼSS ၸUCSSၼIူCS CCSSၸUCSSၼIူCS Eၵႃ ACS ၶCS ၵၼSECAICSSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၶCS 9 CူCSSCၢႆ 40 Cီ ၼICS ၼၼS CECSၵMCS CCS S CECSၵMၵSSAႆS CECSႁICS ECႃSၼၼS ၸMCS CူCS CIူCSS AS ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSS ၾၢCS A CIUCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၶUၼSAIၼSSCူCSSCႃSၼၼS S EC CၢCSSၼၼS AMၼSၵၼSCMႆ CIUCS CူၼS ၸSCၼS ၸCS ၶEၵS CူCS ၶUၼSAIၼSS ႁIUCSCMCSၸူCS CူCSSS AMၼSCၢCSS CUCSS ႁႆ CIUCS CECSCူၼS ၾICS CၢၼS ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ CIူCS ၼၼS S ECႃSCCS CIUCS CၢCSSၵႃ CၢCSSCEၼS EC CECSCူၼS ၾICS CႆSS CCIၵS ၶEၼSSACSCECS CIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၶCS ၸIူCSSCCSSCၢႆSCႆ ၼၼS ႁႆ ၵMCS ႁႆ CMCSS ၵႃ CၢႆSCECSSEၼ CCSS CၢႆS CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS CၢCSCၼSSၼႆ

ACS CIူၼSCMႆSCၢCSSCၢCS AၼSS ၸECS

CIူCS Cီ ၸCS ႁႃၽECSCႃSCီ CIူCSSၼႆ ၼၼS CၢCS ACS CၢCS ႁၼS CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS CႃSCူ S ၼSSၶၢCSSCMႆSCMၼSSၼCS ၼႆ ၶS ACSSၼCS ECႃ Eၵႃ CSEၵႃ Cႆ S ACS CူCS CIူၵS AMCS CIူၵS Cီ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ECACSCႆ ACSS ၸCS CCS ၶႃ ၶCSS

ၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼSCၼSSCီ ၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSECSCၼSSS CUၵS CICSSCၼSS CMCSEၵႃ S CႃSၸECSCူၺSS CၢCS ၼIူCSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCSEC ၶCSSၵႃ EC ႁI ူၼSS Cီ ၼMCS ၼMCS Cီ ၶCSS ၼIူCSၵႃSEၵႃ CႃS ၼCS CECSCUCSSCSCUCSSၼၼS S ၵIUCS ၵၢCS ၶCS ႁI ူၼSSEC ၵႃ CMCS ၵႃ ACSSၼCS S CCS CEၼS ၶၢCSSAၼSၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS ACS CMCSSCႆ ၼၼS S CIူCS ACSSၸIူCS ၼၼSၼၼS

ACS CူCS CIူၵS ၶၢCSS

CၢCSSS ၸူCS ၶူCS ၵူၼSSS AMCS Cီ EC ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ ၶCSEC S ၾၢႆ

201

202 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸCS ႁI ူၼSSၶCSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSACSSၼCS ECႃ ၵၼSEC CီCူၼS CIူCSSEC S CCSS CIူCS ၶူCSS CCSSၼCS CူCS CူCS CၢCS CၢCS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၶCS ႁI ူၼSSၼIူCS AMၵS ၶCSEၵႃ

ႁI ူၼSSၼIူCS EC EC ႁႃACSSၼCS ၵၼSS CUၵS AMၼS ၼSSCECSSCီ ECႃ CICSSCCSSCူSCICSS AၼSACSCႆ ၵူCSႁECSSCႆ ၼၼS

ၵူၼSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCႃSၼIူCSCၢCSSS

ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECS

CICSSECႃ

ႁUCS CMCS ၵၼSEC

ၵၢ ႆ CၢCS ၶၢCSSCCS ACSCၢCSSၵႃ CၢCSSCEၼS CူၼS ၸSCၼS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆS ACSSၼCS ECႃ ၵၼS CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS CIူCS CMၵS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CIူCSSCIUCS EႁႃCS ၶIUၼSSEၵႃ CIူCS ၶူCSSCCSSၼCS S CီSၶEၵS CCSSၼCSၽECSCႆ EC

ACS CၼSSCUCS Cၢႆ Cႆ ACSSၼCS

CEၼS

CူၼS ECႃ ၵၼSS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCS ၸIူCSSCIူCSSCႃS ၶၢCSS CIUCS ႁEၼSS

AEၼSႁECSSၵႃSCၢCSCCSS

ၽECSCႃSCႃ CEၼS ၼCS S

CMၼSSEၶႃ

CၢCSSCီ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS Cႃ CူၼS ၸSEၼ Cီ CၢCS CIူCS Cႃ ၼႃ EႁႃCS CCSS ၽECSSၵၢCSS CၢCSCူCSၶCSCECS CECS Cႆ S ၽECSSၶCSၼႆ CႃSEၶႃ ၵၢCSS AၼSCMၼSS CူS Cႃ Cီ CS CIူၼSႁႃ EC CCSS Cႃ CUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSEC CCSS Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSEC CCSၼၼS CCS S ECႃSCူၼS ၸSCCS AMၼSၵၼSACSSၼCS CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS CၢၼSCICSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸIူCSSႁၢCS ႁCSSၼၼS

CCSSACSSၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃ CIUCSၼSSEႁႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Cူ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSEC ACSCUCSSၼCS CူCS ECႃ CS ၼIူCSCၢၼSCICSSCၼSS ၸIူCSSAၢCS ၶCS ၼSSEႁႃၼၼS S ၼႆEC

CၢၼSCICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ

ECၶႆ ၸႃ Eၵႃ

ACS CEၼSS AMၼSၵၼSၶူCSEC ACS CEၼSၶCS ၼSSEႁႃS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၼSS EႁႃၶCSEၵႃ

ၼUCS ၶူCSSCCSSCူCS CူCS EC

CECS Cူၸႃ ၵႃ Cီ ၼMCS CCSSCၢႆ

ၸIူCSSၽECSCႃS ၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS ၼႆ ႁIUCSCEၼSCၢCSCၼSSS ၵMCS Cႆ CEၼS ၼCS ECႃ ၵူၼSS ႁI ူၼSSCECSၼCS ၵၼSS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECSၵၼS ACS ၵႃS EC ACSSၼCS ECႃ CIUCSCၢၼS CS ၼႃSၼIူCSEC

CIူCSSCIUCS ၵIUCSSၸCSၸSၵၼSCႃSS

CူCSၶICSSႁCSS

CCSSၼCS Eၵႃ CီS ႁI ူၼSSႁCSSCEၼSၼCS CEၼSၼMCSၵႃ Eၵႃ Cီ ACS ECႃၶႆ ၸႃ ECႃ ၵၼSS CUၵS AMၼS CUၵS Aီ ၶCSEC

ECႃ ECႃSCMႆSCMၼSSၼCS CCS ၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၵႃ CIUCS ACSSၼCS ECႃ ၵၼS ႁIUCSCECS ႁႃ AၵSSၸECSSCၼSSၵMၼS S CIူCS CSCၢCSCႃ ၵMCS CCSACSSၼCS ၵၼSCႃ ၼႆ ACS CMၼS Cႆ Eၶႃ CMCS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSႁၢၼS ၸSS CၢCS Eၵႃ CMCS Cႃ “ႁCSSCႃS ႁCS CMၼS

AS AူၼC S ႃSၸCS ၸCS S ECႃSCႃSEၵႃ AS CႃS

ၼCSၼCS AS ECႃSၵUCS CူၼS ၼႆၵႃ ” CၢCS ၸIူCSSCCS Cႃ “CUၵS CၢCS CECS CIူCS ၶၢCSSCီ CS ” CီSCECS “Cႆ CUၵS Cၢႆ CECS ၵၢၼSACS Cီ ၸIူCSSCႆ ႁECSSCူၼS CႃS CCSSCီ ၼၼS S ECႃSၼၼS ၸCS ECCူCSSCSCႆ CIူCS Cီ CS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CီSEၶႃ CMCS ႁCSSCၼSSS “ၶၢCSSၼႆ Cႆ EC EC S ECႃSၼၼS ACSSၼCS ECႃ ၵၼSEၵႃ ၵCSS CEၼSၵႃ ACS ၸS Eၼ ” ECႃSCႃ CCSSEႁႃCCSSႁI ူၼSSEC CCSS ၽIူၼSCCS EC CCSS ၽၢၵS CIူCS CIUၼS EC CCSS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ EC CCS ႁECS AS ၵႃ CCS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS Cီ ၽIူၼSEC AၢCS CECS CIၵS ၸူS Cီ ၼMCS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီS CSSၶCSS ၶS CECS ၶႆ Eၼ CMCS CMႆSCMၼSSၼCS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸS ၼႃ ၼၼS S ၶCSSၸSCECS CူၺSSCၢႆCMၵS CCS ၸCS CMCS ၸSS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ၶCS ECACS A CMCS Cႆ

ၾICS CUCSSAၼSၼႆ S ECႃSECACSၼCS ECႃ CS ၼIူCS

CူCSၶICSSၶCSၸIUCS ၶCSECCEၼSႁIUCSၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSS 

ၶS CUCS ၶS ၶူCSCႃSၵCSS

203

CICSSCMCS CUၵS Cီ ၼIူCSACS ၼMၼSS CUCS CူၺSSၵႃ

Cႆ ႁၼSၶူၼSCၢCSS AၼS

ၶCS CႃSၸူSCီ EႁႃCS S CူCSၵႃSECCCSSCCSSECCႃSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁIUCSS ECCႃSCMၵS ၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSCC U S CMCSSCႆ Cႃ EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼS CECSCICS CUCS ၽၢCS ၵႃ ၼၼS S CႃCၢCS

ၸႃSCူCSၼIူCS CCSS ၾၢCSCECS AMCS Cီ CီSAႆSEႁႃၶCSSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၵၢCSSAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS CIူၺS EႁႃၶCSSၼၼS S CၼSS CၢCS ၶMCS ၸSCIUCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCS ၵMCS Cႃ CECS EႁႃၶCSSၵCS ၼၼS AS Cူ CCSSၵႃ CECS ၼႆCႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၸS EႁႃၶCSSၵCS ၼၼS ECAICSSS Cႃ ECCႆ Cူ CCSS Cီ EႁႃၶCSSၵCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸၢၼS CIူCS ၼႃ Cႃ S EႁႃၵCS CCSၼၼS ECCEၼSႁIUCSCီSႁIUCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CူၺSS Cႃ EC S ၶECSSႁၢCS EႁႃၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS ၵIUCSSCႆ ECၶECSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSCူၺSS CIUၼS EႁႃAUCS AၼSၵIUCSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸၢCS CၢCSSၶၢCS Cႆ Cူ S ၸCS Cႃ ၵMီSၽCႃSEၵႃ ၶႆ Eၼ CၢCSSၼSSEႁႃၶCSS CEၼSႁIUCSCီSႁIUCSS EႁႃၶCSSCူCSၼၼS ၵၢCS ၶၢCSECCႃ ACS ECႃSCႆ CCSSCECSSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ACS ၶMCS ၼႆEၵႃ ACS ၵCS Cႆ ၽႃCCSS AMCS Cီ CUၼS CECSၼႆEၵႃ ACS CီSS CMCS ၼCS Eၵႃ ACS CႃS ၼႆCႃ S ၸCS Cူ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CၢCS ၵႃ Cူ CCSS ႁEၼSSCIၵS Cီ EႁႃၶCSS CူCS CCၼႃ CူCS CၢၼSSCECS CECSSCIူCS CႃSS CၢႆSEC CၼSSCMၵS CႃSCCS ၸCS CႃSEၵႃ CၢCS EႁႃၶCSSCူCSၼၼS S

206 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸIUCS ၸCS Cူ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS CEၼS ၸCS ၶUၼSCECSS Cႆ Cူ CCSS ၼSSEႁႃၶCSSCECSSCIူCS EC CS CEၼSၵူၼSSCႃSၵႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS

1882 ၸCS

ၾႃ CၢၼS Cီ ECႃSCIၼSS ၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS ECႃ CၼSSEC Cႆ CMCS Cၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ Cႃ ၵUCS

AၼSCီSCS ACSSၵICS ၶCSS CIူCS Cူ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS

ၼMCS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ

AၢCS ၶIUCSCMCSၶႃ CၢႆCၼSSၼႆEC

CၢCS CIူCSCUၵS

ၸCS CIUCSSCၢႆCECS

CCSSCMCSEၵႃ S CၼSSCEၼSၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC ECႃSACSၾICS CIူCSSCႆSCႃ CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ CIUCSSCၢႆCႆ ECCႃ ACSSၵICS ၶCSCCS ၽICSSၾICS CIူCSS ၶCSၼႆEC CၢCS CUCSSCၢCS CS CၼSCူCS AS CၢႆCEၼSSၶIUၼSSS CူၵSSၸSၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS

ACS ႁIUCSCCSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ACSSၵICS ၶCSCႃ

ECႃSၸCS

ၶUၼSCECS AMၵS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSACSSၵICS ၶCSၼႆEC ECCMႆ CၼSၶIUၼSS ၼႆCႃ S ၼႆEC

ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS CMၵS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CIူCSS CIူCSSCီ ECႃ S ၶIUၼSSCူၵSS

CCS CECSSCီ ECႃ AၼSCူ CECSၵMCS CIUၵSSၵMCS CIူCS CႆSၼCS ၵၼS CIUၵSSၵၼS ၽၼSSၵၼSၼၼS S CၢႆSECACSSၵICS ၶCS CIUCSSACSCIူCSSCၢၼS

1886 CIူCS

CCSSၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS CIူCSSCႆSၼၼS ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS ၵူၸMႆ ACSSၵICS ၶCSCCSSၼCSS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCီ ၼIူCS ၵMၺSS ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS CEၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CႆS Eၵႃ ႁCS AူCUၼSၽUCSSCCSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CICS CူCSSCီSCSS AMၼS CၢCSSCUCSSၼၼS CCS S ၼႆEC

ACSSၵICS ၶCS CူCSSCၢCSSCၼS Cႃ AS

Cႆ ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS CၼSၶMၼS Cႃ CICSSCီ S ၼMၵS ECၼၼS CIူCSSAMၼS CၢCS CIူCSS AၼSCICSSၸCSSCႆ CCSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS CECS CS CၼSၼSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃ S ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS CၢCS ၵႃ EC AICS ၵCၼS CMCSCMၵS EC Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ ၸCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CICS CူCSSCီSCSSS Cႆ CUၵS CECS CCS CEၼS ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSၵIူCSSၵUCS Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS S CIူCS CၼSSCႆ ၼMၼSSEၽS CCSSCMၼS CICS ACS ၼၢCSSCIူCSS ၶMCSၸCS ၾႃ CၢၼS

ၼၼS

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CူS

ၵMၼS S ECႃSCႃ Cႆ A CၢၼSCၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CMၼS CICS ACSၼၢCSS CIူCSSEAႃS 1 AICSSၵIူCSSEC CECS Cႃ ၼၢCSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃSCIၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼၢCSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃS CIၼSSၼၼS CီSCၢCSEၵႃ - ၸူ ၽCႃSၵMီSS ၸူ ၽCႃSCၢCS S ၸူ ၽCႃSECSS CၢႆSEC ACSSၵICS ၶCS CIူCSSCCS ၸူ ၽCႃSၵMီS CႃSၸMCSS EC ၶCS CIၼS ၽICS Cႃ CMIၼS ၵႃ Cီ CMEၵS S ၸူ ၽCႃSCၢCS ၶႃ ၸူ ၽCႃSECSEC CႃSၸMCSS Cီ ECႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CC M ီSCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cူ CCSSCႆ Cီ

EႁႃCECS CၢCS CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSၼႆ

ၸCS ၶUၼSCECS ECCEၼSႁIUCSCႆ ACS A S ၸECSCIူCS CၼSSAၼSၽECSCႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶMCS ၸSCIUCS ၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ ၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ Eၵႃ CၢCS EႁႃCၢၼSCS ၼႆ EC EC S

ၸCS AUCS ၵMႃ ၼႆ

CEၼSၸCS ၾႃ Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵႃ ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSS

Cီ AICS ၵCၼS EC CEၼSၵူၼSSEၵႃ ACS ၶS Cူ CCSSCီ EႁႃၶCSSCူCSၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CၢCS Cႆ EC CIUCS EႁႃၸCS ၾႃ ၼSSCIူCSSCႆS CၢႆCၢႆCIူCSSS CႃSၸECSAၼSCEၵS AၼSCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSEႁႃၵCS ၽMCS Cူ S ACS ၶIUCSSEႁႃCS Cီ ECႃ ECCCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ EႁႃCCS ၼIူCS EC

ၶIUၵS Cႃ ၶIUၵS EC S

CIူCS CၢၼSACSSၵICS

CEၼSEႁႃၶUၼSCူCS

CIူCSSACS CUCS ၸIUCS CႆS

AၼSCီSCီ CူၼS CီSS CIူCS ၼၼS

AၼSCUၵS ACSSၵICS ၶCS

ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS Cႆ EC

CCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S CIူCS CECSEC

CIူCSSCႆS CEၼSCIူCSS

ACS ၶူၼSSECႃSCႆ ၵၼS

CEၼSEႁႃႁI ူၼSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS Cႆ EC ၵူၼSS

ၵCS ၼCSACS Cႃ AECS ECႃ ၼႆCCS S CUၵS Cီ ၸၢၼSSAECS ECႃ CUCS CူၺSSCECSSCူၼS CီS Cႆ ႁၼSCူၼS CီSCEၼS CECSSCူၼSCMၵS CECSSၼIူCS EC CီSCႃSCူၼS Cႆ CူCSၶECSၸCS EC CMႆ ႁIၼSCMႆၽႃCCSSၼCSS CူၼS ၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ ႁၼSCီ

EႁႃၸၶၢၼSSCႃ ၼၼS

Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCCSSၼCSS CၢCS Cီ CၢCS CEၼS EC ACS Cူ Cႆ ႁၼS CူၼS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS Cီ CၢCSSAECS ECႃ Eၵႃ CီSCူၼS ၸIူCS ၼႆ CMCS ACS Cႆ S CၢCS CUCSCူၼS CီSCီS 5,000 CၢႆCCSSS ၾICS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ၵCSSၼႃ S ၵECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSCECSၶMCS CMCSACSCႆ S CIူCS Cူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ EC

CၢCS ၵCSSၼႃ CၼSS

ECႃSၽIူၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS CူCSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၸSCECSSCူၼS CီS

AၼSၶS CၢႆSCIူၼSCECSSCီ CIUCS

CIၼSSၵႃ CIူCSSၵႃSCႃS CCၼႃၵီCIS ၵMCS ၼႆ AၼSၸCS ၶUၼSCECS CMၼS CICS ၼၼS ACS ၸၢCS CEၼSCEၼSCႆ ၼၢCSSCIူCSS Cီ ECႃSCIၼSSS ECCEၼS ၼၢCSSCIူCSS CIၼSSCူCSS CIၼSS ၵMၺSSS 2 CAICSECာS

207

208 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CူSAူCS CECSSၼIူCS S ၽECSCူၼS CီSCMၵS CSEၵႃ

ၵႆ CူCSSEC ၼSSၼMCSႁၢႆSCႃ

AၼSCီSၼSSCEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCMCSAၺS S CီSၽၢႆ CၼSSCူၵSSCူၼS CီSS ၵႆCMၵS CၢCSCICSSCၵSSS CUCS CIူCSSCMCSAၺS ၼႆ ၼႃ S CIူCS ၼၼS

CECS ACSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ Cီ

ၸCS ၾႃ CMCSAၺS CEၼS ACSCCS

CEၼSSၽMCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS3

EC Cူ CCSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၵCS ၼCSS EႁႃCီ CMCSAၺS EC Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS ၾႃ ၶCS Cႆ CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCႆ S AၢCSSCႃSၶCS Cႆ ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSႁCS ၶEၵS CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၾႃ CMCSAၺS S CီSCMၵS ၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼCS CၢCSၵUCSCီ CူၼS CီSCႆ EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶီ ႁI ူCSSၸၢၵS EC EC ၼSSၼMCSႁၢႆSCႃ S

ၸMCSSACS CIူCS AၼSECၶCS ၼSSၼMCSၼၼS

CMၵS ၽUCS

AၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSS

CူၵSSၶCS ACSCႃSၼၼS CECSCIUၵSSCႆ S ၼႆEC Cႆ ၶCSSႁI ူCSSၸၢၵS CၢCS CၢCS CIူၼSSCIူၼSSS ၼMCSႁၢႆSCႃ ၼႆ CCSSCၢCSSCီSCၢCSSCၵSSS CၢCSSၵၢCS CီS CICSS CMCSCၵSSS CEၼSၼMCSCIUၼS S ၼCS Eၵႃ CSCECSႁECS CIူၼSၵECS CIူၼSၸCS Cႆ EC Cႆ ႁၼSCCSSCICS CECS CMCS ၼIူCSၽICSၼCS Cႆ S ႁၢCSSCMႆၶMCS ၼMCS ၵူ Cႃ ၵူ ၽၢႆ ၸီSၶIUၼS ၾႃ ၵၢCSႁၢCSCMCS ECႃ Eႁႃ AၼSCၢCS CIူCSႁI ူCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၼSSၼMCSႁၢႆS Cႃ EC CCSS ႁICSSACSSၼMCSEC CCS AၢCSSCႃSၶCS Cူ CCSSၵCS ၼCSS ႁI ူCSSၸၢၵS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶီ CႃSၼႆ

ၶCSSCႃSၸူSႁI ူၼSSCIUCS CCSS

AၼSၵၢႆ Cႆ ၵၢCSၼCS ၼMCS CCSSCCSCၢCSSCMCS CMCS CECS CECS S ႁI ူၼSS CIUCS CCSSCCSၼႆ

ၵၢႆ Cႆ Cႃ

CႃSCIUCS CCSSS ၸMCSၸIUCS

ၶEၵS ၶIUၵS CMၼSS EC

ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCS

CIူCSSCူ ၵူCS CCIူCSSCီSCSS Cႃ CMCS Cီ CူCSS4

CႃSEC ၵႃ CႆႁIUCSCCSEC CMၵS Eၸ CMႆS CUၵS CUၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS ၸIူCSSႁၢCS ၶIူCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCSSCIUၵS ၵIUCSSCႆ Cူ S CIူCS ႁI ူCSSၸၢၵS ၶCSSECႃSCUCS CUCS CၢCS CၢCS ၼIူCSၽICSၼCS ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSSၸၢႆS ၸECSCEၵS ၸECSCS ၾၢႆSႁI ူCSSCECSSCႃSCCSSၼCSS ၸUၵSSၼIူCSCIၼS ၶMၼSCECSS ACSCIၼSCECS ၶMၼSၼIူCS

ၵECS ၵMCS CMCS ACSCၢCS CၢCSSCၢCSS

ၼၼS EC ၾၢႆSႁI ူCSSၶCSCႃSS ACSCIUCSSၶMၼSၼIူCS CICSSၵMၼSSCၢႆCၢCS CၢCSSၼIူCSS 3 CူCMIAUSCUCMCSECာS CာCC 4 Mashal Tito, the President of Yugoslavia

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIUCSSCECS

ၶMၼSၼIူCS EC CၼSSCႆ S ၸၢCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCၢCS CၢCS Cႆ

CIူၼS

ၼCS CECSSCႃCSS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CSS ၶၢႆ CIၼSၽူSCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSACSCIၼSၾၢႆSႁI ူCSSCMCSEၵႃ ၶၢႆ ACSCIၼSၽူSAၼSၼIူCS CႃSEC ACSCႆ CၢCSSCူCS CၵSSCူCSSCIUCSCIUၼS ၼMCS Cႃ AS CIၼSၽူSၼၼS CူCS ၼIUCS ၶၢႆ Cီ S ၵCS ၽMCS CCS ၶUCSSACSၵူCS CS CS ၼCS EC CႃSCMၵS Cႆ ၼIူCSCIၼS ၽူS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ၽUၵS CMCS S CၢCS ၸIူCSSCCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ႁI ူၼSSၼIူCSCIၼS ၽူSCူ CCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸSCႆၸMCSSCMCS ႁI ူၼSSECS EC CူၼSႁႆ ၸIူCSS ၸၢCS ၶၢႆ AMCS Cီ Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၵၢႆ ႁI ူၼSSCူ

ၼIူCSCIၼSၽူSၶCSၼႆ

ECႃSCႃ ၶCSACS CUၵS ECႃၵၼSCCSS ႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECSၸIUCS CူၺS Cႆ AၼS CၵSSCIUCSCIUၼS ၼMCSၼၼS EC

ၶၢႆ CႃSၸECSႁI ူၼSSၸECSECS

ၵႃ Cႆ CၢCS Cီ S

ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ ႁI ူၼSSၶCSၼႆ ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ CၢCSSၼႃ CIူCSSCSEၵႃ Cႆ S ECႃ ECၶS ၶၢႆ CCSSCၢၼS ၼႆEၵႃ ACS ၸS ၵၢၼSCၢCS ၸSCCSS CၢၼS ၼSSၼMCS CီSCICSSၸECSSCၢၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵူၼSSၸMCSS CူCS CၼSS CၼSSၵႃ EC CMCSCၢၼS S ၶCS CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS Cီ ၵၢၼSECႃS ၽIUၼSCၢႆ CIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ ႁၢCS CီCီၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CႃS CIၼS CူCS Cၢႆ CၢႆCICSSၽIUၼSEC ႁI ူCSSECႃSၼၵSSAIUၵS ၵIUၵS CူCSၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A Cႆ Cႃ ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼS ၶူCSSCMၼS AၼSCီ Cီ ၼMCS ၼMCS ၶCS Cီ Cီ ECႃ CEၼS ၸSS ၼSၵၢCSCၢၼS Eၵ ႁI ူၼSSၼႆ ႁI ူCSSၵႃ ႁI ူCSSCႃSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS S AMၼSၵၼSၾၢႆS ႁI ူCSSEC ႁECSSၵၢၼSႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၾၢႆSႁI ူCSS ႁCSSၶCSEC ၵႃ ၶCS ACSSႁEၼSSS ၼၢCSSCICSSၶCS ACSၶူCSSၶMCSၶCSႁECSSAMၵS ၼၼS CၢCS ႁI ူCSS ၵႃ ၶၢႆCီ ၵၢCS ၵၢCSၼCS S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၶCSEၵႃ CCSSႁI ူCSSၶCS ACSCUCS ၵႃ CUCS CႃS CၢCSCူၺSSAၢCSSCႃSEၵႃ CSEၵႃ ECCMCS Cႃ ECႃSACS ၸS ၼSSၼCS ၼSSၼMCS Cီ CSEၵႃ ၶCSECACS ECႃCူ ECႃCCSSCႆ CCS ၼႆS ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCS ၵူၼSSCူ CCSS ၼIူCSACSAၺS ႁၢCSSCMႆ ၽUၵS CMCS ၵIၼSၼIူCS CIၼSၶCSၼၼS ၸူCS CၢၼSAၢCSSCႃSၶCSၼႆ CEၼSၼCS CEၼSၼMCS ႁၢႆSCႃ CူCS ၼႆ ၵMၺSSCCS S ***

209

210 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CၢႆSCႃSEC CၼSSECACS ၸၢCS AMၵS ၶၢCSS CၢCSSၸMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CCS ၼႆEC ၵIUCS ၵၢCS CူၵSSၸSၵႃ S ECႃ CECS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ Cႃ AMၵS EC CIူCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS EC CIူCSSAECS CီSၵSSS ECႃSCၼSSၸMCS CၢCSCCS ECCႆ ၶီ ႁI ူCSSCSCီၼႆၵMၼS S CၢCS EC ECCEၼS AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼႆCူ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၵႆ Cႆ ၵႃ CIူCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS S Cႆ CၢCSCူCS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC AUCS ၵUCSCူCS Cီ ၵၼS CMCS CူCSCၢႆ CEၼSSCIUၵSS CၢႆCၢႆCMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႃ CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCUၵS AMၼS EC CCSS Cႃ ၵူၸMႆ CၼS ၵၢၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼCS ၵႃ CEၼSCႆ ၼၼS EC CCS CMၵS CSEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၵIUCSSCူ Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS S ၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ ၼMၵS ECCIူCSSEၶ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၢCS ၽECSECCIူCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS ၽECSCIူCSSEၶ

ၽMCSSCၢCSSCIူCSSEၶ

CCSSCIူCSS

CၢၼS AUCS ၵUCSၵၼS Cႃ CၵSSCၼS CIUၼSCၼS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCMCC S ၢၼS CMCSCIူCSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSၼSS ၸUCSSCၵSSCၼS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ၵူCS CCSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSS CႆS CIူCSSEၶ

CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCႆ ၼၼS S CIူCS ECCႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECS

ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵSSCႆ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၸCS ACS ႁCSSၵႃ ၼႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ ၶS ၽECSၼSSCIူCSSEၶ ” “ၶCSAIUCSSCEၼS CIၼSCႆ AIူCS S ECႃSACS ၸS ၵူၼSSၸUCSS CၵSSCၼS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS Eၶ ၶCSECACS CၼSၶCS CIူCSSၶCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

EၼCMCS EၼCၢCSSCၼSSECCႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CUၵSSCႆ S “ၸCS Eၵႃ … CCSSCႆ ACS ၵႃ CူၺSS CCS ECႃSCႃ ACS Cႆ ၼႆ CIၵSSCIၵSS” Cူ ၸၼSCီ CၢCS Cႃ ECႃSCၼSSCႆ ၸMCSS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၼႆEC Eၶ ၶCSECACS ႁၢCS CီSၼCS ၵCS CူCSSၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS CMCSSCၼSS CMCS CECSCႃ ၵMCS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSၵူၼSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS Eၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼIူCS EC Eၶ ၶCSECACS CၼSၶၢCS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSၼႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵSSCႆ Cူ CIၵSSCIၵSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၵႃ Cႆ CMCSSCၼS CCS S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS ၼSSCIူၼSCီ CECS CS CၼSSၼIူCS S ၵႃSၶCSၶCSSCႃSၸMCSS ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCS CႃSၸူSCEၼS Cီ

ၸECS ACS CၼSSAMၵS S CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ

ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS ၸUCSSၾၢႆ AူၺSSCီၶCS ၸS CIUCSSၶူၼSCၢCSSၼႆ EC CူCS ၶူCSS ၼီ ၶူCSSCIUၵSSCၼS CCS CIUၵSSEၶ ၽIူၵS ၾၢႆ ၵMECSEၸ CMIAUCSၶCSS ၶCSCCSSCECSS CEၼSCီ AၼSၼICSCCSSCECS ၸMၵS CECS ၸECS Cႆ ၼၼS EC CူၼS ၶIUၼS CႃS CIUCS ၵူCS ၶၢႆ AၼSCEၼSCECSSCၢCSCCSSၼIူCSCၼSCMႆS ၵူၼSSCCS EA “CMCSS ” Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸၢCS Cႆ CS CS CEၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSၶၢCS Cီ ၵူCS ၶၢႆS Cီ CUCS ၵူCS ၶၢႆၼႆ

ၶၢCSၶCSCူ CCSSၵCS ၼCSS ၶၢCSၶCSၼႆ

CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ECႃCူ

CCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSၶၢCSၶCS ECႃECႃSၵႃ CူCSSCီCC E SၸMCSSACSS EC ၽEၼS CူၵS ၵၢCS ၶCS CCSSCECS CၢႆၸIူCS CၢႆCၢCS S Cီ CIူCS CCS EC CူCSCႃS ၶူၼSၸEၼSၶCS ACSCMႆSCIUၼSSCUၵS CUၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS CECS ႁၢCS Cႆ S ၼၢCSSCICSS ၶၢCSၶCSၼႆ CၢCS ၸECS Cႆ ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSS CCSSCၢႆ ၵMCS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ ၶCS ၵMၺSSACS ၸS S ၾၢႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSEၵႃ ၵႆ S ႁECSSႁႆ ႁECSSCူၼSEၵႃ CEၼSၶCSS ၵႃ ၵၢCS ၵႃ CႃSEၵႃ CEၼSၶCSS ECႃSၽIUၼSSCEၵSSၼCS Eၵႃ CEၼSၶCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS ၶၢCSၶCSEC ECႃၼCS CUၵSSCUၵSSEC CူၺSSၵူၼSSCICSSၶၢCSၶCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCူ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ECႃSCူၼS ၵူCS ၶၢႆEၵႃ

ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCMႆၸIူCSSCႃ Cႆ ACS Cႆ ၼၼS S

ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼS CူၼS CMၵS ၵMၼSS CူၼS CၢၵS EၶႃS CူၼS CၢၵS Eၵႃ ၵCS ၽMCS CEၼSၽUCSCEၼSၽUCSS ၽႃႁIၼSCCSCIUCSSCIUCSS CEၼSSAMၵS CIၼSCECSၸUCSS ႁUCSSCႆ CEၼSCMCS CEၼSCီ S CECS ECACS CီSၽUၼS CS ၶMၼS CီAီ CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶႆ EၼCႃ ၵMCS ၵူၼSS CIUၼS Cီ ၼႆ ၽၼSSCူCS CူၼS Cႆ S ၸUCS ၽCS Cႃ CIူCS EC ACS ၸၢCS ၵၢၼSSCSS ၽUၼS CS ၶMၼS CီCIၼSၽICSၼIူCSEC CMCS CႃSၸMCSSၼCS AူၼSၵႃ CူCSSCCS ၼႆS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSACSၶီ CူCSSၶီ ၵၢႆS CCSၶူၼSS CCSSၽIူCSSႁECS CIူCS ႁECS ႁECSSCEၼSၵMၼS CEၼSCၢCS EC CၢၵS CECS

211

212 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႆ ၸMCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CူၼSSCCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၵႃSCႃS CIူCSSEၶ ၸIူCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS Cႃ ႁႃၽIUၼSSၼၼS Cႆ ႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆEC ၸS CၢCSၽIUၼSSCCS ၼႆCႃ S Cႆ ၶCSSႁIUCS CECS ၸူCS CူCSSEၵႃ ACS ၽECSCူ Eၸ CEၼS CIၼS CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSEၶ S Cူ Eၸ ၼႆ

CECSSၶMCS ၼCS CီSႁICSSၾCS ႁICSS

ၼCS CၢCSS AၼSCၢCSS CၢၵS ၸECSSCICSSCၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CၼSSCႆ ၶIUCSSCIူCS ၶIUCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECCႆ CူၺSS ၾၢCSCECS AၼSECACS CIUCSSCႆ ECႃ ၸူCS CUCSSCၢၼSၼၼS S CၢႆCECS CႃCၼSS AၼSECCူၵSSACS ၸူCS ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၽၢႆ CၼSSCူၵSSၼၼS ႁၢCS CMၵS ၼIူCSၼCS CၢCSSCႆ S ၼCS CၢCSS CူCSCCSSEၵS CIူၼSCCSSၼCS CECSၼCS ၶCSS AၼSCီSၼIူCSCUCS ၾႃ CCSSCECS CMCS CႆCႆCူCSSCႃSS ၼူၵS CၢCSSACSCၢၵS CူCS CIၼSၽIUCS ၽIUCS Eၽႃ Eၽႃ Cႆ ၼIူCSၼCS EၵSCီၶCSSCူCSS

CECSACS ၶCS

ႁECSSAS ၵူၼSSCCSSCMCSၽၢၵS CMCS

ၾCS ၼCS CၢCSS CIၼSSCMCS ၸMCSSS ၽUCSၼူၵS CၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ CIၼSၾၢႆ ၽၢႆ CS ၽၢႆ ၼIူCSCၢႆၼCS S CIူၼSႁၢCS ၶCSCCSSCCSSCႆ ECCူ ၽၢၵS CIူCSSCႆS ႁIUCS ၽၢၵS CIူCSSEၶ S ၼႃ Cႆ ၶCS CIူCSSEၶ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၢၼSSAMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၼ CUCS CIူCSSCႆSၽၢႆ ACS CUCSSCUCSSၼၼS S CECS CၼSSၼIူCS CIUCS ၶCSSၵႃ CECSSၼCS ၶCSS AၼSECၵႆCMၵS CၢCSSCၵSSၼၼS S CUCS CၢCSSၼႆ CEၼSAMCS Cီ CIၼSCီCီSၶMၼS S ႁI ူၼSSCS ႁI ူၼSSCူCS CCS CECSCႆ EC CၢၵS CီSCီCEၼSS ႁICSS CၢCSSEၵႃ CီSၼCS ECႃ AUCS CCSSၼCSS ၸMCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSS Cႆ ႁၼS CUၵS AMၼS ၵECS ၶMCS CMCSACS

Cူ CS CီSCၼS Cီၼႃ ၼၼS

AEၼS Cူ CူၼS

CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ AMၼSၵၼSၵႃ ၶCS ၵၢCS Eၸ CၢၼS CCSSECႃ CCSS CECSCCSSCႆS ၵၢCS ၼႆ CEၼSႁႃ CၼSSၼIူCS ၵၢCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵIUCSSၵႃSCၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACSCီSၶCSSCၢႆႁၢႆSၵၢၼS Cႃ ၶCS Eၸ CၢၼS S ACS ၶS ၵIUCSSCၼSECCႃ ၵႃ Cႆ ၸMCSSၸSECSCၼSSS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၢCS Eၸ CၢၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMႆSMၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ ၵCSSCECSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ၼIူCS ACSAၺS ႁၢCSSCMႆEC CCSS ၶူCSSၶMCSၵူ ၸIူCS ၵူ CၢCS EC CCSS

CၢCSSၵIၼSၸIူCSSAၢႆ ACSႁIUၼS ႁIUၼSSEC CCS

CECSCႆ ၼSS

ၵၢCS ႁႃ CၼSSၼႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CIUCS ၼCS ၼူCSS CူCS AၼSၸၢCS Cႆ Cီ ၵၢCS ၼႆ ၵMၺSSS ACSၼCS ၼူCSS ႁECSSAS CEၼSၶႆၼCS ၼူCSSS ACSCႆ ၵEၼSAS CEၼSၶECSSCEၼSၽၢCSCCS

CၢၵS ၼSSCECS

AS ႁECS Eၶႃ

ECႃ S CၢႆSCၢCSSၼႆ CEၼSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS ECႃ ACSCႃSCIUCSCUCS CၢCSSS Cီ CIူCSSCၼSSAMၵS ၼႆ

CၢCSSCMႆSၶCS A ECႃCၢႆSၸS CIUCSSၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSS ၶEၼS

CMၼSS CIူCSCIူၼS S ၼCS CECS ၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSၶူCS ၼႆ ၶS CူCS ၶS CၢၼSၸECSSCႆ S CီၵIၼSEC EC S Aၢႆ ၼCS ၼူCSSCူCSၶူCS ECႃSၸMCS ၸECS ၵႃ ၼSSၵၢCS ၵူ Cီ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ

“ၸူCS ၽECSEၸ CၢၼS ၼႆ

ႁCSSၶS AS

CူႁၼS AႆSၵCS CECSSၼၢCSSCMၼSSAIူCS S CEၼSCီ CECSSEႁႃCECSCIူCSSCUCS ၵEၼS CႆS CIူCS ၸူCS CၢၵS CICSSCၢCSၼၼS ”S CEၼSCUCSSCEၼSၶIူCSSECACS ၵႃS

EၵႃCႆ CူၵS Cႆ CၢCSS

CCS ACS Cႆ

ECCႃ ၶူSCECSSEၸ CၢၼS ၼႆ CIUၵS CၢCS ၸECS ႁၼSCီCူ S ၾၢႆ ၶူၼS ၶႃ CIUၼSSၵCS ၶCS Cႆ Cႆ CႃSၶUCSSCူၺSSECCMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCူၼSၸSၶCSEC CႃSCီ CႃSၽECS Cႆ AႆSၶူSCECSSၵCS ၽMCS EC Cႃ AၢCS ၼCS ၼၼS Cူ S CIူCS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၽECSၵႃ ၼၼS CီSၵူၼSSCူCSၼSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CIUၵS ACSၽႃ Cီ CUCSSၽECS ၶIူCSS Cူ S

ၵူၼSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS

EၼႁUၼS ႁၢCS ႁIၼS

ၽီCIUCSSၶECS ၶECS S CEၼSၶူCSSၵCS AၼSCၼSS EC ၵူၼSSCၼSS ၶUCSSႁၼSCႆ ၼၼS S CူၺSSႁၢCS CၼSSEၵႃ CECS ACSၵUCS ACSCUၼSၵMCS ၶူCSSၵCS AၼSၼႆ ၼႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸUၵSSၼIူCSCEၼS EC CူၼS Cႃ CIUCS CၢCSSCႃ ECEၵႃ CCS CECSSCူCSCUၵS ၼIူCS Cီ ၼႆ ႁၢCS EA Cႆ ၼႆS ၼCS CၢCSSCူCS AၼSCၢႆ CECS ႁI ူCS CၢCS Cႆ CၢCSSCS ၶူSCECSSၼၼS CႆCူCSS ၶူCSSၶူၺS ၵႃ CၢCSSCၼSS CူၵSSEC EၽၼCS CၼS Cႃ ၵူၼSS EC CIၼSCူ S CIူCS CIUCSၼCS ၶCSS CECSSCEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCႆSCIူCSSၶၢCS CICSSၸCSS ၵၼSၼၼS ၶCS CECS CူၺSS ACSSCႃ ၵူ CMCSCၢၵS AၼSCMၵS CS Eၵႃ CၼS

213

214 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CီSၵCECS

ၵၢၼSSCMCSCႆ ၼၼS S CIူCS Cူ Cီ AECSCီSၵSSEC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS CူCCS “ၶူSECႃCႃCIူCSSCၢၼS ” AၼSCMၵS CS CီSၵCECS CECS ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁCS ႁၼS CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS ၼႆ CEၼS CMၵS CS CICS ၸS

AECSSCIူCS

CIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆS ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUCS ၵIUCSSၵၼSCCSS CMၵS CS

CီSၵCECS Cႆ ၸECSCIူCS CSCCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCူၺS ၼICS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS CူCSSႁၼS CီSၵCECS EC EC S ECႃSႁၼSEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၶႆ Eၼ EC CIUCS ၾၢႆ ၵIူCS CUၵS ၸIူCSSCူCSSႁEၼSSCီ CၢCSၽIUၵSS CီSၵCECS ၶCSၵႃ ၼၼS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၵCS ၶEၼS Cီ ACSSၵIူCS CUၵS Cီ ECႃ ၵႃ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ ၼSSCၢCSSACSSCႃ AၼSCEၼSႁၢCS CECSEC CCSS CMCSႁၢCS EC CCS ႁၢCS ACS CIူၼSCIူၼS S CEၵS CIူCS Cႆ S ACS ၸS CၢၵS AUCS S ACSCၢၵS ႁIၼSCူၼSSCUCS CUCS

ၼSSၼCS CၢCSSEC Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ S AၼSCUCSSEC CCS

ASCECSSEC CCSS ၾၵSSCူEC CCS CIူၼSCCSSCICSACSCႃSCီ ႁI ူၼSSCၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS CIူCSSAICS ၵCၼS S CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS ၸူCSSၸူCSSCIူCSSCIူCSS ႁCS CMၼS ၸUCSSၶCSၵႃ EၼCၢCSSၼSSACSSCႃS ၶူCSSၶIူCS ၸS CIUCSSၼSSACS ၽႃ CCSSၼၼS ECႃ EC CEၼSၸIူCSSACS CီSACS CEၼSၼၼS ၵMၺSSECCႃ CUၵS CၢCS Cႆ ECႃSCIူCS Cႆ Cႆ S ၼSSACS ၽႃ CCSSၼႆ Cႆ ၽႃ CCSSCၼS ၵူၼSSEၶႃSCMCSS EC ၵူၼSSCEၼS CူCSCIူCS ၶCS AၢၼS ACSႁECSEၵႃ CCS CCS S CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS ၽႃ CCSSEC ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS

ၵCS ၾၢႆ

ၸMCS CၢၼS CူCS CIူCSSS ၵူၼSSCီ ၼႃ

CECS ၽၢႆ ၸSCS AS CၼSSၽႃ CCSSCၼSၶCSEC ၼSSACSSCႃEၵႃ ၵူၼSSCEၼS Cီ ၸCSCီ ၵႆ CECSCႆ Cႃ EC S ၵၢၼSCူCSCMၼS ၾၢႆ CUCSSCႃSၵူၼSSCEၼSၼႆEၵႃ ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ၼႃ S ၼၢCSSCICSS ၶၢCSS CၢCSSS CႆS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSSCႆ ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACS CၢႆSCUCSSCႃSၵူၼSSCEၼS AၼSCီCီ CUCSS ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S 5 Burma Surgeon 6 Dr. Albert Schweitzer (1875‐1965) ၶူSECႃCႃၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵMႃ Cၼီ S ၵႃ CူCSS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCEၼSCီ CIူCSSAႃSၾCီSၵSSၸၢၼSSEC ၽIူၺSEၽ Cႃ Cၼႃ ၶCICS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ACSCMၵS CS CီSၵCECS AၵS Cႆ CCSSACSCCS S CၼSSၶႆ ၶIူCSSCMCS CၼSSCႆ Eၵႃ CCS ACSSCႃCCSၼႆ ၸECSCIူCS Cီ CICSSCီ CIူCSSၼၼS S CၼSSECACS CMႆ ၾႃ ACSSCႃၼIူCSCၼSCMႆၼႆ EC ECACS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CSCCS ၼႆCႃ S “ACSSCႃၼIူCSACSAၺS ႁၢCSSCMႆ”7 AၼSCႃ ၼၼS

CEၼSCCS CMၵS CS

CီSၵCECS CECS CCS Cီ CၢCSS ECႃSCႃ Cႆ CူCSၵMCSၵၢCSCႃSၼႆ ၶၢၵS Eၵႃ CၢCS ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CCSၼIူCS CCS CCSၼIူCS S ၵူၼSSCEၼSၶS CႃSCၢႆEၵႃ

CIူCS CECSၵၼS

Eၵႃ ACS CCS CMႆ CIူCSSECEၵႃ CCS S CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCSSCႃSၼၼS CCSSCူၼS CEၼS ၸIUCSCႃ ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSEၵႃ ၼႆ ACS ၸၢCS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS ၼIူCSACSSCႃCCSၼႆ ၽSECCႃSCUCS CEၼSSCႆ AMCS Cီ ၼႆ CIူၼSၼCS CၼSSၼႆCCS S ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ ၾၢCS CEၼS CIUCSSၶူSECႃCႃCူCS ၼႆ Cူ Cူ CၼS CIၼSSCIၼSS CEၼSၵCSSCEၼSၵCSSS CၢCSSၶCS ၼၼS EC Cႆ CIူCSSၼMၼSS ACSSCIUCS CCSS ၶMCSACS ၵၢၼS ၾၢႆ Eၵႃ CၢCS ၶCS Cီ Cူ Eၸ S ACS CီSACSSႁECSSCCSS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSCီ Eၵႃ ၼႃ A CႃႁCSSEC CႃSၸူSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CၢCS Cႃ ၼCS CၼSSCIူCS ၵႃS ၵIUCSS AICSSAMCSSၵMၺSSCCS S ၼSSCူ Eၸ ၼCS ၶCSS AၼS ႁႃ ၼCS CၼSSCIူCS ၵႃS Cီ CSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSECCီ ၼႆCႃ S ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS ၸICS ၼႃ Eၵႃ CီSCူCS CူCSSCႃႁၼSၼCSECCIူၼS CၢCS Cႃ ၵႃ CEၼSႁၢၼS CEၼSCႃS ၸIူCSSၶၢႆၼCS CၼSSCIူCS ၵႃS ၼSSCUCS CၢCSS CၢCSၸMCS ၸECS CူCSSCCS Cႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႆ A CIၼSS ၶၢCS CၢCSSCီCႃ

Cီ CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS EC

CIူCS ၵႃS AၼSCICSSCႆ ၼႆCႃ S CIူCS ၽUၵS CCS

ၵႆ CီSၼCS CၼSS

Cႆ ၶEၼSSၵၼSCႆ CCSS ၸMCS

CIUၵSSCူCS ၾၢႆ CIူCSSEၶ ၶCSS ၼMၵS EC ECၵႃ CMၼSSCၢCSSၵူၸMႆ Cီ CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS ACS CီSCၢႆSCၢCSSCECS CCS EC ၶIUၼSSၸS ၵႃSCCSSCီ CCSS CIူCSS ၼCS ၶCSSၶIUၼSSS CMၵS CS CီSၵCECS CECS CၼSၼCS CၼSSCIူCS ၵႃS AၼSCၼSS CICSSCႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CS CူCSCIUၼSSၵMCSၵၢCSCCSSၼCS Cႃ ACSS Cႃ S CECS CၼSSၼIူCS ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၵႃ CၢCS CၢႆS ႁIUCS ၵICS ၶIူၵS S 7 Hospital in the Hills

215

216 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CEၼSCECSSAMၼS CICSSၸCSSၵၼSCCSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSEၶ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၵူၼSSၼSSၸUCSSCၵSSCၼS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CECS CၢCSEၵႃ ECၵႃ ACS ၵူၼSSCူCSၾၢႆ Eၶ Cီ ၼၼS S ၼSSၵၢCSCECSSCၢCS CၢႆSၼႆ Cႆ CUၵS Cႃ CECSCႆ EC ECႃ EC CီS CCSႁI ူၼSSAICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSSS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCICSSCီ Cီ ၼၼS EC ၵႃSCူCSၸIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ ၶူCSSၼီ ၶူCSSCIUၵSS EC ၶCS ၼCS CၢCSSၵIၼS CCSSၼCSCCSSCၢႆၼၼS CႆၶူၼSCၢCSS CူCSၼႆ CCS

CCSSၽၢၼS CၢCS CၢႆSEC Cႆ CူCS CIUCSCIူCSSEၶ CႃSS CIူCS

ၼၼS CၢCS CEၼSAMCS Cီ CCS CMCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCUCS ၾႃ CႃSECCႃ CIူCS CECSEC ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူၼS CCSSCၼSSECAICSSCCS S CၢCSSၶCS CၢCSSAMၵS CIူCSSEၵႃ AIUCSSCႆ CီSCICSSCီ CၢႆCCS S CူCSCIUၼSSၶCS Eၵႃ ACS CီSECAICSS EC ACS ၸၢ CS Eၵႃ CၢCS CၢCS CၢႆS AS CီAS CEၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ACS ႁၼS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSECႁECSSၵၢၼSၸMCSSCၼSSCၢCSEၵႃ Cီ ႁၢၼS ၶCS CMႆS CၢCS CၢႆSS Eၵႃ ၼUCS ၶူCSSCUၺS Eၶ CMCSEၵႃ ၼၼS EC ၵူCS ၵIၼSၶCS CMႆS ECႃS CၢၼS ACS CၢCS ၵIၼSECCMၵS ၼၼS CCS S ၼၢCSSCICSSၶၢႆၶCS CMႆS ၶႆ EၼCCSSၵၢCSSCႆS “ECႃSၶCSCႃS CEၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ Cႃ EC CCS S AIUCSSCႆ EC EC S ၶCS ECႁIUCSၵႃ CီSCူCSS ၸIူCSSCူ Eၵႃ CCS CူၺSSCႆ ၼCS ၵCS ” ၼၢCSSCICSS ၶၢႆၶCS CMႆSၼၼS ACSၶCS CMႆSCMCSCၢၼS CCSSCၼSCECS ၵူၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CCS CS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCS CႃSACS ႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ ႁၢၼS ၶCS CMႆSၼၼS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ AMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸCS ACSၵႃSၶCS AMၼSၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၵႃ ၸူSၼCS CၢCSS AၼSၶၼS CIူCSSEၶ CIူCSS CၢၼS S CIူCS ၽECSၸCSCCSSၶူCSAMၼS ၼၼS ၸCS Cႆ ႁၼS CၼSS CECS 8 CECSSAMၼS ၾၢၵS Eၶ CUၼS CီSCႆ CCSႁI ူၼSSၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS ၽMCS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCီ Eၵႃ

CCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CႆCႃSၼIူCSၶူCSS AS ECႃS ၽECSၵၢCS

8 Wanding

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶူCSၼၼS

Cႆ CႆCMၵS CၢCSCICSSCCSSS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼS CIူCSSCၢၼS

CUCSSCIူၵS Cီ ၼၼS EC Cႆ ၸUၵSSCS Cူ Cီ ၼၼS S CီSCUၵS CIUၵSSEၶ CMCS Eၵႃ ACSၵMCS CၢCSSCႃCီCႃCCS EC CႆCႃSၸူSCီ ၶCSၸUၵSSCS Cူ ၼၼS S ၸECS CIူCS 1950 Eၶ ႁၢCS CCS Cႃ ၶCS AMၵS CIူCSSEC AIUCSSၶူCSၼႆ CECS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS CၢCS ECႃ CIUၵSSEၶ CCSSၵၢCSSEၶ S CIUၵSSEၶ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Eၵႃ

ၶIUၼSSCIူCSSၵႃ CၢCSSACSၶူCSCUၼS S Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC

CIUCS Eႁ CၢCSS

Cႆ S CIူCS ၸCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ CIူၼS ECႁCS CMၼS CီCၢCSS EC ၼႆ S ၼSSၸSCCSSCCSSCႃSCႃ ၵMCS CIူCS CၼSSၸMCSSCႃSEC Eၶ ၶCSႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆႁIUCSS CIUCSECၸMCSSCႃSၼႆ

ၽICSSCCS ႁIUCS ၼႆCCS S ႁIUCSCECS CICSSCီ

ၼICS CီSၵူၼSSၸၢႆS CICSSEၵႃ Cၢႆ AMၵS CႆCႃSၼIူCSၶူCSS Cီ ၶCSEC ACS CႃS ၵMCS ၵၢCS CCSCႃSS ACSၼႃ ၶCS CၵS CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CၢCS CCSSၵၢCSS CၢၼS Cႃ “ၸMCSSၶႃ CႃSEC S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS CS Cႃ Cႆ Cူ EAႃ ” ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CECSCူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၼSSၸSCၼSS ECCၢCS CIူCSCႆ S CCS Cႆ ႁၼSCEၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS ၼUCS ၶူCSSCၢၼS S CECS CCS ACS CIူCSSၸMCSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS ၶCSၵႃ S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSCီ9 ႁCS CMၼS ၸUCSSၶCS Cီ ACS CUCSS AၼSၵECS CIူCSႁI ူCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၼMၵS EC ၽIူၼSCUၵS ၼIူCS CီSၶECSSႁၢCS

CၢCSၸIူCSCူCSS

CCS ၼCS AၵSSCUၵS S

AၼSၽEၼSCႆ Cီ ၽႃS CIUၵSSႁၢၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

ACSCIUCS ၶူCS AၼSCႃSAၢႆ CMၵS ၶCS CEၵS CႃSCCSSCၼSS CIူCS ၼၼS ၸMCSCIUၵSS CူCSCီ ၸCS AS ၵူၼSSECၵၢCSS CၢCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCSS Cႆ A

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIူCSSၼIူCS EC ၸCS

CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS AၼSCEၼSCIူCSSCူ ၵၢCS CူCSၸSCူCSEၶႃSCၼSSၵႃ EC ၸCS ႁCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႃ ၸMCSSCIူCSSEC ၾၢႆ CူၺSSၼSSCIူCSSEၶ S Cႆ ၾၢႆ EC ၼSSCIူCSSEၶ ၼႆ

CEၼSCူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼS

9 General Li 10 Mao Zedong, ACSCCS Cႃ Cီ ၶMCS CICS ၼICS CIူCSSEၶ

AၼSACS

217

218 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIUCSSCႆ ECႃ ၸူCS CUCSSCၢၼSCCS S ႁၼSၶူၼSCၢCSS EC ႁI ူၼSSၶCSၼႆ ၶECS Eၵႃ ၶECS CူCSSEၵႃ CူCSSCSCီၼႃ S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSCီ ၸီ Eၼ ႁI ူၼSSCMၵSSAMၼS CUCSSCEၵSSCCSSCၢႆၼၼS CCS ACSၵUCS ACSCUၼSEC CၢCS Cႃ S “ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSACSSCCSS AၼSၵူၼSSၸၢႆSႁCSSၶCS Cူ CCSSCCS ” ECႃ CIUCSၸCS ၼႆ Cႆ Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSSECEၵႃ S CႆCူCSSCႃSCECS Cီ CၢၵS CႃCCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSၸီ Eၼ ACSSCCSSၵူၼSSCICSSၶCSS AMၼSၵၼSၶCS CူၺSSCၢCSSၼSSS CEၼSCIUၼS CIၼSCUၼSS CCSSၽECS AS CူCSSCSCႆ S CီSၵူ CCSS ၼCS CMCSCECSSS ၵူ ၵူ CUၵS ACSၽႃ ၽIUၼSၼIူCS ACS Cႆ ၵၼSCECS S ACSSCCSS ၼႆ CCSSၶS CIူၼS ACSSCCSSAၼSCS CၢCSSCၢCSSCူCSCCSၼIူCS AၼSၵူၼSSCႆ CၢCS CႃSCူ ECCMၵS ၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS Cႃ ACS CၢCSCCSၼႆ CီECCIူၼS ၼႆCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A CUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSSၶCSCSီ CSS

ၵူၼSSECၽECSCႃS Cီ ACSSCCSS ၶၢCSSCSS Cႆ ႁၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CၢၼS CICSSCMCSCICSSCၢCSၶူCS S CUၵS AMၼS ၸၢႆSCICSS ECႃSECSၵၼSCႆ S ၵMCS CIူCS ၶCSၼUCS CIူCS CီCMCS ၸCS ၶEၼSCၢCSSCႆ ၵူ Eၵႃ EC Eၵႃ CSCEၼSၸၢႆS Eၵႃ CSCEၼSCICSSၼႆ ၸEၵS EၽCၢCS S CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSAUCS CူၺSS ၵႃSCIUၵSS AၼS CၢႆSCIူၼSၵႃSၸICS ၼၼS EC ၶူCSCူ ၶIၵSSၶIၵSSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSCီ ၵႃ CၢCS ၵၢCSS ECႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CCS Eၵႃ CCSSCECSSEၼ ၸUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS Cႃ ၸIူCS ၼႆS “CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCIUCS Cႆ ၵCSSၼIူCS EAႃ S ၵCSSၼIူCS ၶCSECCႆ ၵႃ ၶCS ACSSႁEၼSSCCS ” CIူCS ၼၼS CUၵS ၼSSACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ AၼSECCEၼSACSSႁEၼSSၼၼS CီS ၵူၼSSCICSSၸUCSSၼIူCS ၸIူCSSၼUCS ၵူၼSCီCMCS ၸCS EC CIူCS “CၢCS”11 ၼၼS AMၵS CႃSACS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CIူCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၵMCSCCSၸUCSSၶEၵS CIူCSSEC ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSACSSႁEၼSSၼၼS

Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSၶCSCၢCSSCCSၼၼS

11 CIူCS ၶူCSSAၼS CၢCSၸIူCSCူCSS ၶCSAMၼSၼUCS ၼၼS S

ACS CECS Cႆ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CMႆ AႆSၵူၼS Aႃ CEၵS Cႆ S ECႃSၶCSCႆCၢCSSၵႃ ၼၼS CၢCS ၵCSSCၢCS ၵCSS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵUCS ၵူၼS ၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS CIူၼS ၵၼS Cႆ ၸSၶS A CၼSS CCS S “ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSၶႃ … Cီ ၵူၼSၶCSCၢCSSCCSၼၼS ၵMCS CCS ACS CECS Cႆ ၶႃ Cႃ ” “EAႃ … ECႃSCMႆ Cႆ Eၵႃ Cၢႆ ၸSCIူCS ၽၢႆ CIူCS EC ၼၼS ၼႃ S ၸီ CCS Cႆ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS ECႃSၶCSၶS ၵႃ ၽၢႆ AS ၶCSၵႃ ၽၢႆ ၼSSCူCS ၼႃS CၢCSS CCSACSSCCSSၶCSS Aီ CCSEၵႃ ACS CECS Cၢႆ CCS S ၵၢၼSEၵႃ ACS CUCS S ၽUၼS CS Eၵႃ Cႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ ၵၼS ၵCSSၼIူCS CCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCSCႃ “CIူCS CSၸCS ၶCSECCႆ CIူCSSCူ ၸMCSS Aူ EC ၶCS” “ACS CCS CIူCSSCCS S Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSCူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSၶCSS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၵMၺSS CူCSCMၼSCၼSCၢႆSA ECႃ” “ECႃSၼၼS ႁIUCSၵႃ CီSၸူCS CၢၼSCUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSSၽSCၼSSCCS Cႃ ” “ACS CီSS ႁႃSECႃSCႆ Eၼ ACSSCCSS ၵူၼSS ၸၢႆS ၵူၼSSCICSS ၸEၵS ၵၼSCႆ EၶႃEၶႃၼၼS ACS ၸS ႁႃ S ႁCSSၶCSSၶIUCSCၼS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS EC AMCS Cီ Cႃ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆS EC ၵူၼSSCICSSၶCS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼS CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSS CEၼSၵူCS CEၼSၵူ ၼၼS Cူ EC ” CူၺSSႁၢCS CၼSSEၵႃ CECS CCS ၼႃ S CCS Eၵႃ CၼSSCIUCS CၢCS S “ၼႆ CEၼS CၢၼS ၽUCS CUၼS ACS ၵၼSAIူCS S A Cူ ACS ၸS Eၼ S Cႃ ECCူ CCSSCီ ၼႆ

ႁCSSCႆ ACS ၵူၼSS

CၢCSSၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS CUၼS CႃS

AIူCS S ၵူၼSSႁCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCီ CIူၵS ႁႆ CMၵSSၼႃS CCSS ACSSCၢၼSS ႁUCSၶႃCMၼS CEၵSSၼၼS AIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCSS

219

220 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ၵူၼSSCIUၼS Cီ ၶCSCCS ၵႃ CSCCS CူCSS” “ၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS

ACS ၶS ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSSႁCSSS CၢCS ၸIူCSSၶၢCS

ၼCS Cၢႆ ၶCS CIူCSSCူၸCS ၵႃ CCS EC S ၸIူCSSၵIUCSSCူ Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၽECS ႁၢႆ CECS EႁCCS AIူCS S ႁECSSၼႆၸCS CီCCS Cႃ S ACS Cႃ ၼၼSႁႃ S ႁCSSၶႃ EC

ACSၵUCS ACSCUၼS ၼIူCSၵၢၼSEၵႃ CCS

ၶူCSSၵၢCSႁECSSCၢၼSSႁCSSၶႃ Cူ

EC CCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ACS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSCECS CCS S ၵူၼSSCၢCS

Eၵႃ ၸIူCSSၸMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CၢCS ၸMCSSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A ၼႃ A CႃCႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSA Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁၢၼS ၸSS ၸSCCSCႆ ၼႆCCS S CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CIူCS Cႆ CIၼSSEၶႃ ၵၢCSS “ၽECS ႁၢႆCECS ”ၼၼS CၼSSCူၵSSၸSၵႃ EC S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵIUCS ၵၢCS ၶUၵSS ၸSCႆ ၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CူCS12 AၼSCၢCS CEၼSၼSSCIူCSSၶCS EC CIူCSSႁICSSACSSၶCSS CIူCS ၶCSCIUCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECS ႁEၼSSၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼS ႁECSSCၢၼSS ၸIူCSSCUၵS Cီ CူၼSႁႆ Cီ ၼIူCS ၼႃ ၶCSEC

ၶၢႆ CႆCူၼSႁႆ CECS Cီ ၼIူCS Cူ ၼၼS S ACS

CIUCS ၼူၵS CICS ECၸီ CCS

ၵႃ ၼႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS Cူ S CIူၼSၵၼS

CCSSၵူၼSSၼUCS ၾၢႆ ႁICS CCS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSCႃS CIူCS Eၵႃ CEၵS ၼၼS EC CCS S CEၵS CIူCS ၵၼS Cီ ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ EC ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၵူၼSSၵMၺSSS CၢCSSၸSႁIUၼS ႁၢCS EC CIူၼSၵၼSၼႃ S CIUၼSSCUCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS AMၼSၶCSၵႃ Cီ ႁၢၼS ၶၢႆၶူCSSၵူ CၢCS ၼSSCၢၼS ၽUCS CUၼS ACS ၵၼSၶCSၼၼS EC CၢCS Cႃ

ECႃSၶS CIUCS ၶူCSSၶCS

ECၶၢႆCၼSCCSSEၸ CူCSCၢၼS CၼSCူ ၼႆCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CီSၶူCSSၶMCSAICSS

AICSSAMCSSAMCSSၵMၺSSS ၽႃ Cၢႆ CCS EၶႃSၵCS ၽMCS S AECS ၼCSCူCS AၼS CႃSCၢCS ႁၢCS CီS ၵEၼSၽEၼS CၼS CၢCSCီ ၵEၼSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢၼSS CIUCS ECAၼSAၼSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CECS CၢCS CCSS ၵၢCSSACSS ၵICS S 12 ၶS CၢႆCIUCS CMCS ႁICS CCS (Hitler) ၵၢCS ၽECS ၶႃ Cၢႆ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၸICSS (Jews) AၵSSCၢၼS CIူCS ၶၢCSS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“Cႃ CIUCS ၼႃS Cႃ CIူCSSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CူCSCIူCSSၼIူCS ၼႆ ႁCSSACS ၶS CECS CူCSCၼSECCEၵS ” ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ACSၵၢCSSS ၸSAၼSၶS CIUCS Cီ CၢႆCMCSS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSCၢCS ၽECSCIူCSSEၶ

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS

Cႆ S CၢႆSCႃS CMCS Cႆ ၵႃ ၽECSCIူCSSEၶ ၼၼS

ႁECSSႁIUCSCIူၼS Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၶႆ EၼCIူၼS CIူCS CSEၵႃ

Cႆ ၼECSၸSၶIUၼSS ၵMCS ACS ACSၵၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CIUCS ၶူCSSCၢႆCMCSSCႃS ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၸSACS Cီ ၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCSCIUCS ၶူCSSCီ Cၢႆ CMCSSS ၵMCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ACSCူၺSSၶူCSSၼၼS ECCMၵS CCS S

Cီ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIUCS ၶူCSSECAၼSAၼSEC CUၵS EၼၵၢCSၸS CMCS Cႃ

ACS Cူ ၸS CၵSSCIူCSEၶ ၶCS ၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSSCECSၼIူCSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS

ၼၼS S *** CူၺSSၸMCSSၶႆ ႁႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CႃSႁၼSၼIူCSၸၢၼSSၸCS CEၼSCူၺS ၸSS “Aီ CCSCႃ CူၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵIူCSS ECCႆ CIၼSSၶၢCS Cီ ECAၼSAၼSႁIUCSၼႆ CၢCSCူၺSSCူၺSSS “CUၵS CီႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ CMႆSCၼSSၵIူCS ၵICS ၼCီ ၶႃ CCS CူCSS” CူၺSSEၵႃ CMCSA Cႃ CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၸCS

CၼSSAၼSCီၸSCUၵS CၢၵS ၼႃ ၼႆ

CၢCS

ၸCS EC ၶCS ECCႃSၸS Cႃ AUCS CၢCS

ၼႆCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶMၼSSACSEC CMCS CECSCႃ S “ၵCS ၵMၼS EC S CIUၵS ၵႆCူ ” CူၺSSEၵႃ CIUCSCၢCS S “CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ CၢCS ၵIူCSS Cႃ ECCႆ ႁECSSCၼSSၵIူCS CူၼS CၢCS ၶူCS CၼSSEC EC EAႃ S ၵCS ၼSSၸSCၼSS ECACS CီCCS ”

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222 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “AIUCSS … AၼSCူၺSSCၢCS Eၵႃ ၸS Cူ Cႆ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECSCIUCS CူCSၼCS CIUCS CIUCS EC ၵMCS ၵႆ Cႆ S “ACS ၶS AS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS A ႁၼSၵECS ၶMCS ၸMCSS ၵၢၼSCUၵS CၢၵS CူCSၸIူCSSၼႆ S CMႆSၼႆ ECႁECSSAS CီCီAIူCS ” EC CICSSCMCSEၵႃ

CUCS ACS CCSSCၢCSS ၶCSSCၢႆႁၢႆSၵၢၼS ACSCMႆ

Cႃ CၼSSၵIူCS AၼSၾICS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS CCSS ၾICS CႆS ECႃSECSၶူၼSS ၶCSSၵၼSCႆ ၼၼS CCS S

ၶIUၼSSၶူၼS ၶႆ CMCS CၼSSၵIူCS

AၼSၸCSSႁECSS

CူၼS CႃS Cီ ၵၢႆCီ AMၼSၼၼS S Cႃ CMႆSCၼSSၵIူCS ၾICS ၶIူCSS ECCီCMၼSSCႃS ၼၼS ECႁECSSႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ ၶႃCႆ AUCS ၵUCSၵၼSS ၵMCS CIူCS

Cႆ ၶူCSSCMၼS CCSSၼCS

AၼSEႁႃ Cႆ ၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS EC

Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CCSS ၵICS ၼCီ EC CUၵS ၸSCMႆSCၼSSၵIူCS ၾICS CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSS CCS ECCီS ၶCS CUၼSSၶEၵS CCSSCEၼSSCၢႆCူၼS ၵMၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cႆ CၼS

ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ၸMCSSၾICS CႆSAICSSAICSSS ECႃSACSၾC I S CႆSCႃ ၸCS CၼSS ၵIူCS ACS Cႆ ၶူCSSCMၼS S ၸCS CၼSSၵIူCS ၵMၺSSCႆ CMၼS CၼS ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS CMႆSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CS ၾICS ၼၼS CႃSCႃ EC S ECႃSCIUCSCၼSSၵIူCS CUၵS CICSSCၼSS Eၵႃ CSEၵႃ Cီ ACS ACSCUၵS AMၼS

ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS

ၼSSEႁႃS AS CUၵS AMၼS ၸၢႆSCICSSၶCS ၶCS CႆၵၼS ၶCS CႃSၼSSACS ၵၢCSEႁႃS CMCS ၶECSSCIၼSCႆ ၽSၽSEၵႃ

CၢCSSၼMၵS EႁႃS Cႆ ၼCS ၼIူCSCၢၼSSCIူCSSS ၵMCS CIူCS

ACS Cူ ၵႆ Cႆ ၶCS CႃSၼSSEႁႃEC

ၵူCSCECSCႆ EC ၽSEၵႃ ACS

ႁCSSCၢCS ၵၢCSSECEၶႃ S CIူၼSCCSS ၼူAMၼS ၶCS ၼSSၵMCSSMၽ ႃSEC Cူ ၼICS ၼICSCႆ S CIUCSCၢCSSCႃS ၸCS CၼSSၵIူCS EC CCSS EC ၶCSEC CCS ACSCူၵS ACSEႁႃ AၼSCႃS ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ S CၢCSSCEၼS S CၢၵS AူCS CMၼS CၼS ၶEၵS CUၵS AMၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEၵႃ

ACSCIUCSSCEၵS CEၵS AMၼS

ၶCS CICSSEႁႃ ၶူCSSCMၼS ၵEၼS ၵEၼS S ၽIူCS CECS ၶCS CUၼSSၶEၵS S ၼCS CူCS ၼCS CၢၼSၼၼS EC

ၸSၵူCSၸSCECSၶCSႁၢႆCICSSS

CECSၶCSECႃSCၼSSCူCSၵႃ S

CူၼS CIူCSSCႃSCIူၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CEၼS ၼIူCSCUCS ၾႃ CCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIူCS Cီ ၵၢႆEC ၵICS ၼCီ ၸCS ႁႃCူၼS CMCSၶူCS ၵMၺSSEC CIူCS Cႆ CMၼS ၶူCSSCၼSCIူၼS CCSSၼCSၼၼS ၼCS CႃCၼSS ECႃSCIUCS CEၼSAၺS CEၼS AၺS CူCSCႆ S Cီ ၼႆ EC CS CႃSCECS ၶူCS ၼIူCS CCS EC CၼSSEၵႃ CIူCSS ECႃA CႃSECၵCS CCS S Cီ ၼႆ CၼSSၸူCSSCႃ

Cႃ ၸCSSႁEၼSSCၢCSCMႆSCၼSS

ၵIူCS CၼSSCူ CCS S “CူၺSSႁႃ ႊ … ၵCSၵူCSၼႃ S ECႃSၸCS Aူ ၶCS ACS CMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS CIူCS CၼSSၵIူCS ၼၼS ECႁECSSႁIUCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူၼS ၵၼS ၸSၶS ႁႆ ၼၼS EC CMCSSCSSEၶႃ ၵၢCSS CၼS ႁECSSၸSCီ CူၺSSS “Cႃ Cႆ ၸSၶႃ ၸCS EC S ၸCS ECႃ CူCS CၵSSECCMၵS CႃSCူ ၶႃ EAႃ S CMၵS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSSEၵႃ ECCႃSCႃSၵMၼS S CS CူၺSSၶႃ EC ” CူၺSSEၵႃ CႃSၸSCႃSEၶႃS CၢCS CECSCS CECSCူCSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CႃSၸMCSSCူCSSCူၺSSၵႃ S “ၸS AIူCS … ၸS AIူCS ” ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCS CၢCSSAၼSCIူCS CူၼS CႃS ႁႃ Cီ ၼၼS EC ၸS CီCႃSၶIUၼSSၵCSSCECSS CၼSSၼၼS CEၼSCၼSSAၼSCႆ ECCIူၼS ၼSSCIူၼSAၼSCႆ ECCIူၼS CၼSSၼIူCS S Cႆ ၸCSSႁECSSCၼSSၵIူCS Cီ EႁႃCS ၸECSၸCS S ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS EC Cူ ၶMCSS CၢCS ၸMCSSCႃ CူCS ၶCS ၽၵSS CIUCSၵMCSSCUၼၸ S CS CICSSႁႃ CCSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၶCSၼSSEႁႃEၵႃ ၶCS CႆၵၼSEC AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ CCS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AUCS ACS CUၵS CICSSCူCSCၼSSEC CၼS ၼIူCS ACS EC

Cႃ Cႃ Cီ Eၵႃ

CၢCSSCႃ CEၼS ၸMCSS

CEၼS ႁႆ ၵCSSCECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CUၵS CICSSCူCSCၼSSႁIUCSႁIUCSEC

ACS CီSၶၢCSS

ၸCS CMႆ CCSSCၼS

ၶIUၼSSS CၼSSECCႆ ၵႃ Cႃ CECS S ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ CႃSၽECSCႆ Cီ Cႃ CECS S

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224 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMၵS CၢႆSCၼSSCMCSCူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵCSSAူၼSSCMCS ၶၢCS ၶၢCSSၶICSS

CၼSSCႃ ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ EC ၶEၵS ၵူၼSSCMၵS Cီ CICSSEၵႃ ECCႃS ၵIၼSၼCS ၼECS Cီ EႁႃCS ၼႆCCS S “Cူ CECS CMCSၸူCS CူCSS Cီ ၶCSECၽECSCီ ၼၼS ၼႃ” ၵMCS ၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼၼS

EႁႃCS

CCSSEႁႃ CၢCS ၵႃ CူCSSS ECႃCIUCS

EC Cႃ Cႆ ႁECSSၶCS CUၼSSCၢၵS ႁၢႆ CၢၵS ၶECSS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSS EၵႃSCICS

CUၵS AMၼS ၸၢႆSၸIူCSSၸMႆ ၼSSCIUCS CIUCS ၶCS ၸMႆ ၵၼSႁECSS

ၶCS CUၼSSၵEၼS ၼIူCS CCSSCECSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ

CၢCS Cႆ

ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSၽIူၼS Cႃ ၵူၼSSAၵSSCICSSEၵႃ ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CMႆ ၵႃSႁCS ACS Aႃ CၢCS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶCSS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCIူCSSၶCSS Eၼႃ CECS CIUၼSSၶCSSၶCSS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၽECSCႃSၼၼS EC

CူCS CၼSSCႆ

CCSSCECS CCS S ၵၢၼSCႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ ၶECS CECS CCS CူCS ၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၵၢၼSၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSS ၼSSEႁႃCS AၼSၼIူCS S AူSၼူ CူCS CၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ S “ႁCSSၶS ႁၼSCူ ႁIUCSၼႃ CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆၸCS Cႆ CၢCS Cီ ၸCS ၾႃ AS ACS ၸIူCSSႁCSS ၵIၼSၼCS ၼECS ၼႆCCS ” “ၵMCS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSSႁCSSၸCS

ACS ၽECSCႃSEC

ၶႃ Eၵႃ CIၼSS

ၸူCSSEC EAႃ S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ CIူCS ၼႆ CEၼSCၼSSၵIူCS CUၵS CICSSႁCSSၶႃ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၶႃ EAႃ ” “A AIူCS … A AIူCS S ႁCSSA AIူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ႁCSSၶS CIUၵSSCူၼSSCႃ ႁCSSCCSSCECS AMၼSၵၼSၵႃ Cႆ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ S ACS CMၼSSCူS Cႃ CUၵS CICSS AMၼS ၵႃ ” ECႃSၵIၼSၼCS ၼECS CCS Eၵႃ

CMၵS CၢၼS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS

CMCSSAMၼS

CMၼS ၼIူCS S ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSS ၾCSSCMCS CီCီS CIူCS ၵႃ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ ၼၼS AူSၼူ ၼCS CႃSEၵ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACS CႃSCၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSSS AူSၼူ CCSSၼCS CCSSၾCSSCMCS CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆSၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSၶႆ EၼၼၼS S CMCS CCS EC AူSၼူ Eၵႃ ၶCS ၸSၵႃ CMCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆS ACS ႁၢၼS ၸS CMCS CၢၼS ၶCS CႃSACS CCSSၼIူCS ၵၢၼSၽMCSS CCSSၼSSCIူCSSCႆS EC CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ၼၼS S AူSၼူ CၢCS Cႃ “ECႃSၼႆEC ၼCS CူၸCS CၢCS ၼၼS ႁCSSECCႆ AMၼSၵၼS ၶCSSၸSႁၵS Cႃ Cႃ AS CIူCSSACS CUCS ႁCSS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၼၼS CCS S ECႃSACS ၶCSSၸS ECCၢCS CူCSSCCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ S “ECႃSACS ၶS CEၼSၼၼS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS ECCႆ CICSSၵCSCCS CIUၵSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CီCီEAႃ ” “ၸS CCS Cႃ S CUCS ႁCSSEC S ႁCSSECႁECSSCူ ” ၸူCS Cႆ CူCSSၵႃS ၵႃ Cႆ CႃCMၼSSCူS Cီ ၼႃ Mၽ ႃSၵၢCS ECႃ ၼၼS AူSၼူ CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆS 

225

CICSSCၢCS CၢႆSECCီ ၵCSCၼSSCႃS CူၼS CၢCSCၼSSၸCS

Cႆ CUCS Cၢႆ ၶူCSS

CECSSS Cႆ AMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS CUCS EC AၢCS ၼCS AၢCS ၼၢႆSS Cႆ AၢCS CIူၼS ၼCS Cီ EႁႃEC ACS ၸS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၼCS CၢCS CၢCS CMCSCUCSS AၼS

CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ႁၢCS CႃSၼၼS AၢCS AS ECႃSCECS ၵႃ S CIူCSCS CၼSS CMCS CၼS ၵMၵSSACS EC ACSCႃ EC AS ၼCS CCSSၸMCS CCSSCူCSCCSSၶICSS AၼSႁI ူCS AၼSCMႆ

AၼSၵူၼS AၼSၶIUၼS Cူ ၼၼS ႁၢႆၵႃ S

CီSၵူၼSSCIUၵSSCICSSၵMCS Cီ

Eၵႃ CS Cႆ EC AၢCS ၼCS Eၵႃ ACS CၢCS ႁၢCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ

CCS Cႆ AၢCS ၼCS EC EC CၼSSAၼSCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCႃSၼၼS CူCSၸS ၸIUၼS CၢCS CႃS

ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS S

CMၼS Cႃ ECCီSႁECSSCူCSႁECSSၸS

ၼၼS CၼSSECCႆ ၽIUၵSSႁECSSၽEၼS ၽEၼS S CIူCS Cႆ ၶCS Cူ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

AၼSၽၢၵS Cႆ CၢCSS ECႃSၸUCS ၸUCS ၼၼS

ၼCS CၢႆSCူCSSၵႃ 1ၼၼS S

CIူCS CIူၼSSCIၼSCIူၼSSCIUCSSEC

ၽIUၵSSႁECSSCူ ၼၼS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၸMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၽIUၵSSႁECSSCူCSSၵႃ Cူ ႁIUCSၼႆၵMၼS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC ၶႃၽIUၵSSႁECSSၸMCSSၵၼSCႃ EC S CIူCS ၼႃ CၼSS Cႆ Cႆ CUၵS CIူၼS Cီ ၵCSCႃSၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cူ Cႆ Cူ Cီ Eႁႃၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCူ ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSS ၶIUၼSSCီECSCၢႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၸIူCSS 1 Yoga, CၢႆSၽIUၵSSႁECSS Cႃ CၢႆSCူ CီCူCSၶICSS CၢCS ၼIူCS S

228 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AၼSCႆ ၽၢCS ႁI ူၼSSၽၢCS ECSCူ ၼၼS S ၵႃ CၼSSၶCSSၸSCႃS CICSSႁႃ Cီ CIူCSSၼၼS Cႆ ၵIUCSSCIUCS ၵႃ CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSCၢၶMS ၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCSSACSၶူSCႃSCီ AECSCီSၵSSEC ACS ၵႃS CECS ႁEၼSSCႃS CႃSCၵSSCIူCSCီ CMၵS ၶEC Cီ CီCီS ၽIူCS CၼSS CIူCSSၽECSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼႆ Eၵႃ ၾၢCS ႁၼS ၶMCS ၶCSCူCSAၼSၼIူCS Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ S CMCS Cႃ Eၸ CIူCSSၵIUၵSSACSSၵၼSCCSSCၢႆ ACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS ၽECS CECSS ၵၼSCCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS CၢCS ၸECS Cီၼႃ S Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS EC Eၵႃ CCS ACSSCၢၼSSCS CCSSၼCSS CီSၽEၼSၶူCSSၵၢၼSCCSSၼCSS CီSၶCSSCၢႆႁၢႆSၵၢၼS Cႃ ၵၼS ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSEC ၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSCႃSECCႃ Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ EC

ECႃ CူCSၸS ၸၢႆ

AၼSCUၵS CီCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CCSSACS Cႆ ၵUCS

CူၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

CUCS CCSCႃ

ၵၢၼSACS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSၸIူCS

ၼCS ၼႆ ECCႆ ႁႃEၶႃ Eၵ CႃSCီ ၼSSCၢCSၵUCSCEၼSSၽMCSSS Eၸ CIူCSSCCSS Cၢႆ ၸၢCS AICSCIUCS ၸSCS Cႆ Eၶႃ CCSSၼSSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSSၼႆCCS S ၼႆ CIူCS CIူၼS ၼႃ S CူၺSSၼIူCS ACS CီSCMCS CီSCၢCSSCCSEC ၵUCSSၶCSCၼSSCႆ ႁIUCS CၢCSCၼSSCၢCSၶIUၼSSၼႆ Eၵႃ

ၶMCS Cီ CUၵS ၽIUၼS

AၼSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ

CIၼSS AMၼSACSၼၼS Cႆ CCS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS ၼCS Eၸ CMၵSSCECS ႁICSSCၢCSS ၵMၺSSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS A Cီၼႃ S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၼႆ AၢၼSSACSCCS CIUၵSSCၼSS ၶIUၼS CႃSEၸ CIူCSSၶCSCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ECႃSCႃ ၸMCSႁၢၼSAMCS CၢၼSS Eၵႃ Eၵႃ CCS CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS EC CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆ ACS Cႆ CUၵS CIူၼS ၶႃ CၢႆၼႆEC CၢႆCၢႆCIူCSSCၢၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECACS CEၼSCႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS CIူၼSၼCS

CUCS ၼIူCSAMCS CၢၼSS

ၽူ ၼၢCSS CႆSS ၶၢCSS CၢCSSCECSၶCSEၵႃ CUCS ၼIူCSAMCS CၢၼSSCႃSS ၼႆEC ၵIUၵSSACSSၸMCSSၵၼS Eၵႃ CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS S ၸCS CီSEၶႃ CၼS ၵEၼS

ECႃS

CECSCICSSCီ ၶS ၽၢCS AMၵS Eၵႃ AS ၽၢCS AMၵS Cႆ ၼႆS CၢႆSEC Eၼ CIၼSSCႆ ၵUCSSၵCS CCS CIUၵSSၼႆEၵႃ ႁႃEC ၵIၼSၵူၼSS CIူCSSCၼSCMႆၶCSCႃSCCS S ၽူ CS ၵူၼSSCူCS Eၸ CIူCSSCၼSCMႆၶCS CႃSၸECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSၼႆ CIူၼSCCSSACS CီSႁECSSCMCS Cႃ ႁၢCS CီS CCS CIUၵSSၶCS Cႆ ၼၼS S Cီ EC CCS CIUၵSSၼႆ ECCႆ ၵECS EၶCၼS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSS CIူCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶCSCCS ႁECS CၢCS CIူၼSCCS CIUၵSSCၢCS ၸၢCS CႃSၸICSSCIူCSS ၼၼS S CIူCS Cူ ႁECSၼCS CၼS S Cူ ႁECSCIူCSSၸူ S Cူ ႁECSၵၢCS CၵSSၵၢႆSၶCS CႃS CIူCS CMCS CCS CIUၵSS ႁICSၸICSSၶူCSSၶMCSS ၵၼS ၸၼSၵူၼSSCICSSS ၶႃ CူCSACS ၸSၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၸSCCSS Cႆ EၶႃSၶူCSၸMCSSEC EC S CီSCMၵS ၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSSႁႃEႁ ၼSSAIူCS ၼCS CၼS ၼၼS CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ႁၼSCၢၼS AၼSCႆ CUၵS ၸUCS ၽCSၾႆSCႆ ၼၼS S ၽMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECSၵႃ ၼၼS ၾႆSCIUၵS ႁIUCSSႁIUၼS ႁIUၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CECS ၵၢၼSႁႃEႁ EC Cႆ ၵူၸMႆ ၵူၼSSCူCSSEၽSၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼS ၵCS ၼCS Cႆ CUCSSၶူCSSၶMCSၽSCၼSSECACS ၵႃS ၽူCSၶCSS CUၵS ၶCSS CၢၼSၶCS ၼႆEၵႃ

Cႆ CUၵS CIူၼS ACS ၵႃ ႁၢCS ၶူCSSCCS EC

ၶီCႆ ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSCႆ S

CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CူCSSႁၼS CၢCSSCIူၵS CS CCS CIUၵSSEC CIUၼS ၽၢၼS AICS ၸၢၼS ၵႃ S Cႆ EၶႃSၶူCSၵMCS CၼSSEၵႃ ACS CီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CၼSCႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၼSCMCS ၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ECCႃ

CၢCS EၼAS ACSCIူCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS

EC CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS CၢႆCၼSS ACSႁECSSCMCS ႁUၼS ၶူCSCECS S Cီ ၶCSCCS CီS ႁECSSCMCSS CီSၵMCS ၵၢCS S CီSAEၼSႁECSSCူSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS CCSCႃ ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ

CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS EC

ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ ၼႆ

ၸၢCS ၵUCSSၵCSၶCSCႆ ၶIUၼSSCူ ၼႆS ECႃ CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ Cႆ ၼUCS ၶူCSSၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS Cူ Eၵႃ CIUၵS CUCS Cႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆS CၼSSCIူCS CူCS ႁၢၼSSCၢCS ၵၢၼS Cီ

EC Cႆ ၸSCUCS CMCSSCႆ S

Cႆ A Cႃ ၵူၼSSACS ၵၢၼSCၼSSCCSSၼCS Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCႆ ၼႆEC CIူCS Cႆ AMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS CUCS ၼၼS CMCSႁႃCူၺSS CူCSၸၢCS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCၼSSA ၸၵSSECEၵႃ Eၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ CS AၼSCူၼ I SၵူၼSS

CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼCS CၼSSS ၸCS Cီ CၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCီ Cႃ CူS 2 Mohandas Gandhi, Eၵႃ AMၼSACSACSCႆ ၵMၼSSEၶႃ CIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSSS

229

230 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS EC CီAၢCSSCႆ S CIူCS Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၼၼS EC ၶႃCီ ၼMCS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼS Cီ CူၼSSCီSၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMၼS S AၼSCIူၼS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ CၼSSEၶႃEၶႃၼႆ ACS CIူၼSCIူCSၽECS S ACS CIူCSS CူၼS CီSEC Cူ ၵIUCSSCႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS CCSSECCီၵMၼS S ECႃSၼၼSEC CၼSSECCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၸMCSSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSEC

ECCႆ Cူ ၸMCSSၵူၼSS

CCSSၼCSS ၶIUၼSSCူၼS CူၺSS CMCS CၢၼS ၶCSႁၼSCIUCSၼIူCSCၼSS ၸIူCS ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS CႃSၸECS CႃSCၢCSCၼSS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSၼၼS ၾၢႆ ၶCSACS ECႃSCႆ ၼၵSSၼႃ CၵSSၸSၵႃ ႁIUCSS CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CIူCS CECSECႃSၽECSCႆ ၼSS AူCS CIUCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS EC CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS CၢႆCၼSSCႆ CCS CူSS CူCSCူCSS CႃႁၼSၸIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ Cႆ CၢCS CူCSSႁၼSECCMၵS ECCႃ ACS CီSၸSၵူCSၸSEႁ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSSAၢCSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS S ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶူCSSၶECS ၸIူCSS ၵUCSSၶCSCၼSSCႆ ၼၼS ECႁECSSCCSCီ CၼSSCECS Cႃ S CS CူၺSSၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSၾICS CၢCS AၼSECႃCူၼS Cႃ Cႆ CၼSSCSS CူCS CSS CIူၼSCS ECႁECSSCCSCၢႆCၢႆၼႆ ၶCS CCSSCၢCSSCႆ Cႃ EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS CECS CIူCS ၽUၵS S CူCS ၼႃ S CIူၼSၼႃ ECCႆ ႁECSSCCSၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSACS ၸၢCS CူၼS CCS S CIူCS ၽUၵS S CူCS ၼႃ S CIူၼSၼႃ

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ECCီS Cႆ CMၼS Cႃ CၼSSCူ ႁႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CMCS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS EC AEၼS ႁECSSCီ CၼSSCCSCူၼS CႃSၼၼS S ECႃSCၼSSACS ၶႆ ၸS CMCS CUၵS ECSCၼSS Eၵႃ ECၶႆ ၸSCEၼS ၽEၼSၶူCSSၵၢၼS ၸIူCSSCၼSSCUၵS ၸSၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ

ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC CCSS ၵၢၼS

ၶUCSSEႁ EC CCS CCS CMCS ၼCS ၵCS CCS S CIူCS Cူ Cီ CIူCSSAECSCီSၵSS EC CူၼS Cႃ ၵCSCUၵS CီႁEၼSS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CCS ႁEၼSSCEၼS ၵၢၼSၶUCSS Eႁ ၵMCS CCSၼႆၵMၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS ၽECSCIူCSSၸCS ၵCS ၶIUၼSSၼၼS Cႆ ႁECSS ၵၢၼSCCSSCMCSAၼSEC

ၸCS A CMCS

EၶႃEၶႃၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

ACS CCS CIူၵS ႁECSS

ၸီ ၸCS EၼCႃ

AၼSCECS

ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS

CၢCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CႃSECCMၵS EC ECႃSECႁECSS ECCႆ ၶCSSၸS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ႁECSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ ၼႆS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CIUၼSႁCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS AၼSCၼSSCIUၵS ၸၢCSSႁECSSCူ ၸIူCSSၼၼS ECAICSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS Cႆ Cႆ ႁၼSCူCSၼCS CMၼSS

CၼSSCUCS CCSCႃ

ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CၢၵS ၸMၵSSEC

ECCEၼSၵၢၼSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ EC CCSSECCူCSCႆ CူCSCIUၼSSCၢCSS AၼS Cႆ ၸS ၸၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CCSSCECS ၵMၼS ၼႆS ၶIUၼSSCူၼS CူၺSS CMCS CူၼSCၢၵS ၵECS Cီ CၢၼS CMႆEၶႃ AၼSEC ၽUၵS CႃSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢCSCီ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCၢၼSSၼCS ACS CၢၵS EC Cီ ၽECS CUCSSၶIူCSS ၼSSCၢCS CMႆ ႁICSSCၢၼS CMႆEၶႃ AၼSCီSCၢCS CUCS CၢCSႁECSCCSSS CIူCS ၸCS ႁECSSCၢၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ACS ECႃၸS ၸၢၵS CUၺSCIၼS Cီ ၽECS CူၼS Cႆ S CူၺS ACSCCS Cႆ ႁၢၵS Cႆ CSS CၢႆSCၢCSS Cႃ CMၵS CူCSCIၼSCECSၸIူCSS ACSၵႃSCူCS ECႃ CၢCS CႃSCီ CၢCS AူSၼၼS CS ၵMၼS S

ၸMCSSCူၺS CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSEC

ၸCS ECႃႁECSSCူCS CEၼS CႃSS

CIူCS ၽUၵS CူၼS CၢၵS ၵECS CEၼSCECSCEၼSCECSSCCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၢၼS ၸSၸူCSSCIူCSSEC S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CMCSSCIူCS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS Cီ CၢၵS Cၢႆ CႃSCCSACSCၢႆ ၸCS CCS Eၵႃ

Cီ EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၼၼS S ECႃSCCSACSCၢႆ ၸCS

ၶCSSၸSႁႃၵႃSCူCSCICSSCCSSEC

AMၼSၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS

ၵႃ Eၼ CူၼSCၢၵS ၵECSCၼSSS CIူCS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၽECSၼSSၵၢCSCူၼS Cီ CၢCS CMႆ CီSCႃ Cႆ ၼႃၼႃၼၼS

CEၼSSCEၼSCူၼSCၢၵS ၵECS ၵၢCS ၵၢCS CူCS

AၼSCIူၼSႁၢCS ACS CUCSSCၢႆCႃCႆ ၼၼS EC AMၼSၵၼSၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS CူၺSSS ၸCS ၼႃSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS ႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ “AႃS … ECCႆ AMၼSCUၵS AMၼS Cီ ႁI ူၼSS CႃSCူၺSSႁႃ ၼႆ S ECႃS ၶCSCႆ ႁၼSEC

ၶCSECCUCS CူCSၸCS ၵCS ၶCS

Cႃ CIUCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၽUၵS

CMCS ၵႃ Cႆ CIူCSSၼႃ AၼSCႃ ၼႆ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Eၵႃ ႁECSSCူCSCၢCS EၼၵူၼSSCIူCSSS CIူCS CICSSCMၼS

CECSSACSCၢၵS ၵECSၼၼS EC CီSCMCS ၶMCS ၶCSCၢCS ၸSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS CMCS CၢCS ၸSၵႃ ၼႆ ၵMၺSSEC

ၸSၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS

ၵMCS

ACS CMၼS

231

232 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ACS CMCSSၵႃ

ၼIူCSၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CၢၵS ၵECS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၼၼS ၼCS ၵCS S ACS ၶCSSၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCCSSCIUၼSSၶူၼS ၶႃ

ႁECSSEၼ

ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS

CMCS ၶMCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECAICSSS CIူCS CၢၵS ၵECS CၢၼSၸECSSၸECSSၶCS CူCS CၼSSCႃ CူCS ၶၢႆCIUCS CၢCS ၵၢCS CECSSCIူCS S Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS ၶၼSCၢၵS ၵECS CၵSSၶICSSCူၼS CူCSSၵႃ CECS S ECႃ CIUၼSSCၢCSS ၵႃ ၽUၵS CMCS S ၵႃ CICSSCMၼS S ၵႃ ECႃ CူCS CCSSEC ACS Cႆ ၶIUၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS ECႃCၢCSSCၢCS ECCEၼSCႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵMCS ၼႆ CႃECACSCၢၵS ၵECS CEၼS CS ၼSSAECS ECၶၢႆS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCS

CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSS ၵၢၼSACSSCၢၼSSAECS CၢၵS ၼၼS CီCီCCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CIUၼS CMႆ CECS CၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ CၼSSS CၢၵSႇၵECS AၼSAMၵS Cီ CူၼSCၼSSCCSSCီ ၼၼS CၢCSCူCS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ CS AECS CCS CူCSSCႆ S ECႃSၼၼS ACSSCၢၼSSAECS CS CၢၵS ၼႆ CCSSCီ ECCႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼS CၢCSCူCS ၵMၺSSEC ECCCS ႁၢCSSၵၢၼSCႆ CCSSCီ S ECႃSၼၼS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS ECCႆ CူၼS CUၵS CီႁECSSၵၢၼS ၽUၵS CMCS ၸIူCS ၼႆCူ ႁIUCSS ECႃSCUCSSCႃS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃSၶCS ၸMCS EC ၸCS ၸUၵSSၵႃ Cႆ Cူ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCS S CူၼSAၼSၼIူCS ၵMၺSS ACS ၽUၵS CူၼS CၢCS CECSS ၽUၵS CႃSCၢCS ၸIူCS CၢCS CၢCS Eၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸၢCSSCူၺSSCႃSEC A CEၼSၵၢၼSCူ S ၶICSEၵႃ ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ S Eၵႃ ၾီ Eၵႃ ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸCS ၶIUၼSS CႃSၸSၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CႃSS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CၵSSၸSၾCSCူCSCႆ EC

Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS Cႃ ၶCS Cၼီ ၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ Cႆ ႁၼSၼCS ႁၼSCူCSCႃSCCS EC ၸCS CၢႆSCECS CIၼS Eၵႃ

CEၼSၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ S

“CႆS” CႃSႁIUCSCၢႆCီ CCS EC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸူCSSCIူCSSEC EC S

ၸၢCSSၵူၼSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS Eၵႃ CၼSSၸၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS

CႆCIၼSႁႃEႁ ၼSSCIၼSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ

ၸMCS CူCS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS Cီ ၵၼSCCSS ၸCS CၢႆSCECS CIၼS Eၵႃ ၼၼS EC ၸCS CECSSCCSS Cႃ ECၶUCSSACS CၢႆAEၼS ၸIUၼSS EC CIUၼSS AၼSCီSCီ 3 Geologist

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

AIူCS ၵၢCS CၵSSၵၢႆSၼၼS S ႁႃCMCS Cႆ CCS S

AMCS Cီ Eၵႃ CIူၵS Cႆ CCS S

ၶူCSSၶIူCS ၸIူCSSECCႆ ၸS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ႁECSSCၢၼSSEၵႃ ၸCSECACS CႃS

CCS S ၼႆEC ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS CူၼS AMၵS CMCS ၼၼS CUၵS ၶIUၼS CႃSS CၼSSၶS CူCSၸSCCSSEၶႃSEC ႁECSSၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ S ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC ၵၢၼS ႁUCSၵIူCSEC EC CCS S CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCMCSCူCS CIူCS CၼSSCUၵS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၸCS ECAMၵS CႃSၼၼS ၵၢၼSႁUCSၵIူCS ECႃSCူCS CၼSSCႆ CႃCCS EC CၼS ၵၢၼS CCS CူSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Aၢႆ CECSၾႆSCႆ S CIူCS ၸCS EC CၢCS Cႃ ၽၼS ႁၼSS ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ECႃSၵႃ CၢCSCCSSၶUCSSEႁ ၼႆ Cႆ CUCSCUၵS ၾႆSCႆ CCSS ၶIUၼSS ACS ၸS Eၼ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵCSSၼႆ EC CIUၼSSCEၼSAၢႆ ၵၼSSၾႆSCCS S ႁICSSACSSၼႆ ၾႆSCႆ ECCီ Cီ Cႆ CCS S CIူCS Cူ Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS ECႃSCႃ ၾႆSCႆ ၼႆ CၢCSCူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CEၼS ၵႃ CူၺSSEC AMၼSACSၸီ ၸCS

Cႃ ECEၶၾႆSS Cႆ ၺIၼSSAၢႆ ၾႆSCႆ ႁI ူၼSSCႆ ECSEC CECSSCူၺSSCၢCSSၼMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸUၵSSႁICSSၽႃCၢၼSEC

ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူၼS CCSS ၾႆSCႆ ECAICSSS

ၶူCCS CၼSSၵMၺSSCႆ ၺIၼSSAၢႆ Cႆ S CIူCS ၸCS EC CၢCS Cႃ ၾႆSCႆ ၼSS CCS S ACS ႁCSSCူၼS CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ Cၢႆ AMၵS Cႆ ၼCS ၵCS S ACS Cႆ CIၼSS CECSCMႆ AၵS S CECSၵူၼSSCIUၼS CCSEC ECACS ၸS ၾႆSCႆ ၼSSCCS S CူCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ၸUCS ၽCSၾႆS CၢၼS ၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSCီSႁICSSACSS ၸIူCSSACS CMCS ACS ACSၵၢCSSၶCSၼၼS ႁIUCSS CIူCS ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS CMCS CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ၸUCS ၽCS ၾႆS CCSႁI ူၼSSCMCSCၢၵS Cၢႆ Cီ CၢၼS ၸIူCSS ACS ECႃSၵႆCCSSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS EC ၸSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ CႃSS ၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS CECS Cႆ CၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC CMၼSSCS CUCS ႁECSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCၢႆ AS CMCS ၾႆSCႃSၼၼS S ၵCS ၼCSCCS CIUCSSCၢႆCC E S ၵCSSCECSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSACS CၢႆEC CMCSႈ CႃSၼၼS CႃSၶႆ CႃSCIူCS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCSEC EၼSCႃ CၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSCီ CIUၵSSCႆSၶCS ၽIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIUၵSSS CEၼSCၢၼS ၸIူCSS

233

234 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵCS ၸMႆ CIUၵSSCႆS ၵူ CMCS CMCS ၼႆCCS S Cီ EC Cီ CၢၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ACS CီSၶIူCS CၢၵS ၵMCS ၵၢCS CCSS ACS CီSၵူၼSSCIူၼS ECEၵႃ S ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူၼS CCSS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIူCSECCႃ CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ႁICSၸICSSACSၶC ူ SSၶMCSၵူၼSS CၢၼS EC ႁECSCၢႆCECS S CCS CIUၵSSEၼ CIၼSSၶCSၼႆ CCSSCMCS CECS ၼႃ CIူCS CႃၶႆCႃ CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ ACS CMၼS CEၼSCႃS ECCMၵS ၼႆCူS ၵMၼS S ၶၢCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSCီEၶႃSၶူCS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ ACS ACSCူၼS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCႆSၵႃ ECCMၵS S ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CIူCS ၼၼS Cႆ ၵူCSAူ CUၼSၽUCSSCCSS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS S ၵူCSCCS CIUၵSS CၢCS ၽICSSCၢCS CIူCSEC ၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၸUCSSCSEၵႃ ACS ႁCSSCECS CS ၶၢCS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS CၢCSSCECSၵၼSCCSSCMCS ၼႆ AMCS ACSCီ ႁICSSACSSCီ ECႃ CMၵS ၼIူCS S

CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS EၽCCS ACS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CၢႆCူ CၢႆၸUCSS

ACS

AMCS Cီ ၸIူCSSႁၢCS CCS CMCS Cႆ Cႃ ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၸIူCS ၼCS ACSၶူCSၼCS Cူ CMCSၽၢႆ S Cႃ CECSၾႆSS ၶူၼSCၢCSSၶCS CECSSCၢCSCEၼS EC ၼIူCSCMႆCICS CMCS ၶCSCCS S ၼMၵS ECၼၼS CECSCIၼSCECSSCီ CCSSၼIူCS EC CECSCIၼS CIUၵSSAၵSSCCSS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၵၢCSႁၢCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CCS ၵMCS CCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

ၽECSCႃSCီ ECႃ S4

ACS ႁIUCS

Cႆ ၽEၼSၵၢၼSႁၢCS CIUၵSSၸIူCS ၼႆ AၼSCႃ

ၼၼS ACS AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS S CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS Cႆ ၶၢCS Cႃ CECSCIၼSCCSS ၼIူCS AၼSACS Cႆ A CEၼSCECSCIၼSၾၢႆ CSၼၼS CႃSCူCSSCီ CIၼSCMႆ ၽၢႆ ACS Cီ ECႃ ၼႆEC AMၼSၶCS CIူၼS CECS ၶIူCSSEC ၸMCSSၶႆ ၸMCSSႁႃS CIူCS ၵူၼSSCMႆEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၵႃ CICSSၼECS EC CMၵS ႁI ူၼSSCႃSၼၼS

ၶႆ

EၼCIူၼS Cႃ CၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCECSCIၼSCCSSၼIူCS S CၼSSၶCSSၸSၶCS CူၺSS ၼSS ACS ၶCSSCECSCIၼSၼၼS CCSSၶIUCS CၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၼႆCႃ S CIူCS ၸCS ၼၼS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS Cႆ ၶၢCS Cႆ Cႃ CီSCECSCIၼSCၢႆCၢႆCCSS CIၼSၵႃ CIၼSCႃS ၼIူCSၵၢCSႁၢCSCႆ EC ACSCUCS Cႆ S CIူCS CECSCIၼSSၶၢCS ၵူၼSSCMႆႁၼSCECSCIၼS CူCSSၼႆEC AMၼSၵၼSCႃSႁႃCECSCIၼSၼၼS CCS S ACSCECSCIၼSၾၢႆ ႁႃS ၾၢႆ CCS CႆCIၼSEၵႃ AS ၵူၼSSCMႆCICSSၼECS Eၵႃ ၼၼS EၼCၢCSSEC ၶႆ ႁႃS CMCS 4 CECS ECCၵSSCီ Cႃ CECS ၵMၺSSS ECACS ၸS Cီ Cီ ECႃ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၼSSCMCSၶIUၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCIူၼS CCSSCECSCIၼSCCSS CIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵူၼSSCMႆCICSSၼECS Eၵႃ ၸCS CIUၼSCႃ CMCS CECSCIၼSCူCSSCIူCSSၼၼS CၼSS ၽECS CEၼSCၢၼS ၶႆ ACSၵMၺSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CၼSSၶၢၼS AIူၼS ACS ၶS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCCSEC ၵူCSCီ ႁI ူၼSSၶCS CMCS Cႃ S ၸCS Cႆ ၶူၼS ၶႆ CMCS ACS ၸIUCS ACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ Cႃ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSၶCS AMၼSၵၼS

ACS CူCSSၶၢCS CၢCSS ၵၢၼSႁၢCS CIUၵSS AၼSCီAၢႆCူCSCၢCSၼၼS EC CၢCSSၵူၼSSCMႆCICSSၼECS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၶၢCS

CEၼSႁIUCSCEၼSႁႃ ACS Cႆ A ၸMCSSS EC

CIူCS Cီ ၼၼS ၽSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၵူၼSSCMႆCICSSၼECS Eၵႃ ၼၼS CCS S CၢႆSၼၼS ႁIUCSCECS Cီ ႁႃ CူCS ၸCS CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS CUၵS Cီ ႁICSS ACSSCECSSCီ ECႃ ၶIUၼSSCMႆAMၵS CIူCSS CCS ၶCSၵႃ CECS CECS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၢႆSCၢၼSSEၼ Cီ CၢCSၵUCSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆSCMCS CCS CIUၵSSၶCS CIူၵS CS ႁECSSCီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS

CIူCS ၼၼS

ၸCS ၾႃ CCSSCၢႆ

CၢCSSႁECSSCMCSCၼSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS

CIူCSSCႆS AၼSCၢCSၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ CIူၵS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS CCS S ၼSSCUၵS ၸUCSSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆS AၵSSCICSSAၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S

CUၵS ၸUCSSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆS

CၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ

CီSCMCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECႁၢႆSCၢၼSSEၼ CMCS CCS CIUၵSS Cီ CၢCSၵUCSၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CႆSCူ ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSCူ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSS EၼSCူCSၸCS ၵCS ၵMCS ACS ၸၢCS ႁၼSCၢCSS ၼႃ CMCS CCS CIUၵSS ECႁUCS CၢၼS ႁICSCIူCSSEC Eၵႃ CCS CၵSSCIူCSၸCS ႁECSS CMCSၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၼၼS S ECႃSCၼSSECႃCူၼS CMၼS Cႃ CCS CၢၵS CၢၼS ၼႆ ၼၼS EC

CMCS Eၼ CIၼSS CီSၸS

CၼSSECACS Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၸIူCS ၼႆS

CၼSSECACS Cႆ Cႆ ၸS Cႃ CUၵS ECSCၼSSS Cႃ CူCSၸCS ၵCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ၸSEC S CIူၼS ၶS CEၼSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ CEၼSSCႃ S ECႃSၶS ACS CၢႆCECS Eၵႃ ႁCSSCၢႆCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSၶႆ ၸSၺႃS CUၵS ECSCၼSS ECCူCSS ၺႃSEၽSၸIူCS ႁIUCSCႆ ACS A ၼႆEC CၼSSCႆ ၵၼS CIူၼS ၸSCIူၼS EၶႃSCၼSS EC EC Cူ CCS S 

235

CICSSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CႆCူ ၼIူCSCIUၼS CIူCS ၼSSEႁႃS

ECႃSCIၼSSCECSCCS

CၢၵS CၢႆSၼႆEၵႃ ၵIUCSSECCMCS S CECSCIၼS AၼSECCူCSSCႃ CECS ၼၼS ၸCS ႁႃCCSSၽၢၼS ၵၢCSႁၢCSCီ ECႃ ၵႃ ACS Cႆ ႁIUCSS CMCSCUCS CMCSSCူၺSSCႃ CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၵႃ ႁCS Cီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼSECCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECECႃႁႃCႃSCIူCSSႁCSSCၼSSCူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS

ၸCS

ၵMႃ CECS ECCMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CUၵS Cီ CUCS CMCSSS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၵS CႃS CIူၼS CႃSCီ ၵCSECCCS ECႃ S ၵႃSၸICS CCSSၼIူCS ၶCS CႃSEC ၵIUCSSCီ CၢCS CၢCS EႁႃS Cႆ CIၼSS CECSၵူၼSSEၵႃ CIUCS ၵIUCSSၵၼSCCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS ACS EၵႃS CICS S “CMၵS AS Cႃႁႃ EC Cီ CMCS Cႃ ႁCSSCႃSEC ၼႆEC ” ၶူSECႃCႃ Cီ Cီ ECႃ EC ECSၼၢCSSCၼSS ACS ၶႆ ACS CMၵS Cႃ CCSECၽECSCႃSS “ACSၶECSၸIူCSSၼႆ ၶIူCS CICSSCီ ၼICS ၼႃ ”

CူCS ၸMCSSၼCS AUၼS CၼSEC S

AS CူCS ႁIUCS

238 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECSၶူSECႃCႃ CၢCS CၢCS ECႃ EၵႃSCICS ၼၼS ECႃ CၢCSSCUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS Cီ CECSCS ၾၵSSCူၶCS CၢCSSEႁႃ CCSSECCႆ CIၼSSၸMCSSS CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS EC ECSၼၢCSSCၼSS ၶCS ၼSSACS ၼMၼSSCူCS ၸMCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၶူSECႃCႃCၢCS “ႁCSSၶႃ ၸၢCS AUCS Cႆ Cီ ၼႆ Cူ Eၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁCS CCS Cႃ S “Cႆ Cူ EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACSႁၢCS ၾၢCSၸီ Eၼ AS ၶEၵS ၸIူCSSACS CUCS ACS

CMCSSCႆ ၼၼS EC CႃSCၢCSၶၢCS CၢCSCၢCSSၼၼS ၼCS S “ECႃSCႃ Cူ A ၶၢCS ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ ၼႆEၵႃ ၶႆ EၼAICSSၼIူCS ၼႃ ” CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS ECႃ EC ၼCS ၼIူCSCCS EC CၢCS Cႃ S “ၶႃ Eၵႃ ၶS ၶႆ Eၼ ၼCS ၵႃ EAႃ

Cႁႃ EC Cီ CူCSS

ၶႃ ၶCSA Cႆ EC ၸCS ၽECSCႃSၶႃ

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ၵႃ ၼMၵS

ECၶCS CႃSၼSSEႁႃၼႆ

CၢCS EC EAႃ S CီSၶႃ Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ECACS ႁIUCS AMၵS S ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ

ACS ၸၢCS Cူ ႁIUCSS CMCS Cႆ CီCီၶႃ EC S ၶႃ ၶCSECၸၢCS CႃS

ၶIUၼSSCIူCS CS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCႃ S “CEၼSCCSCႆ Cႃ S ၶႆ EၼႁCSSAICSSၼIူCS EC S ၵMCS CCS CIUၵSS CၢၼS ၶႆ ႁႃၸCS Cီ ၾႃ S ၵMCS CCS ၶCSၵUCSSၶCSႁCSSCႆ Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ ” CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူSECSCၼSSEC CၢCS Cႃ S “ၸMCS ႁၼSEၼ S ႁႃSCႃ Cူ CူSS Cႁႃ EC Cီ CူCS ACS Cႆ A ၽၢႆ ၼMၵS ၼၼS CEၼSCCSCႆ ၼႆ” Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCၢCS Cႃ S “ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS AMၼSACSCCS CIUၵSSEC ႁUCS CIUCSSACS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢၼS ACSCIူCSS ၸECSCIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၼႆ EAႃ S Cီ ၵCSCႆ ၵူၼSSCူCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၶCSCCSSၸUCSSCCSSCၢCSSS CIUၼS ၽၢCS Eၶႃ CူCSCၢႆCီ CIUၵSSCႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸUၵSSEC “ACS ၸS Cႆ ” “ၸS EC EAႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ S ၸS EC ၶႃ EAႃ S ၶႃ ၶCSCႆ ၸSCႃ CူၸCS S Cႆ ၸSCႃ CူCSၸCS ၵCS S Cႆ ၸSCႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSEC EAႃ ” “ECႃSၼၼS ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ CူSS Cႆ CIၼSSၶၢCS CၼSSAီ CCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS ၸUၵSSCႆ ၽၢႆ ၼႃ ၶူSECႃCႃၶCSCူ Cႃ S ECSၶူS ECႃCႃCCS CICSS ၵCSACSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC AS ၼCS ၼIူCSCCS CMၼSSၶIUၼSSS “CIူCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CMၵS ႁႃCီ ႁI ူၼSS ၸICS Cီ CၢCSၶCSEC Cႆ A Cႃ ၸCS ECႃ CူCS ACS CီSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS CCS S ၶႃ ၶCSCၢCS EC CၼSS ၸCS ECCMCS ၵႃ ၶႃ EAႃ S ၶၢCSSCUၵS CၢၵS CUCS CၢCS CူCSၼႆ ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSၶCS ၶS ႁECSSCCSEၵႃ ႁECSSCႆ S CူၸCS ECCႆ ၾၢCS Cႃ CUၵS CICSS CူS Cႃ CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS Cၢႆ ၸIူCSSAICSCIUCS ၸSCS Cႆ Cီ CူၸCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ECCႆ ၾၢCS EC EC EAႃ S ECႃSCီSCIUCS CၢCSSၼႆ ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ECၶCSSၸS CႃSEC CႃSၸSSCECS Cူ ” CူၺSSCICSSCCSSၵMၵSSAၢCS ၶECSEၸ ၼCS Cႆ EC CS Cႆ ၵႃ ၼMၵS S ၶူS ECႃCႃ CCSSACS CEၼSCIUCSSၶECSECCၢၵS S CIူCS ၶIUၼSSACSၶECSၸMCS CS ၼSSCူCS CၼSSၼၼS CူၺSSACS AၢCSSS CူၺSSAၢCS ၸMႆ CႃSCူCSCႃ CႃEC ၸMCSSCူCS CIUCSႁICSSၵႃSS ၶူSECႃCႃCၢCS AS CူၺSSၵIUCSSCူ Cႆ CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CIူCSSၵႃ ႁCSSၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS ၼCS ၼIူCSCCS CMၼSSEC ႁEၼSCူၺSSၸECS ႁI ူၼSS CူCSAၼSၵMCS Cူ Cီ CIUCSSၼၼS S ၸECS ႁI ူၼSSCS ၺMCSSၵIၼSCူCS CECSS ၸIူCSSCူၼS ၶCS ၼECS Eႁ Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

CIUၵS ၽူCS CICSၵႃ

CၢCSSၵႆCူ S ၸCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECC S ႆ Cီ CSEၵႃ CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

239

240 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CEၼSCူCSCEၼSၸSCႆ Cူ ၼႆၵMၺSSS CUCS CMCSS ၶS AS CၼSSCMCS ၵႃ EC EC S ECႃSCၼSSCMCS ၵႃ EC CၼSSECၵႃ ၸူS ၸUCSS CႆSCICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS AၼSၸIUCS Cႃ ၼUCS CIUၵSS ႁၢၼS ၼၼS Cူ ACS ႁၢCS S ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼUCS CIUၵSSႁၢၼSၶCS CၢCS CႃSCူၼSSCUCS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AS

CIူCSSAMၼSACSၸUCSSၶCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CECS CႃSCၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSSS Cႃ CIူCSSCႆSECCႆ CီCႆ CEၼSၼၼS

CီSCၢႆSCၢCSSACSၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIူCS

CIUၵSSECႃS EၽAMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS CၢႆSCECSၵMၺSS ၼႆEၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ACS CUCS CCSEC ၸCS CMCS CECSၸIူCS ၼၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ Cႆ ၸSၼICSၼICSS ၼECSၸSၵMCS ACS Cႆ ၽIUၵSS ႁEၼSSACS CIူCS ၸCS MC ႃ ၶCS CႃSEၼCCSSCီ EႁႃၼၼS S “ၸCS EC … ၸCS EC ” Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ACS CၼSSS

CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS

ECႃSCMၵS ACSSႁEၼSSCႃSCCS S CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ

CEၼSCႃ CႃၼICS

ၸSCႃ CၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼS AMၵS ၵႃ AUCS ACS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS AၼS CIUၼSSCIUCSSEC CEၼS CႃSၸူSCၼSSၼၼS S “ၸCS EC … CICSSၶS ၵႃ CUၺSSၼCS EAႃ ” Cႃ Cႃ Cီ

CၢCS ECႃ EC ၶCS CCSSၵၢCSSCႆSS ၵၢၼSAၼSCUၵS

AMၼS ၶCS CူၼS ၶႆ CECSSCCSSCCS ၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CCS CူၼS

ၶႆ CၼSCCSCECS CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS ၸSၶီၸSCႆ ၼCSၼႃ EC ACS CၼSSCူၼS ၶႆ ၼႆEၵႃ ၸၢCS Cႃ Cႆ Cူ S Cႃ ၵႃ Eၸ ၼCS ၼSSၼMCSCUၺSSၼCS AၼS CၢCS CူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ႁၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS EC CIUCSSCECS ၸSၶီၸSCႆ CECS ၵCSS ၼIူCS S CIူCS AၼSၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃS CIူCS ၼႆ ၼႆ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ACS ၾၢCS A CEၼS S ECႃ ၶူCSSၼUCS ၵူၼSSCS CၢCSSEႁႃ Cၢႆ Cီၵႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ACS CၼSSA S ၵMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႆ ECႃAMၵS CၢCSSၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCS Cီ CူၼS CီSS Cႃ ၵUCS Cႃ EC EC CMCS AၼSၸCS Aူ ၶCS ႁၢႆCၢႆ Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS ECႃSCၢၵS CၢႆS Cႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CCSSCMCSEၵႃ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIူCS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CCSSCMCSEၵႃ

ၼMၼSSCCSSၵႃ

Cီ ၼIူCS ၵူ

ၽၢႆ ၸCS Aူ ၶCSၼMၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS Eၶႃ CၢCSS ၶၢCS ECႃၵႃ CႃSၶCS AၼSCၢCS EၼCIူCS CIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ ၼၼS S CၢCSၶCS ECCMၼS ၵၼSEC

ၸၢCS CီSEၽSၶEၼSCS CS CူCSCူCSCႃ S CၢCSCူCSCူCS

ၼIူCS ၼႆ ႁၢႆၵႃ ၸECSCIူCS AMၼSCၢCSS ၸCS ၶCICS Cႆ CUၼSSAMၵS CႃS 3,000 Cီ ၼၼS EC ၸCS ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSCီ ၼႆ ၼႆS CMၼS Cႃ ECCMCS ၵၢCSS EၽSၶEၼSၼႆEၵႃ ၵူၼSSၵူ Cီ ၵူ CEၼS AMၼSၵၼSCMCS EႁႃSCCICS ၸCS CSS CူCS CECS Cႃ CSEC ၶCSSၸSEႁ ၵCS ၵၼSS CIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ Eၵႃ CECS EၽS ၶEၼSCCSEၵႃ ACS ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSEC ၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆၸCS ၸၢCS CူၺS ၸS CူCSCူCSS AMၼSၵၼSCUCS CCSၼIူCS ၵၢၼSၶCSEႁႃSCMCS CCICS CSS CူCS CECS Cႃ CSၼၼS EC EC Cႃ Cႃ S CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCMCSCူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၸUCSSၶEၵS CီCၢCSၸႃ Eၶ Cီ ၵMၵSS ECS AၼSCEၼSCECSSCCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၼSSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၶCS CႃSၵႃ EၼCၢCSS ၵႃ Cီ CS ၶCS Cီ EႁႃCS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS ၸIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ AMၼSၵၼSCႆ ၸS EၽSၶEၼSCူCSAၼSၸၢCS ၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃS CၢႆSCီ CS Eၶ Cူ CCS S ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၼUCS AMၼS CICSSCီ Eၵႃ ၵႃ EၼCၢCSSၵႃ CIူၵS Eၶ S CUၵS AMၼS CICSSၶCSCCS CၢCS ႁၢCS ႁECSSၼCS

CူCSCီSၸS CS CၢCS Cၢႆ ECၵႃ

EၼS ၶCSCၢCS EၼEC CၢCSSၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ ၸၢCS AS CECS CၢCSၶCS ၶၢႆ AMCS Cီ ECACS ၵႃS ၸၢCS Eႁႃ ႁIUCS EၽSၶEၼSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၼႆCCS S CIူၵS CူCSAၼSCECS ၸSCCSCႆ ၼၼS ၶူCSSCၼS CူCSCၼSSEC CူCS ၼIUCSCႆ S ၼႃ ECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ CၼSSEၵႃ CၢCS ႁၢCS ၼCS CCSSၺMCSSACS CၢၵS ၾႆSCူCS ၼၼS S CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC AMၼSAၢCSSCူၺSS ၵMၵSSAႆCUၵS ၾႃ ၽီCူCSၼၼS S ၼၢCSSႁၢCS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၾႆSCႆ

ၼIူCSၵMၵSSACSCၼSSၼၼS

CUၵS ၼSSၵMၵSSAႆCUၵS

ၼၼS AMၵS CႃSS ၼူၵS ၵMၼS AႆCူCSCCS AၢCS ၺMCSSၵIၼSS ၼၢCSSႁၢCS CီEၵႃ ၶCSSၸSEC

ၶEၼSၼူၵS ၵMၼS AႆCူCSEC ၶIUၼSSၶCS CMၼS ၼSS ၵMၵSSAႆCUၵS CူCS

ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼS Cႃ ECႃSCီSၵMၵSSAႆCUၵS CူCS AၼSၸၢCS Eႁ ၵCS EၽSၶEၼSCၼSCႆ Cႃ CUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSSၶCS ECCီၵႃ ႁIUCSၼႆCCS S EC CIူCS

241

242 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၼSSၽECSCီ ECႃ CႃSၼၼS ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CMCSSCSSၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSCႆ Cူ ACS ACS CူCS CူCS

Cီ CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSS ၵMCS CECSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CူၺS ၸS

CူSCႃSCူSCီ EC CCSS ၵMCS ႁI ူCS CMႆ ၼႃ EC CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၼMၼSS CCSSCူCSၵႃ S CIူCS ၽUၵS ၵၢCSၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼS CႃSEC ၶS AS CIူCSCEၼSCIူCS CႃS CEၼSၽၼSႁၢႆ CူCSၵMၺSSECCႃ

ၽၼSႁၢႆ CူCSၼၼS

Cႆ CIUCS ၽၼSႁၼSCIUCS

CIူCS ၼႆ CCS S CIူCS CၼSSCIUၵS CီSCီ ႁၢCS ၼIူCSၼၼS EၵႃSCICS ၶIUၼS CႃSCMၵS CၢCS Cႃ S “ၸCS EC Cီ ၶႃ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS EC CIUၵSSႁၢၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSႁႃCူCSSACS EC Cီ AူၼSSCီ EႁႃႁCSSၶႃ EAႃ ” “Cႃ ECၵႃ Cႃ CCSCီ ၶCSၼၼS S CၢCSCူCSၵCS ECၵႃ CၢCS Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၶCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CCSSCECSၼICSၼICSECCႃ ၼSSၸSEC CMCS ၵူCSCႆ ၼႃ CCS S ၶCSECႁECSSAS EႁႃCS

CEၼSၶMၵS ၶCSAၼSၼIူCS CCS S Cူ

CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS ECႃCIUCS EC Cႃ ၶီ CECSCMၵS ၵၢCS CႃSS CUၵS CIUၵSSCS CၢCSSၶCS CMၵS ႁႃCီ CူCSCၼSSS Cႃ ၸၢႆ ၵၢCS CၼSSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS EC Cႃ Eၵႃ ၸMCSSAူ ၶCS ၵႃ ၵၢCS ၵူ CၼSSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CMၵS ႁႃS CCS CCS Cႆ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSS Cီ CEၼS ၸIUCS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS S ၽSCSၶCS AMၵS EႁႃCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSS ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSSS ၵူၼSSCူCS CIၵS Eၵႃ Cႆ ACSCIၵS CCSSCECS ၾၢၵS Cႆ CၼSCီ CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCSၵMၺSSS CIၵS CႃSEC CီSၼCSၼႃ S CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS Cႆ ACSCIၵS ၸIူCSS ၼၼSႉ ႁၢႆSCၢၼSSCၢCS CIUCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼIူCSၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၶS A CIူCSၶCSEC CECS CS Cီ Cူ EႁႃCီ ECႃ EC AS EၵႃSCICS ၵႃ CS Cီ ACSSCIၵS S ၽIူCS CIၵS ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS CUၵS ၶCSCICSSACSCႆ CCS S ECႃSၼၼSEC CIၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSSCူ ၼၼS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS ၽECSCႃSCႆ S ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMႆ ၵူၼSSCႃSCMၵS Cီ Cူ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS ECCႆ ၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ACS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၼSSEႁႃCCSSCECS EC ECSၼၢCSS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

Cီ ၵCSACSၵႃ

ၼၼS EC CMၵS CၢCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCႃ S “ၼCS ၸIူCSSCူA Cႆ ၼၼS Cၢႆ ၵႃ CူCSSCCS S CIUၵSSCၢၼS

EC ၸECSCIူCS CႃS CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆSCEၵS ႁUCS ACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSCCS S ၸCS ECႃ

CူCSEၵႃ ACS CီSၵႃ ၼႆ S ၵCSEၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CIူၼS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ CCS S ECႃSၸIူCSSCူ ECCIUCS Cူ CCSSၸMCSSၵCSၵႃ EC ECCႆ CUၵS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS CMၵS CIူCS ႁႃCၢCSSၽICSS Cီ CူၶCSCCS S Cီ ၼMCS AူၺSSEၵႃ CူEၵႃ

ACS ႁCSSCႃSCူCSSCူS ၸIူCSSCူCၢCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSCီ Cူ CီCီCႃSCCS S ၼႆ EC ECႃSCူ ၶS AMၵS CIူCSSEၵႃ CIူCSSCႆ S ၶS ၵႃ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCီ CSEၵႃ ၵႃ ႁႃ ႁECSSCႆ

CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSSCူ S ၵCSCၢCSSCၼSCူ S ၼၢCSSCICSSၸIူCSS

ၽူCSၶCSCႆ CUၵS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ACS ACSၵႃ ၼၼS

Cူ ၵႃ CSEၵႃ

ECCၼSCူCS

ACSCIူၼS ၵူ CIူၼSCူ ၵMၺSSS ၵCSECACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCူCSSCူCSS” ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCCSSCၢႆ CEၼSCMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS S Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS EၵႃSCICS ၸCS CၢCS S “ၸCS EC … ၶႃ EC ECCIUCS Cူ ၵႃ ၼႆ ၵႃ ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ S “ECႃSCူCIUCS Cူ ၵႃ ၼႆ CIူၼS ၸၢCS CႃSၺMCSSCူၵႃ ၼႃ” “ၶႃ ACS ၵူCSၶCS” Eၶႃ CMCS EၵႃSCICS EC CUCSSၶၢCS Cီၼႃ S ECႃSEၵႃSCICS CCS CူၺSSCၢCS S ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS Aၢႆ ၸICS S ၵူၼSSCUCSS CႃSCူၼSCMၵS ၶCSS Cႃ EၸႃS EC ၵူၼSSCCSSCECS CၢCS Cႃ ၶCSECCIUCS Cူ ၵႃ ၵႃ ၼႆ ၵMၺSSCႃ S ၶCSၼCS CCSၼIူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S CMCS CီCMCS ၸႃ ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSၼႆ ၶS ၼMCS Cႆ CၼS ၼSSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMၺSSၼႆCႃ S

243

244 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵMCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSCCSSCECS

CီSCၸSၸႃS ၸSႁၵS ၽS S ၸS

AီSCူSS ၸSEၸCၼႃS ၸSႁCSSႁၢၼSS ၸSCICSSAႆ EC CMၼS CIUCSၵၢCSၸSၼSS EၶႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CီSႁECSSၸSCႃSCCSSၼCSS ၼMၵS ECၼၼS CUၼS ၽMၼSS CၼSSEၵႃ ECၼCSCႃSS ၵCS ၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCူၵSSACSCူCSCီ ECS CူCS AS ၵUCS CူၼS Cႆ Cႃ ၵႃ ၸS ၸၢႆ ၼSSEႁႃ Cႃ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼIူCS Cီ S CၢႆSECၶCSAMၵS ၵႃ ၼၼS

ၵIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECSS

CEၼSႁIUCS

Eၵႃ CၼSSECCႆ CS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSS ၶEၵS ECCႃSႁႃ S CIၵS ECCႃSႁႃ S ၶၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECၽECSCႃSႁႃ ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူၼSCCSSCူCSSCၢCSS Eၵႃ ACS ၶၢႆ CႆS CCSEၵႃ ACS ၽECSCႃSS CECS CၼSSၼIူCS ၶEၵS ၸUCSSၼIူCS ၽECSCႃSS CEၼSၶEၵS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CMCSSCႆ EC

ACS ၸS S CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၸUCSSၼIူCS

CႃSCCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ

CၢCS CၢCS CၢCS CူCS Cီ ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSS AMCS Cႆ ၸၢၵS CIUCS ၼCS S ၶူၼSCၢCSS CIူCS CIၼSCUၼS EC ၼMCSCUၺSSၼCS S ၼMၵS EC CၢၵS ၵMCS ၵCS CUၵS ၼIူCS AၼSၵIUCSSCႆ

ၸECSCIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS

ACS ႁၼSၵႃ Aီ CCSS

CၢၵS ၵMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CUၵS Cီ Eၵ ၵMၼSၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၼၼS CူၵSSၵMၺSSCၼSSCႃSS CS CIUCSCူၼS Cီ CၼSSCCS Eၵႃ ACS CၢၵS CၢႆSCCSS ACS Cႆ A CCSCECS EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CECSSCCSSCႃ

CCS S ၽMCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၵႃ ACSSႁEၼSSၼၼS

ACS CUၵS CီCS Cူ ၸIူCS ၼႆ CၼSSCီSCၢCSSCႃ ၶCSSၵႃS

AMၵS ၵႃ Cႆ Cူ S ECႃSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSACS A ၶCSEၵႃ ECACS ႁႆ ၸMCSSS ECႃS Cႃ

ၶCSCMၵS ACSSႁEၼSSCႃS ACS AS EC ၶCS ၽၢCS CIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃၶCSEC

AICSSS ECႃSႁၢႆၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ ACS ႁႆ ၵCSSCECSS CၢႆSEC CIူၼS ၺMCSS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSၵႃ CCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ACSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶCSS AMၵS CႃSၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS ACS CူၺSSAS ၸMCSSCၼSSCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢၼSSၵႃ CူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Cီ ၵMၵSSECS AၼSCၢၼSၵႆCၢCSSCီ CၵSSS CူၺSSCၢCS Cႃ S “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶCSACS CၼS ၸCS EC AMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS Eႁႃၶႃ ၼႃ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၵCSACS AIူCSCIူCSS ၵCSECCႆ CၢCSႁCSSၶCS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS CီSCSS ၵCSCၵSSECၵႃ S ECႃSၵCSၵႃ ၶCSECEႁ ၸIူCS ႁIUCS” CူၺSSCMCS S “ၶCSECACSၵMCS CIUCSSEAႃ ” “CS CူၺSSEC S ACS ၸS ႁႃ S CူၺSS CူCႃ ECၸMCSSCCS S ၵCS ႁCSSၵႃ Eၵႃ CECSCူ ” “ၶႃ Cႆ ၸS Cႃ ၶႃ ACS ၸS S Cႆ ၸSCႃ ၸCS EC ၵMၺSSEAႃ ” “ECႃSၼၼSEၵႃ ၵႃ …” EၵႃSCICS EC ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS AၢၼSSCႃSႁၢCS CီSEၵႃ ACS ၶIUCSSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CူၺSSၼCS ၵႆCCSSCၼSSEC ၶCSSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS AMၵS CႃSCCS S CIူCS CIUCSCီ

ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSEႁႃ AၼSCီSCUၵS CIUၵSSၵMCS EၸSCIUCSS

AၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS ACSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CEၼS CႃSၸူSၵႃSECCၢCS S “CၢCSSၼIူCSၸီ CCS Cႆ ႁCSSၶႃ Cႃ ECACS Cႆ CၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၵႃ CၢCSSCSၼႆၶႃ Cႃ ” “AIူCS ၵCSEၵႃ AၢၼSSECၵႃ AUCS ၵၼSCMCS ၼႆ CCSSၸCS CIUၵSS CူCSCူ Cီ ၵMၵSSECSၼၼS ” ACSCIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS S “CCS CCS Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ

ECႃSCႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ

CIUCS ၶCSSၵႃSAMၵS

ၵႃ EC ECCႆ CIUCSSၶႃ EAႃ ” “ECႃSၼၼSEၵႃ CIUCSSEC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSCၢCS EC CECS Cီ CS CူၼS CႃSCUၵS CIUၵSSၸIူCSS ၵCSCူၵCSCႃCႆ ၼၼS S ၶCSEၵႃ ACS CIUCSSEC ၼCS ၵCS S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ ၵMၵSSECS CၢCSSCီ CၵSSၼႆ

CECS ႁၢCS ACS CUCSS

Cႆ CCS S CIူCS EC AMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS CူၺSS ACS CEၼS

245

246 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢCS ၵၢCSSECႃ ၵၼSECEၶႃ S

CIူCS Cႆ ၶCSSCCSSCႃ Cႆ ၸIူCSSၼၼS

ၾၢCS CူၺSSၵူၼSSၸူၼSS Cႆ ၾၢCS CူၺSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

Cႆ

ၸECSCIUၵSSCႆSS CၢCS

ၵCSSCႆ ႁၼSECႃ CူCSSS CၢCS ၽၢCS ၵႃSCၢCS ၵူၼSSS ၵႆ CIူၼS S CၢCS ၵCSSEၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼS ႁECS ၸIူCSSCMCS ၵၼSၵIၼS CူCSCCSSၸIူCSSၵႃSCECS Cၢႆၵႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ ၸSECCႆ ႁECSSႁIUCS ACS CူCSSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CIူCS CၼSSAMၼS CၢCSSCUCSS CၢCSCူCSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CႃSCMၵS ႁႃCီ Eႁႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCS CၢCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CCSSၸSECႃSCႃSECႃSCူ ACS CUၵS ACS ECႃ ၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSၵူCSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ACS ႁCS ႁၼSCၼSSCႆ S CူၺSS EC CၢCS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS “ၸCS EC … ၶIUၼSS CၢၵS CIူCSSၶႃ EC S ၶႃ CMCSSၼMCSSEC EAႃ ” “ႁECSSCCSS CMCS ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

AၢCSSEC ၶIUၼSSၶCSSၵႃ CMႆSCMႆSS Cၢႆ CူၺSSCၢCSS

CူၺSSS “ၶႃ ACS CMCS S ၶႃ ၵူCSEAႃ ” “ၵူCSCCSCႃ CူၺSS” “ၶCSECACSၵC M S CIUCSSႁCSSEAႃ ” “ACS CၢCS S ၵMCS CCS CIUၵSSCS CၢCSSEႁႃ ACS CIUCSSႁCSSS CၼSSCီS CMCS CီSCၢCSSAIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

ၶCSSၸSCၢCS AS CူၺSSCUCS S CIUCS ၸCSၵMၵSS

ECSCႃS CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CIUCS CCSSCCSSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS CၢၵS ၶIUၼSSCCS S CၵSSECCႆ ႁECSSၼCS CၼSSCႆ CECSSCCSSCႆ ၼၼS CCS S CUၵS Cီၵႃ Eၵႃ CECSEၵႃ CၵSSECCႆ ၵႃ S “ၵCSEC ECၵႃ CူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CSSCူCSSCS Cီ CၢၼS CၢCSS ၼႃ ၼၼS EC ” “ACS ၸS ၶႃ ၸCS EC S ၶႃ ECၸMCSSၸCS EC Cူ ၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸCS EC … ၶIUၼSSCၢၵS CIူCSSၼႆ ECCီECCIူၼS EAႃ S ၶႃ ၵူCSၼႃ ၼႃ ” CူၺSSCူCSSACS CၢၵS ၼCS Cီ EၶႃSCၼSS ၼCS CႃSၸMCSSCၢCSSS CIၵS Cႆ Mၽ ႃS ၼCS ၵႃ CၼSSCMCSSEၵႃ CMCS CၢၼSSCႃSၵူ ACSS ၶCSၸCSAIူCS CCS CႃSS CCS CၢၼS ၶCS CီSCီ ၶူၼSCၢCSSCူCS AၼSၵႃ CECSSCIူCS CCSS ၶူၼSCၢCSS AၼSCMၵSSၶCS ၸူSၵMၵSSECS ၶMႆ ၵၼSၼၼS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵIUCSSၵႃS Cီ CၢၼS ၶCS CCS ၼၼS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ECႃSA Cႃ Cႆ CCS EC ၸီ Eၼ CUCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS CူၺSS ECCEၼS CUCSSCSၼႆၼၼS CူၺSSCCS CECS ႁEၼSSCူၺSSႁICSSACSSEC CEၼS ACS Cႃ S “ၸCS EC … CူၺSSၵႃ ၽၢႆ ၶႃၶႃ EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CMၼS ႁECSSCUCS ၵႃSEC CၢCSS “Aီ CCS” “ၵူၼSSCီ ႁCSS Eၼ … Cီ ၸICS ၼႃ S Cူ ၶMCSSS Cီ CၢCS EASၶCS” “CီSCSCႃ ” “CီSၽၢႆ ၼၼS S ၶCSႁECSSၵၢၼSCူ ႁICSSCUCSSၼၼS EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ႁၼSၶCSCCS S ၶCSCႆ Cီ ၽECS CIူCS Cႃ

CUCSSCၢCS AၼSS CီSCUၵS CIUၵSSCS CူၺSSၶCSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ECႃ ၵူၼSSCၼSSECCႃ

Cႆ CIူၼS ၸSၵၼS EၶႃSCၼSSCႆ S

ႁICSS

AMၵS ၸSၶS ၵCS EC

CUၵS CၢၵS CူCSSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CၼSSCႆ ႁၢCS CူၺSSS CူၺSSECႃSCၼSS CIUCS CူCSSၽႃCၢၼS ၵႃSEC ACS ၸIUCS Cီ Aၢႆ CၼSSS “Cီ ၸICS ၼႃ …” CUၵS CIUၵSSCႃSၵMCS CMCSEၵႃ Cၢႆ CူၺSSCၢCSSၶCSEC ACSၵMCS CႃCႃS Cီ ၵႃSS

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCႆ ၼၼS EC

CIၼSSCCSEC Cူ Cႆ ၼICSၼICSS “CူၺSS … Cႃ ECECႃS”

ႁECSS ၵECS ACS A ACS

247

248 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁIUCSSCူၺSSEC CIUCS ၶCSSCႃSCMႆSCMႆSS “ECႃSACS CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS CIူၼS ECCIUCSSႁႃSCCS S ECCIUCSSCႃSCီ Aၢႆ CူS CႃSCၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSSAIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ CUၵS CIUၵSSၸIူCSSCူ ၼSSCCS ၼႆ ၶEၼSS CIူCSSႁၢႆ EC CUၵS CIUၵSSၸIူCSSCS Cူ Cီ CၢCSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ S ၵMCS CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSၶEၵS ၽECSCႃSEC CUၼSSAMCS

ACS Cႆ ႁၼS

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS

AၢCSSCူCSၵႃ S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၼႆ ၽICSၼIူCS ၵCS AMCS CMCS S

CူCSၶICSSCUCSCUCSECSECSS ၽူ CၢႆCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

ၸီ EၼCၼS ACS CUCSS

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၸCS ၽECSCႃSCႆ S ECႃSၽECၼ S SSACS Eၵႃ

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CUၵS ၸUၵSSEC ၸCSSCIUCSS

ႁCS CMၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S AS ၽူ CၢႆCIUၵSS AMၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၶIUၼSSCCS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSၼႃ CUCS CၼSSS “ႁCSSၶႃ ECCႆ ၸMႆ CECSCၼSCCSၶႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CMCS ၵCSSCECSS ၼႆEC

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CIUCS

CၢCS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS S “ၼCS EC S CCS CၢCS Eၼ CီSCMCS CီSCၢCSSCCSEC ၸCS ၽECS CႃSၼႆ EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS Cီ CCS CCS CECSCူၺSS ၸMCS CူၺSSEၵႃ ၼCS ႁICSSCၼSSCူ ႁIUCSၼႆ AMၼSCၢCSSS CူၺSSEC Cႆ ၼCS ၸMCSS ၸCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ ၶCS Cႆ Cူ ECCႃ CECS ACS ECႃSCူCSၸSCူCSEၶႃSS Cူ CၢCS Cႆ S “ၵMCS CCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CူၸCS Cီ Cီ ECႃ CIူCSSၸIူCSSECႃ ႁCSS ၶႃ CၢၼS ၼႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS CMၵS CIUCS CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

1 CIUCSCMSMC ီSCMCSSECAာCS

ACS ECႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

AူCS AူၺS ECCၢCS S ECႃSCEၼSCMCS CၢCSSၸIူCS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS CMၼS CၢCS CIUCS CECS ECCMၵS S “ၶCSCIူCSSၸIူCSSECႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ACS ၸS ၼCS ၵCS S ၸMCSSၼCS Eၶႃ ၸီ CCS ၽၢႆ ၼIူCS ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CၼSCႆ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၵMၺSS ၶႃ EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၢCS S “CီCCS CႆS CူၸCS CCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼIူCSCူၸCS ၶCS ၵUCSS ၶCSၶႃ Cႆ Cီ EႁႃS CူCSSACSEC Cီ AူၼSSၵႃ S ၵMၵSSCူCူၺSS CIၵS CUၼS CူCSႁCSSၶႃ S Cီ ၺMCSSAMၼSACS ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS Cီ EႁႃႁCSSၶႃ S CMၵS CIူCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSCၢCS ၸIူCSSS ၵၢၼSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ

CူၸCS ACS Cႃ

ၵၢၼS

ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CၼSၼႆၶႃ ႁႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Aၢႆၼႃ AၢႆCႃၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSACS Cႆ CၢCS

CCSS “CီSEၽSၶEၼSCCSEC CCS ECႃS Cႆ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CၼSၶႃ ၶCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS CၢCSCECS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ACS CUCS CMCSS Cႆ ၵၢCSSCMၵS CIUCS ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၼၢCSSCICSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS ၼCS ECႃ CၢCS ECႃ ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၼCS ၶCSၸIူCS ၼႆS CECS CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECAူၼS AMၼS ၵMCSSၼMCSSCၢCS ECႃ CၼSS CCSSၼCS AၼCS CႃၼႆCူCSSS CIUၼSSCUCSSCၼSSCၢCS Cႃ S “CူCEၼSၼၢCSSCICSSCၢCS ၸၢCS CူCSS

ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸၢCS ၶCSၼႆ

ACS CီECႃ CIူCSSႁCSSEC ” “CီCCS S ECႃSCEၼSၼၼS CIူCS CECS ၶႃ ၶS ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ CCSSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ACS ၶS ႁCS Eၶႃ CUၵSSCMၼSSAၼSၼႆ S “CEၼSၼႆEAႃ S CIူCS CႃS Cႆ CIUCSSၵၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSCIူၼS CႆS CMၵS

249

250 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢၵS ႁႃ CICSSS CCSSEႁႃCီ ECႃ ECၵႆCMၵS CICSSCၵSSၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼၼS ႁCSS ၶႃ CီSၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ACS CူCS CၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၶCSEAႃ ” “ECႃSECCႆ CၢCS CEၵS CEၵS CECSSCECSSEC ECႃSCUၵS CIUၵSSCူ ၸCS ၵႆCCSSႁCSSၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ႁCSSၶႃ ECACS CူCS ၵႃ ၼၼS CCS S ACS Cႃ ၼၼSႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSA Cႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၶCS AၶCS ၸSၵႃ S CၼSS ACS ၸS CMၵSSCၢႆSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CIUCSႁၢႆ ECCCS CMၼSCIူၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS CMCSSCECC S ၼSSEC CၢCS Cႃ S “ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၶႃ S ECႃSၶႃ CူၼS Cႃ ECCCSCၼSႁECSSၵၢၼSEC AၼSAၼSၼႆ Cႆ CူၼS CႃS Cႃ CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ EC EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CS CူၺSSCCSSCၢႆSၸSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS AၼSCႆ ECႃ

CMCS CၢႆSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCၼSS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS S CCS Eၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIUCS CMၼSSCႃ S “CၢCS ၸS

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCCS S

AS Cႆ ၶႃ EC ၼSSCECSSCီ ECႃ

CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSSၶႃ EC S AူၼSSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCႃSCS CၼSၶႃ EC S CIၵS ၸIူCSSCႃSCီ ၶႃ Eၵႃ AS Cႆ CူECၵCSSS ၶႃ CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS Cူ ၶႃ ECACS ႁECSSAS CီSCMCS ၶMCS ၶCSCCS” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ

CူၼS ၼIူCSၵၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S

ၼႆ CEၼSCၢႆCၢႆ

AၼSCီS ၸCS CIUၵSS CူCS CၢႆSACSEC CူၺSSၶၢCS ASCECSSၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS S CCS Eၵႃ CMCS CၼSၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CMCSSCႆ ၼၼS S “CIူCS ၽUၵS ႁCSSၶႃ ECCႃSCS EC Cီ AူၼSSCၼSၶIUၼSSS ႁICSSACSS EႁႃCီ ECႃ EC ၶS ၵႃ ၵႃ CSEၵႃ Cႆ Cူ EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢCS ၸS Cႁႃ

EC Cီ ECၵႃ CSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS EC CMၵS Cႆ CၼSCီ CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS CS CၢCSS EႁႃၼၼS AICSSၼIူCS S ၵECS CIူၺS CIၵS EC ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ ၸၢCS Cႃ CCSS ႁCSS ၶႃ ECCS CူၺSSEႁၵMၼS ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“CIၼSSၸူCSSEC CCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS” CၢႆSECၶCS CႃSၼSSCUCSSၼႆ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CUCS ၵCSSAMၼSCၢCSS

CUCSSS “CCS Eၵႃ ၶႃ ၶS CၢCSCECS CMCS ၼIူCS ” “CၢCSၶႃ EC ” “ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS CီSCီ CS” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ACS CIUCS ACS CCS EC CMCS CၼSၵCSSCECSS “ႁCSSၶႃ CၢCS EC

CၼSSEၵႃ ECCီSၸMCSSCIူၼS Cူ EC S Cႆ CၼS

ACS ACS CူCS CူCS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSCူ S ၶၢCS CၢCSSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ EC Eၵႃ ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ CIၼSSCEၼS CCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSACS CူCSS CMCS CၼSSCႆ AၢCSSၵႃ ၼၼS EC CCSS CMCS CၼSSACS ႁၢၼS ၸSၼၼS EC CCSEC CIUCS CၢCSS “ၶႃ ၶS A CIူCSECၼႆ EAႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CၼSSCီSCီ CSS Cႆ Cူ CCSSCႆ ၸIူCS ႁIUCSS ECCႆ CူCSSCCSSCၼSSCIူCS CSS ၶႃ Cႆ ၸSCႃ CၼSSၼႃ S CၼSSACS Cူ Cူ CီS ECCႆ CူCSSCႃCၼSCၼSSEAႃ S CၢCSSၵIၼSCၢCS CECS ၸSEၵႃ CူCS Cႆ ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၼICSCႆ CIူၼSCIူCS ၵႆ S Cႆ ၼႃ CCS S CၼSS

CCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCၼSSEC CူၺS ၸSၵCSSၼIူCS S “ၵCSၶႃ ႁCS CCS Cူ S CCS CIUၵSSႁCSSၶႃ

CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃSCၼS

ၽူ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ Cႃ CMCS ACS CူCS CၢၼS CIူCSSၼၼS Cီ CီCၢCSSCၢCSSCူ S CIူCS CSECCႆ CူCSSၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS Cီ CSၼႆEC ႁCSSၶႃ ECCMCS ၶၢCS CၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ Cူ ၵMၺSSS CIူCS CS ၸၢCS CူCS ၶူCSS ၶMCSCႆ ၼႆEၵႃ ECCMCS ၶၢCS CၼSCူ EAႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCUၵS ၸUၵSSS CMCS Cႃ ACS CီSCCS Cႃ ECCIUCS AUCS

251

252 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵUCSၵၼSCCS ၼႆS CၼSSၸMCSSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS CIUCSႁICSSၵႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ၵၢCSSၶMCS ၸSECႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CIူCS ၶCSSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS AMၵS CႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCီ ၸCS CူၺSSCCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၸUၵSSCူၺSS ၵႃSၶCS AMၵS CႃSၼၼS ECႃ ECႃSCUCSSCၢႆCႃCူ CCS S *** CECS CၼSSၼIူCS Cႆ A Cႆ ႁၼSၽMၼSSCMၼS CIူCS CႃSS ၶUၼSႁၢၼSEၵႃ ၼIူCS EC CUၵS ၼMCS CၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶIUၼSSCႃSCူCS EC Cီ AူၼSSS ၶCSCCSS CၢCS Cႃ

CSCECSSCၢၼSS Cႃ EC Cီ AူၼSS ECCႆ ၶIUၼSSACS Cႆ ၶIUၼSS

ACS A ၼႆၵMၼS S Cီ EC Cီ Eႁႃၼႆ CCSSACS CီSCSCECSSCၢၼSS EC Cီ AူၼSSCႃSECCMၵS S CECS CၢႆၸူCS CူCSS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၶCS CႃSCူCS CၼSCIၵS CMCS ၽIUၼSS CEၼSCIၵS ၸIူCSS ၽECSCႆ ၸECSCIူCS CSACS A CCS S ၽIUၼSၼIူCS CEၼS CIၵS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CECS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS CCS CEၼS CIၵS AူၺSSEၵႃ ၶCS Cီ Eၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CIၵS CMCSၽIUၼSၼႆ CECS Cႆ CCSS CIၵS ၵMႃ CၢၼS EC CIၵS ACSSၵICS S ၼႆEC ၶUၼSႁၢၼSၸCS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၾၢႆ CၢၼS EၼCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၺSSCIၵS EC ECCCSSCူCSS CCSSCECSၵMၺSSS ၶUၼSႁၢၼSEၵႃ ၾCSSCMCS ACSCီCီS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC CႃSCMCS CၢCSS EC Eၵႃ ၼIူCS

CECS ၸူSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSၵMၺSSS CECS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC Eၵႃ

CႃSCMCS

CၢCSS AူၺSSEၵႃ ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSACS ၵၼSၶCS CECS ၸူSၵၼSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၼႃ ၼICSၼICSEC CၢCS ၵၢCSSၶMCS ၸSECႃ ၶUၼSႁၢၼSၼၼS

AICSS

AMၼS S CIၵS AၼSCူCCS ၵႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

Cႆ CIUၼS CၼS ၶUၼSႁၢၼSၶIUၼSSS

CၢCS EC CၢႆSCႃSEၵႃ ECCီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECႁCS Cႆ CIၵS CၢCSSၼMၵS Cူ EC S Cႃ ECၵCSSCIUCS CၢCSSၼMၵS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS

CီSCIၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ

ၵMၺSSACS ၸS ႁႃ S CIUၼSSCUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁCS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS S CEၼSၽIUၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶၢCS EၼSCMIၼSS2 CIၵS ACSSၵICS EC CEၼS Cႃ ACIၼSS3 CIၵS CၢၼS S Cႆ ႁၼSCEၼS CၢႆၸIUCS CECS

ၽူ ၼၢCSSCၢၼS CIူCSS

ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ

ၼၼS CCSSၼCSS ၼSSၼၼS CႃS ၸMCSၶUၼSၽMCSS AူSၼူ EC ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၶCS CCSSၸUCSSS ၽူ CMၼS ၾICS ၼSSCUCSSCMၼS ၾICS CCS CUၼSSCCSSၸUCSSS ၸCS ၸMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS

Eၵႃ CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢCSSၽIူၵS S ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူ

CၢၼS CၢၼS S ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSၵCS ၼCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCႆS EC CၢCSSCECS ၶCS CCSSၼCSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၼSSCEၼS CၢႆၸIUCS CECS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

ACS Cႆ

ႁၼSCႃS ၸIUCS CECS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CၢCSSၶCS ၼၼS Cီ CူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၼၢCSSCၢCS CUၵS Cီ CူၼS CီSၽECSCႃSCီ ECႃ S ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS CၼSSECၽECSCႃSS CIူCS ၼၢCSS CၢCS CCSSၽၢၼS ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSEႁႃၼၼS ACS CီSၶMCS ၶCSCCSS ၵMCS EC ၶCS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ACS Cူ Cီ CEၼSၵIၼSSၼႃ ၼႃ EC ၸCS ၽECSCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ A ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECSCႆ Cီ CSS CEၼSႁIUCSCEၼSႁႃCႆ ၼႆCCS S ၼၢCSSCၢCS ECႃ EC CMCS CECS Cႃ ၾၢႆ CCS CUၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCMCSS AMၵS ၶCS Cီ ၵCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ ၼႆCCS S Cႃ ECCႆ AUCS ၵၼSCMCS CMCS CECSSCECSSၼၼS

Cႆ CS CIUCSၶၢCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၼMၼSSCEၼSS ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ

ၼCS ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSEC ၶူၼS ၶႆ ၶIUၼSSCMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSCႆ CEၼSCႃS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSCၢၶMS ၼၼS S ၽIူCS Cႆ CMCS CIၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCS

Cီ CၢၼS AMၵS CECSSCူၼS CီS ACSCMႆ CၼSSCCS Eၵႃ Cႆ A AၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS Cႃ

ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CMCS Cူ Cႆ ၼၼS

ACS ၸS CႃSCႃSCCS S

Cႆ A CIူၼS ACSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ Cီ Cႃ CူS AၼSCီSACSSႁEၼSSၸCS

ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၼႆEC ၸCS ၶEၼSS ၸSၵႃ AICSSၼIူCS S “CၢႆSCIူၼS ACSၵႃ CCS ၶႃ Cီ ၼMCS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSCူ ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSၼၢCSSCၢCSS 2 The Nation 3 MC CSCာSCACCSS

253

254 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSAIူCS Cႃ S ၼSSCUCSSCCS CUၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSS AၼSCီSႁICSS CၢၼS ၼၼS ၼႃ S ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSၶCS ACS ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS ၸECS CၢCSCီ ၼၼS S ၵCS ၽMCS Eၵႃ CMႆ CၼSၶIUၼSSAIူCS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCMCS CႃSၶIUၼSSၼၼS CႃSၶႆ Eၼ ႁCSSAIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼS ECCႃ S “AIUCSS … CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS

ECႃSၶႃCီ ၼMCS

CီSၸMCSSၵၼSEC

ACS ECႃSCီCႆ ၸSၵႃ ႁIUCS” ၼၢCSSCၢCSၶIUၼSSCႃ “ACS ၸS S ၶCSACSၸCS ၶUၼSCူCSၵႃ Cႆ Cီ AMCS CၢၼSSS CၼSSACS CီSCီ Cႃ CူS ၸMCSSၸCS ၼMCS CၼSS” ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၼS CႃSCIၼSSCIၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CECS

ၵMၺSS ACS CႃSCIူၵS ၶူCSSCECSSCၼSSEC ၽECSCႆ ၼSSၶMၵS CCS CIUၵSSၶCSS ၼႆ ACS CီSCMCS ၸMCSSCCSSECAICSSS ၼၢCSSCၢCS EၼၶၢCS CIူၼS ၵUCSSၶCS ၸCS ၶUၼSCူCS AၼSCႃSၼSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၼၼS S ၼၢCSSCၢCS CူၼS ECCၢCS Cႃ “ၶၢCS CIူၼS ၺMCSSACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ႁECSSCCSACS CႃSၼSSၽIUၼS

ၶၢCS S ၼႆ CၢၵS CၢႆSCEၵS CIူCS Cႆ EC AIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CၢCS ၸMCSSCႆ CCSCCS S

ၵူCSEႁCႆ CCS S

CူCSECCီSEၽSၶEၼSECCMCS CMCS CCS ႁIUCSS ၶCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼMၼSSACS CCSSS ၶCSSၸSCႆ ၸSCၼSSၼICS CCSSS CCSSၶၢCS CECS CၢCSSCူၼS ၸIူCSSACS CEၼSCႆ CCS ၼၼS S ECCႆ CူၼS ၶႆ AS ၶူCSSCCS CူၵSSCUၵS ၵၼSCCSSCIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီSEC S Cီ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS AMၵS Cႆ CၢCSSၼMၵS ACS ၸS S CCSSCၢCSSCIူၼS EC Cၢႆ ၵႃ CIူCSS CႆSACS ၸS S CၢCSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ၸီ CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ ႁECSSၼႆ ECCႆ ႁECSSၼၼSS ၼၢCSSCၢCSEC ၶS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၼSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ Cူ ၸMCSSCၼSS Cီ CူၼS CီSS CၼSCၢCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူၼS ၶႆ Cႃ ECႃSCီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECCႆ ႁၼS ၽူCSၶCSCCSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼၼS CူၼS CီS ECၸCSၵၼSCCSSAMCS Cီ AၼSCIူၼS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၽူCSၶCSၼၼS EC

Cၢႆ ၸSၼႆCCS S CECS ၼSၽUၵS CႃS ၼၢCSSCၢCSEၵႃ

CIူCSSၵႃ Cူ ၸMCSS

EC ၶCS CၢCSCီ CၼSSS ၼSSၸူCS ၼႆ AၼSၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS ၸၢCS ECႃCEၼSCႃSEC S CၼSSECCႆ CS Cႆ Cီ Cီ ECႃ S ECAၼSAၼSS ECEၵႃ Eၵႃ ECၽECSCႃSၼႆS ႁIUCSCၢႆCၼSSAMၼS ၵMၺSS CEၼSCႃSEC CCS Cႃ S EၵႃS CICS CႃSၶႆ EၼCႃ ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS

ၽECSCႃSCီ EႁႃEC CၢCS Cႃ ၶS CူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ ECACS ၸS Cႆ CMCS CီS AၼSCEၼSCႆ ၼၼS EC ၶCSၶS CႃSCCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ

ၼSSEႁႃCECS ၵMၺSSS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCS ၶCS ၵႃ

ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS EC Cႆ ႁၼSၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS Eၵႃ ၼCS CS CၼSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ A ၵCSSCECSCႃ CၢၵS CၢႆSCEၵS CIူCS Cႆ CCS S Eၶႃ Cီ ၼIူCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSၼႆ CႃSEၵႃ CECSS ACS CႃSCUၵS ၼMCS CMCS CၢႆECEၵႃ S Eၶႃ Cီ CMCS- CၼSSACS ၸS CၢၼS S CူၺSSၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CၢCSSၶၢCS A Cႆ Cႃ CၼSS CEၼSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶၢCSS ၶူCCS CၢCSSCၢCSSS CၢၵS CႃCS CS S CUCS ၵၢCSSEၵႃ ၸECS CီS “ၶS CူCSSCCSSႁCSSၼႆႁႃ ” “ၸS ၶႃ EAႃ S ၶႃ CEၼSၽူ ၵၢၼSSCCS Eၵႃ CႃSCS ၶႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢCS CEၼS Cႃ ၵၢCSSCၢၼS CၼSSCMCS Cႆ S “CႃSEC CႃSၸSSၵၼSၼႆ CIၼSSၸူCSSEC Cူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS A ၵၢCSၸSCၼSSEC EC EC CMCS CၼSCီCီS “Cႆ A Cႆ ႁၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ CEၼSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆEC ၼSSၸSၶႃ ACS CီEC ၶႃ EAႃ ” ၵၢCSSCၼSSCၢCS ၼၼS

ACS CီSACSCီSႁၢCSEC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

255

256 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AၢCSSCႆ S ACS CၵS CECSCCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼS Cီ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ CီSၸS AီSCူ EC ၸSCIUCS ၽECS AၼSCၼSSACS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၶၢCSၶCSၼႆ CEၼS CUၵS CIUၵSSCီ ၼSSCCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၶCS Cႆ ၽIUၵSSCIUၵS CႃS ၸECSCIူCS CၢၼS CCS CIUၵSSACSSၵICS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶCSCIူCSSၸCSၸSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSCMႆ ၼCS CႆS CIူCSECCၢၼS S “ၶႃ ၶS ၸMႆ CECS Cႁႃ EC Cီ EC EC ” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSၶၢCSၼၼS

CCSSCၢCS CCSSCူၵSSCၼS

CIၵS CMCS

ၽIUၼS AၼSၵMၵSSCူၺSSCCS ၼၼS EC CMၵS ၸUCS AၼSႁၢCS CCS Cႃ EC CူCS CIUCSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS S “ၶႃ Cႆ ႁၼS CIၵS CMCSၽIUၼS ၼSSၵMCSCIၵS ၸIူCSSCူCS CႃSCီ Cႁႃ EC Cီ S ၸူCS ၽSCႆ CၼSSႁၼSၼၼS ၶႃ CူၼS Cႃ CUၵS CီCႃSCၼS AS Cႃ ႁႃ EC Cီ CူၺSSCူ ၼႆEC ACSCႃSCၼSEAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁCS ACSCIၵS AၼSCႃSCIၵS CူCS CIၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS S CၼSSACS CၢCS ႁၼS CူCSCIၵS CECS Cႆ ၼIူCSCူCSCIၵS ၼၼS ECCႃ ၼSSၸSA Cႆ Cႃ CEၼSCIၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCS CႃSS CူၵSSCူၺSSCIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS S CIၵS ၼႆ CCSSACS Cႃ Cႆ S CIၵS Eၸ Cီ CCS CၵSSCီ ၸMCS CMCSSEC CECS Cႆ ၵMၺSSS CူCSCIၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CူCႆ CီCီCူ S CS CၼSSCီ AၼS CCS CIUၵSSႁUCS ACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSS “Cၢႆ CCICSS … ႁCSSၽECS Cႆ ၼSSၶMၵS CCS Cႃ CူSS ECႃ CIUCSCIူCS CECSEC CIUၵS AူCSSEၶSCူ S” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSၵMၵSSCူၺSSCECS CIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS S ၼSSCIၵS ၼႆ EC CMCS CၼSSCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS ECCႆ ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ CCSSၽSEC ၶCSSၸSAS CၼSSCMCS Cႆ ၼႆ ၸIူCSSၼႆ Eၵႃ CECS CႃSCCSSၼCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CICSSCIၵS CMCSၽIUၼSၼၼS EC CCSSCူCSCCSSၸS CၼS CIၼSS CIၼSSCႆ CCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS … ႁECSSCCSCCS ACSCIၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CႃSEၼၶႃ ” “CIၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CူCS CႃSၸူSCႃ ႁႃ EC Cီ CူSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CCS CMCS EC ၼႃ ACS ၸS ႁႃ S Cႃ ECEၼAS ၽSႁၼSCႃ S CICSSCႆ CီCီၶႃ EC ” “CIၼSSၸူCSSEC EC CCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS” ၼCS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCS AၺS CႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECCႆ ACS CူCSSCႆ CၼS CMCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CၵS CMCSၸMႆ CECSCၼSCၼSSၼCS ၼႆၼႆ S ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ CMCS CၢCS CEၼS CEၼS EC EC S “ACS CCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSၸIူCS ၼႆၶႃ S ၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼSAၼSၶႃ

CၵSS

ECCႆ ႁECSSCၼSၵMၺSSCCS S CMၼS Cႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ S CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSS CMၼS Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSEC ၼSSၸSၶႃ ACS CီECAICSS” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CႆAMၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS EC ၶCSSၵႃSၸICS CၼSSCIူCSSၵႃ S Cူ CECS CၢႆCၼSS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCECS ႁCSSCၼSSEၵႃ CECSS CၼSSၶႆ Eၼ CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIUၵS CီSCႆ Cီ Cႃ CူS CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSCူ ၼႆS CၢႆSၼၼS ACS Cႆ ႁၼSၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS Eၵႃ ၼၼS CECS S CECS CူCS ၼIူCS Cႆ CIၼSSCႃ CၼSSCႆ CUၵS ၶၢႆ ၵႃ CCS CၢCS Cီ ၼႆCCS S 

257

CICSSႁႃ CၢႆSECCႆ A CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ Cီ CူCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCCS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼSSCၢCSSၵူၸMႆ Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCUၼSSAMCS Cႃ EC CူCS CIၵS CCSSၶူCSS AS CIUCSCီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSECCူCS CၼSၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS AS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSCIUၼSႁCS CMCS ၶCSCႆ ၵUCSSၶCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵMCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS ECၵူၸMႆ ၼႆၼႆ CEၼSCCSSၼၢCSSCီCူCA S ၼSၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS ႁEၼSSCIူCS ၶူCSSS ၶူCSSၶIူCS CIUCSSၼSSACS ၼCS S Cႃ CႃS Eၸ CECS CIၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ႁECSSCူၵS ႁECSSEႁႃ CCS ၸMCS CS CIၵS CIUCS CူCSၽIUၼSၼIူCS S CECS CS ၵၢCSSCူ CီၵIၼS CၢၼS CCSSEၶႃ ၵၢCSSCၼSႁECSSၸSၽMCS S CCS Eၵႃ ACS CူၺSSEC CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၵႃSCႃSၸူSၵMၵSSECSS CIUၼS ၾၢၵS Eႁႃ ၶူCSS Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ

ACSACSၸူCSSၸူCSSႁCS CMၼS ၶCSECACS ၵႃS ႁCS CCS

Cႃ ECCူCS CၼSCIUCSCီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CUCS CMCSS ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSS ECCႆ ႁCS CIၵS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸMCSSCၢႆSCEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼS ၼၼS ၼႆCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CEၼSၼၼSCႃSECACS ၵႃS CီSCMCS ၶMCS ၶCS CIူCSSၼCS CIူCSCMၼSSCႃSCECS S ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS

ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS S ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၶUCSSEႁ S

ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSႁUCSၵIူCS ၸIူCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ ၵMၵSSECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸီ CCS AS ၽူ ၸCSSၵၢၼS ၾၢႆ ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS

ၶCS Cၼီ ၵၢၼSၶUCSS

260 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eႁ “CႆS” ၵႃ CူၵSSACSCႃSS CIူCS ၽူ ၸCSSၵၢၼS ၽECSၵႃ ၵMၵSSECS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSS ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS CCSSCECS Eၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CIUCSSACSCူCSSS CၼSSၼၼS ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS AူၺSSEၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS AၼSCEၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS AECSCီSၵSS ၽူCSCS ECSCS CMCSEၵႃ

CႃSEC CူၼS CECSSCIူCS EC

AၢၼSSCႃSEC Cီ ECႃ S ၼႆEC ၵCSSAူၼSSCMCS ၶၢCS CႃSၸူSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ ၶCSECCႃSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၶCSၼႆ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ ၸECSCIူCS CSCCS EC ၸCS ႁႃ CႃSCIUCSCIူCS CECSS CၢႆSECၶႃၽူCSECS CၢCSSAူၼSSEၵႃ

ACS ႁIUCSCCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS

ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၽECSCႃSCၢCSSၼႃ ၾၵSSCူEႁႃEC EၼSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၵS CMCSCICSSECႃ ၵူၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSSS CၢႆCႃ ၵႃ ECACS Cႆ ႁCS ၶEၵS ၼMၵS CIူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSEC Cီ ECႃ ၼႆၵMၼS S CECS CMCSCၼSS ၼSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSၵUCSSၵCSCႆ ၼၼS CႃSCႃS ၶၢCS ACSၼIူCS Cႃ

CူCSCEၼSS

ၸUCSSCIၵS ACS Cၢႆၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSAECS CEၼSS

CIၵS CMCSSACS - EၼSCူCSS ၶCSCMCSEၵႃ ၶCSSၸSၵႃ ႁႃCူCSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ CIူCSS Cီ ECႃ ၼႆEC Cႆ ႁၢCS Eႁ ၶCSၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼMၼSSACS CCSSCႆ ၵူ ၶCS S ၵUCS CIUCS CMCSCMCS CECS AMCSCူCSSCMႆ EC CECSAၵS CECSႁICS Cီ ၵMCSSCUၼၸ S CS ၶCSS CၢCS CMၵS CIူၼSCႆ CIၼSSCECSၵMCS ၵူၼSSCၢCS CCSSၵၼS ACS ၵႃ CECSAMCSCူCSSS CECSAၵS S CECS ႁICS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S

Cီ EC CႃSCMၵS CIူCS

Cီ ၼSSၸSCၼSSၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S

ၵCS ၼCS CEၼSCIူCS CၵSSCႃCူၺSSCCSSCCS

ၸIူCSSAMၵS CႃSၵMCS CၢႆCECSSCIူၼS

ၼၼS S CၢCS Cႃ ၶၼSCCSSCၢCS CူၵS CၢCS ၶူCSSၶCS ၵႃ CEၼSEC CႃSCီ AMCS ၼMၼSSCၼSSS CIူCS ၶCS ၶIUၼSS ၸIူCSSACS CUCSSCႆ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS EC CMCSSႁCS CႃSCႃ EC CၢCSSၼႆ ၵႃ CIူCSSၼႃ ၶCSECႃ EC CUၵS ECACS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSCECS ၼႆCCS S CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSEၵႃ CMCSCCS CMCS CCSSCႃSCIၵSS CIၵSSS 1 NATO = Norht Atlantic Treaty Organization

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၽIူCS Cႆ ႁၼS CၢႆCECS CႃCၼSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၾႃ CECSSCႃS ၼၼS EC ၸSEၵႃ CီၶIUၼSSCႃSCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS EC CၢCS Cႃ CIူCS ၽUၵS CIူCS ႁIUCSS CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆS ECCီCႃSၶIUၼSSၼႆCူ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၶS ၵCSSCIUCS CICSS ECႃ CCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

CၢCS ၵCSSAMၵS ၸSCMCS ၸSCႃ CႃSS ၶCSSၸS

Cႃ ECCႆ ၵCSSCIUCS CCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၶCSSၸSAS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSၶCS CIUၼSႁCS CMCS ၶCSၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵၢCSၼS CၼSSAႃSCICS CၼSSၼIူCS S ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS Eၵႃ CူၺSSCUၵS AMၼS CMၵS ၵMCSSMၽ ႃSၶCICS CၢၼS CႃSS CႃSCႃSၶၢCS CၢCSSCီS “ၸCS EC … ၵCECS

AၼSA ၸၵSSၵၼSCCSSၶႃ CၢCS Cႃ ၽူCS

CၼSS ၵႆ Cႆ ႁၼS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS Cီ Cႃ CူSၼႆCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSCECS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS AၼSCၼSSCIUၵS CူCူ ၼၼS EC CIူၼS CူၺSSၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS “ၵCECS EC ၽူCSCၼSS CEၼSCၢCSSၽIူၵS ၶႃ EAႃ S ၽူCSCၼSSCEၼS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၼSSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢၼS ၶCSEC ACS ECႃS

CUCS ၸSၼIူCSCၼSSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၶႃ CၢCS Cူ ၸMCSSၶCSCႃSEAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS CUCS CႃSၸCSCၼSSS ၸၢႆ CႃCECS CူၺSS ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၶS AS ၽSCီSCႆ S ACS ၶS AS ၽSCIၼSS ၵၢCSSၶႃCMCSEၵႃ AUCS CၢCS ၵၼSS “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS … ECႃSၼၼS ၵCECS ECCIူCSSCီ ၽူCSCၼSSCူ Cႃ CူS ၼၼS Eၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCS CECS CၢCSS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSEၵႃ CUCS EC CၼSSACS EၼS CၼSSEၵႃ A CMCS ၸCS EC ၶCSCီCီS ECႃSၸCS EC CMၼSSCၢCSSၵူၸMႆ ၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSCူCS CၼSS Cႃ ECႁECSSCၼSS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCႃ “CၼSSECၶီ ၵႃSCIူCSSCIူCS ၽUၵS ” 2 Grace

261

262 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ECႃSၼၼS …” ၵၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႆ CUCSS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCၢCS Cႃ “ၶႃ ECၸMCSSCၼSSၵႃ ” ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ECႃSCECSSCCSSCႃ Cႆ CCS CူCSS “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ECႁECSSCၼSႁCSSEC EC ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS CူCSSၼIူCSCEၼS CIူCS EC CICSSၼICS CIUCSSၼၢႆSၼၢႆS Eၵႃ CီSၸူCS ၶူCS ၸECSSCICSSCMCSၼၼS ၵEၼS ၵEၼS S “ၸCS EC … ၶႃ CIူCS CၢCS ၵၼSCCSS ၵCECS CီCၢCSSCCS CCS S CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ၵMCS ၼၢႆSCCS CIူၼSၼCS ၶႃ ၵႃ EC Cီ ၶCSၼၼS ၽSEၵႃ ECACS CၢCS CIူCSCCS ၼႆCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸUၵSSၵCSSCECSS ႁECSSၸSၶIUၼS CႃS ၼCS CၢCSCူCS CၼSS ECCႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CCS S CCS Eၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၼCS CူCSS ၼIူCS CEၼS ႁICSSၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ACSCIၵS ႁCSSၵႃ ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC S CၢCS ၸS CူCS AS CIUCS ၼSSCIUCSS ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ ၼႃ ” “CCSSၸSၶႃ Cႃ S ၶႃ ECCS ECႃ Cႆ CIၼSSၶၢCS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS CCS ၸCS ECCႃSၶIUၼSSEAႃ ” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS Cူ CီEC Cူ ႁႃ S ECႁI ူCS CၢCSSၼႃS CCS CီS EၽSAIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSCႃ ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS CIူCS CIူၼSCူၼS ၵMၺSS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSACS CၼS ACSCCSSEC CူCS ၵႃ CMၵS ၼIူCS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS “ၸCS EC Cူ ECCူၺSSCူၵူၸMႆ ၶႃ Cူ ၵMၺSS” ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCEၼS ၵူၼSSCUCS CCSၼCS CIUCS ၽႃ Cႃ EC EC Cႃ Cႃ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CECS ၼSၽUၵS

ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSAMၵS EႁႃCီ ECႃ ၵႃ S CMCS ၶၢCS Cီ ၸCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼႃ Cီ ၶCSCႃ ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSECၵႃ EC ၵႃ ၸSS Cီ ၼMCS ၶCSCႃ CECS ၼႆCCS S ႁIUCSCူCS ၼIူCS CCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS Cႃ Cႆ

AၼSၸၢCS ၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃS ၼႃ ၵMၼS

CMCS ၶMCS ၶCS ၸIူCSS

ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSECCMၵS CႃSၼၼS S

ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSCီ EႁႃEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS A CMCS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSၵႃ EC CႃSCၢCSႁIUCSၼႆCIၵSSCIၵSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶCSၵMၺSSCႃS Cႃ AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSS Cႃ CMCS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S AS CၢCSS CၼS Cႃ CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ ၼSSEႁႃS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CႃSႁIUCSSCႃSCႃ ၵMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ႁECSSCEၼS

ၵၢၼSၶCSACS Cႆ ၸSၼၼS CၢႆCၢႆၵMၺSSS ၼႆEC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS CCSSၸSCၢCSSEၶႃSCႆ CီCီS *** Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMၵSSCIၼSCIူCS CၢCSSၼMၵS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A Cႃ ၵူၼSS CCS CMCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CႆCႃSၸူSCၼSSCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS Cႃ ၵMCS CIူCS ACS CMCS CၼS ၼCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ Eၵႃ AMၼSCၢCSS ၶS A ၼၼS EC CၢCS CူCSၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCMCSSCၼSSAMၵS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CူၺS CႃSCၢCS Eၵႃ ACS A ၼႆၵMၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS ၸUၵSSၼIူCSCၢCS ၽIူCSSS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃ ECႃ Cူ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSECCႃSၸECS CၢCSCၼSSS ၽIူCS ၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူCCS Eၵႃ CEၼSၽSၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

A ၵCSSCECSS CEၼSၽူ ၵၢၼSSACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS 3S CEၼSၵူၼSSCီSCီSCMၵSSCMၵSSS CီSၼူCS S ၵူၼSSၸCSS CၼSSEၵႃ CီSၼCSS CEၼSEၼ CIၼSS CMႆ CၼSSCႃSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS CၢCS ၸECS Cီ ၼႃ S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS ၼႆ ၼCS CCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS CIူၼS Mၽ ႃSCူ ၼIူCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSၵူၼSSCUၵS CIူၼS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ECCႃ ACS CီSၾၢCSႁၢCS ၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS ECAICSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸUၵSSCႆ ၼICSၼICSCCSS CCSSS CၵSSCႃCူၺSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ACSECႃ CIၼSS ၼႆEC ၸCS CIUၵSS CူCSCMCS CIၼS Eၵႃ

ECCူ CၢCS ၵႃ S CၼSSCMႆ CUၵS ၼMCS CၼSS AMၵS CIူCSS

3 CCSCECာSECာCSCMCSSECS AMCMS C ာSECSCMS CIUCSCMSMC ီSECာCSCMCS

263

264 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶIUၼSSEC AIUCSSၾၵSSCူCႆ S CMCS Cႃ EC ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢCSSAၼS CၼSSEC CၢCS ၼၼS

ACS ၶS AS ၵူၼSSCၢCS Eၵႃ A ၸMCSSS ACS ၶS AS CီSCၵSSCၢၼSS

ၶS EC ႁEၵS ၼCS

CIUCS ၵIUCSSၵၼSၼၼS EC ACSၵၢCSSCၢၼS

CၢCS ECႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSS Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ CီSၶCSSCၢႆ Cႃ CMႆ CၼS ၸCS ႁCSSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸCS ႁCSS ECCႆ ႁECSSCၼSၶIUၼSSECAၼSAၼSS ႁCSSCCSS ၸMCS

CIUၵSSCူCS ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃS ၶCSSCၢႆAၼSၼIူCS S ECCီSၼCS CMၼSSၽMၼSSCီ Cႃ CMCSCႃ CMCSၾၢႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS ႁCSSၼCS AUCS ၵၼSEၼႃ ” “ႁႃSEC ECၸUၵSSCႆ ၵMၺSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ၼICSၸIUCS ၸIUCS EC ၵMCS ၵႆ Cႆ S CCS CၵSSCႃ CူၺSSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ၾၢႆ CIူၵS ႁၢႆ ECႃ CIူၼS S “ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS … CEၼSၽMၼSSCီ Cႃ CူၸCS ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSSႁCSSၶႃ EC ” CECSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼICSၸIUCS ၸIUCS S CၼSSCCS ၵၢCSSEC CS CMCS Eၶႃ CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CMCS CၼSCCSS “CီCCS CႆS ECႃSၼၼS ႁCSSECCၢCS CMCSSCMCSSCCSCCSS ECႃS ၼၼSၸCS ၸCS ECCီSၸSၶS CMCS CႃSၵႃ ” Eၵႃ AၼSၵူၼSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ

CၢCS ၸIUCS CၼSCႆ Cႃ

“ၶICSSၼူCS ”

ၼၼS ၶS ႁၢCS CႃSAICSSAICSSS “ၶMCS Cီ CUၵS ၽIUၼS ႁCSS ACSၵၢၼSႁၵSSCCSCၢၼS CIူCSSEC CၢCS CS Cီ ၸCS Cႆ AIူCS S ECႃSၸCS ACS ၶS CEၼSၼၼSEC CူCS ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSS ႁCSSၵMၺSSCCS ” ၵၢCSSၸIူCSSၼႆ ACS CီSCီ CMCS ECAICSSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵူCS CူCSSAႃ CၢၵS CူၺSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၶႆ ၸႃ S ၵူCSEၵႃ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ACS ၵူCSS ၶIUၼSSCMCS Cႃ S “CူCႃ ECCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCS CၢCS ” “ႁCSSCၢCS EC AIူCS ” “ၶMCS Cီ CUၵS ၽIUၼS Cူ ၶS CၢCS CUCSSCၢCS CSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ ၼCS ၸS CူၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ECႃSACS CီSCၢCSSၽICSS CUCSSCMၼS ၾICS CSEၵႃ EC

ACS CၼSCူCS CၼSCၢCS ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCMCS ၵCSSCECSS “CUCSSCMၼS ၾICS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CEၼSCUCSSCMၼS ၾICS ႁCSSCူCSS CCS S CUCSSCSEၵႃ ECCMၼS ၾICS CၼS ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSႁCSSၵMၺSSCCS S CECS CCS ႁCSSCႆ A CMCS ၸCS CCSSၼCSCCS ” “CMCS CCSCႃ ” “ၸCS ၵCS ၸMႆ CူCSCIUၼSSCၼS ၵူၼSSCIူၼS CႆSS ၸCS CၵS CMCS ၵCSS CIUCS CICSSECႃ

ၸUCSSCီSCူCSS4ၶCSS ၸCS ၽEၼSCႃ ACSCIူCSSCႆS ၽၢCS

AMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS S ၸCS CEၼS ၵူၼSSႁၵSSCCSCၢၼS CIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶIUၼSSCMCS ၼICSၼICSS “CူEၵႃ A Cူ CူSS ECႃSႁႃSႁECSSCEၼS ၼCS CူCၢCS ၼၼS EC EC EC ၶEၼSSECCီၵMၼS S ECႃSႁECSSၼၼSCႃSEC ႁႃSCCSSECACS Cႆ ၸUၵSSCူ ၽၢႆ ၼႃ CူEႁ CၢCS ၵၢCSSၸIူCS ၼႆ” ၼႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS

CECSၵCS ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS

CIၼSCIUၵS CIUၵS CၢၵS CၢၵS CႆAMၵS CUCS ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS

CၢCS CၼSSECCIUCS

ၵူၼSSCႆ CUၵS ၶCSCီ ၵCS

ၽSCSEၵႃ ECACS CၢCS CMCS CECSCၢCS ECႃ CၼSS ၸIူCS ၼႆECCMၵS S “Cႃ ECႁECSSAS ႁCSS ၸSCCSၼႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Cႆ ၵၼS ၸSၵၼS EၶႃSCၼSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ S ၸCS 4 SEATO = South East Asia Treaty Organization

265

266 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CMၼS ၸSEC CၢCS CMႆSCMႆSS “ႁCSSၶႃ ၸၢCS ႁECSSAS

ၸူCS CၢၼSCUၵS ECSၸCS

CEၼSCS CEၼS

ၼIူCSၵႃ ၼႃ” ၵၢCSSၼႆ

CEၼSၵၢCSSAၼSၶCS ၼCS CၢၵS CMၼS Cႆ CီCီS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၸECSCIူCS Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCႃSၼႆ ECCEၼSCႃSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႃS ႁၼSCႃ Cႆ CCS S “ၸIူCSSCူၶS CEၼSCCSCႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၸCS ၾၢၼS ၼECS ၽIUၼSၵၢၼSCၼSSS ACSEၸ ၽIUၼS ၼIူCS CIUၼS CၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “ၵၢၼSၸCS ECCႆ ႁECSSၼၼS

ECCႆ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSSCၼS

ၼIူCS

Eၸ ၼႆ ၵMၺSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁCS ACSEၸ ၼၼS EC ၵႃ Cီ ၸECS CUCS Cီ EC Cႆ ႁၼSCီCီS ECSCၢၼS CႃCီCီEC CူCူၺSS CIၵS AၼSၶCSAS CၼSS CူCSS CၢႆSCIUCSSၼၼS S “ACS CူCSSCၼSCႆ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACSCIၵS ၼၼS ၶIUၼSSCၼSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS “ၵၢၼSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ CၢႆEၵႃ ႁႃSACS ၽMCS Cႆ ” “ECႃSၼၼSEC

ECCၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECS AICSSၼIူCS

Cႃ ၸCS

CူၼS Cႆ CMၼS CMၼSS ၸIူCSSၽUCSSAMၵS ၵIူCS CEၼSCႃSၼၼS Eၼႃ S ႁCSSEC CႃSၶIUၼSSCူ ၵMၺSS” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CႆCႃSၸCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S CူCSSACSCၢၼS CႃၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႆSCႆSEC CၢCS Cႃ S “ECႃ CIUCSႁCSS CႃSCECS CMၵS ၼIူCS ၸCS ACS CူCS AၼSၼႆ ၼCS ၵCS EC ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

*** CူCူၺSS ACSEၶႃ ၽႃACS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CၢၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSS ၸSၵႃ S CECS Cႆ Cႃ CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ACS Cႆ Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ Cႆ S ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ

CီSၵႃ CSၼႆEၵႃ

ACS Cႆ A ၸMCSSၼႆCCS S

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSCူCူၺSSၶၢCS ၼၼS ACSECႃ ႁၢCS CၢႆCၢႆCMၵS S ၸECSCIUCSSS ၸECSၶECS

CၼS CIၼSSCIၼSSCႆ S ၼႆ CEၼSCMCS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CIူၼS ၼၼS CCS S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS EC

ၵူCSEC

ၽူ ၵၢၼSSACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ

ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS ၽEၼSCႆ Cႃ ECႁECSSၵၢၼS CIူၵS CS CူCSAၼSၼIူCS CCS S ECႃSၶCSCၢCS Cႆ ၶCSACS Cႆ ACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၼႆEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSCCSၵႃ Eၵႃ Cီ ၶCSACS CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCCS CCS CူSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCSCS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC ၵႃ ၸူSၸCS CIUၵSS CူCSCUၼSSAMCS S CIူCS ၵႃ ၼၼS

ECႃSၶS CIUCSSACS CႃSCူၺSS Eၵႃ ၸMCSSCူ

Cႃ EC ၼၼS S “AၼSCႆ CECS Cႆ

ၼSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ

ၶS Cႃ CMCS

Aီ CCS

ၶႃ Cႃ … ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CEၼSAၼSၽECS AၼSCEၼS CCSSCူCSSၶႃ CူS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CCSSCၢCS CCSSCၢCSSCၼS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS

Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ CူၺSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CIူၼSႁၢCS AၢCSSCူCSၵႃ S “CူEၵႃ A Cူ CူSS

ၽIUၼSၶၢCS AၼSCႃ ၼႆ

ၶCSၶS CECS CCSEၵႃ

CECS CူCSၵႃ ႁCSSၶCSS CူၺSSၼႃ CူၺSSCCSEၵႃ ACS ၸS ” “Eၼ … ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Cီ EC ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CၼSSCIူCS ၼႆ Cႆ CECS ၼCS ၵႃ ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSCၢCSSCၼSၵMၺSSၼႆ ၽSၽSEၵႃ A Cူ EC ” ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၼICSCႆ ECAICSSS ၼCS Eၵႃ ACS ၼCS S

CIUCS CၢCS Cႃ S “CIူCS CၼSSCCS CIUၵSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSၼၼS

ၺMCSSACSၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS Cီ CူၼS CီSၼႆ ၶႃ Eၵႃ A S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ A Cူ S ၵECS CူၺS

267

268 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶၢCS ၽၢCSSၼႆ ECCႆ ECSCECS CS CၼS ၶၢCS AၼSEC CၼSSEAႃ ” Eၶႃ CMCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၼၼS CEၼSEၶႃ CMCS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS S “ႁCSSEၵႃ ၵCS CၼSၸMCSSၵၢCSSCူCူ S ႁECSSၼႆEC S CူCECS CMCS CၢCSSAၼSCEၼSEC Cႆ ၼၼS EC S CMႆ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CူCS CၼSCီ ႁCSSS

ႁCSSECCIUCS CူCS AS CIUCS Cီ ACSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၶCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSSၶၢCS CူၺSS ၼႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCီCီS ACS Cႆ ႁၼS CIူၼS CCSSAၼSၶS ၽECS CEၼSၵူCS ECႃ CIူၼS S CIUCS ၽECS Cႆ S ၼႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSၵEၼSACS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CECS CS CS ၵMCS ၵၢCS S “CီCCS S ၶႃ ECCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCMCSCူCS EC ၶႃ ECႁECSSAS CCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIူCSSA ၶၢCS AၼSEC CၼSS” CၢCS CCS Eၵႃ AMၵS ACS CUCSSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCႃSS ႁIUCSCICSSCီ CၼSSCCS ၸCS ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ၶီ CECSCၢCSၼICSSEC CMၵS CႃS ၽECSEႁႃCီ ECႃ ၶIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ACSၼၢႆSၼၢႆSၵႃ ၼSSACS ၼMၼSSၵၢCS CူCS CူCS CူCSၼၼS S

ၵၢCSSၶႃCၢCS ECႃ ၵၼSၼၼS

ၸMCSSS ACSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၶS AS ၽSCIၼSS

CၼS CUၵS CUၵS S ၾႃ CIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁI ူCS

ၸIUCS Cႆ S CၼSSCၢCSCီ CCS ၵCSSCECSS “ၸMCS ႁၼSCၼSS” “ၼSSၸSၶႃ ACS CီEC EAႃ S ၶႃ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၸCS ECႃ CူCSCႃSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃ CIUCSၶႃ CMၵS CႃSၼၼS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS CIUၵS CီSCီ Cႃ CူSCူ ” ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS CူၵSSACSCIၵS

AၼSCS Cႆ Cီ CူCSCIူCS ACSSCၢCSSၼSS

CၼSSS CEၼSCIၵS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၾၢၵS ၵႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS “ၵMCS CCS CCS ACSၶIUၼSSCႃSCႃ ” “ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSACS ႁCSSCIUCS ႁCS Cႆ CIၵS ၽIUၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼႆ CCS ၼႆCႃ S ACS CီSCၢႆSCၢCSS Cႃ ECၶၢCS ၽူ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCS EC CူCS CIၵS Cႆ CCS ၼႆCႃ ” “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS … CၢCS ECAၼSAၼSEC S Aီ CCSEၵႃ CီCCS CၢCS ၶႃ EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSSၼMCSSECႃ ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS “ၶႃ Eၵႃ ACS A CCSၶႃ ၸCS EC ” ၵၢCSSၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCCS ၵႃ S ၵMCS ၵႆ EC CၵSSCႃCူၺSSCS Cႆ S “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ACS A CCSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶEၼSSCႆ ၸSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS “ၸCS ECႃ CူCS ACS ၸၢCS CMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSCCS CူCSS” “ၼၢႆSၼၢႆS ၵMCS CCS CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆCႃ ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁECSSCႃSS “ၶႃ Cႆ Cူ Cီ ၼၼS

CူCS ၼIူCS S ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSCၢCSSၽIူၵS EC

CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSECႁႃCၢႆSCၢCSSCၼSၶႃ AS Cႆ ၽECSႁICSSCUCS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS ၼႆCႃ S CၼSSCၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ၵူ CၼSSEAႃ S ECႃSၸCS ECႃ CူCS Cႆ AMၵS ႁECSSၽIUၵSSCၼSS CၼSSECAMၼSၵႃ AS ၼႆCႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶႃ Eၵႃ CS Cႆ S CIူCS CူၼS ၵCS CၼSSEC ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSၼECS CIူCSSCႃSCီ ႁI ူၼSSS CၢCS Cႃ ၼၢႆS ၼၢႆS ႁEၼSSၶူCSSEC S CIူCSSCႆ CCS S ECCၢCS ၸSCူCSSCCS ၼႆCႃ S CCS Cႃ CIUCSSCECS ၵၢCSSၸIူCSSၶႃ CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS EC Cႃ S Cႃ ECCၢCSCMCS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSCီ ECႃ CECS ECCMၵS CCS ၼႆCႃ S CၼSSACS CၢCS CCSCECS CCS S ၶႃ Eၵႃ ECCႆ A Eၶႃ ACS ၸS Eၼ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CEၼSCူၺSSၼႃ ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCCS S

CIၼS ACSEC

ႁEၼSCူၺSSCIUCSSS “CၼSSၶCSSၸSCၢCS Aီ CCSCႃ S ၼၢႆSၼၢႆSCၢCS ၸIူCS ႁIUCS”

269

270 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “Mၽ ႃSCEၼSၸCS … ၶႃ Eၵႃ ၶS A AၼSၼၼS EAႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶႃ

Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ A CႃSS CIူCS ၶCS AၼSCUၵS Cီ Cႃ CူS ECAMၵS CႃSၼၼS ၶႃ ၽၼSႁၼSCၢၵS CၢၵS CၢႆSCၢႆSS ၸCS ECႃ CူCS ၶီ CMၵS ၵUCS Cႆ S ၶႃ

CUၵS AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ ႁEၼSCူၺSSCၼSSၸCS S ၸCS ECႃ CူCSEၵႃ CCSS ၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCS EၼCIUCSSECႃ ၶႃ ၶCSEC ၶIUၼS ၼIူCSၾႃ ၵႃ CMႆSCMႆSEAႃ ” ၼၢCSSCICSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSCECS CCS S CူၼS ႁCSSၽSႁCSSCၼSSEC ၼICSCႆ S Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCIၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CEၼS ၶIUၼS ၶူCSCႆCႃSS ၶCSCႃSႁႃၼၢႆSၼၢႆSS *** CIူCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS ACSCၢၼS Cႃ EC ၽIUၼSEၸ ၸIူCSS ECCႆ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSSၼၼS EC CIူCSSၵႃ CCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၵIUCSS Cူ Eၵႃ CECSCECS S Cႃ ECCူCIၵS Eၵႃ ACS CီSCIၵS CCSၼCS ၵCS S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ

ACS CီSCၢၼS CႃEC Cူ CၢCS Cႆ S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼMၵS ECၶၢCSSၼMၼSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CS CၢၼS CႃCႆ Cႃ EC S CIူCS CECSACS CီSCၢၼS CႃCCS EC CEၼSႁIUCSCႆ Eၵႃ ACS A S CIူၼSၵူၼSSACS ၶECSCECSSၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Eၵႃ

CCS ၸSၶS AS CEၼSၼၼSၸCS

ACSCၢၼS Cႃၵႃ ၵMၺSSS CၢႆSCႃSၸၢCS ႁၢႆ

ၸႃ CIူCECၼႆ ၵMၼS S CIူCS CECSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ CူၼS ၶႆ CMCS CMCS CECSSCECSS ႁCSSၵMၺSSEၵႃ CECSS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CႃSCူCS ၶCS ၶCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS S ၼႆ CEၼS ၵူၼSSၶCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ႁECS ၶCS ႁECS ၼCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၵS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၶႆ ၸႃ S CၼSSAၼSCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCႃS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ၵIၼSCCSCCSSCၼSSS CၢႆCၼSSCႃS CIူCS CIူၼS CႃSCူCS ၶCS CMCSCႃ ECCႃ ACS ၵIၼSAS AICS S CMCSSၵIၼSAICSS AICSSS ECႃ CIUCSCIူCS CECS ၽၢႆ ၼMၵS CူၼSCူCSၶICSSEC CIUၵS ၶECSCECSSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSCMCSၵႃ AICSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS ACS Cႆ ၵIၼSၼCS AICS AICS Eၵႃ

ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ S ၼCS CICSSAၼSCS Cႆ CၼS ၼSSECႃ CIၼSၼၼS

ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ACS CၵSSၵIၼSECAICSSS CMႆSCIၼSAၼSCS CIUCS ၶူCSၼၼS EC CEၵS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၼႃ EC ၵIၼSCၢႆၵCSSၵMၺSSEၵႃ CူCSSCCS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS EC CႃSၶIUၼSSCIူCS CS ACS ၸၢCS A Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CIUၼSSACS ACS CIUCSS ၵၼSCႆ CCSSၶCSS ECႃSၸUCSSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၶCS A CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS CMCSSCၼSၶCSCႃSCႃSၼႆ ECCIUCS CEၼSCCSCႃS ACS Cႃ Cႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶS Eႁ ၵCS CၼSCUၵS ECSCၼSSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵECS CIူၺS CၢCSS CUCS CCSEC CCSS ၵၢၼSၸIူCS ၸၢCS EC CCS ACS ၸၢCS CMCSSCၼSCႆ ECAICSSS CူၼS Eၵႃ ACS ၶS CူၼS S ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CUCS CMCSS ၶS AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁECSSၶMၼS CCS ၶCSS ၶS AS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵူၸMႆ ၾၢႆ ၶCSEC ၸMႆ CၢCS ၸMႆ ၸႃ AS ၵူၼSS CIူCSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ ၽMCS ႁCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSS ၼႆ EC CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁECSSCၼSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Eၼ CIၼSS

Eၵႃ ACS ၸS ၵူၼSSCIူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ECႃSCၼSSA ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS ႁၵSS CCSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSၸCS ၵCS ၼႆEၵႃ ECၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS Cႆ Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆS CMၼS CMၼSSCၼSS ၶS CEၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS ACSCၢCSSCUCS CCS EC ၵၢၼSၸIူCS ၸၢCS CEၵS ACSCႃ CUၼS CူCSS ၵMCS Eၶႃ CCS CMၼS CUCSCၸCS EC

ၸၢCS CႃၸSၸCS ၵCS

Cႆ S ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ CEၼSCIူၺS ၵၢCS ၽSCၼSS AၼSႁECSSCႃSCၼSSCCS CူၼS CႃSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CIူCSSၼႃ CUၵS ECSCၼSSၼႆEၵႃ ECCEၼSၸMCSSၼCS ၵၢCS ၶCSႁECSSCႃS CIူCS CၼSSCCS CီACS CီၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS S CIူCSSၼႃ ၶCSၼႆ ECACS AICSၼIူCS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺSSၼႃ CUၵS ECSEC ႁၵSSCCSၸူC I S ၸၢCS ၵႃ ECCႃ ECႃSၶCSCႃSၵၢCS CႃS Cႃ CၢCS CၢၵS ၶၢၼSၸSၼႆEၵႃ ၽSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ၵူၸMႆ ၵၼSCႆ S Cႆ CIၼSSCECSCMၵSSCIၼS AၼSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS Cႆ CႃSS ၾႆSCၢႆAၼS CECSSႁI ူCS CMCS CMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CMCS CIUCSCႃSEC

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၽECSS

CIUၼS CႃSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS CMၼS CCSSCCSSCICS EC CႃSCECS CMၵS ၼIူCS CCS S CUၵS ၼMCS Eၼ CIၼSS CၢၵS CCMCS CူCSၼၼS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCUCS S ၶUၼSCIUၵSS CူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CIUၵSSႁၢၼSCီ Eၵႃ

ၵMCS EၸSCIUCSS CႃCီCႃCCS ၸူS

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ S CMၵS ၼႆ EC ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၸီ CCS AS ၶCSCူ ၸMCSSCၼSS

271

272 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႆ S CIUၵSSႁၢၼSCMCSEၵႃ CCS ACSၾႆSCၢႆCIူCSSCMCS ၼႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CUCS AၼSECႃ ECႃSCIူၵS ၸCSSၽႃS CCSSCECSSၾႆSCၢႆCCS ႁECSSၼႃ EC CၢၵS CႃၽIူCS CCSSCႃSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ACSCIUCSSCMCS ၼႃ CMCS CႃCႆ S ACSCူCSCၼSS AICSၽႃEC ၸUၵSSၸCS Cႆ CီCီS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS CၢCSCIUCS CIUCS S “ၸCS CECSSCCSSCႆ ၸIူCS ႁIUCS” “ၸSႁႃSACS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵMၺSSS ႁႃSACS ၶS CEၼSၶMၼS CCS Cူ” “AႃS … ၸCS ECCEၼSCCSၵႃ ၸMCS ၸCS A S ACS CူၼS CMၼS CႃS Cႃ CUၵS ECSၸCS CCS ႁႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CUCS ၸCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Aၢႆ ၵူCSCူCSSCၼSS Cႆ ႁCS CEၼSၶECSSၼႃ EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

Cႆ CIၼS ၼႃ Cႆ CၢCS ၽၢႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ACS CMCS CCSCECS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၶUၼS CၢCS CၢCS CူCSCႆ S “CMCS EC S CMCS AၼSႁႃSCၢCSCႆ ၼႆ EC S CIၼSSႁႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS CECSCS CECSCူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ACS CၢCS CCSCECS S ၼႆEC ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၸCS CMCS CECS CၢCS Cီ ၶUၼS CIUၵSSCူCS CၼSSEC Cၢႆ ၼႃ AMၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS S ၵူၼSSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSၶCS

ႁECSSECႃ CၼSSAီ CCSEၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS ACS ၸၢCS CUCS CMCS ၶIUၼSSCCS S ၶCSCႃSၸၼSACSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ACSCIUCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCCSEC ၶCSSၶၢCSCIUCSSS “ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၸီ CCS AS ႁCSSၶႃ

AMၼSၸCS ႁCSSၵႃ

Cီ ACS

CUCSSCၼSS” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CၢၵS ၸၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၼMၵS S ၸီ CCS AS CIUၵSSႁၢၼSၶCS ၸMCSSCၢCSSCCSCႃSၵCSSCECSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ

ECCEၼS ECCႃ Eၵႃ

ACS CMCS CMCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CCSS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSCႆ ၸSCႆ EC CCS S

CၼSSCUCS CMCSSCႆ

Cီ CIူၵS

Cီ CUCSSCCS CCS S ၵMCS CCSၶCSၶCSSၶၢCSCIUCSSCၼSSEC ACSAMၵS CႃSCၢCSS ၼMၵS ၵၢCSၶCS ၵၢCSၶIUၼSSCူCSၼႆ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSSၸSCၺ ူ S ၸSAICS AICS S CူCSSCEၼSၵၢCSၶIUၼSSEၵႃ

ႁECSSAS AူၵSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CEၼSၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸူCS

ၼIူCS ၵECS S AS ECႃSၽECSCႃSCီ ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ Cႆ CCSၼIူCS ၼၼS ၸUCSSၶCSCႆCႃSၵCSS CၢCS ၵCSSCၢCS S

ၶCS ၼႆ CCSSCICS CIUCSSCIUCSSEC

CီၵူCSCီCECSCႆ EC S

ECႃSၽECSCီ ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ ၽၢႆ ၼၼS CUCSSCUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ႁၼSCCSS CECSSS Cႆ CIၼSSCECSAICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSSS “ACSၶCS ၼSSCUCSSCႃSCႆSCႆSEC ” CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCSAီSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSACS CUCSSS ၸCS CIUၵSS

CူCSCMCS CIၼS ၼCS CS CၢCSSCCS ၽIူၼSCႆ CၵSSCူCSၼၼS S “Cႆ ႁECSSၼCS CၵSSCIူCSCၢႆCီ AၼSECCႆ ႁECSSၸMCSSၵMၺSSႁႃ S ၼSS ၸSEC ACS CီၼCS ၵCS ” CIူCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CၢCS ၵၢCSSCူ ၼၼS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSCCS CူCSS ၶၢCSCIUCSSCၼSS “ၼCS EC ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSS AၼSႁႃSၶS CၢCSၸCS CီSCCSSၼCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူCSၸSၵႃ AICSSၼIူCS S ႁI ူCS ၸSႁI ူCS EၶႃSၼႃ S “ၼCS ” ၼႆEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၼCS ECႃ ၼႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSS CMCS CူၺSSEၶႃ CIUCSSCၼSSS “ၸCS CEၼSၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS

Cီ CUၵS ၸUCSSၸCS ၾႃ ၸIUCS CႆS

ACS

ၸS ႁႃ ” “ၸS CCS S ECႃ CIUCSCၢCSSၼႆ AIူCS ” “CၢCS AUCS ၵUCSCူCS Cီ ၵၼSCCSS CIူCSSCူCS ၸIူCSSAEၼSႁECSSCS ၼၼS ႁIUCS”

273

274 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ACS CၢCS AUCS ၵUCSCူCS Cီ CႃSECCMၵS ” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸCS ႁCSSၵCS CၼS Cႃ CIူCSSCႆS ECၽၢCS AMၵS CIူCSS ACS CUCS ၵႃ CUCSSCUCSS ACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “CူCSႁႃSEC ACS CၢCS ႁECSSCႃSECCMၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၼSSCIူCSCCS

CIUCSSCIူCSSEC ႁCS CCS Cႆ Cႃ CီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS Cႃ ၽၢCS AMၵS Cႆ ၼႆCူ CူS” ၼႃ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CECSၵCS CႃSS “CMCS ႁႃ S CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CCSSACS CီSၵႃ ၶၼS CၢၼS Eၸ CMၵSSၽIUၼSၼIူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸMCSCMCSCIUၵSSႁCSS CIၵS CMႆ CECS CCS CCS S Cႃ CႃSႁႃCၢCS CMCS ၼႆ CIၵSSCIၵSS” “ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆEC ECCIUၵSSACSAS Cႆ Cႆ Cူ S CူၶCSCႆ ၸS ACS Cႆ ၸSၼၼS ACS ၸS CMCS CS ” “ECႃSCႃ

ၽECS CECS ၵူၼSS ၵICS ၶMCS

ၼCS ၸCS EC

ၵူၼSSCIူCSS

Eၵႃ CSECCUၵS ႁIUၼS CႃSCႃ ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၵူCS ၵIူCSSCႃSၽၢႆ ၼႃ S ACSCၢၵS CႃCECSၸUCSSႁUCSS CၵSSCူၺSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S “CူCႃSCMၵS CIူCS ႁႃSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၸCS CIUၵSS CူCSS ၸSႁႃSၼႆ CIUCS ၽECS S CၢCSSႁCS ႁၼSႁႃSၼႆ ၶS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSၵMၺSSAIူCS ” “ACS ၸS S CႆSCUၵS ၽIUၼS ၼၼS

ၵMCS CူၵMၺSSS CIူCSSACS CUCS

ႁCSSCူၵSSၵIၼSSCူCSSၶEၼSEၵႃ ၵMCS Cူၵၺ M SS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၸSCCSCႃSS “CူA CီCီCူ S ၵMCS CIူCS CူEC

ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSၸCS

CICSSၵMCS

ၵၢCS CUၵS ၽIUၼS S ၵMCS Cူၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSSCECSႁCSSS ၵMCS CူCICS CEၼSECႃ ႁCSS” “CIၼSS CီၶMCS ၸSEC CCS Cႃ S ၸCS ၼႆ ၵMၺSS ၸCS CIUCS EၼCၵSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢၼS ၸCS ႁCSSCEၼS ၽူ ႁၵSSCCSCၢၼS CIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ

ႁႃSECCၼSၸCS CIUCS CၢCSSCIUၼSSCUCSSS ၵူၸMႆ ၾၢႆ ႁCSS Cႃ ၵၢCS

ၽECS CECS ၵူၼSSCIူၼS ၶCSEC S ၸCS Eၵႃ ECCီSၼCS CMၼSSၽMၼSSCီ CIူၼS ႁCSSCူ ၵႃ ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ CMCS ႁCSSႁCSSႁၢၼSႁၢၼSS “CၢႆEၵႃ CIUၼSSACS ၽMCS ” ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CUၵS ၸUၵSSၵCSSCECSS ACSCIUCSSCၼSSCCS ၼIူCSၽIူၼS ECCၢCS CCSSCECSAMၼS AMၼS S “ၼႆ ၸCS CMၼS ၾICS ႁCSSၸCS ၼႃ” CCS Eၵႃ Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEC “AMၼSCၼSSၵႃ Cႃ S CူCS ၵႃ CၢCS Cီ S ႁECSSAS CၼSS CIူCSSၵIၼSSၸS CၢCS ၶၢၼSၸSEC ” ၶCSၶCSSၶၢCSCIUCSSACS ၵႃS ၶCSSCႃSၶၢCSCIၼSS AMၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ ၸူS CUCS AMၼS AၼSACSCEၵSSCUCSSCEၵSSၵCS Cႆ ၼၼS S CIUၼS CIၼSEၵႃ CEၼSၶီ CEၼSCECS ၵူၼSSCႆ S

ACS CီSCMCS

Cႃ ECCႆ CUCS CူCSSCူCS CS

ECAICSSCCS S ၵIUCS ၵၢCS ACSECႃSCCSSCၼS CႃCCSၵႃ S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS CCSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS ၶIUၼSSCႃSCႃ

CၼSSECၸCS Cူ Cႆ ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCSS ECႃSCEၼS

ၼႆEC ECၵMႆၵႃ CMႆSCMႆSCCS S CIူCSSၼႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCICS CCSCၼS ၵႃ CECS CCS S 

275

CICSSAၵSS CၢႆSECၼၢႆSၼၢႆS CMၵS CႃSACS ႁIUCSCCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSSCႃ ECAMၼSCႃSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ CူၼS CီSS AၢၼSSၵႃ Cူ ၸMCSS ၼၢCSSCၢCS Cီ CူCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSS ECႃSCူ Cီ CူၼS CီS ၸၢCS ၵႃ CူCSS Cႆ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CူၺS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCMCSSCၼSSAMၵS ၸCSၸCSS ၼMၵS ECၼၼS Cီ ၼၢCSSCူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSEၵႃ CEၼSၵIၼSSၼႃ S ၸCSEC CူCSSCၢႆၸSCCS EC ၶS ႁၼSၼႃ ႁၼSCႃ CၢၼSCၼSS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ ၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CIၵS CMCS ၶၢCS ၸူS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCMCSSCၼSS AMၵS CMCS Cႃ ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCMCSCူCS CၼSSECၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ CူၼS CီS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ACSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCIူၼS CူCS CၼSCႃS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCUၼSSAMCS Cီ ၵMၵSS ECS EC ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၶCSCCS S CECS CMCSCၼSS CၢCSCူCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ECႃ ACSEၶႃ ၵၢCSၸSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS EC ၽECSCႃSS ႁၢCS CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACS CၼSAMၵS Cီ ECႃ S ၶၢCSSCMၼSSၼCS Eၵႃ CCS ၵႃ CCS S CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS EC ECႃSCMၼSS ၼCS CႃS ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSS CူၼS CIူCSSၵၼSECCႃ Cီ ၼႆ ECႃ EC ၶၢCS CူၼS ၵႃ ၵMၺSSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC Cႆ CူၼS CIူCSSCူ CIူၼSၵူ Cီ S CIူCS ၶၢCSS CMၼSSၼCS ၼၼS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ ၶႃCီ ၼMCS CMCSCMႆSACSSၼCS ECႃ EC ၶCS CEၼSCၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSSS CၢႆCၢၼS CၢႆCူၼS ACSၼCS CႃSၵၼS ECႃS ၼၢCSSၾႃ S ၵူၼSSၼSSၶူSၼSSCECSSEC ၼMၵS EC Cီ AMၵS ၼMCS ၶႆ ၶCS ACS CႃS

278 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS ၶCSEC ECႃ CIUၵSSCS CၢCSSEႁႃၶCS CECS CၢCSCၢၼS CSEၵႃ ACS ၵူCSACS EႁECAICSSS ၵECS CIူၺS CၢၼS CIူCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS ၼSSၸSၶCSACS CီECAICSSS CႃSၶႆ CႃSCMCS ၶCSACS ႁၢၼS ၸSS ၶCSEC AMၼSၵၼSCUCS CCSCႃ ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ECၶIUၼSS CMၵS CႃSCူ ၼႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CီSႁECSSၸSCႃSၸMCSSၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ Cႃ ECCၢCSSၽEၼS Cႃ CIူCSSၼႃ ၼႆ CEၼS CUၼS ၽMၼSSCၼSSCCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ CEၼSCCSCႆ ၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSACS A ၸMCSSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS ႁၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႃ ၼႃ S CၼSS ၶS ႁႃၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼSCIူၼSၸIူCS CၼSSEC AUCS CၢCS ၵၼSCMCS CMCS CECSSCECSSS ၵူၼSSႁICSSACSSCၼSSCCSSCECS AMၼSၵၼS CMCSSCSSEၶႃ CECSSCCSSS Eၶႃ CၼSႁECSSCMၼS ၸSS CၢCSSၵူၸMႆ CူCSCIUၼSS EC AEၼSႁECSS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSSS CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CCSSACS CီSCီ ၸSCS AICSCIUCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS ECႁECSSႁIUCS CူၺSSCူ ၵူၸMႆ ၵႃ Cႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSA CMၵSSAူၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS

ECႃၸူၵSSACSCIUCS

CၢCSSCႃ CUၼS CူCSၶCSS ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSၵူၼSSCICSS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CၢCS A ၸၵSSCႃSၼၼS CႃSEC CႃSၸSSS ၶCSAMၼSၵၼSCၢCS Cႃ ၶCSCႆ ႁၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S Cီ ၶMၵS AIၼSSၸECS 1S Cီ CCS CIၼS ၵCႃ CူCS S Cီ CECSSCIူCS

ၼIူCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cီ CCS S ၶCSEၵႃ Cႃ

ၶCSၸၢCS EၼCၵSSCၢၼS

CMCS Cႃ ၵၢCSSၶCSၼႆ CEၼSAၼSၸIUCS AၼSၸS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၢၼSၼၼS

CူCS CူCSCIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

Cႃ ECEၼCၵSS

ECႃSႁၼSCIူၼS CCSSAICSS

ၼIူCS Eၵႃ ACS CၼSCMCS ECAICSSS CၵS ၵCSAS Cႆ Cႆ S CၼSCူCSCၼSCIUၼSS CECSCူၼS EC CMႆ ၵူၼSSၵႃ ႁႃ CECS ၼႃ ၾႃ Cီ ၼႃ CIူCSSS ECႃ EC Cႆ A ၶၢCS CၢCSSAICSSAICSSEC CၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ

CMCS ၶၢCS Cႃ

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ

ACS ႁၼSCIူCSSCႃSၶIUၼSSS

ၸCSECCႆ A CCS ၼႆEC CMၼSSACSCူCS

CECS S 1 CACSSCICS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶၢCS CၢCSS ECႃSၶS CEၼSၵIၼSၼၢCSSၾႃ Cီ ECႃ Cႆ AIူCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Eၽ ၸMCS ၵႃ EC ECႃEC CၢCS ၵႃ CႃSS EC ၽီEC CူCS ၶCSၸIူCSS ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ EႁႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ႁEၼSSCူCSEC CူCS CၼSSCႃ CMCS ၶCSCၢၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူၼSCCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶၢCS ၶMCS Eၶႃ CၢCSSၶၢCS ၶCSS

ၵၢCSSၶCSECCႆ CၢCS ၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ CၢႆS CီSCႆ CီCီ CၢCSSCၢCSSS ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSS CIူၼS ECCMႆ CၼSCCS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CUၵS ၸSS ၶCSEၵႃ ECCႆ CူCSၼCSၼCS ACS ၸS Eၼ S CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CIၵS ၸူS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS S ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CူၺS ၶCS Cႃ CၢCSSCၼS CၼSS AS Cႆ CူCSSႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CS CူၺSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS CၢၼS

CMCS Cႃ ၶၢCS CၢCSSAၼSEC AၼSCၼSSCႆ ၸSCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS CUၼSS AMCS CူCS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS ႁၼSCႃSCႃSEC CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ECCMႆ ၵူၼSSၵႃ CူCS CIUCS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CၢၼS

ၸIူCSSၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS

ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CMCSSCႃ ၽIUၼSၶၢCS ECAၼSAၼSEC CၵSSEC ႁCSSCS ၶၢCS CၢCSSAၼSEC ၼႆ Cူ ၼႆCCS S Cူ CECS CူCS ၼIူCS EၵႃSCICS CICSSCCSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS CEၼS Cႃ ACIၼSS ECၶCS CႃS ၼSSACS CူၺSSCIၵS S “ၸCS EC … ၶၢCS AၼSၸCS EC CECS ၵႃ ၼၼS CႃSCႃSၼSSၽIUၼS ၶၢCS CCS ” EၵႃSCICS ႁICS ၼECS ၶီ CECSCႃSEC CEၼSCူSCႃSCူSCီ Cႆ S “CီSCS … ၵCSCူၺSS” CCSSCၢCS CCSSCUၵS ACSၽIUၼSၶၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃSၶS CူCS ၵႃ S CူၺSSၼႃ ACSႁEၵS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS Eၵႃ ၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CၢCS CSCႃSၵCSS CECSS ၶၢCS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSCီ CူၼS CီSၼၼS ၶCSCS Cႆ CၼSၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CၼSၵႃ ၼၼS S ၶၢCS ၼႆ Cႆ A Cီ Cူ ၸၼS

279

280 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cီ ၼႆEၵႃ CECS CS Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸူCSSCIူCSSၼႃ EC AMၵS ၸSၶS ၵMCS EၵႃSCICS CECS ၵCSSCECSS CIူCS EၵႃSCICS ECAMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ S “ၸCS EC … Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS ၶEၵS ၶူCSSၶECSECEၵႃ Eၵႃ ECCႃSEC CCS Eၼႃ ” EၵႃSCICS CၢCS ၼၼS ၸIUCS ၸS ၼႃ S Cူ CECS CICSSCီ ၼICS ၵႃS ၸICS CCSSၼIူCS

ၶCSSၶCS CႃSၼSSCၢCSSEႁႃS ၽECSCS CၢCS CၢCS CCS

ႁCS

CCEၵS ECၵIUCSSၵCSSCECSS EၵႃSCICS ECႃSCၢCSSA Cႃ Cႆ CCS EC ႁCS ACS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS CCSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶCS CႃS ၼSSACS CူၺSSCIၵS S ၼSSCIUCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၼၼS

CႃSCႃSၽIUၼSၶၢCS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS S CIူCS CၼSSAၢCS CၢCS ECႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS CၼSSEၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼS ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CEၼS Cႃ ACIၼSS CCSSCႆ ၼIူCSၽIူၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ႁIUCSSCၢCS “ၶၢCS ၼႆ CEၼSCူCECS CူCS ACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “ၸS AIူCS S CEၼSCူCSႁCSSCECS ၵCSSCECS” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ Eၵႃ ၼၼS ၶUၼS CၢCS CၢCS CICS CICS EC “CူACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ Cႃ ႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆ” “ၸS Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

AၼSႁCSSႁECSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CီSAၼSၼႆ

ၵMၺSSS Cူ EC ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼIူCSCူၶCSCCS ACS CIUၼS AMၵS CၼSၶၢCS AၼSEC S ၵMCS ၼႆ CူCSႁCSSၸCS Cႆ CIUၼS AMၵS CၼS ၶၢCS AၼSEC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMCS ၵႆ EC ၵူCS CူၺSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ Eၵႃ CMၵSSEC CၼSSCMၵS CECS CEၵS S CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼၼS CႆၶIUၼS CႃSCၢCS ၼIူCS S ၼႃ Eၵႃ CECSၵCS Cႆ CCS S “CူECA ၼCS CၼSSၵႃ S CူCUၵS CUCS ECႃ ႁCSSၼCSၼႃ ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ႁCSSCႆ CUၵS CUCS ECႃ ၸIူCSSCူ Aီ CCSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCS CICSSCႆ ၸSၵူCSၸSEႁEC ECႃ Cူ CၼSSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSS Cၢႆ CူၺSS ၶUၼS CIUၵSSCူCSၵCSSၼIူCS S ၸECSCIူCS EC ၽECSCႃS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ACS Cႆ ၶCS CၢCS ECEၶႃ S ECႃ CECSEၵႃ

CၼSSACS AၢCS CၢCS CCSS ၼSSၸSCၼSSEC

ECCူ CၢCS Cႆ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸCS CIUCS CၢCS S “CီCCS S CူEၵႃ ႁECSSAS ႁCSSCUၵS CUCS S ႁCSSEၵႃ ECCႆ CၼS CူCS CၼSCၢCS ၶIUၼSSၵႃ ” ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS EၼၾၢCSႁၢCS ၵူCSECႃ ၶCS ၼCS ၶCS

ၶS ႁၼSၼၼS EC ၶIUၼSSCMCS CECSၶCSCႃ S “Cူ EC ၵူၼSSႁCSSCၢၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CူCSCူၸIူCSSၼၼS ၶS CၼS CူCS CၼSCၢCS ECႃ ၼၢCSSCICSSၼCS ႁCSSၼႆEၵႃ ႁECSSEC S ႁCSSACS ၵူCS ECၶEၵSS” CၢCS CCS Eၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSCMCSEၵႃ

ၼၼS Cႆ ၼSSACS CူၺSSCIၵS EC ၶIUၼS CႃSၼIူCSEႁႃS Cီ CၢCSၼႃ ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSၶCSၼၼS ACSCEC Cႆ EC ႁECSS CၢCS ACS ၵူCSECႃ ၶCSCႆ ECCႃ CIူCS Cႆ CီSCူ Eၵႃ CECSEC CူၵSSၸSၵူCS EႁCႃSၵCSSCECSS CႆၼSSACS ၼMၼSS ECႃSCၼSSCႆ CၢႆၸMၼSSEၵႃ ACS A CူCSS AMၵS ၸSၶS CEၼS ၵႃ

M ီSCSS ACS ၼၼS Eၶႃ CူCS CႃSCူCSS Cီ EAႃSCC

ၸIူCSSAၼSCၼSCၢCSSACS CူCS CႃS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS Cူ Cႆ ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCSS CၢCSSCၢCS ၶၢၼSၸSၸIူCSSၼႆ

CECSCEၼSCူCS CEၼSCႃ

EC ၸၢCS CMႆ CEၼSၽMCSၵႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ ၸSCူၺSSCMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSAၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cႆ ACS CူCSSCူ Cႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCၼSSႁၵS ACSAMCS CECSSS ACS CီSCMCS CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS S ACS CီSၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSS Cႆ S ၶူCSSၸS ၶူCSSCMႆ ၸIူCSSACS CီSACS CEၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSSCႃ

281

282 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ECACS ၵူCS ACSCMCSSၵၢၼS ECႃ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSSCECSၶCSၼၼS S ၼSS ၸူCS ၶၢCSSCUၵS CUCS CူCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CEၼSCMCS CECSCူၼS ႁIUCSၼႃ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ ၸUၵSSCီ ၸၢၵS CMႆ ၽECSSS CIူၵS ACSၽEၼS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMၼS CၼSCၼSSS CIူCS CECSၽECSS ၶMၼS CIူCS CူCS AၼSACSCီ CS ၼူCS

CMႆ Cႆ CCSSႁီ CECS “AEၾS ” ၶMCS CူCSSၸၢCS

AMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ ၼCS EC CCSSCႃCႆ S ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCIူCS Cႆ CMCS CECSCူၼS ၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ ၼၼS S Cီ ၼၼS AူၼSCႃSၸCS S ၸIူCSSECႃၵMCS Cူ ၼIူCSCIၼSၶCS ႁUၼS CUၼSS CူCS CူၺSSCူၺSSCႃSS CCSACS Cႆ ၸIူCSSႁECS AS Cႆ ၼၼS CCSSၶIUၼSSAMၵS ႁၢၵS CႃSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS AMၼSၵၼSAၢCSSၵMCS CUCSSၶIူCSSၼႃCႆ ၼSSCူၼS ၼSSCၢCSSၽSCၼSSၼၼS S ECႃSCၼSSAၼSCECS CEၼSSAMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၼSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSၵႃ EC CူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS AၼSCီSCီ ၾCS ၼCS Cူ CUၼS ၼၼS S CၢၵS ၸMၵSSEၵႃ CူCSSCUၵS CUၵS CMၵS CMၵS Cႆ S AူၼSCူၵSSCႃSၵCSS CSEၵႃ CၢၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CS CႃSၵCSSၼၼS S ၵICS ၶႃ CူၼS CၢၵS ၸMၵSSၶCSEၵႃ ၶCSSၸS ႁၢCS ႁၢCSၼCS ၼၵSSCၢၵS ၸMၵSSၶCSS CၢCS ၵICS CၢCS ၶႃ Eၵႃ ACS EC Cႆ ၼCS ၼၵSSCၢၵS ၸMၵSSၶCSCCS EC

ၸူCS ႁECSSCၢၼSSၶCS Cႆ CၼSSACSCႆ

CႃSၵCS CၼSၼၼS ႁၵSSၶၢCS CၢCS CူၵSSCIUCSCၼ I SS CIူCS CSၵႃ EC CူၼS CၢၵS ၸMၵSS CူၼS CEၼS ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSႁၼSCူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSSCူCSSCီၼႃ ၼၼS CၼSSECၸူCSSၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSEၽ ၸSၸCS ၵCS Cႃ CIူၼS Cီ CECS CS ၶၢCSSCICSSCၢၵS ၸMၵSS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႃSၶIUၼSSCူ CူCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSCIၵS S ACSၶူCSSCူCS CၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSS CၢႆASCၢႆCၢCSSECCႃ ACS Cႆ Cႆ ႁCS CIၵS CMCS ၶၢCS ၶIUၼSS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ႁCS Cူ ၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ CIၵS EC ၶူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ACS ၽECSCႃSၶIUၼSSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆEၵႃ CၢႆCIUCSCႃ ၽECSၵႃ Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ Cူ CCS S CီSCၼSSၼIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁCS CIၵS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCC S MCS CူၺS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIူCSSCIUၵSSCMCSSCၼSSAMၵS EC 2 Piano Concerto & F Major of Mozart

CIူၼSCCSSၾႃ ၽႃ ACSCCS S ၼSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIၵS ၼၼS CMCS Cႆ ၶIUၼSSCႃ CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ACS Cႆ Cီ ၵCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ECCMၵS S CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ A Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽECSCႆ ၵႃ ၵႃ CSၼႆCCS S Cူ CECS CၢႆCၼSS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ACSCူၵS ACSEႁႃ ၶIUၼSSCႃSCၼSS

ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CCS S

CူCS ၸူSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS

ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCီၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSၼၼS

ECCIUၼSSCၢCSSCECS CCS S CIူCS CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS ၶCSၽူCSECS CႃSၸSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူၼSၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS Cႆ ႁၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMCS CူၵS ၵMCS Eႁႃ ECႁႆ Cႆ S

CၢၵS Cႃ

Eၵႃ CECSCECSEC ECႃSၶS ၵS Cႆ CCS S CူၺSSEၵႃ CUၵS Cီ ၼCS ႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵႃ CMCS CECS Cီ CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS S “ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ၶCSSၸSCူCS CMၼSS CMၵS CၢCS AS Cူ EAႃ S ႁECSSႁIUCS Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ ၶႃ S ၸMႆ CECSAICSSၼIူCS ၶႃ EC ECႃCႃCူCS” CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS CMၵS ACSEၼCူၺSSEC Cႆၵႃ ၸူS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACSCECS Eႁႃ AၼSCီSၼSSCIUCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၵူCS ၵIူCSSEC CၢCS CCSSCECS CMႆSCMႆSS “Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၶႃ S ႁCSSၶႃ ၵIၼSၼCS ၼECS ၼIူCSၸၢၼSSEႁ AUCS ၵၼS ၵCSSၼIူCS Eၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CMCS CCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ CS ၶIၼS AMCS ၶCSၵႃ CၢCS ၵၢCSSႁCS CMၼS

CUၵS ၸUၵSSCႆၸMCSS CMၵS

CIူၼSၵူၼSSၼMၼSSၽၼSCူ Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S

CၼSSACS CEၼS

ၶEၵS CႃSEC ႁI ူၼSSECEၶႃ S CIူCS ၼCS CCS

ၼIူCS

ၸၢၼSSၼၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၢCS ၵၢCSSCႃSS “ႁCSSECCႆ ႁECSSႁIUCSS ၶCSCMCS CECSCႃ ၶCSACS Cႆ Cီ ၵCS ၸCS Cီ ၾႃ Cႆ ၼႆCႃ S ECႃSCူၼS CEၼS Cီ CIူၵS Cီ CUCSSCၼSS ႁCSSၵူCSAIူCS ” ၼCS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ CႆCႃSCEၼSCECS CS CECS CူCSS ႁၢCS ECႃSၶS CIUCSSCူCSၵႃ S

283

284 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ၵMCS CCSၶCSႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ ႁCSSACS A S ၶCSႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ CီS Cီ CMCS CCSၼႆEၵႃ ႁCSSACS A ၵMၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ CUၵS CီၶCSS ၸS CMၵSSCၢႆSCၢCS AၼSEAႃ S ၵUCS CS CၢCSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၶCS MC ႃ CECSၶCSEC ECACS CၢၵS CၢႆSCCSၶႃ ” CCSSႁႆ CIူCS CIူCS Cူ ၼၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCႃ “CူၸၢCS CၼSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ CCS” CECSႁႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECS CႃSCMႆSCMႆSS “Cႁႃ EC Cီ ECCႆ ၶႆ ၸSCMၵSSCၢႆSCၢCS AၼSEAႃ S Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၶႆ ၸSCႆ Aီ CCSၶႃ Cႃ ” “ႁCSSEC AၢၼSSAMၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ Cႃ ၵUCS S ECႃS Cူ ၵႃ ၼၼS CၢCSCူCSႁCSS ၸၢCS ၶCS AMၵS ႁႃၸူS ၵူၼSSCူCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS Cၢႆ ၼႆAIူCS ” CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS ၸCS ၵCS CၼSS “CီEC EAႃ S ၶႃ EC CUCS EAႃ S ၼႆ ၸCS CEၼSCၢCSSCၢCS CS AၼSCူၵSSCUၵS

CCSSCIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီSEC ၼၼS CCS S Cႁႃ EC Cီ

CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CUၵS ၵႃ Cူ Cႃ ၵUCS EAႃ S Cီ ၼၼS ၵူၼSSECၸMႆ CECSEၵႃ CီSၼCS” “ၶCSECCၼSႁCSS ၵႃ Cူ ႁႃ ” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶIUၼSSCၼS CႃSCIူၼSၵCS S CူၼS ၶႆ Cႃ CMၵSSCၢႆS

ၵူ CIူCSS CီSၸSၶS CUၵS ၽIUၼS CECS ၵူ CMCS CMCS S “ၶႃ EC ACS CၢCS ၶCSECႁၢCS CီS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CီCီECCႃ “CIူCS ႁCSS ECၵႃ CူၼS CီSၼၼS ၶCSCCSSACS CၼSၵႃ CူCS” “ၼၼS EC ၸCSCCSSAMCS Cီ ၵUCSSၶCSၸCS ECႃ CူCSCႆ EC ၶCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ACS ၶS CၼSၵႃ ၵMၺSSEAႃ S ECႃSCEၼSCႃ ၵUCS ၼႆEC ၶႃ CၢCS ၶCSECCၼS ၵႃ Cူ EC ” CMၵS CS ၶIၼS AMCS CၢCS CUCS CUCS CCSCCSCႆ EC ႁECSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼS CႃSS “ECႃSၶCSACS CၼSၵႃ ECႁECSSႁIUCS” “ECႃSၶCSCႃ ၼၼSEC CၢCSSCEၼS AၼSၸၢCS ၵႃ CႃCႆ

ECCႆ EၼCMCS EၼCၢCSS

ၵECS CIူၺS

Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS CCSSၸSEC S

ၾၢႆ ၼႆ EC ၶႃ ၸMႆ CECSCႆ CီCီCူ ” ၸSAၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSSECႃ CECS Cႆ ၼၼS ၶIUၼSSၶIUၼS CႃS ၵCSS ၼIူCS S ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSCUCS CMCSS AၼSAIUCSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၶIUၼSSAႃ CႃSEC

ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼS CၢႆCECSSCႃSAICSSAICSSS *** ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ ႁၼS AMCSCူCSSCၼSSS ၶCS ၶIUၼSSၼႆ ႁECSSႁIUCS Eၵႃ ACS CUCSSCႆ S ၼSSCၢၵS ၼSSEၶႃSEၵႃ ႁECS AS CႃSS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ECႃ CIၼS AၼSCီSၼSSၶMၵS Cႆ AMၼS AၼSCႃSၼCS CICSS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cႆ CူCS S ၼCS ၶUၼS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cႆ Cီ Cႆ CMCSၼၼS CCS S ၶMၵS CECS CူCSCCSS ၶMCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS CCSSECၶECS CIူCSSCIူCSEC ၶMၵS ၼႆ CၢႆCUၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ၵူ ၶIUၼSSCCSCCS S ACSၸSCၢႆCIUCSCCSSEC ၸIUၼS ၸCS ECႃ Cူ CECS ၸSACS CIူၼS CီSCႆ ၼၼS S ACSၸSCၵSSCႆ Cီ ၵူCSCၢၵS ၵူCSEၶႃS AၼSႁECS AS Cႆ ၼၼS S CၼSSCၢCS ၽIUၵSSCႃS Cႃ ACSႁECSSၸSၵMၼSS CICSSCႆ Cီ AၼSၸECSSCECS Cီ ၸS EC CူCSၶICSSၼၼS CCS S CMၵS ၼႆ EC ECCႆ ႁECSSCူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSCCS S CIူCS ACSၼSၾႃ ႁUCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS CIူCS ၶCS CႃSၼၼS CႃSCCSSEၶႃ CၢCSAၼSၼIူCS ECၽECSCႃSS “ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS ၶS A ၸMCS ၸSၸCS ႁCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ ႁIUCS ACS CEၵS

285

286 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cၢႆ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႃ EC ၶMၼSSACSEၼS CၼSSACS CီSCMCS CCS Cႃ ECCMCS CၼSၶCSS “ECႃSၼၼS ၸCS ႁCSSၶS CCS CCS Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶMၼSSACSEၼCECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S Cူ ၵCSSၼIူCS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၽECSCႃSCECS S CMၵS ၼႆ EC CႃSCႃSၵႃSၸICS CCSSၼIူCS S CၢCS Cႆ CUၵS CIUၵSSႁႃ Eၵႃ ၵMCS EၸSCIUCSSS “Cီ ၶႃ CႃSEၶႃ ၸီ CCS Cႃ ACSၸCS ႁCSS ၶၢႆ ၵႃ CၢCS Cီ ” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCS ၾၢCS CူCSCၼSSEC ၸၼSACS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS S “ECCႆ ၶီ ၵႃSၸICS ၼႆ ၵႃ ” CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ AMၵS CUCS ၶMၵS CႃSၼၼS ႁEၼSACSCူၺSS ၾႃ ႁUCS CၢCSSၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS CUၼS S CEၼSၾႃ ႁUCS ACSCူC I SSCSCIူCSSCႆS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႆ ႁၼSၵCSSCIUၼSSCUCSSCCS ႁIUCSS CCS Eၵႃ Cၢႆ ၼႃ CႆCႃSၸူS ၵႃS ၸICS AၼSCS CၼSSCႆ S 

CICSSၸECSS Cႆ Cူ ၵူCSၵူCSCECSCECS Cီ EႁႃCS

ႁIUCSCICSSAECSSCIူၼSEC CIUၼSS

CUCSSCႆ Eၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ၵႃ Cႃ ၵUCS CCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS ႁECS ၶMCS ၶMCS ၼSSCIူၼSၸၼS Cႃ Cီ ၼSၼIူCS S Cႆ ၶIUၼS ၼCS ၼIူCSCECSၾႆS Cီ Cႃ Cီ ECႃ S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSႁၵS ACSၼCS CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ၼCS ACSCၢၵS CႃSCူCS CၵS CူCS CCS ၵၼS Cီ Cႃ CECSၾႆSCီ ECႃ S AMၼSၵၼSCIူCS ၵၢCS CMၼSSCူSCၼS AS ၽီCီၽီCၢCSSၶCS CူၺSSCူၵူၸMႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS S CIူCS Cႆ CECS CၼSCၢCS ၶIUၼS ၼIူCSCECSၾႆS AၼSECECႃ ACS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၵႃ Cီ ၵႆၼၼS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၺS ႁၼSၼCS ၸူCS CၢၼSCၼSSCMCSS AMၼS CMၼS ၼIူCS ECCUCSSၵႃ CCS ၼႆS CၵSSA ၵCSSCECS AMၵS Cီ ECႃ ၵႃ ၵၢCSၼSၼႆ CCS ECACS Cႆ CႃSၶIUၼSSECCMၵS CECS CCS S CCSSၼၢCSSႁၢႆ AၼS CၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCႃS ၼIူCSCMႆCICS CMCS CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCECS Cီ ၼၼS CEၼSCႃSEC CCS CူSS ၼSSCUCS CၢCS CMႆၼႆ ACS CီSCၢCSSCICSSCEၼSCCSCCS S CၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CူၼS CIူCSSCႃSၼၼS ၵIUCSSCႆ ၼSSCIUၼSS CCS S CECSAူCS AူCSCECSၾႆSACS ၼၼS CCSSၽႃ CၢၵS ACSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS ၸMCS ၸECS CူCSၵႃ ၵူ Cီ AS ၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSSCIၼSSS ၶMCS CECSၾႆSၼႆ

ၶMၼSSCႆCႆ ၼCS ၵႆAူ EC

CIူၼSCCSSAIUၼSSAS

ၵူၼSSၼCS ၶီ ၶCS ၼMၼSSCCSSS ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CIူCS Eၵႃ CEၵS Cႆ ၶီ CECSၾႆS

288 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSၵူ CၼSS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CIူCS ၼၼS EC

ၼSSၸSCူ

ၸၼS Cီ ၵMၺSSECႃCူၼS Cႃ Cႆ CၢႆCၢၵS ၼCSၼCSS Cႃ ၶီ CECSCICS CIူCS CၼSS AIUCSSႁEၼSSS ၼSSEၵ CၢCSSCူၼS EC ၸူCS CၢၼSECႃ CECS ႁၢCS ၵႆၶၢCSS CၢCSSCၢCSSCီ CၢႆS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCၢႆႁECSCၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃCၼSSCႆ S CMCS Cႃ CUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSSၶCS CMႆ ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ CႃSCCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECA Cူ CူCSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSCMCS CECS ၸSCCSSCCSS ၼIူCS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢႆACS CၢႆၼၼS S ၸSၼႆ ႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼMၼSS ACS CCSSCၢႆၶCS CၢႆၶIUၼSSCCS CူSS CIူCS ၼၼS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSEၵႃ CCS ၵIUCSS Cႆ EC Eၵႃ CCSSၶCSEၵႃ ၵႃ CEၼSCႆ ၼIူCSၽႃCၢCS S CၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECၽECSCႃSၶIUၼSS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSCူ S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ CECSSCIူCS ၼၼS ၵIUCSSၸMCSS

CီSCၵSSCၢၵS CၢႆၵMၺSSECCႃ

Cႆ

Cႃ CECSၾႆSၵူ AၼSEC CCSS Cႆ ၶIUၼS CMႆCူCSSCMႆEC CCSS

ၵMCS Cႆ Cႆ ၶူCSAၺS ၵIUCS EC CCS Cႆ ၶီ CEၼSCCSSCၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ Cီ ၵႆEC CၢCS ႁၼSၶူCSAၺS ၵIUCS

AၼSCီCIUၼSSႁI ူCS CၢCS Cႆ S CEၼSၽီCIUCSS

AIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS ၶCS AၼSCUၵS CီCMCS ECႃSEC Cူ ၼၼS CCS S CIူCS CECSCၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ Cႆ ၼIူCSၶူCSCူCSၼၼS CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ၶႆ EၼCMၵS ၼIူCS S ၶူCSAၺS ၵIUCS ၼႆ CCS CMCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSCIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS S CIူCS 1947 ၼၼS ၵူၼSSCIူၼS ၶMCS CICS ၼICS ၶCS AၢၼSSCႃ ၶူCSၼႆ CECS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၵူၼSSCၼSS Cႆ ၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS ၶူCSCူCSၼႆ EC EC Cႃ Cႃ S ၶူCSCူCSၼႆ ၶCSၶCS Cၼီ CၢCSS AEC CီSၵSS CႃSEၵႃ CၢCS CၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ACSSၵICS ၶCS CIူCS 1899S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ၶCSSၶIUCS Cႃ AMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶီ CECSၾႆSၶIUၵS CMၼSSEC Cႆ ၶူCSCူCSၼႆ ECCႃ ACS CEၼSၵႃ S ECႃSCူၼS Cႃ CECSၾႆSၼMCSCၢCS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CူၺSSAၺS ၵIUCS CူCSS ၶူCSCMၼS CEၵSSCူCSၼၼS ၵၢႆ ၸူSCၼS CၢၼSSCၢCS CMCSၽၢႆ S CIူCS CECSၾႆSCူCSSCႃS ၼSSAၺS ၼၼS

ACS Cႆ ႁၼSၶူCSAၺS ၵIUCS

CCS S Cႆ CCSSၶCS ၼSSCူSCMCSSCMCSSAMၼS CၢႆCီ S CIူCS ၶCS ၼSSCူSEC

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CCSSCICS ၵႃ CEၼSၵCSSCEၼSၵCSSS ၼSSၶMCS CECSၾႆSCCSSCICS ၵႃ ၼIူCS ၵCSSEၵႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ႁUၼS CၢCS ၼIူCS ၵCSSS CEၼSၶၢCSSCႆ ၶၢCSSႁECS ECCႃ Eၵႃ ၼSS CူSၸIူCSSၼၼS CIUၵSSCCSSCႆ EC CEၼSၸIUCSၸIUCSၸၢCSၸၢCSCႆ S ၵCSSCၢCS ၸီS ၶCS CIUCSCၢCSSၼSSCUCS ၼၼS

ၵူၼSSၶီ CECSၾႆSၶCSS

CIူCS CECSၾႆSCႆ ၼIူCSၶူCSCူCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSSACSၵူCS CူၺSS EၵSၼCS AၼSCႆCူ CS ၶူCSCူCSS

ၾIူCSCႆ ၾIူCSCMၵS CCS Cႆ EC ECႃ EC Cႆ ႁၼS ၼCS CၼS EC AၼSCႆ Cူ ၼSSAၺS CူCSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ ၽီCIUCSSCူCS AIၼS ၸIၼS ၼီ CS ၶCS AၼSCီCMCS AၢCSSCူCSCCSS ၼSSCIူၼS ၼSSၶIူCSS ACSAၺS ႁၢCSSCMႆ Cီ ACS CီSCၢCSSၶIUၼS CS CCSၼႆ ACS CECS ၵၼSECAICSS ၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၽECSACSၶူCSၽၢႆ CUၼS

CECSၾႆSၸMCS Cီ Cႃ CECSၾႆSACSၵIUCS S

CီSCCS AၼSCUၵS CIUၵSSCCSSၼCSCS Cႆ S Cႆ CIUCS ၶIUၼS ၼIူCSCMႆCECS S ၸူCS Cႆ AMၵS ၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼႆ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CECS CူၺSSCႆ

ၵူ AၼSAၼS AS ECႃSAICS ၸSAICS EၶႃSS CIူCS CIUၵS ၵႆ CCSSCၢCS AူSCICSS CMCSCၵSSၼၼS EC EC ၶCS CႃSၼSSၶMCS ၼCS CEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၶCS Cႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ AၢCS ၼCS AၢCS ၼၢႆS Cီ ACSSႁECSSCECSၾႆS CECSSCIူCS AICSSAီ EC Cၢႆ ၶIUၼS ၶီ CECSၾႆSၵၢCSၶCS AၼSECၵႃ Cႃ ၵUCS S “Cႃ ၽECSCႃ ၵUCS ECCႆ ၵႃ ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCS” CIူCS ၽECS ၼSSၶMCS CECSၾႆS ACS ၼMၼSSCၢၼS CUCSၼၼS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CၢCSS “ECႃSCIူCS ၽUၵS ၵၢCSၼSၾႃ CECSS ႁCSSCIUၼS CCS Eၵႃ

ၶS ၸCSCႃ

ၵUCS CCS ” “ECႃSၼၼS CICSSACS ၼMၼSSCCS ” “ECႁIUCSCၢႆၸူCS CူCSSၶႃ Cႃ ၸCS EC ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵMCS CူCSCUၵS CICSSCၼSSEC CMCS Cႃ S “ၸCS EC CၢCS EC

CICSSAၵSSၸူCS CူCSSၵႃ S

CူၼS CူၺSSACS

289

290 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cႃ S ႁCSSECCႆ Cူ ၼIူCSၶMCS ၼႆ CCSSၶIUၼSSS CCS ၸCS ECၽECSCႃ ၵUCS ” CECSၾႆSEC AMၵS CႃSCၢCSSၸၢၼSSCCS S ၾႆSၾႃ CECSSCIူCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cၢႆ CူၺSS

ၸIူCSSၵIUCSSCႆ CၢCSSCCSEC CIUCS ႁIUCSCIUCS ၵႆၵႃ ၼၼS S

CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSၼႆ CCSSCICS CIUCSSCIUCSSCူCSCႆ S ACS CီSCIူၼSCီSCၢCSS Cီ CၢၼS ACS ၼၼS CECSSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၵႆ Cႆ CCSSၽၢၼS ၸMCSSCၢCSSEၵႃ ၾႆSECႃ EC CECSSCႆ CICSCICSCMCS CMCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃEC CူၼS ၶႆ CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ AMၵS Cီ ECႃ CႃSCူ ECCႃ ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCႃCၢၼSS

Cီ CIူCSSCီ ECႃ ၼၼS

CၼSSCၼSSCႆ ၸCSSၵၢၼSCႆ CီCီ

Cူ EC ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS A ECၸူCSSၸMCSSCူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CူၼS ECCUCS S CူCSၸS ၸၢႆ Cႃ EႁႃS CူCSACSCIူၼS Cႃ ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၶCSS CူCS ၵCS ၸMႆ Cႃ Eၼႃ CECSCIUၼSSၶCSSၶCSEၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ CၼSCီCီCCS S CူCS ၵMCSၵၢCS

Cႃ ACSSႁEၼSSၵCS CCS Eၵႃ

Cႆ CၼSၵUCS ၵUCS CူၼS CူၼS S

CၢၵS

ၸMၵSSEၵႃ Cႆ CICSSEC ၶၢႆCႃSCCS CCS S ၵMCS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၽUၵS CMCS CူၼSCၢၵS ၸMၵSSၼႆ Cႆ EC CIူCS ၶၢCSSၵIၼSSၸSၵIၼSSEၶႃSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSCူCSၶCS CCSSၼCSS CIူCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

ၵUCSSၵCSၼႃ ၵၢၼS

CႃCၢၼSSၶCS ၸIူCSSၸၢCS Cႆ CူCSCႃS ၵCSSAၼSၵCSSAၼSၼၼS CCS

CၢၵS ၸMၵSS

CူCSSEC CူCSSCႃ S CၢၵS ၸMၵSSECCူCSSAMၵS CEၼSCၼS CၢCSCီ CၢၵS

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS Cႆ ECAICSSS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CူCSCCSSၼCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁEၼSCူၺSS CIူၵS ၸIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCSၶECS S ၼSS CIူၵS ၵCS ၽMCS CႃS Eၸ CူCS EC ၵECS CECSCIUၼSSၶCSS CECSCႆ EC

ACS

CCS Cႆ ၸSCCSS ၸၢCS Cူ CူCSCူCSCႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ႁIUCSCၢၼS CၢၼS S Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၶCSCီSCႆ ႁI ူၼSSCMCSCCSS CCSၼIူCS EC CူCS CၼSSCႆ Cႃ ၶCSၵႃ Cူ CCSSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CUCS CCSCႃ

CီS ႁI ူၼSSၶCSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS

ၶCSၸၢCS Cူ CCSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS Cႆ Cီ

ECႃSECCEၵS ၵၼSCCSS EႁႃCီ Cီ ECႃ

1 Ton, CၢCSSၸCS ၼCS ၼၵSSCၢCS ၼIူCS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

EC ECၵႃ ၶIUၵS CCSS CူCS CၢCS ၼႆ ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႆ CMCSCECSCႆ EC ၼႆ ၸၢCS CEၼSCMCS ၶMCS ၶCSCႃSS ECႃSCူၺSSCCS CUၵS ၼIူCS ECCႆ CီSCIၼS Cီ CူၼS ၵMၺSSECCႃ ၵႆ Cႆ ႁၼSCEၼS CECS CူၼS Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CUCS ၼIူCS ၸSA ၸSCၢႆCၼSSCCS S ၵႆ CူCSCIUCSSၼႃ S CIူCS CECSၾႆS ၵIUCSSCIUCS Cီ Cႃ CၢCSCၢၵS ၼႃ 2CCSSႁIUCSၼၼS

CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC

ၼMၼSSCCSSCူ

Eၽႃ Eၽႃ S Cႃ EၸႃS CူCSSၵႃ CူၺSS Cီ Cၢႆ CၢCSSCႃ CECSၾႆS CၢCSၶၢCS CၢCSCၢCSSS Cႃ EၸႃSCEၼS ၵူၼSSCCS EAEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CIူCS ၶIUၼS CႃSၶIUၼSSၼၼS CႃSCႃSၶၢCS CၢCSS AၼSCီCႆ ၸSCူCSCၢCSၼၼS S CူCS CူၼS CႃSၼၼS CIူၼS CၢCSSၽIူၵS ၶCS CMႆSCIUCSSCECSၾႆS Cီ CၢCSSၼႃ ၼၼS EC

ၵူၼSS CီSၵူၼSS

CၢCS ၵူၼSSၸECSSၼCSၼႃ Cႃ S CECSၾႆSၶCSၶCS CႃS ၼSSCCSSCCSSCICS CူCS ႁIUCSၼIူCS ၸူCS CူCSSCCS EC ၵIUCSSၵႃ Cီ AၼSၶCSACS A CEၼSAMCS Cီ CSၼၼS S ၾႆSCႆ Cႃ CECSၾႆS CၢCSSၼႃ Cႆ S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cီ ASCECSSCUCS CူၺSSၵႃ ၼၼS CCSS ၾႆSCMCS CIူCSSCIUCSၾႃ ၵၢCSႁၢCSCႆ S ၵူၼSSCIူၼS ၶCS CMႆSCIUCSSCECSၾႆS AၼSCUၵS CၢCSSၸၢၼSSCႃSCၢCSSACS ၼၼS S AMၼSၵၼSၵူCSCIUCSၵCSSCECSၾႆSၶCSS CၢႆCECSS ၾႆSၼSSၶMCS CECSၾႆSၼႆ

CEၼSCCS CၢႆCီ Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူၼS

ၸIူCSSECCMႆSCIUCSS

ၼၼS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCMCSၸူCS CူCSS CECS CUCSSCECS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CCS EC CECS ၾႆSEၵႃ

EC AMၵS ၶIUၼSSS CCSSၵႃ ၼSSEၵ ၶMCS CECSၾႆS AၼSCUၵS CၢCSS

ၸၢၼSSCႃS ၸIူCSSCူ CECSCႆ ၼၼS

Cႃ CECSၾႆS AၼSၾႆSCႆ CႆSၼၼS

CMႆSCMႆSS ၵူၼSSၵCS ၽMCS ACSၶူCSSၶIူCS CCS CႃEC ၸMႆ CECSCၼS ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSၸECSSၶCSS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CၢCSSၵCS ၽMCS AMၼSၵၼSCS CMCSSCECSၾႆSCECS CCSS ၼIူCS

AၼSECECႃ ၶCSၵႃ ၵႆၵႆCCSSCႃ CECSၾႆS AၼSCEၼSၽIUၼSSCEၼSၾႆS

CEၼSCIူCS CEၼSCၢCSCႆ Cူ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ACS ၸၢCS ၸMႆ CECS

CCSS CECSၾႆSၶCS ACS ၵIUCSSCီ Cႃ ၼၼS ECACS ၵႃS ၶEၼSSCUၵS ႁECSSCUCS EC ၶCSSCႃSCၢCSSၸၢၼSSCႆSCႆSS 2 CMASSCCာS

291

292 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CCSSၽၢၼS ၾၢCSCECS CIUၵSSၼSSCIူCSSAၼSၼIူCS EC ACS ႁIUCSCCS ၾႃ ႁUCS CIူCSSCSCႃSCCS S CIူCS CၢႆCECS CMCS ၶCS CႃS ၼSSACS ၼMၼSSCၢၼS CUCSၼၼS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSS Cႃ EၸႃS CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ ၵၼSEC CEၼS AၼSၵCSSCEၼSCီ ၸSၵႃ S ၶIUၼSSCီSCၢCSSCUCS CCSAၼSCS CႃSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS EC ၵူၼSSCCS EACECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS “CMCSS” EC ၼMၼSSCCSSCႆ

CIူCS ၽMCSSCႆ ႁၼSCMCS ႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CူCS CီၵူCSCီၽၢၼS ၼၼS S

CIူCS ၸCSECၽECSCႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS EC CIUၼS CႃSၵူ Eၵႃ S *** CIူCS ၽECSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS CီSAူၺSSEၵႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၸCSၸSၵCS ၽMCS CႃSႁCS Cီ Cႃ CECSၾႆSS ၵICS ၼCီ CCS CၢCSS “ၵMCS CCS Cႃ CႃS ACS CႃSႁCS CICSSၶCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူCS ၵIူCSSၸူSCUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSECCၢCS Cႃ “Cႃ CႃSCICSSၶCS CီSၵၢၼSEC Cႆ AMၵS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵႃ CECS S ECႃS Cႃ CႃSCMၵS CႃSၵCSSၼႆ CၼSSECCႃSႁၼS CICSSၶCS ၸCS EC ၶCS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCS AIူCS ” ႁI ူၼSSၶCS AၼSCီSCီ ၵICS ၶႃ ၶူၼSCၢCSSEA Cီ

ၼႆ

ၵႆCႆ CCSS

ၵၢCSCECSSS CCSSၼMCSAIၼSSCႃS EC ACS ၵႆၵႃ ႁIUCSS CEၼSCMၵS AၼS ၵူၼSS ၼMၵS CIူCSSၶCSCူ CCSSၵCS ၼCSS ၸCSCCSSႁI ူၼSSၵူၼSSႁၢCS ၵၢၼS CUCSSၶECSCIူCSS ACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSၶCSS CCSSႁI ူၼSSCUၼS CECSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSEၵႃ ACS ၵႆၵႃ ႁIUCSS ႁI ူၼSSAMၼS ႁၢCS CECS ၶMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၼႆ ACS ၸS ႁI ူၼSSၶIUၵS CMၼSSCီၼIူၺSSCCSၼIူCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSCႆ ၶIUၼSS ႁၼSၵၼSCCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Eၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၽECS ၵMၺSSS 3 Ady Road, CIူCS CECSACS Cႃ CါCCီCCSSS 4 CACSSCMာSCCSS CႆSႁCSSACS Cႃ ၼMCSCၢၼS ၼႃSS

ၶS Cူ CCSSၵႃ ၽECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵႃSCူCSၸIူCSSCၢCS CUၵS ၸၢCS ၶCSCီ Cီ ECႃ ၵCS ၽMCS EC ၶူCSS ႁI ူၼSSၶူCSSECSၶCSၼၼS

AMၵS CႃSCႃ ၸECSCၢႆCၼSSCCS EC

CၢCSSၶCS

ၼၼS ၵMၺSS ၶCSEၵႃ ၽECSCႃSCႃ ၵUCS S Cႃ CIၼS Eၵႃ CEၼSၽူ Cၢႆ EC ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၸECSCIူCS CCS CIUၵSSႁUCS ACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSၼၼS ၵIူCSCIူCSCႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S CၢCSCူCSCၼSSႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCUCSSCႃSCႆ ႁI ူၼSSCCSၼႆ EC CူၼSCMၵS ၼCS ၵႃ CၼSSCMCSCEၼC S ႆ S Cႃ CIၼS CၢCS Cႃ CၼSSECCIUCS ၶCSSၵႃSCၼSEC ACS ၵႃS ECCMၼSCႃS CၢႆSCူ CၢႆSCCSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸူCSS ၵႃ EC EC S Cီ EC Cႃ CIၼS Eၵႃ ACS CီSCၢCSSCIူCSSS CၵSSECCႆ Cူ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS S CၼSSCႃSၼSSCEၼS ၸIUCS ၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC

ECႃSၽECSCီ ECႃ

ၵMCS CCSCCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS Cီ CၼSSၼႆEC

CၼSSCီSCီ CSၼႆEၵႃ

CIူၼS ECCီ ၵCSACSCၼSSၵCSSCECSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS CီAၢCSSEC S

ၽူ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၶCS A Cူ S Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၶCS

Cႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSCCS CMCS ECCႃ CIၼS AၢၼS ACSႁECSEC ၽSEၵႃ ACS ၾၢCS Cႆ CၼSSCEၼSCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၸၢCS CEၼSCႆ Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS ၸူCS CၢၼSAၼSACS CၢCS ၸECS AၼS Cႆ Cူ CIူၼSCIူၼS CCSSCၢႆ Cီ ႁICSSACSSCS S ၵႆCၢၼSၵၼSCႆ CCSS CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼSၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ ႁIUCSၼႃ CCS CူSS CၢႆSECCCS CIUၵSSCICSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSS CCS CၼSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ Cီ EႁႃEC ၸူCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႆ Cူ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ CEၼSAၼS ၸူCS CၢၼSCMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS AၼSၼIူCS CCS S CECS CၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS A ACS ၸS ၼCS CၼSSCၢCS Cႆ S ၵၢCSၼSၸCS ၸCS Cႃ EၸႃSCႃSCMႆ ၾၵSSCူACS ၼMၼSSS CMၵS Cႃ CီS ၶEၵS CMCSEၵႃ ၶီ ၵႃSၸICS CႃSCႃ S Cႆ ႁၼSၵူၼSSၼUCS CၢၼS CMCSEၵႃ

ၼUCS CIူCS CEၵS CUCS CCSSၽႃ

CူCS Cႆ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS A ၸၵSSၶႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCCSSၵၢCSS

293

294 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢၼS S ၼSSၸSCၼSSEၵႃ ACS CUCS ၶႃၵႃ ႁIUCSS “CီSCMCS CCS” Eၵႃ ႁၢCS CUCSCUCSၼၼS ၸCS CMCS S “ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼS Cႁႃ EC Cီ CႃSEC Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ EC ACS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS CMႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CႃSAUCS ၵUCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၢCS CUCSS CၢCS ၶၢCS S “ECႃSၼၼS ႁCSSၶS CMၼSSCူၺSS CSၼCSSCူCSCီ CူAMၼSCၢCSSS Cီ EC ႁCSSCႃSEC Cႃ ၵUCS ACS ၸS S CIUၼSSၶၢႆ CႃSCူ Cီ ၼႆ ” Eၵႃ ၼၼS CူၵSSCၼSၶECSSCSၼCSSCူCSCၼSSECCၢCS Cႃ “ၼႆ EC AICSၼIူCSCႁႃ EC Cီ ၸၢCS ၸMCSSCႆ CၢႆCီ AၼSႁCSSၶႃ CCSSCၢCSSCႆ ၼၼS ႁIUCS ACS ၸMCSSCႆ ႁIUCSၼၼS ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၺSSCSၼCSSCူCSၼၼS CီCီS ၸS EC CCS S Eၵႃ ၼႆ CEၼS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၽ CIၼSS5 ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS Cႃ

ACS CCS ႁCS ၶႃၶCS ၼSSႁI ူၼSSS ACSCSၼCSSCူCSCၼSS CၼSၶIUၼSSCCS

ၵMCS ၵႆ EC ၶIUၼSSCၢCS Cႃ S “ႁCSSCူCS CၼSSCႆ Cႃ ECCMCS

ၵၢCSSAၼSCူECCၢCS ၼၼS S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSSACS CၼSSၼႃS CူၶCSCUၵS CီA Eၶႃ Cူ ” ၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၽ CIၼSSEၵႃ ACS ECႃSCEၼS ၸS CၢႆSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵCSS CIUCS ECႃ ၶCSS CၼSSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCECS AS CEၼSAႆ CECSၵၼSS “ႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ AS Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၸၢCSSCူ Cီ ၼႆ ၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS S ECႃS Cႃ

ACS ၸMCSSCၢႆCီ ၼCS ႁCSSၶႃ

CCSSCၢCSSCႆ ၼႆEC

Cီ ECႃ ၶIUၼSS” 5 CIUCSECCCSS

ECCႆ CူCS CIူCSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CMCS Cႃ ECႃSၽECSCႃ ၵUCS ECႁၢႆCၢႆCႆ ၼSSEၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS CEၼSCႃSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS CၢCSS “ECႃSၼၼS CၢႆCီ ၸIူCSSၶၢCS ၶMCS Cႆ ၼIူCSႁCSS CီSCCSCႃ ၶUၼSCIUၵSS CူCS” “Cႃ ႁႃ EC Cီ ECACS Cႆ ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ ၵူၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSS ၶCSS ECACS Cႆ ၵႃ Eၵ ၵၢCSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSS AၼSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS ၸCSS Cႃ ECႃSႁႃCUၵS CUCS Cႃ S ႁCSSၶႃ EC ECCS CူၺSSCူ ၶIUၼSSၶIUၼSSCၼSS CၼSS” ECႃSCၢCS CCS Eၵႃ

ၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၽ CIၼSS Cၢႆ AMၵS ၶIUၼS ၵႃSၸICS

ၵCSSCECSS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSEၵႃ CICSSၸၢၵS ၵႃS CူCS CၼSSCႃ Cႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၵS ACSEC ၶIUၼSSၶCS CႃSၼSSACS ၼMၼSSS ACS CၢCS ၶCSECၽECSCႃSCႆSၸCS CၢၼS ၼႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼSSၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၽ CIၼSS CၢCS ၵႃ ၼၼS ACS CီSCIူCSၾၢCSၵUCSSၶCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ Cီ ႁI ူၼSSS CMCS CIၵS ၸIူCSSCUၵS Cီ ACSSCIၵS ECCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ

ACS CၢCS ၵႃ ECEၶႃ S

Cႆ

CMၼS Cႃ Eၶႃ CMၵS CIူCS CၼSSၼႆ ACS ႁၢႆ ၸႃ ၵႃ ႁIUCSS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSCႃ ၵUCS CီSCUၵS ၸၢCS CႆSႁႃ Eၵႃ EC ၵူၼSSCUCSSCႃSCူၼSCMၵS ၵႃSCႃS Cႃ ၵUCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸIူCSSCႆ CCSSၸSၼၼS S CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS EC Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS Cူ S ႁI ူၼSSCCSၼႆ Eၵႃ

ACS CEၵS CIူCS ၵၼSCCSSႁI ူၼSSCၢCS CCSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS

CၼSSEၵႃ CECS

ၵMၺSS CီSၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S ECႃSၵႃ ၼSSၵၢCSCECSS ၼSSၵၢCS ၼSSCႃS ၶႃEC CUၵS CၢCSEၵႃ ႁၢႆၵႃ ၼSSၽUCSၵူၼSSCCSSCၢႆS Cႆ ႁၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS CUCSCUCS ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSCၢၼS

CECS ၶူၼSACSCECS CၢၼS Cႆ EC CIူၼS

AMၼSၵၼSCMၵS CူၺSSCူ ECCႃ ၽSACS A Cႃ CၼSSCEၼS ၼၢCSSၾႃ Cီ ECႃ S AၢၼSSCူ CCSSၸူCS ၵECS ၵMၺSSEC ၶူCSSႁI ူၼSSၶူCSSECSEၵႃ ACS CIUCS Cႆ ၼCSS Cႃ CIၼS EၼEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS A Cႃ ၸECSCIူCS CUၵS Cီ ၵICS AMၼS ၶCSCူ CCSS ၵႃSၶCSAMၵS CႃSၼIူCS ၶူၼSCၢCSSEA Cီ ၼၼS

ၵႃS

295

296 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸICS CCSSၼIူCS ၸMCSSCCSၶCSCႃSၵCSSCECSS CIူၼS CS CူၺSSၶCSCႆ CCSSCၼSS CCSSၶIUၼSSCCS S ၸူCS Cႆ CၼSSCႆ Eၵ CူၵS Eၵ Eႁႃ ၶူCSSCECSSၼၼS ၶEၵS CႃS EC CႃSၸSSCCSSၵၼSS ၵCS ၼCSCEၼS Cီ ၼMCS ၾၢႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSS CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCSၶCS EC AူၺSSEၵႃ CၢၼS ၶCS ၸIူCSSACS ၵူCS Cႃ ECႁECSS Eၵႃ CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၽECSCႃSS ၵူၼSSၼUCS Eၵႃ CS Cီ ACSၵICS CၢCSSၼၼS CMၼSSCS CၢႆၸMCSS ၽSCSCႃSၶၢCSSCSS Cူ ၵႃ ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCSၼႆ CECS CECS ၼECS ၼECS S CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CUၵS CၢCSSCCSႁI ူၼSS ၶCS CႃSCၢCS Cီ CUၵS ၸၢCS ၶCS CMCS Cႃ ၸIUCS CECSၶEၵS ၸIူCSSCၼSSCECS CၢႆCႆ ၼၼS CEၼS ACS CEၼS ၼႆၵMၼS S CီSCၼSSၼIူCS ၶEၵS CႃSၼCSၼႃ EC ၼCS CၢၵS ၽႃ Cႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၶEၵS ၶCSၼႆ Cႆ ACSCUCSSCူCSCူCSCECS ACSS ECႃCIUCS EC Cႃ Eၵႃ ႁI ူCS ၼႃ CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၼSSCႃSCMၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ ၵူၼSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS CMCSEၵႃ ၽECSCႃSS CီS

CMCS CၢCSSCCSEၵႃ ACS A ၼႆCႃ S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCူ ၸMCSSCၼSSCႃSၼႆ ACS CMၼS CMၼS Cႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CEၼSၵူၼSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S CMၼS CEၼS

ၸIူCS ႁI ူCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSSCECSၵၼSCCSSၶCSS “AIUCSS …. ၵCSECၵႃ CူၺSSS ၵCSၸၢCS ၸMႆ CECSၶCSCႆ CCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS ႁႃၽECSCႃS Cႃ ၵUCS CီSCၢCSCၼSSၵMၺSSS ACS CၢCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSၼႃ ၽIူၵS ၶCS ECCႃSEC CႃSၸSSCၼSSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCEၵS Cီ CႃSCူCS CၼSCIUCSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSၼၼS CC M ီSCSS CICS CS ၶူCS

Cႆ CူCS CIၵS ၸူSၶCSCႆ

CIUCSCECSSၶCႃ ၶMီ

CEၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS EAႃS

EC ECSၼၢCSSCၼSSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CIူCSSCႃ ၵICS CၼS 7S CၼSSCႆ

ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCႃS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ S “ႁECSSႁIUCSႁႃႁၼSႁI ူၼSSႁCSSCႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSCူCSCႆ S CCSSCၢCSCCSSႁCS ၶCS ၶCS CႃSၼSSACS 6 Mr. Kolb 7 Karachi, Pakistan

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ႁCS ၶEၵS S “Cီ ႁCSSEၵႃ

CီSၵူၼSSCၼSၶၢCS CၼSCၢCSSCူ EC S ႁCSSCUၵS Cီ

ၶူCS CECSCIၼS CႃSၸူSCူၵCSSCECSAIူCS ” “ႁCSSACS CၢCS CူၶCSECၽECSCႃSၼႆ” “ႁCSSCႃSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ ၵMCS CူၵMၺSSAIူCS S ႁCSSAMၼSၵၼSCႆ ၸSCႃ CူCႆ ” “ႁCSSEၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCူEC ၸူCSSEC EC S AၼSႁCSSၶS A CီSCCSS ၼCSEAႃ ” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ CMCS Cႃ “AၼSႁCSSၶS A Eၵႃ CီSCCSSၼCSၼCS ၵCS ” ၶCSAUCS ၵၼSCCSSၵၢCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS S Cႆ AUCS ၵၼSCCSSႁIUCSS ၶUၼSၽMCSS ၶECSCCS ၶS A CMCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSEC CIူCS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSCၢၶMS ACSCMႆ ACS CECSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CEၼSႁIUCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CEၼSႁIUCSS ၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCIူCSSCEၼS ႁIUCS ၼႆCCS S CၼSSၾCSSCMCS CီCီS Cႆ CCSSၽၢၼS ၼSSCIူCSCEၼSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ CူCS ၼႆ CCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS ၶECSCECSS CMၼS CူCSCMၼS ၸSCူ EC

CၼSSၸCS CCSSၸSCCSSEၶႃSၵႃ S CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CCS EC

ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSၸCS CၢCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSAၼSႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSSၸSS “ႁCSSEC ၶS AS CူCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS ၶS AS CIူCSSၵCSSCECSS CႃS CCSSCUၵS AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ” “ႁCSSCႆ ၸၢCS CIူCSSS ႁCSSECCႆ ၶႆ ႁႃ Aူ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၵMၼS ” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS ၶႃၽူCSECS CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ ၵၼSၵCSSၼIူCS S “ႁCSSECၶႆ EၼၼႃS CူၼS ႁI ူၼSSCူ ACS CီSၼSSCIUCSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS” CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIူCS ႁၢCS CႃSS

297

298 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ACS CEၼSCႆ S CူCUCS ၵၢCSSၶCSၽECS CEၼSCႆ ၵMၺSSS ၶCSCီ Aူ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS Cီ CူၼS CီSၵႃ S Cီ ႁCSSCီSCၵSSCၢၼS” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ

CECS ၵႃ ၵCSSၼIူCS S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIUၼSSCUCSS

CၼSSEၵႃ CIူၵS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS AၼSCၢCS CUၵS ECCIူၼS ECCၢCS S “CEၼSႁIUCSCEၼSႁႃၼႆ ႁCSSACS A ၸMCSSCႆ CCSSCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIူCS CECS CူၼS ႁI ူၼSSCူ ACS CီSၼSSCIUCSSၶCSCCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၸSCIူCS EC

ၶCSSၸSAS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS

CUCS ၵၢCSSCၼSSCၢCS S

Cီ CMCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSS CၼSSCၢCS Eၼ AS ၶUၼS

ၽMCSSၶECSၶCSCUCS CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ CၢႆS CIUၵS CီSၼSSCIUCSS ၸUCSS CIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSCႆ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S CIUၼSSCUCSS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSၶCSၽူCSECS CIူCSSၵႃ ACSSႁECSSCCCEၼSSS CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ၵႃ Cႃ ၶCSECCႃSEC CECS S ACS ၼMၼSSCူCSၶCS Cီ ACSSႁECSS ၼၼS ၵၢCS ၼႃ S CၢCS CUၵS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS CႃSCMၼS Cူ EC ၶCSႁCS CMၼS Cႃ ECႃSၶS Cူ ၸMCSSၶCS CႃSCူ ၼႆCCS S ECႃSၶEၵS CIူCSS ၵႃ Eၵႃ ၵူၼSSCS ၼIူCSCၢCSS ၼECS CႃSCMႆ ၾၵSSCူၵCSSCECSS CၼSSCၢCS “ၵူၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSCႃSEC CCSSႁIUCSၼၼS CEၼၽ S SCၢႆCၢႆ” “CEၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS EAႃSCC M ီSCSSCCS S CIၼSSCႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ CIူၼSၼCS ၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cီ CIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆEC CၢCSCူCSCၼSS CႃSCECS CႃSၸSSAIူCS ” ECႃSCၢCS CCS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCS AIUCSSၾၵSSCူၵCSSCECSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼMၼSSACS CCSSCCSSၶIUၼSSS CၼSSၶCSSၸSAS ၶCS ၸS ၶၢCS CၢCSS AၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS CႃSၶႆ ၼၼS ၽICSSCႆ ၼႆS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီS CၵSSCၢၼSCႃႁၼS CMCSEၵႃ ၸIူCSSCႆ CCSSၸSၼၼS S ၶCSCၢCS Cႃ Cႆ ႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼSSၶMၵS AIၼSSၸECS ACS Cႆ ႁIUCSCCSS ACS Cႆ ၸMCSS ၸCS ၾႃ CႆSCၢCS ၸIူCSSEC

Cႆ ႁCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EၶႃEၶႃ

ၼSSACS Eၵႃ CECSၼႆCႃ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CCS ACSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cႆ ၼSSCCS CIၼS ၵCႃ CူCS ၼႆCႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CီSၵူၼSSEၵႃ CS ၸၢCS CIUၼSCၼSCႆ CIUၵS CီSCူ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CMCS Cႃ Cႆ ႁၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

CIUၵS CIUCSၸSCMCSSႁCS Cႆ

CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS Cႆ CၢႆၼၼS ၵMၺSSS ၸSCMCSCECSၼCSCႃSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ၶS CMCS Cႃ CႃSCCS S CIူCS ၽUၵS CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၵႃ CူCSSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSS ECCUၵSSCMၼSS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS Cႃ ၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ CCSS CူၼS ႁI ူၼSSCၼSS ၼCS ECSၼၢCSS ၵူၼSSCူCSCၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼၼS S ၼCS ၵႃ

ၶၢCS CၢCSSၸIူCSSAၼS Cႆ CIၼSS Cႆ CCSSၸSၼၼS EC

ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS CၢCS Cီ ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSCႃ ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼS ၸCS ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ Cီ ECႃ CၢCSCူCSCၼSS Eၵႃ ECၸCSSၼႆCႃ S *** CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCSECAMၵS ႁI ူၼSSၼၼS AူSၶၢၼS ၶီ ၵႃSၸICS ECၽECSCႃSS AူSၶၢၼS

CEၼSAူၺSSCီၶCS AၼSCီCCSSၸSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CCS

CEၼSၼMCS ၸၢႆS AူSCၢၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSၵူ CMCS CMCS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ 9S CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ

CႃSCႃSၸMCSSAူSၶၼS S

CIူCS CIUၵSSၵCS ၾႃ ၵCSSCMCSၼၼS

CႃSၼSSၸUCSSECSECႃ CူCSSၵMEၵS

AၼSၵIUၵSSCIUၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S

CၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS ႁIUCSCၢၼS CၢၼS CCS S ECႃ CECS CၼSSCEၼS ၸCSႈၶMCSၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ EC ၸူCSSEC EC S CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ EC ECSCၼSS ၼၢCSSAEၵS CIၼSSCIၼSS CၢၼSS10ၶCS ႁECSSၶEၵS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ EC CႃSEC Cီ EႁႃCS CMၵS ၼIူCS S CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ ACSၶူCS CMၵS AၼSၼIူCS CIUၼS CၼSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSEၵႃ 8 ဦSCC့S 9 ဦSCC့SS Secretary‐General of United Nations 10 AUCSCMCSCCSSCCီS CCSSCCSSCCSS

299

300 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AၢCSSS ၸူCSSEၵႃ ၸူCSSS ၾICS CၢCS ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆ ACS ၼCS ECႃ Cႆ ႁၼSCီ ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCၢၼS ၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS ECCူCS CၵS S “CူCႃSEC Eၼႃ S ၸူCSSEC CCS Cႃ S ECႃSႁCSSCီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS ၶS AUCS CူEC ” CECS ႁၢCS ၼCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECACS ႁCS ၶCSၶCS ႁI ူၼSSEC AူS ၶၢၼS ၸCS CၢCSS “CူAၢCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS ႁႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CMCS CIူၼSCၼSSႁECSSCူ ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSS “ႁCSSECၵႃ CူCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS” “ECၵႃ ႁECSSCCSCႃ ” CECSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CၢCSECႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆ CECS ႁၢCS CIူCS ၸၢၼS ၼIူCSၸIUCS Eၶႃ ၼၼS Cႆ S “ၵMCS CCSၼႆS CMCS CီCMCS ၸႃ

ၸCS

CီSၼSSCIUCSSCၼSSEၵႃ CECS

ACS ၸS ႁႃ S ႁCSSECCႆ ၵႃ ၶႆ ႁႃCၼSSၵMၺSSCCS ” “ECႃSၼၼSEၵႃ ၸူCS Cႆ ၵႃ ႁႃCၼSS CMCS ႁCSSCၢCS Eႁ ၵCSSၼIူCS Eၼႃ ” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CၢCS EC CၢCS Cႃ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS CECSS CCSS Cႃ ECCMCS CူၺSSၵၢCSSCၼSSS CIူCS ၶCSCၢCSEၵႃ ၼCS ၼSSACS ႁCS ၶEၵS CCS ၼၼS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CIUCS CၢCS Cႃ “ႁCSSA CMCS Eၼ CIၼSSCီCီS

CUCS ႁCSSEC S

CူACS CUၵS Cီ

ၵႃ ECႃ Cူ CၼSS” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ

CCS ၵၢCSSCၼSSၵCSSၼIူCS S CၢCSSၶၢCS CူၺSS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ၸSACS ၶCS ၸS ၼIူCSၵၢCSSCၼSSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

“ၽSACS ၸၢCS CၢCSSၸSCၼSSCႆ ၼႃS ႁCSSACS CၢCS

CၼSSEC

CMၼS CMCSSCၼS ၼCS ၵႃ CူCUၵSSCMၼSSၼၼS S ECႃSCၼSSၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS CႃS ၼႆEC ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼႆ ၶS ႁECSSCCSEၵႃ ECႃႁECSSCူCSၵႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ CECS ၵၢCSSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ S “CၼSSၸၢCS ႁECSSCCSCီ ႁCSSCႃ ” “ၸIူCSSAၼSCီၵူCSCီၽၢၼS ၼၼS ၼႃ ” “ႁCSSACS ၵူCSCၼSSS CIUၼSSACS ၵူCSၽS” CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၢCS ၶECSCႆ S “ECႃSCႃ ၶCSႁIUCS CူAMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ၽSECCႃSCူၺSSCူCUCSS CႃS CUၵS AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ ” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ ACS CS Eၶႃ CMCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “CMၼS Cႃ CူCEၼSCS CEၼSၼIူCSၵႃ CCS S CUၵS AMၼS Cူ ECႁECSS ႁIUCSS ECႃSၶS ႁECSSCီ CူCႃS Cႃ ၶCSACS CၢCS Aီ CCSၼႃS ႁECSSCႆ Cၢႆ Cၢႆ AMၼS ၵMၺSSS CူEၵႃ A Cူ CူS” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CCS ၵCSSၼIူCS S “CCS ACS Cႃ Cႆ ၶCSၶS ႁECSSCီ CူCSCUၵS AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ ” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ AICSၼIူCS CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼSCၼSS CMCS Eၼ CIၼSS ၸS CCSCႆ ၵCS EC

ၶSႁECSSCCSႁECSSCူCSၵႃ ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC CႃSCၢCS EၼS

CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၢCS CIၼSSCႃSၼCSၼႃ CCS S CIူCS CIူၼSၸူ Cၢႆ CူၼS CႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ

CIUCSSCၢႆCUၵS ႁEၼSSၶCS CEၼS

Eၵႃ CEၼSၵMCS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS S CၢCS ၸIူCSSCCSSCၢCSSၶၢCS Cႃ ၸၢCS CူၼS ႁECS CၢႆၵMၼS ၼႆCႃ S Eၼ CIၼSSၸီ CCS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS Cႃ CIUCSSCIUCSSECႃ CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCS

ၸIူCSSၶMCS ၶCSSEၼၵၢCSၸSCၢႆCၢႆ

ACS CႃSၶIူCS CICSSCCS

ၼၼS S ACSCူCSCၢႆ CႃSၸECSၵူၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSၸECSS CECS CS ၼSSACSSCUၵS

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302 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸUCSSCUၵS ႁEၼSSEC ႁၢCS CၢၵS Cႃ CECSCECS S EC ၶMCSCUၵS ႁEၼSSၸIူCSSႁၢႆၵႃ ၼSSCIူCSSၵူၼSSၵCS ၽMCS ၼၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSA ၸၵSSCIUCS ၵIUCSSၵၼSCCSS Eၼ CIၼSS CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶMၼSSACSၵCSSၼIူCS S CCS Eၵႃ CူၺSS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ EC “Cႃ ECCၢCS CECS CCS S ႁCSSECACSၵၢCSSCူEႁ ECCS CူၺSS Cူ ” “ECႃSၼၼSEC CီAIူCS ” CECS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ CCSSၸSၵႃ S “CူCUၵS CီၾၢCS ၵECSSCူၺSSCူ CူCSၸCS ၵCS Cူ EC CUၵS AMၼS CူၵMၺSSS CၢCS AၼS Cႃ ECႁECSSCCSCCS S ၸMCS CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ECႃ ႁCSSCႆ Eၼ ” CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ EၶႃCMၼSSS “ၵMCS CCSS Cႆ ၸS ၵMၼS S ႁCSSECCႆ CူၼS Cႃ ၸCS S CၼSSၵIၼSSၸS CIူCSECႁCSSၶCSCႆ ” CECSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CီSAူCUၼSၽUCSSCCSSEAႃSၸႃ CUCS CCSSCႆ ၼIူCS CIူၼS S CၢၵS CႃCၼSSEၵႃ ၼCS ၵUCSSၸSCIူၼS Cႆ ၼၼS S ၵIူCSSCႃSCၢCSSၼႃ EC CူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S “CူCီSၸSႁCSSႁၢၼS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ႁCSSA Cူ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸIူCSSႁCSS ၸCS CႃSၶႆ CMCS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ၼCS ၵႃ ႁCSSA Cႆ ၼၼS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၵူCS ၼႃ CၼSSCူ Cႆ S ၵၢCSSAၼSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ

CၢCS ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ႁCSSCMCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS ECCS CMCS S CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ CIUCS CၢCS S “ၼSSၸSႁCSSACS CီEC AIူCS S ၸCS ၾႃ CူCS ACS CီSCIူCSSၵူၼSS CCS S CၢႆSECၺMCSSCၼSSၵႃ CၢCSCီ CူCS ACSCၼSSCIUCSSCၢႆCECS ႁICSSCECSS Cႃ CူSၼၼS CCS CCS ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ CCS ၵၢCSSEC CS CူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS

CူCSCၼSSEၵႃ

ECႃSCၢႆၸMCSSၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS CIူၼSCCSS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ

EC AူSၶၢၼS ACS CီSႁICSSCၼSSCCS S ၶCSEၵႃ CEၼSCီ Cီ Cႆ S CCS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS S “ACS CEၼSCႆ S CIUၼSSACS CEၼSCႆ S ႁCSSA AIူCS S CၼSSCIUၵS CီS CIူCSSၵူၼSSCူ S CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢCSCီ CူCS CီSၵူၼSSCႆ ႁၼSCၼSS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆAIူCS ” “ၽSCၢCS Eၵႃ Eၵႃ ၼၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSCEၼS” CECSCူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ Eၵႃ ႁECSSEC EC S “CUၵS ၼMCS ႁCSS ၼSSCIUၵSS ၸIူCSSCီSCၸSၸႃၼIူCSႁCSS CIUၵS CီSCCSS ၼCSS ၶၢCS ၼႆ CUၵS Cီ ၶCSECCႃSS CUCS ႁCSSEC Cႁႃ EC Cီ S ECႃSCႃ ၶၢCS ၼႆ ACS ၸIUCS ACS ၸS ၼႆ ႁCSSECACS CႃSၶႆ Cူ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cၢႆ ၼႃ ၸူS AူSၶၢၼS ECCၢCSCႃ S “CMCS Cႃ ၸCS CIUၵS CီSCူ CIူCSSၵူၼSSၼႆ CူCUCS Cူ ACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “ၼSSၸSACS CီEC S ႁCSSEC ACS CUCS CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

CIUCS ၼCS Cူ Cီ ၼၼS

ၼICSၼICSS ၶCSSၸS

CUCS CIူၼSၼCS ၶCSACS CႃSၶႆ EၼCူ ၸၼS Cီ Aီ CCSS Cၢႆ CူၺSSၶၢCS AS CECSSEC CUCS ၵႃ CၢCSSၼMၵS S Cီ CEၼS ACS Cႃ ၶႃ ႁI ူၼSSၶCS CMၵS CီCIUၼSSၶCS ၵီ CMၼS Cႆ S “ႁCSSECCIူCSSၵMၼS ” ၵူၼSSၸၢႆSCMCSEၵႃ ၼၼS CUၵS CIူCSSၵႃ EC Cႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵIUCSS Cူ Eၵႃ CECSS 

303

CICSSCECS CၢႆSECAUCS ၵၼSCCSS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ ၶCSCCS CCS ၼၼS

Cႃ ၵႃ

CူCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶၢႆ CIူCS ၶၢႆ CၼSSCႆ S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ CၼSSCECS CIၵS ၾၢႆ CၢၼS ၸူSEၼ CIၼSSEC CUၵSSCMၼSS Cႃ Cႆ CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSCCSS ECSၼၢCSSCၢCS Eၵႃ CၢCS ၵူၼSS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼၼS S ACSCIUCSSCECS ၽIUၼSCIူၼS AၵSSၽIUၼSEC CူCS ၵႃ ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CၢCSS AS ၸၢCS ၽECSCႆ Cီ ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSS CUCS CMCSSCႃ ECၽIUၼSၽIUၼSEC ECၽECSၵႃ Cူ ၼႆS CCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CMCSSCIၵS AၼSEC CMCS CႃSၶIUၼSSS Cႆ CMCSSၵူၼSSECCႃSCၼSၶၢCS CၢCSSS Cီ EA CUCSS CMCSSEၵႃ ECၵCSSAူၼSSCMၵS Cႃ ၸၢCS ႁၼSCCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁIUCS ၸၢCS CူCS CIၵS ၸူS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ ၼႆၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACS CၢၵS CၢႆSCCSCႃSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼႆ

ၸECSSCECS ၸECSSCူCSSEC ၶၢCSSCၢCSS

Cီ Cီ ECႃ S ၸူCS CၢၼSEၵႃ Cႆ Cူ CCSSၼCS CIူCSၽECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CIUCS ၵIUCSSၵၼSCCSS ၵူၼSSႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECSCၼSSS ၸIUCS CၼSSCႃ AECS Cီ CECS 1S ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CEၼSSCၢၵS 2Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၽူCSCၼSSCCS CEၼSၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS Cီ CUၵS ၸUCSSCၢႆSCူ CီCUCS ၾႃ

EC Cႆ ႁၢCS ၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cီ CECSS

1 Elsebet 2 Denmark 3 World Heath Organization

306 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS AMၼS CECSSၼIူCS ၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS S ၵMCS ၵူၼSSႁICSSႁI ူၼSSႁICSSECS CႃSEC CႃSၸSS ၼၼS EC ၽူ ၸMCS ၶၢCS Eၵႃ CS ၼIူCSCၢCSSၼၼS ACS AIူCSCIူCS CS ၸSCၼSS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS CၼSSၵMၺSSCECS Cၢႆ ၸIUCS CECSၵၼ ူ SSၸIူCSSACSၵႃSCႃSEC ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS AECS Cီ CECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၼSႁECSSAS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶIUၼSSၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

ၸMCSSAူၺSS Eၵႃ AူၺSSEC

Cူ CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSS

ၸူCS CၢၼSCႆ Cူ CCSS CၢCS ႁၢCS CCSCၢCS

CIူCS Cႆ CႃSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS S AECS Cီ CECS

CIUCS CIUCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၼS CCSSၵူၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSSCၢCS ၸIူCSSS ၶCSၸIူCSSၼၼS AMၼSၵၼSCIUၵSSCူၼSS AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AMၵS CIူCSSၼႆ ၵႃ CIၵSSCIၵSSS CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼS

CIူCSSၾၢCS CS CMCS AူၼSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSCႃSS

ECႃSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCၢၼS ၵၢCSSACSSၵICS EC ၵူၼSSCS CMCS ၶCS ACS ၶCS ၵCSS CCSS CၵS CMCSCMCS Cူ CEၼSCEၼSS ECႃSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCႆS ၵၢCSSၵMႃ CၢၼS EC ၸICSၶCS ႁၢCS CၢCS ၵCIူCSSၵၸIူCSSS “ၸIူCSSCူCၢCS ECႃ ၵၢCSSAၼSႁCSSA ၸၵSSၼၼS ECႃ ” Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၼၢCSSCICSSCႆSCCSS

ၼCSS ၶCSၸIူCSSၼႆ AMၼSၵၼSCႃSCူ Cီ AၼSၸCSၵၼSCCSSၽူCSၶCS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆSၼၼS EC CS CၼSSၽူCSၶCSECCMCS CႃSၼၼS Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ECSၼၢCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCSCECS S EC CCS

CEၼSၵူၼSSၵIူCS Cီ AICS ၵCၼS EC CEၼSCႃS ၼၢCSSၾႃ

CIူCSSCICS S ၸCS ၾႃ CIူCSSCICS

ၸCS ၶUၼSၶECS CEၼSACSCCS

CူCSCMCSၸIUCS

CIူCSSCႆSECACS ၵႃS CEၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ S CIူCS ၼႃ CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

Cႆ ႁUCS ACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSSၼၼS EC CCS EC

CUၵS CၢCSSCၼSS CီSCူ Cီ AICS ၵCၼS S CIူCS CECSEC

Cႆ Cူ Cီ ႁI ူၼSS

CCSၼIူCS ၼSSCECSSCႃ ၵUCS S ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS CCS CICSSACS CSၶၢCS CIူCSS CၼSSCႆ EC

CၼSSACS ၸၢCS AMၵS CIူCSSၼMၵS CIူCSSS CၼSSEၵႃ

ၶUၼS CၢCS

CၢCS CူCSEC Cႃ CCS CCSSCၢCS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS S ၵူၼSS 4 Mable

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢၼS

EC ၵူၼSSCႆS ၸIူCSSၵူCSၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCSၼၼS EC CၢCS EC

EC CCS CIၵSSCIၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ႁECSSEၵႃ ၵၼSCCSS EC CCS S

ၽMCSSၶၢCSSAၼSၵူ Eၵႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSS CၼSCၢCSSၾၢCS CၼSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ Cႃ AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cူ CECS CECS CEၼSCEၼSS Cႃ ECႁECSSCUၵS CၢၵS CUCS CၢCS

CCSၼႆECCႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ႁECSSEၵႃ ၵၼSCCSS ၼၢCSSCICSSACSSၵICS

Eၵႃ CီSၸSႁCSSႁၢၼSS Eၵႃ ႁCSSECႃ Cူ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCS ECCICSSCၢႆ

EC ၶMCS ၶCSSEၼၵၢCSၸS Cီ ၼႃ CUCSSCူCSCMCSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS Cႃ CၢၵS ACS CUၵSS CMၼSS AS CMႆ CၼSၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCSၼၼS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSSEC CCS S ၼႆ CEၼS ၵၢၼSၶMCS ၶCSSEၼ ၵၢCSၸSCMၵS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS CၢႆSEC CUၵS ႁEၼSSၸၼS ၸMCSၶCS ၶMCS ၶCSSEၼၵၢCSၸS CIူCS CIူၼSၸူ Cၢႆ 1962 ၼၼS S ၸူCS Cႆ Cႆ ACS CIUCSSၵၼS CCSSၵူၼSSၶMCS ၶCSS ၶCSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS AS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS CIUၼSႁCS CMCS ၶCSCႆ Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS AMၼSCၢCSSS ၸူCS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS CICS CS ၶူCS ၶCSၽူCSECS Cႆ CIူCSSၶCႃ ၶMီ ၼၼS ၶCSCႃSEC CECS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၵS ၼIူCS S ၶUၼSၽMCSS ၶECS CၢCSCႃ “CECSSCCSSCႃ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSCCS ႁႃ ” “CၼSSၼIူCS CႃSEC ECCIူCSSCူ S ၵူၺSSACS Cႆ ၸS CၢCSSၼႆ ” “CၢႆSCူၶႆ EၼCCS ၵMCS CCS CူACS CCSSၸSၽၢႆ ၼMCS ၽၢႆ CCS ၼႆ ႁCSSA ၸMCSSCူ S

ႁCSSၶS Cႃ

CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS

CူCႆ CEၼSCIူCSSCႆ CၢCSS

CECSEၵႃ CူCUၵS CီCCS EC ၸCSSၵၢၼS Cႃ CIူCSSၶIUၼSSCCS ” “ႁCSSA Cူ S Cီ CူEၵႃ ECCီSCMCS CီSCၢCSSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ႁCSS ECCႆ ၸMႆ CECSၸCS ၵMၼS ” ၶUၼSၽMCSS ၶECSEၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS CၢCS CCSCECS CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶႃ

ၽူCSECS CူၺSSၼႃ ECႃ ၵၼSEC CECS Cႆ ၸSCၢCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

Cႆ CၼSSCူၼS CIUCSၸၼS ၼၼS S Cႃ ECCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီS

307

308 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CSS Cီ ၾICS ၾႃ ၵCSSCူၺSၵCSSႁႃၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CႃSၸSEC

AICSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CႃS ECCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵCS CIူCSSCCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC ACSႁECSSACSၸSၶIUၼSSCူ S ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSCၢCSCႃ “CၢႆCIူၼSCူၼS CႃSၼၼS

ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS ၵႃ EC EAႃS

CC M ီSCSSAIူCS S ၸMCS CူA ” “EAႃ ၶႃ … CၼSSၵႃ ၵူCS CူၺSSCၢCSSCEၼSACS ၸS ႁႃ ” “ECႃSECCႆ CၢCS CECS ၼႆEC CၼSSၵႃ ၸူSၶူSECႃCႃCူCS ၾၢႆ CူCSS CႃၸS CIူCSSႁCSSAIူCS ” ECႃSCIၼSSၵၢCSSEၶႃ ၼၼS ACSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS CႃSၶIUၼSSS “CၼSSၵႃ ၺႃS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS ႁႃ ” “ၸS CCS Cႃ S CူA ၸၵSSCၼSSႁႃ ” ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ ၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS AၢCSSCႆ S “A AIူCS S CIူCS ၶၢCSSCႆ Cီ ၼIူCS ႁCSSၵႃ EC EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CၼSS CCSSၸCS EC CIUCS ၵၼSCႃSEC EC S ၸူCS CၢၼS CIူCSSCႆ CUၵS CၢၵS ၼၼS ႁCSSCCSSႁCS CMၵS CၼSS Cႃ CႃSEC Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၵMၼS ” ၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁI ူCS CၢCS CSCႃSၵCSSCECSS CၼSSCႆ CIUCS CၢCSSCီ AၼSၼIူCS

Cႃ ၶCS ၸူS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSCCS S ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ

CၼSႁECSSS “ႁCSSECၶႆ EၼS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS CCSSCUၵS ၼMCS CၼSS EC CႃSCႃ ၵUCS S ၸMCSCUၵ I SSCူCS ACS ၶCSCႃ ECCႃS CူCSSCႃCၼSSCီ ၼႆ Cႃ ” ၵMCS ၶၢCS CၢCSSၼႆ EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸူCSSEၵႃ ၸူCSSS ၶUၼS Eၵႃ ၶUၼS S ၸူCSSၵMCS ECCီSၵူၼSSၸၢCS ၸMႆ CECSၼCS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS S ၶUၼS ၵMCS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSAၾS CCS

ECCူCSSCႃCၼS

ၸCS ႁECSSCMCSCIူၵS CS CူCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶႆ EၼၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSS “ႁCSSECCECS CIၵS ၸူS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSAၾS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS ႁၢCS CၢCSS CၢCSSS CMCS Cႃ

CၢၼS CIူCSSCEၵS Cၢႆ Cႆ ၼႆ

CူCSCၼSSECA ACS A Eၵႃ

ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ S ႁCSSၶCSCEၼSႁIUCSCႆ ၼႆEၵႃ CၢCS EC CၼSSECACS Cႆ A ” “ႁCSSECACSCIၵS Cူ CူCS CၼSၸMCSSCၢႆCၢCSSၵၢၼSၶECSၵႃ ” “CၢCS ၸSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSCူCSCCS S AS Cႆ CIUCS ၸSCS ECၵCSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CီSႁECSSၸSS CီSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCႃSၶIUၼSSS Cႃ ECၸSCS Cႃ ၶCS ၸူSၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSၼၼS ၼMၵS EC ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS Eၵႃ CူCSSCႃCၼS CMၼS ၸSCၼSSၼႆ ECCီSၽSCီCႆ Cႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CUCS CCS ၶူSECႃ CCူCSAၾS

CၵSSECၸMႆ CECSCၼSSCူ S ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSAၾS

CEၼSACSCCS

CူCS ACSSCႃၸၼS ၸMCSၾၢႆ CMၼS ၸS EC ၾၢႆ AEၼSA Cီ CECSSCEၼS ၼS S ၸူCS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS Cႆ CIူCSSၶCႃ ၶMီ

CၼSSCMၼSS

CၢCSSၵူၸMႆ Cီ CUCSSၶECSCၢCS CIူCSS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCူCS CIၵS Cႆ CIUCS CUCSSၶECSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS

Cီ ၶCႃ ၶMီ

ၸMCSSCၢႆCၢCSSCIၵS ၵၢၼSၶECSၸIူCSS

ၼၼS S ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSၸCS ၶႆ Eၼ ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS CIူCSSEAႃS CC M ီSCSS CMၵS CS CCEၼS ၼူCS ၶCICS ၶီS5 Eၵႃ ECၵCSSCIUCS ၶUၼSၽMCSS CူCSၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS AူSCီ ႁၢၼS 6EC CIUၼS CMၼSSCၼS Cႃ ႁIUCS CUCS EႁႃႁI ူၼSS ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ ၶCS AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC AS Cႆ CႃSCူ Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECS CIၵS ၸူS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS ၵCSSCECSS CECS EၼACSCMႆ ACSCECSSS ၸECSCIူCS Cီ ၵၢႆ ၼၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Eၵႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS ၸCS 5 Dr. Brano Kreisky, Minister of Foreign Affairs 6 ဦSCီCCSS AIUCSCMS C ာSECSCCSMC ီS

309

310 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵMႃ CECS CCS S ၶၢCS CၢCSSCCSEၵႃ ACS Cႆ CIၼSSS CၢCS ၸS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS ႁCSS ၵူၸMႆ CၼSAICSSၼIူCS S Cႆ ၾၢၵS CIၵS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS

Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S

ECႃSCူCS Cႆ Eၵႃ CၢCS ၸSCူCS CၼSAICSSၼIူCS ၼႆCCS S Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၵSSၸSCMCS ႁႃၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵႃ ၼCS CMCSCEၼSCႆ S CIူCSCS CၼSS ၶCSSၸSႁႃၶၢCS CၢCSS ၸIူCSSCၼSS

ACS ၶS CIၼSSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ၸူS ECႃEC CၢCS ၵႃ CႃSS ECႃၽီS Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CIUၵSSၶCSS ၵူၼSSCၼSၶၢCS ၸIူCSSCႃ ၸႃ S ၸIူCSSACS CUCS CCSCႆ EC Cီ Cီ ECႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၽECSCႃSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S

ECႃSCႃ ၶCSECႃၶႆ Eၼ

ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶS CEၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CီSCSS Cူ CီCူ ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃCၼSCူCSCၼSCIUၼSSၼCSၼCSS ၶၢCS CၢCSSAၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CMCS CCS ၼႆEၵႃ

ၵႆ Cႆ CIၼSSS ECႃSCႃ Cႆ CIၼSSၶၢCS CီၵCSSCSEၵႃ

Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CCSၼIူCSၶၢCS ၼၼS ၵCSSCECSEC CီSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCS CႃS ၵCSS ၼၼS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶCSSၸSႁႃၶCS ၸူSၵCSSCIUCS

ၵူၼSSCIUCS ၵIUCSSၸCSၸS

CCSSၵECSၸMCSႁၢၼSAMCS ၵMီS S AMCS ၵMီSၼႆ ၼMၵS ECEၼ CIၼSS CEၼSၵူၼSSCီS ႁECSSCMCSCUCSCီ CUCSS ၼSSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS CၢCSSၵႃ Cႃ ၵIူCS

ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS S CIူCS AMၵS ၶၢCSS

ၵECSၸMCSႁၢၼSAMCS ၵMီS CၢCS CၢCS Cီ ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼၼS Cႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS Cႆ CၢႆS CIUၵS CီSCူ CီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSၼႆCCS S ၶၢCS CၢCSSCီ ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၼSSCIူCSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵMႃ ၸူCSS9ၼၼS Eၵႃ

Cႆ CIၼSS

ၸIူCS ၼႆၵMၺSSS ၼႆEC CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁUၼS CUၼSSCူCS CMCS CS CႃSCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CၢCSSCUCS CMCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵCSSၼIူCS ၵMၺSS ၽူCS ႁၢႆCူCS

ၵႃ S ၵၢCSၶCS Eၵႃ ၼMၼSS ACS CCSSS ၵMCS CCS Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CECS ၵMၺSS

ACS CၼSCူCSSႁၼSၵၼS

ၽူCSၸCS CCS ႁI ူၼSSၸCS ၵCS S

ECSၼၢCSS

7 CIUCSCMSCMAUCSECAာCSMC ီSS CUCIC CCSCECာSCာCMCSECSဦSCီSCMAUCS (C M CSS) 8 CဲCူS 9 CIUCSCMSMC ီSECMာSCIUSS MC CSCEဲ CSCCSMC ီS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵူၼSSCၢCS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUၵS Cီ ၵCSၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၶCSCCS ၶCSS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CIူCSSၼၼS

CူၼS ၶႆ Cႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ CူCSSႁၼSၸCS ၽူCS

ၵMCS CIူCS CIူCS CCS CIUၵSSႁUCS ACSCၢၼS ACS

Cႆ CMCS CECSCCSSCCS CIUၵSS ၶCSEC

ၶCSၸCS

ႁECSSၸIူCS ၼႆ ႁႃ ၼႆၵMၼS S ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CMCS CECS Cႃ CIUၼS ၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSCၼSSACS CၢCS ႁECSSCႃSECCMၵS ၼၼS ႁႃ S CူၼS ၶႆ CEၼSCၢႆၶCS CၢႆၶIUၼSSS ၶS ၼMၼSS CCSSၵႃ EC CIUCSSCECS ၼIူCS ၸူCS ၼIူCS ၵECS Eၵႃ ACS CCSSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECႃSCMCSCႃSS ECႃ ၵၢၼSၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSAMၼS

CICSSCICSSCMCSSCMCSSၵMၺSSEၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ECႃCECSS

CCSSCၼSCCS S CူၺSS ႁၢCS CCSEၵႃ ၵႆ ႁၼSCEၼSCMCSAၼSCMCSAၼSS ၸS ၽူCS CICSCႆ Cႃ EC S

ၸSAၼSECႃCMCSSCၢႆACSၼႆEၵႃ

CူCS CMCSSCႃSCIၵSS

CIၵSSS ECSၼၢCSSCူCS CECS Cႃ

Eၵႃ CIUCS CCSSၶCSCႃS CCSSႁIUCSၼၼS

ၾၢCS CEၼS CၢCSSCEၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၼSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ AS ၶEၼSSၸS CႃSS “CူၸMCSSႁCSSၵႃ CူCSS ၸCS MC ႃ EၼCCSS Cီ ႁCSSၵႆ ၵႃ ၽIUၵSSၵCS ၼၼS ECႃ S CူECႁၢၼS ၸSCူCႃSCူ ၵႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ၽMCS ၵCSSCECSCCS S

ၼSSACS CူCSၽIUၵSSၵCS

CCSSၼၼS CECS CEၼSCႆ S CီSၵူၼSSCၢCSCICSS ၼCS ၼIူCSCIUၼS CIူCS S CCSS CႃEC CၵSSၸSၶCSCႆ ၼIူCSၵၢၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS ၶCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႆၸC M SSCၢCSS CCS ECSCူCS CECS Cႃ S CIူCS Cႆၵႃ ႁICSSၵူၼSSၼCS MC ႃSၶCSၼၼS Cႆ ၵူCS ACS ECCႆCMႆSCMႆSS

ACS Cႆ CၼSCECSCIၼSAMၵS S

ၼႆ CEၼSၾICS CUCSSCၢၼS ၶCS

CၢCS ၼIူCS S Cႆ ႁၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSSAMၼS ၶCSEၵႃ CႃSၼCS S ၵူၼSSCCS ၸIူCSSၶIUCSS CၢၼSACSSၵICS ၶCS CICSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CႃSS

ၵူၼSSၽၢၼSၵူၼSSCီSEၵႃ

ၼCS ႁICSSၶၢCS ၵၼSEC ၽIUၵSSၵCS ၸMCSSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၽIUၵSSၵCS Cူ ၼၼS EC ACS CၼSSA

CMCS ၵူၼSSCႆၶCS CႃSၼၼS S ၽSၽSEၵႃ

CICSSCEၼSၸMCSSၵၢၼS

ၽIUၵSSၵCS ၽSCၼSSCCS S 10 CIUCSCCSMာS CဲECာSCUSSCMICSCCSS CာCMCSECSCCSMC ီSECာCSS

311

312 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Eၵႃ EၼCCSSၼၼS AMၼSၶCSၵႃ CၢCS Cီ S AူSCIၼCCEၼS CUၼS ၸCS ၸၢCSSCUCSCS ၼUCS ၽႃ CIူCSCၢCS ၵၢၼSS CႃACSCMCS S ACS CIUCSSၶECSS CIၼSS

CူCSၶICSSCၼSSCUCSCUCSS

CECS ႁၢCS CၼSSၸၢCS A ႁၼS

CၢCSSၼSS

CMၼS ၸSCIူၼS ၸIူCSSCႃSၽECSCIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃCၼSSS ၵMCS ၵAUၼႃS CီCS CCႃ CIEC ၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CၢCS CSCႆ S CUၼSၸCS Eၵႃ CECS A ႁၼS CMCS CၢCSSၶMCS ၶCS AၼSCၼSSCႆ CူCSS ႁၼSCႆ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CCS CCS EၼAီ CCSCCS S ၶUCS Cႆ CUၼS ၸCS CCS Eၵႃ CUၼSၸCS CၢCS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS S “Cူ ၶS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCူ ႁႃ ” “ၶႃ ECS ၶS ၽIUၵSSၵCS Cူ EAႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶႃ ECS ACS Cႆ A CMCS Aီ CCSၶႃ ” CUၼSၸCS Eၵႃ CUCS ECၸCS CၢCS S “CူACS CCS A Cႆ CူCS ၼႃ Aီ CCSS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSEႁ ECA ၸMCSSၵႃ ၵMၺSSCူ” “ECႃSၼၼS ၶႃ ECSECCႆ EC ၽIUၵSSၵCS CIူCS CSၶႃ ” “EC CၢCSSၼႆ ၵCSSCECSAIူCS ” “ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၼSၼႆ ၶႃ ECS Cႆ Cႆ ႁCS CIၼSCႃSၶႃ S ၶCS ၼSEၵႃ ၵIၼS CႃSCCS ၶႃ ” “ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CEၼSCCSS CUၼSၸCS EC ACS ႁၢCS CီSAီ CCSS CီSCMCS ၼIူCS ၵMၺSSS CCS EC Cႃ ECၵIၼSCႃ S ၼSSACS CူCSၼႆ Cူ CူၺSS CူၺSSEႁ ႁႃၼCS ECCီ Cီ AၼSCၢCS CUၵS ၼၼS EC S ၼCS ၼIူCSCၢCS ၼCS CူၼCS Cႆ ၼၼS S CCS Eၵႃ CCSSCႃCႆ S ၶCSSၸSၾၢCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCူCSS CူၺS ၸSCူS ႁECSSCူၺSSၵCSSCECSEC S ECCႆ A Cႃ CူCSSAၼSႁCSSCUCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼၼS ၵCSSCEၼSCႆ EC CူCSSAၼSႁCSSCူၺS AMၵS CႃSၼၼS CCS AUၼS Cႆ AIူCS ”

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CUၼSၸCS

CS CူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ECCECSSCCSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSၶIUၼSSCူCSၸCS ၵCS S ECႃSႁCS Cႆ CCS ၼႆၸCS CMၵS ACSEၼS CUၼSၸCS Eၵႃ CIUCS CၢCS S “CIူCS ၶၢCSSၸSCူ CICSAMၵS ၵႃ EC CCSS CIူCS CECSႁICSSACSS ECႃSCႃS EC CCS ECCႆ ၾၢCS AIူCS S ECႃSCႃ ၸSCူ ၽူCS CICSၵႃ CၢCS Cီ ၸIUCS ၶIUၼSS ၶCSSၸS ACSၸSCူCၵSSCႆ ၼIူCSၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSSCူၺS ၸSၼၼS EC S CIူCS CS ECCႆ ၵIUCSSS CIူCS CSECCႆ ၽIUၼS Cၢႆ CၢႆS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CUၼSၸCS EC ၶႆ EၼS ECႃSCIUCSCၢCSSၼၼS CူECCႆ CၵSSၸS ၼIူCS ECCၼႃ Cီ AၼS ၸECSSAၼSၵူၼS

AၼSA CီECCIူၼS

ၼIူCSCူCSၶICSSCူၼၼS S ECCႆ CၵSS

ၸSAS ECCၼႃၼၼS ECႃSႁၢႆၵႃ ” “ၶS Cႃ CMCS CCSၶႃ ၸCS ” “CူECA CႃSCူ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cီ CIUCS ၼႃ CS Cႃ CUၼSၸCS AMၵS CႃSEC ႁႃ ၼCS ႁICSSECSCူCS CECS Cႃ S CၼSSEC ECႃSCၼSSၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁCSSCၼSSၼSSၸSS “ၵCSႁECSSCCSCူ Cႆ ACS A S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵCSECၶCSSၸSCူၺSS” EC CCSSCႃCူၺSS ၼCS CUၼSၸCS CCS Cႆ S CIူCS ၸCS EC CECS Cၢႆ CECS Cူ S CၢႆSCႃSၸSၼႆ ACS ၼICSACS CCSSCႆ ECAICSSCCS S CူၼS ၶႆ CIUCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ Cီ Cီ ECႃ S

CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CIူCS ၶၢCSS

ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSS

ၸIူCSSCႆ Cူ CူၼS CူၼS CIူCSSCIူCSSCႃS

ၼၼS S “ၵIUCSSCECS ၸSCူ AၼSCူၼS ၶႆ ECႃ ၵၢၼSၸIူCSSAၼSCူၼS CႃSၼၼS EC S ACSၸSCူၶIUၼSSCၵSSCႆ Cီ ၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSSCူၺS ၸSCူၵMၺSSCႃ ” CECSCUၼSၸCS ၼႆ

AူၼS AMၼS ECCႃ

CUCSSၶၢCS EC S Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ AၢCSSၵMCS CUၼSၸCS ႁၼSCIUCS ၼSSCMၼS ၸSCၼSSCႃSၼၼS S

313

314 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CIူCS EC EC CUၼSၸCS CၼSCၢCSSၾၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CၵSSၸS Cႆ ၼIူCSၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSSCူၺS ၸSၼၼS CၢႆCMၵS CၢႆၵCSSS ၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSS CူၺS ၸSၼၼS

ECႃSCEၼSၵၢၼSCၢCS CIူၼSSCူCSS

ECCၼႃCူCSAၼSၼIူCS

Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၼSၸCS ၵႆ ၽECSCႃSႁICSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCCS CMၼS ECCႆ ႁECSSႁIUCSS CUၼSၸCS ၼႆ ၵCS ၸMႆ CCS CMၼS ၵူၼSSၵူ Eၵႃ ၸIူCSSၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCူ ၼSSACS ၼႆ CCSSCECS S ၼCS CၢCSSCီ ၼICS CCS Eၵႃ CUၼSၸCS ၸီ CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS ၸSCၵSSCႆ ၼIူCSၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSSCူၺS ၸSၼၼS ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cီ ECCၼႃ CၢCSSၸECSS CECS ၵူၼS ၶIUၼS ၸIူCSSCီSCီ ၼIူCSCူCSၼIူCSၶICSS ECCီ Cီ ၼၼS S Cႆ ၼCS Cႆ ႁIUCSEC CၼSCCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူၼS Cႆ S Cႃ ACSၸSၵႃ CၵSSCီ ၼၼS Cၢႆ Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၵSSၸSCၼSS Cီ ၼၼS ႁIUCSၵႃ ႁIUCS ACS A S ၽIူCS A CူCS CႃS AၼSၵူၼS AၼSၶIUၼS ECCၼႃ ၼၼS ACS CီSCCS S ၵMCS CၵSSၸSCႆ ၼICS ၼICSEC ၸCS ႁၢႆၵႃ ၵMၺSSS CUၼSၸCS Eၵႃ A ၸMCSSCႆ ၸIူCSSၼႆ S “CIUၼSSCႃCႆ CCS S ၵၢၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSၶၵS ၼIူCS EC CCS CူCS ၵႃ CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼSSCႃCူၺSSS AၢCSSEၵႃ AၢCSSS ၵူCS CူၺSSAMCS CူCSSCီ CIUCSSCၼSSၼၼS Cႆ A ႁIUCSၵႃ Cီ CICSSCီ ၼICS S CူCSႁI ူCS ၵႃ ECCႃ ၸSEC CIUၼS CECSSၸIUၼS CၢCS Cႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆCECSSCCSS Cႃ ECၼCS ၽIUၵSS ၵCS CCSSၸIူCS ၼႆ ၵူ CၼSSS CၢႆSၼႆ CႃS ၶၢCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၶIUၼS ႁEၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSCီ ၵMCSSAူSCICCEC ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSၵူ CၼSSCCS S CIူCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CၵSSၸSCီ ၵၢၼSCUCS CူCSSCူၺS ၸSCူ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ႁၼSCCSSCECSS EC CIူCSCၢCS ႁၢCS CီCီၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSS CIူCS ၼၼS AူS CICC ၸီ CCS AS CMCS Cႃ CၢၵS CၢႆCECS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC AS CၵSSၸSCႆ ECႃ CၢCSSၸECSSCၢCSSCECS

ၼIူCSCူCSၶICSSၸCS ၵCS S

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS

CIူCSSCMႆ ၾႃ CECS CူCSSCူၼSSCMCS CMCS AၼSCႆ ႁၼSCူ ၼSSၸSၼၼS S CူCSS CူၼSSCMCS CMCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵႆ ၸMCSSCႃSCၢCSSCCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CၢCS ၵCSS Eၵႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ CီCCSSၵႃ S

ၵCSSၵCSSCႆ CCS

AူSCICC

AS CECSCၢႆ CECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၸSၸIူCSSၼၼS CၢႆCၢႆCMၵS S CၢCS ၵCSSEၵႃ

ၸECSSCECS ၵူၼS ၶIUၼS CႃSႁECSSႁECSSS

CၢCS ၵCSSEၵႃ

CIူၼSႁၢCS CCSSCူCSCCSSၶICSS CူCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSCIၼSS CီSCMၵS ၼIူCS CIၼSCIUCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢCS CူၵSSACS CူCSSၵႃ

ၼCS CၢၵS Cႆ CၢၵS CMၵS S CIUCSSၶMၼS

ၼIူCS AMၵS Cီ CူCSCၼSSၵူCS ၵူCS ECႃSECႃS ႁၢCS ၸႃ CUၵS CUၵS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸMCSSၼCS AူSCICC CCS CMၼSS CၢၵS CECS Cႆ ၸSၸIူCSS ၼၼS EC Cႆ CၢCSSA CၢCSSႁၼS AၼSCၢၵS CၢႆSCူCS Cီ CူCSၶICSS ၸCS ၵCS CCS S CၢႆSၼၼS

ACSၸSCၼSS ECႃၽၢCS AMၵS CူCSၶICSSCၼSSCႃSS ၸS

CၼSS ၽၢCS AMၵS CူCSၶICSS AၼSၼCS Cႆ ၼIူCSCEၼS CIူCS ၼSSACS CူCSၼၼS S ၶIUၼSSCၢႆ CူၺSS CူCSၶICSSCၼSS Cႆ ႁၼSၼCS CIူၵS ၶႆ ၼၼS S ၸCS Cႆ A CႃS CူCS ၶICSSၼၼS

ACS ၸS CၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS CၢCSSCICSSCEၼS

AၼSACS CEၵS CECS ၵၼSCႆ CCSSAီ CCSၼၼS S ၼႃ CႃACSCၢၵS ACSႁECS CICC S ႃSCၢCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACSSCCSSCူCS ၶICSSCCSSၼCSCCSSCၢႆEC CCSSၵႃ CIUCS ၼႃ CS CႃCၼSSS CIူCS ၸCS EC CEၼSAၼSႁၢCS CီႁၢCS CၢCSSECCႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ Cူ CECSၵႃ EC ၶူCS CUCS ၶCS ၵMၺSS CIUCS CCSSၵႃ CIUCS ၼႃ CS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS CူၺSS CIူCSCၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၼSSCူCSၶICSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CၢCS CူCSCၼSSEၵႃ ၶCS CႃSCႆ CCS S ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼS ACS CEၵS Cၢႆ CCSCႃSECCႃ

ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

EC CEၵS Cၢႆ CႃS ၵMCS ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSS ၶIUၼSSၸူCSSCႆ CၢCSSCICSSCEၼSS CီSႁECSSၸSCႃ CECSSCCSSၼႃ ၵၢၼSCႃCၢၼSSS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼSၼႆ AၼSCSCCS CMCS AၼSCSACS CCS CMCS ၼႆEၵႃ ECႃၽႃ ၽၢၵS ၸၵSSEၽCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS ၶၢႆ ၸူSCႃS Cႃ ECCECSSCCSS CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ CူCSၸCS ၵCS CၼSS EC CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ Cူ CCS S 

315

CICSSၵCS CIူၼSCS CၼSSCS CIူၼS ECCIၼS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS Eၼ CIၼSSၶCS CူၵSS CECS CCS ၼႆ AMၼSၵၼSCၢCSSၶၢCS ၵၼSCႆ ECCႃ

CCS CIUၵSSEC

ၶEၼSS

CIူCSSၵCSၵIၼSSCႃSၼIူCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS EC ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSCူ CCS S ၶCSCIUCSSACS ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCႃCၢၼSSCS CS CူCSCူCS EC ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၶMCSၵူၼSS ၼMၵS CIူCSSၶCS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSS CECS CCS CIUCSSACSECSCူCSCCSSCECS ႁECSSCEၼSၶMCSCၢၼS CIူCSSS CၢCS Cၢႆ Cႃ ECSCူCSCၢၼS CIူCSS Cၢႆၵႃ ႁIUCSၼႆCCS S ECSCူCSAၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS Cႆ CူCSCႆ CIUၼSSၼၼS

CCS CEၼSECSCူCS

AၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC ၵူၼSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆCIူCS S CၢႆSECၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS CIUCSSACSCEၼS ECSCူCSCၢၼS CIူCSSCCS

CS ၸIUCS Cႃ

ECSCူCSၵူၼSSCIူCSS

Cၢႆ(20) ၼႆCCS S ၵECSၸMCSႁၢၼS ၾၢႆ CCS ၼCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSၸCSSၵၢၼSCီ ECSCူCSAၼSၼၼS S AၼSAMၼS

CIူၼSၼCS

ႁၢၼS CIူCS CၼSSၵႃSS ၶူၵS ၶCS S ၶူၵS ၼCS CၼSSၵIၼSS ၸၢၵS Cႆ

ၸIူCSSၼၼS

CCS CIUCS CIUCSSACS

ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS

CCSSၵၼSS ၸCS ၶMCSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼၼS ႁၢCSSၵၢၼSႁၢCSSCၢၼSSCECS CူCSSS ACS ႁIUCSCCS ႁၢၼS AMၼS CႃSAMၼS ၸIူCSSၶၢႆCICSSCICSSCMCSSCMCSSEၵႃ ACS CၼS ၵIUCSS CIUCSSCICSSACSCEၼS ၶMCSCၢၼS CIူCSSCူCSSCူCSSS ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSS CူCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၵႃ ACSSႁEၼSSEC Cႆ ႁၼS ၾၢCSCECS ၸIူCSS ACS CUCS Cႆ

318 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼၼS S CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSႁၢၼS ၶၢႆၶူCSSAMၼS ႁICSSCၢCSSEC ႁIUCS Eႁႃ ၸCS ၶMCSႁၢၼS ၶCSS CCS CၢCS Cၢႆ Cႃ ႁၢၼS ၶၢႆၶူCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS Cၢႆ(37) ၸIူCS ၼၼSS CၢCSCူCSCUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS ၶၢႆၵUၼS S ၸCS ၶMCSႁၢၼS ၶCS Cႆ Cူ CUCSS CECS ၵႃ ၼCS ၶCSCီSCႆ ၼၼS ECACS ၵႃS Cႃ ႁႃၵIၼSCECS CMCS ECႃSၶS CၢCS CႃSS ႁIUCS AMၵS ၸCS ၶMCSၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၵႃSCႃS EC ၽူ A ECႃၵႃSCႃSၶCS AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ S ၼMၵS EC ၶူCSSၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ

ၸCSSCူCSၸCSSၶICSSၶCSၼၼS

ACS CၼSACSCCSၵႃ S ၶူSECႃCႃ Eၵႃ CႃSCူၺSSCၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

ႁIUCS AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼၼSS

ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

CIUCSSACS ႁI ူၼSSS CူCSCIUၼSSS CူၼSCMၵS ၶCSS ၵႃ ၶၼSCS EC CႃCူCSၼIူCS ၶMCSၶူSECႃCႃCူCSEၵႃ ၼၼS S

CီSၶၢCS CMCSSCECSSCႃSCႃ

Eၼ CIၼSS

AၢၼSS

ႁႃCIUCSSACS ႁI ူၼSSS CူCS ၵႃSS ၵECS CECSCIUၼSSၶCSS CUၼS CECSၽSCၼSS EC Eၸ CူCSCSCIUၼSS AၼSCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၼႆCCS S CီSၶၢCS Eၽ ၸMCS ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CEၼS CႃSCႃ ECACS CIူၵS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSS ၾၢႆ ၼCS CIUCSၵIူCSSCCSCCS EC CIUCSSACS ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCႃCၢၼSS ၶMCSၶူSECႃCႃS ၽူ CၢCSCၢCS ၶCSၼႆၵMၼS S ႁၢၼS ၶၢႆ Cႃ Cႃ EC ၶIူCS CူCSSCႃ ၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CIUCSSACS CEၼSၶMCSCၢၼS CIူCSSCCS ၸECSၸCS S ၸCS ၶMCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၸIူCSSCႆ CUCSSCၢႆ ၼၼS CီSCႃSCCSSၼCSS ၵCS ၼCS AMၼSၵၼSAIUCSS ၾၵSSCူ ႁI ူၼSSၽSECSCၼSSEC Cူ Cႆ CECS CECS CEၼSCEၼSS Cႆ ၵူCS ၵၢၼSၸူၼSၵၢၼSၸICSSACSၶူCSSၶMCS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSCူCS ၼၼS S ၵူၼSSCၢၵS CီSၶCS Cႆ CၵS CMCSCMႆ

CUၵS CၢၼSCUCSSCၢCSSၶCS ACS

Eၸ CူCSCSCူCS ၵႃ CEၵS CEၼSEၸ CူCSCMႆ

Cီ ECSCူCS AၼSၸCS CIUၵSS

ၸCS CIူCSၶCS ႁECSSၽူ ၸCSSၵၢၼSCူ ၼၼS S CIူCS ၵႃ CEၵS ၸIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ Cႆ ၾၢCS CူCS ၵူCSၽူ ၸCSSၵၢၼSၸIူCSSၼၼS CMCSA ၵႃ S CMCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSCူ CIUCS ၼႃ CS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S CူCSၼSSCIUCSS Eၵႃ CMCSSCႃSCMႆSCMႆSS ၵႃ ၸS ၸၢႆ EC ACS CMCSSECAICSSS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႃS CMၼSSCၢCSSၸMႆ CECSCီSၼCSECCႃ

ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSECCႃSၵူၸMႆ CူCS Cီ CၼSS

EC ACS CီSECEၵႃ S CIူCS ၸCS CIူၼS AMၼSၵၼSCIUၵSSCူၼSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

319

AS ACSCူCSၾၢၵS Cႆ Cီ ECSCူCS CၢCSSၼMၵS CIူCSSCUၼS S ၵMCS CEၼSၵၢၼSၽICSS ၾICS CIူCSSAၼSၼIူCS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS ႁECSSၸMCSSS ၵECS CIူၺS Eၶႃ CUCS CCS ၾICS CIUCSSၵCS CူCSၸCS ၵCS ACS CMၼS CူCSSCMCSSCၼSECCMၵS S ၽECSCႃ ၵUCS CႃSEၵႃ

Cႆ ၵCSSCIUCS ၵၼS

CCSSCီ ECႃ Cႃ EC S

ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၶၢCS ၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ CIၼSSၼၼS ACS ၸS ၶၢCS CီS ACSSႁEၼSSၵCS CCS Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ

Cႆ CUၵS CIUCSSCECS S ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS

ၵIUCSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ၸIူCSS

Cႆ CUၵS CIUCSSACSၵႃ CCS S CူCSၸIူCSSCူCSSCIUၼSSCႆ

ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS ၸၢCS ACSၶIUၼSSCCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၢၵS ၸMၵSS Cီ ၼႆ Eၵႃ CူCSS Cီၼႃ Cႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ႁၼSၸECS CECSSCႃSCႃ Cႃ ECCIUCS CS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSSCCSSCၢႆSACS Eၼ ၼMၼSSၼႆ ACS CEၼSCCS ၼႆS ECCႆ Cႃ ႁEၼSS Cႃ ႁECSSၵၢၼSႁႃၵIၼSCECS CMCS CC M Sီ CSSၼၼS S

Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS ႁIUCS Cီ EAႃS

ECႃSCႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸMCSSCၢCSSCCSၶCSCႃSCႆ Eၵႃ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCႆ ၵCSSCECSS ၵူၼSSၼMၵS CIူCSSCCSS CECS ၸIူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၵS CMCSACS ႁၼSၵၼSၼၼS ၽSၽSEၵႃ AMၼS ၵၼSCIUၵSS CူၼSS AS AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ CIၵSSCIၵSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS

ၵMႃ CECS ၶCSCCS ၶS AS CၼSSCIUCS Cူ CCSSCီ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ S ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CECSSCCSSၸSCၢCS Cႆ S ၸူCS CIူၼSၸIူCSSCႆ CS Cူ Cႆ ၼၼS

ၶCSSၸSႁECSSAS CီSၽMၼSSCီS

ႁEၼSSACSCIၵS ၾCၢCS S ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACS AS ECႃCEၼS CIၵS S ၶICSSCCS CUၵS ၶIUCS CၢၼS ၵႃSCႃSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢၼS CIူCSSၵႃ CူCSSEC

ၵၢၼSCၼSSCႆ CUၵS CIူၼS CIUCSSACS

CEၼSၶMCS

ၽUၺS Cႆ ACSSႁEၼSSၽIUၵSSCMၼSCၼS CၢႆSCEၼS CIၵS

Cီ ACS ႁI ူၼSSAMၼS CၼSSS CIူCS Cူ Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS Cႆ ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSCၢႆSCEၼS CIၵS CႃSS ၼႆEC CၼSSၶS ECႃS ECႃSၵၢCSCၼSS AS Cႃ CIၼS ၶCSSၵႃSCူCS ACSSႁEၼSSၸၢၵS CEၼS CIၵS ၶMCSCICS CS Cူ CCီ

ၼSSၵICS AMၼS ၵၢCSCECSSCႃ ၵUCS S ၼSSၵICS AMၼS ၵူၼSSၽၢၼSၶCS Cူ CCSSၵCS 1 Mr. Murti

320 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၼCSၼၼS

ၵႃSCႃ Cီ Cီ CူCSCCSSၼIူCS

ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCSCCSSၼIူCS

ၵႃSၸICS

ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS

ၵIUCSSCႆ S Cႃ AS ၽECSACS ႁI ူၼSS Cူ CCီ ၶCSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CႆၶူCSCႆCCSSCICS CIUCSSCIUCSS ၶIUၼS ႁI ူၼSSၵCS CCSၼIူCS CIUCS ႁၢCS Cီ S ၵMCS Aၢႆ Cူ Aၢႆ CEၼS ACS CၢCSSCၢCSSCS ႁI ူၼSSEC CၢCS ၵCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSၶႆ ACSCCSSCႃSS ACSၽEၼS ၸECS CIUCSS AၼSၸUCS ၼCS ACS Cႆ ၼၼS

CႃSCူCSSၶူCCS Cႆ Eၵႃ

CၢCS CIၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CICS CECS CMCS

ACS Cႆ S CIူCS ၸCSCIUCSႁၢCS Cီ ၼၼS

ႁၢCS CIူCSSCႃSS CူၼS CူၺSSECCႆ CႃS AMCS Cီ

ႁၢႆ ၸႃ CူCSၸIူCS ၼႆ ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSၼႆEC AၢၼSSCၢၵS

CIူCSSၶIUၼSSၵMၼS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMႆ ၾၵSSCူၼၼS CICS CS Cူ CCီ CႃS ၽUၺS ၾၵSSCူCၼSS Cႆ ႁၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CၼSSCူၵSSၸSၵႃ CIူၼSCCSS Cႆ ႁၼSၽIူCS ႁၼSၽECS CCS S ၵCS ၵႃ

CၼSSACS AIUCSSၾၵSSCူ ၶCS ႁI ူၼSSၵႃ ၶIUၼSSS AS Cူ CCီ

ECႃSCUCS CCSCႃSၼၼS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႆ ၶႆ Eၼ CMCS CၼSSၶS ECႃCEၼS

CIၵS EC EC S CMCS CၼSSECCၼSၵႃ CၼSACSCီCီS ၼSSACS CUၵS ၼIူCS ၼၼS

CီSၸၢၵS CEၼS CIၵS

AၼS CS CUCS 2

AၵSSCUၵS S Cႆ EC ၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACSၵCSSCECSS ၼIူCSၼEၼSၸၢၵS CEၼS CIၵS ၵူ AၼSၼၼS ACS Cႆ ႁၼS CူCSCIၵS CCSCCS S Cူ CCီ CၢCS Eၼ ၸၢၵS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵCS CMၵSSၼႃ EC CူCSCIၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CMCS ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ CCS ၼႆS ECႃSၼEၵSS CူCSCIၵS ၼIူCS CူCSEၵႃ ၼICS CIUCSSCၼSSၵႃ ၸCSSCီ ၼၼS S CEၼSၶႆS Eၶႃ CEၵS CEၵS ၸCSSCႆ Cီ ၼEၼSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CS ၸSCCS

CCS S ၼMၵS EC AၼSACS CီႁၢၼS ၸS AICSSAICSSAMCSSAMCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECႃCEၼS CIၵS CႃSCီCီS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSၽIUၵSSႁEၼSSACS CCSS CၼSSCCSSCၼSSS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃS Cႃ CIၼS ၸCS ၶႆ EၼCႃ ၵူၼSSၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ၸIူCSSCႆ CႃSCS ၸMCSSCူ ၼၼS CMCS CMCS ၶCSSၶCSSCူ ၵMCS ၶCS Eၵႃ Cႆ CႃSCS ၸMCSSCCSSCၼSSCူ ၼၼS S 2 Underwood

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

321

ၵၢၼSCႃ ႁEၼSS Cႃ CIူCSSCIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSAၼSၼIူCS ၸCSS Cႆ CECS CIူCS ၶူCSSCS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ACS Cႆ ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSၸIူCS ၼၼSEၵႃ ႁIUCS ၼႃ CCS EC

Cႆ ၽIUၵSSၼUCS Cီ ႁI ူၼSSS

CIူCS ႁၼSၵၼSCCSS

AူၺSSEၵႃ

CၶEၼS Cီ EၼSCIၼSSCၼSSၶCSၼႆEၵႃ ၼUCS Cႆ S AS ECႃSCူCSCIUCS ၶIUၼSS ၶူCSS ၼUCS CၢCSSCႆ CIူCSSCၼSSCူၵSSၼၼS

Cႆ ၽIUၵSSACSၶIUၼSS

EC EC Cႃ Cႃ S

ၵMCS CCSၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cူ CIUCS Cႃ ၼUCS CIၼS CူCS Cႆ CCS CCS S CIၼS CူCS

AၼSCၢCSSCIUCSEၶႃ CIၼSၼၼS

ၾICS ၾႃ

AၼSၵCSSAၼSCႆ

ၸၢCS Eႁ ၵCS CၼSCUCSSS AICSၼIူCS Aၢႆ ၼCS ၼၼS

ၶS Cၢႆ ၼUCS ၼIူCS

CၼSSCS CၢCSCူCS ၼႆEၵႃ Cၢႆ CECS S *** Cီ CMႆSၶCICS CၢCS Cႃ ၵUCS ၼၼS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSEၵႃ ၸCS ႁႃCၢCS ႁၼS CၼS CS ၶCMCS 3EC ၵူCSCူCSSAႃ CၢၵS AၢCSS CူၺSSၸMCSSS 4

AၼSCIူၼS ACSၶူCSSCMၼS

Cူ CICSS CၢၵS EၶႃCႃ S Cႃ

CS ၼSSCူCSCIၼSEC

Aႆ Cႆ Cႃ S

AၼSCIူၼS EC ႁႃACS ၽECSSၶCICS CၢCS ECCူၵSSCူS

ၸCS ႁႃCၢCS ႁၼSCီ Cႃ ၵUCS S Cီ ACSSႁEၼSSCECS CCICS ACSSၵICS

ၶCSEၵႃ ၸCSSႁECSSCMႆSၶCICS CၢCS Cူ EC CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CMCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶCS CMႆSၶCICS CၢCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS Cႃ

ECႃSCီ ၼႃ ၾႃ CS CႃSEC

ECCႆ ၵႃ ၶCS CMႆSၶCICS CၢCS Cီ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼS CၼSSၶCICS CၢCS ၼၼS

ၵူၼSSCCS EA ၸၢCSSၶၢCS

“CMCSS”ၵIူCS CUၵS S CUၵS AMၼS CၼSSCီS CECS CMၼSS6S ၽSACS A Cႃ “CMCSS” CၢၼSSCႆ S CIူCS ၵၢCSၼSၸCS

Cႃ EၸႃSၵႃ ႁၼS CMCSSၵIူCS CUၵS Cႆ S “CMCSS”

ACSACSၶCS CၼSS CECSၼIူCSCူCSCUၵS AMၼS EC ၶCSSၸSCEၼSSEၶႃS CUၵS AMၼS AS CၢႆCူ ၼၼS Cႃ EၸႃS CCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၵႃ ၸၼS “CMCSS”S CၢႆEႁ CUၵS AMၼS CCSSCႆ Cႆ ACSၶၢCS S 3 Santa Claus 4 Pudding 5 English Methodist School 6 8 lbs (8 pounds)

322 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AၢCS ၼCS CၼSCUၵS AMၼS S ACSၽႃ AMCS CူၵS Eႁႃ CၼSCီCီCCS

ACSၶCS CႃSၼSSႁI ူၼSSS ACS ACSၶူSECႃCႃ CႃSCူၺSSCၼSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CီSCUၼS ၽMၼSS Cႃ ECCႆ CCSSCECSSEၼCၼS CUၵS CICSS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ S ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ACS CီSၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁI ူၼSSEC ၵIူCS CUၵS ၼၼS

CUၵS CICSSCၼSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼႆ

CၢCSၸMCS CၢCSEၸSၼႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CCS ၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS CEၼS AၼSCႆ ႁEၼSSCႃSCီ ACSSႁEၼSSၶCSၼၼS EC ၶႆ EၼၵICS ၼCီ EC ၵူၼSSႁI ူၼSSCCSSCၢႆS “CUၵS AMၼS ၼႆ CEၼS CUၵS ၶCICS CၢCS S CIူၼSCCSS ၸCS EC Cူ CCS ” ACSEၶႃ ၵၢCSSၼႆ EC Eၵ CICS Cႆ CMCS ACS CီSAူ EC ၵIူCS CUၵS CႃSၼၼS S Cီ EA CUCSS CEၼSEၶႃ Eၵ Cႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCCS S ၼSS CူCS CၢCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUCSSCECS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၸူCS ၵECS EC ၵUCS CၢCS ၸMCSSCMCS “CMCSS”S Aူ CUၵS AMၼS CEၼSၽSၼႆ “CMCSS” ECA Cူ EC Cႃ ၵMCS CCSCၼSS CCS AၢCS ACSCUၵS ၸCS ၵCS CၢႆS ၶၢCSS CႆSS CၢၼS ACS Cႃ ECႃႁၵS CUၵS AMၼS ၽSCၼSSCူ ၵူ ၶIူCSSS Cႃ Cႃ ECACSCUၵS Cၢႆ ECႃ CူCSၸSCCSS CCSSACS CIူCSSACSCၢႆS ၽူ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၼSSႁI ူၼSSEC

AMၼS

ၵၼSCႃ ၽIူCS ၽီCCSSၶCS CူCS“CMCSS”ၼႆS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CူၼS Cႃ ၵMCS CMCSS ACS ၸၢCS ၶႆ Eၼ ၸIUCS Aူ CUၵS AMၼS EC

ၸCS AၢCS ACSCUၵS

CၼSSCၢႆ ၼႆCCS S CၢႆSCႃS “CMCSS”Eၵႃ CICSSAႆ ႁၵS AMCS CUၵS CၼSSCႃSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCSCၼSS

ၵMCS CCSAၢCS ACS

CUၵS AMၼS CၢႆၼႆEC

“CMCSS”ACS CMCS CCSS CၢႆSEC ၵIူCS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCICS CၢCS CCS CIူၼSၼIူCS Cႃ EၸႃS CECS ၵၢCS ၵႃ S ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၢCS Cႆ S Cႆ ႁၼSCၢႆCူ Cႆ Cီ AMCS ၼMၼSSCၼSSS Cႃ EၸႃSCEၼSၵူၼSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CUCS ၸSEၵႃ ၼIူCS S ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၵSSၸSၵႃ EC EC S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS Cႃ CUၵS Cီ ၶCSSၶIUCS Cႃ ႁEၼSS Cႃ AMၵS ၼMၵS CIူCSS ၼႆCCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ Eၵႃ ၶS CီSCMCSCီ CCS S ၵECS CIူၺS ၶၢCS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS Cႆ CIၼSSCCSCECS CCS S ၵူၼSSႁႃCႃS ၶႆ CMCS CၼSSEၵႃ ACS CီSCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS CUCS CCSCႃ CၼSSၼIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSSCူ ၼႆECCႃ ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ECACS Cႆ ၸSၼIူCS CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCMCSEၵႃ ECCIUCS Cူ ၵႃ Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS CMCSS Cူ S ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCီ Cီ ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUCS ႁၼS ၸၢCS CEၼSCႃS ၸIူCS ၼႆၼႆEC Cႃ ႁEၼSSCႆ S CၢႆSEC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၵႃ ၶCS CၢCSၵUCSCီ

CူၼS CီSEC CMၵS CႃSၼၼS ၼCS CIUCS ၸMCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼIူCSၸၢၼSS CၢCSS ၼMၵS ACS ၼMၼSSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ “CူECCႆ CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ECႃ ႁCSSEၶႃ ၼIူCS ” “Aီ CCSCႃ ၸCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CCSSCၢCSCCSSCUCS ၸူSAS ၸCSCCSS

ၸCS ၵMႃ

CECS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCSCIUCS ၸMCSS CူCSSCEၼSAMၼS AၼSCCS CCS CႃS ၽMCSSCႆ CီSၸMCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS S “Cႆ ၽၢCS ၵၼSCCSSCူ CီSCMCSCူCS CCS S CူCႃ CCSEၵႃ ႁCSSEC AIူCS ၸMCSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၵMCS ACSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၵEၼS ၵEၼS S Cီ EC CECSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CUၵS CီCEၼSCECSCCS CMၵS ECCႃ CEၼSCECSCၢCS EC CၢCS Cႃ Cႆ S “CူCႃ ECCCSSၵၢCSSႁCSSၼႃ S

ၾCSSCMCS ႁCSSCၢCS EႁၵMၼS S

CIူCS CECS ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၼSSEၵ CIူCSSCၢၼS EC CIူCSSCႆS ၶECS ၶECSၵၼSCႆ AIူCS S ECCIူCS ECCၼSS ECႃSႁCSSAMၵS CၢCSSEႁ ACS CMၵS CႃS ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ ECႃS ႁCSSCEၼSၵႃ

ECၸIူCS ECCMCS

CူAMၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEႁ AMၵS Cီ ECႃ

CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSၵCSSCECSEC S ECႃSACS CီSႁCSS ACS CီSၽSၸၢCS CႃS ၵECS Eၶ ACS CူCS CၼSCူ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၸၢCS ၶၢၼSAီ CCSၵCSSCECSS CIူၼS CIUCSၸMCSSၵၢCSS

323

324 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵႃ S “ECႃSCEၼSၼၼSCႃS ႁCSSECCႆ CူၼS Cႃ CူAMၼSCၢCSS” “ACS Cႆ ၸS S ၼၼS EC ၼၼS S

CူECACS Cႆ ႁECSSၼၼSS

AၼSႁCSSၶS AS CEၼS

ၶS AS CူAMၼSCUၵS AMၼS ႁႃS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSEC CS Cီ

CS ႁIUCSCၢႆCီ Eၵႃ

ECCႆ ႁႃၵူၼSSECEၵႃ Eၵႃ

ECႃSACS CIၼSSၶၢCS ႁCSSCCS ၼႆEC AၼSၸၢCS CူၺSSCူCႆ

CူEၵႃ

CူEC CUၵS ၼၼS

CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼူCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၵCSSၼIူCS S “ACS ၸၢCS CEၼSCႃSၸIူCS ၼႆၼCS ၵCS CူEၵႃ S Cႃ ECCူၼS CMCS CီၵူCSၸIူCS ၼၼSECႃ S ႁCSSၵူCSAIူCSႈ” “ႁCSSEၵႃ ၶS AS CEၼSၼCS CူCႃ ၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃSCEၼSCႃS EC ႁECSSၸMCSSၼCS ႁCSSCCS Cႆ ၼႆEC CူECCႆ CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ECႃ ႁCSS” ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CူၺSSၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSၸSCUCS CMCSSCူCSCၢCSS “EAႃ ၶႃ … ၶႃ ၼၢCSS CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS Cူ EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSCIၼSSၵၢCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CIူၼSၼCS ၸCS ႁႃ CၢCS ၵႃ CIူCS CႃSCIူCS CIUၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS ၶႆ ECႃ CMCS ႁUၵSSႁၢႆ ၶIUၵSS ၶၢၵSS AၼSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႃ ၼၼS EC ၵၢCSSCၼS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၼSCႆ ECႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢႆCၢၵS CMၵS CၢႆCၢၵS ၵCSSS *** ECႃSCႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CECSSCCSS Cႃ AMၵS ၵႃ ၼMၵS CIူCSS ၼCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၸIUCS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၼSSCS CႃS EC EC S ၽMCSSၼၼS Eၼ CIၼSS CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ CၼSSECCMႆ CၼS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၶMၵS ၶCSS CIူCS ၵူၼSSACSCၢၵS ACSႁECS ၸIူCSSCႆ ၶီCႆ Cႃ ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCUၵS ၵUCSSၶCS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၼ CIၼSSႁECSSEၼCMၵSSCICS AၼSၼIူCS S CၼSSၵMၺSSCMႆ CၼS ၵူၼSS ႁECSSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSၶCSCႆ Cႃ ECCႆ AMCS CCS Cႃ ၺMCSSCS ၵူၼSS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ႁECSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCSCCSSၼCSS ၺMCSSACS CUၵS ႁEၼSSၶCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCS ACS CႃS ၽူ ၼၢCSS ၸUCSSCီ ECMS ၽ.C.C.C ၶCS ၸIူCSSCၢCS ၸCSၸSၵၼS CႃS CCSSCCS CIUၵSSၶCS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS ၼၼS ၵMၼS S CIူCS ၸCSCႃS CၼSSCCS CIUၵSS CIUCSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSS ECCူၼS CMCSCီ ၼၼS CIၼSSၶၢCS Cႃ ECCMႆ CၼS ၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS ၶCSCECS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CS CMCSSCECS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ECႃS

CူၼS ၵႃ CEၼSCၢႆCၼSSCCS Eၵႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ACS CMCS CႃSS ACS Cႆ ၶၢCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CCSS CIUCS ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ

AS Cႆ CူCS CၼSSCႆ

Cႃ CUၵS CIူCSS

EAႃSCC M ီSCSSCႆ ၵCSSCECSၼၼS S ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CၢCS ၶCSSၸS Cႃ ECCႆ ၶၢCS CၢCSSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cႃ ၵCSSCIUCS Cႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S Cႃ A Cႆ AMCS Cီ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CီSၼၼS S CၢCS ၽIUၼSCIၵS CMCSSၼMCSS AS AီSCူS CMႆ ၵူၼSSၸMCS CၢCS CၼSS CၼSSၶIUၼSSၶIUၼSSS CီSCUCSSၶECSCၢCSCIူCSS ၸMႆ CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ Cႃ S ၵMCS CၢCSSၸMႆ CECSၶCSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸၢCS CူCS

EC EC CIၵS ၸူS

AူSCၢၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSၵူ CMCS CMCS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ S CUၵS ၸUCSSCCS CႃCUCS ၾႃ (ၸUCSSၶႃECCECS)7 EC CUCSSၶECS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS Cီ CECSS ၶCႃ ၶMီ ၶCSၼၼS Cူ CCS S CIူCS AူSCၢၼS ၶIUၼSSCMCS CIၵS ၸူS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC CၢCS Cႃ ၵMCS CIူCS CMCS ACS CူCS CၢၼS CIူCSS EC ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CUၵS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၼၼS CEၼSAၼSEC CCS ၼႆS ၵECS CIူၺS ၾၢႆ CCS CIUၵSS CၢၼS ၶCS

ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS

CUၵS ၸUCSSၶႃECCECSၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSS

CECS CIၵS CၢCSၸူS Eၼ CIၼSSၼႆ ၸUCSSCူCSCEၼSS CIူCSSCၢၼS ACS ႁCS ACS CIၵS ၼၼS ၼႆCႃ S

ၼSSCIၵS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSEC

ACSၽIUၼS

CIူၼSCIၵS AၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS CMၵS CS CCၼS ၼူCS ၶCICS ၶီS CECS ၸူS ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS CIူCSSCၢၼS ႁၢၼS

Cႃ CMႆ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS AူSCီ

AS CႃSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS

CူCS CႃSCႃS

AS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ A CIၼSSၸMCSSS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSၶႆ Eၼ CMCS Cႃ ၶူSECႃCႃ CူCS AၾS CIUၼSႁCS ECႃSCၼSSၽECSCႃ ၵUCS Cႃ ACSCIၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ 7 International Committee of the Red Cross

325

326 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CECS ၸူS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၼၼS ECCIUၼS CၼSၼSSCIUCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSS CူCSEၼ CIၼSSCူ ၼႆCႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSၶIUCSCECS Cႃ ၵႃ CူCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSS CIူCS ၼႃ Cႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS CၵS CMCSCူCSSၵၼSCCSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECSCMCSEၵႃ S CIူCS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSၼၼS Cီ ၶCSၶEၼSSCီS ၵၢၼSCCS CMCS EC CMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS Cႃ “AၼSႁCSSCႆ ႁၼSCႃS CIူCS ၶCS CႃSၼၼS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ CူECACS CUCS Cႆ ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIUၼSSCၢCSCႃ “ၵMCS ၵၢႆ CCSSCMCS ႁCSSCူ ႁႃ ” “ၵMCS ၵၢႆ CCSSCူEႁEၵႃ

ACS Cႃ S CူEၵႃ

CUၵS CီA ၸMCSSCူ

EC S CEၼSCMCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSAIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ CူၼSၸSၵႃ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUCS CႃSCၢCSS ၼႃ ECCၢCS S “EAႃ … CၢCS EC ႁCSSECCMCS ” “CIူCS CႃSၶCS CICSSAECSSCူCSSS ၶၢCSSAၼSၸIူCSSႁCSS CIUၵS ၵIၼSCူၼS Cူ Cီ

ACSSႁECSSၼMCSAIၼSSCႃS8ၼၼS ၼႃ S

ၸUCSSCMႆ CIUCS ၶCSEၵႃ ၶECS S

CၢCS ၸIူCSSEၵႃ ၵႃ ၸMCSSၵၼS CEၼSၵူCS CEၼSၵူ Cႆ S ႁCSSEၵႃ CIUၵS AIUၵS Cႆ ၼႃ Eၼႃ S ၶၢCSSၼၼS CCS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSS ၽECSCႃSS CႃSCUၵS CIUၵSS Cီ ႁႃ AၵSSEၵႃ S ၶUၼS CၢCS CၢCS CူCSEC ၶCS CႃSၼSS ACS CၢCSCူၼS ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECSၼၼS CCS ၵၢCSSEC ၸCSSၾႆSCEၼSSCႃ S “CIUCS CEၼSCCSCႃ ” “CၼSSၸSCCSCႆ ၵCS Cႆ AIူCS S ၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CECSၵCS Cႆ CIူၼSCIၼS 8 Inya Lake Hotel

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CူCS CူၼUCS Cႆ ၼႆ CCS S CICSSၶMၼS ၽCS ၵMၾS EC ၶIUၼS ၵႃ ၼIူCS ႁၢၼS ၸUCSSCMႆ CIUCS ၶCSS CCS Eၵႃ

Cႃ CCS CCSSၵၢCSSCၢၼS S ၸIူCSSႁCSSEC

ECႁECSSႁIUCSA CMCS CၼSSCႃ ၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼၼS ” “CCS Eၵႃ …” “CICSSၶMၼS ၽCS ၵMၾS EC CCSၵMCS CUCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CCS Eၵႃ

ၵMႆၽီCူCSSS

CIUCS CCSSႁECSၵူၼSSႁႆ ၵMCS ၶCSS Cႆ CCS ၼႃS ၵူၼSSCီ CUCSSႁCSS

ၽူ CၢႆၵၢၼSၶECSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၵႃ ႁႃၸၼSCၼSS” “CICSSCႆ Cူ ႁႃ ” “ႁIUCSၵႃ Cႆ S Aၢႆ ၼၼS ၺႃSၵIၼSCီCီS Eၼ CIၼSS ACSၶMၼS CၼSS ၽCS ႁECSCCSSၵၼSEC CEၼSCIူCS CEၼSCၢCS ၼMၼSSCူၵႃ CECS ECႃ S Eၼ CIၼSSEC CCSEC ၸSCၼSSCCS ၸCS ၵIUCSSEႁ AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS Eၵႃ Cီ CMCSCCS CၢCSCႃ “Aၢႆ ၼၼS CEၼSႁIUCSCEၼSႁႃၵႃ ” “ၸECSၼႃ ၸECSCIUCSS ၸECSၶEၼS Cႆ CECS CEၼS CECS CICSSAႆSAIူCS ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS Eၵႃ Cီ CMCSၸCS ၶMၼSSACSEC “ၶICSSၼႆ ACS Cၢႆ CူCSS EၼၼCS ၵCS ႁၢႆ CIူCSSCၼSSCCS ၼႆ ” EC CၢCSSၼၼS S Cီ ၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS CMCSSCECS ၸS AၼSၶS ၵႃ ႁႃCူCSS ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCSEၼ CIၼSSၼၼS CCS S Cႃ ECCႆ ႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECၶCSSၸSCCSSCMၵSSCၢႆSCၢCS AၼSၵMၺSS CCS S CၢႆSၼၼS ၶၢCS CၢCSS CIၼS ၶCSSCၢႆ ၶႃၵၼS CMCSAၼS ၽECSCႃSCီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

CႃSCMၵS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ

ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS

Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶS CူCSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼႆEC AMၵS CႃSCီ AၼSCၢCS CၵS CMCS ACS ႁၼSၵၼSၼၼS ၵCSSCECSS Cႆ CICS CEၼSၽၢCSSCႃ ၵႃSၸICS ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS

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328 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCS CႃSCIူၼSၵူ CMၵS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSၵႃSCၼSS AMၵS ႁI ူၼSSCႃSၸူS ႁI ူၼSSAူၺSSEၵႃ CၼSSS ECႃSၽECSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSႁI ူၼSSS CIူCS ၵႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ၵႃSၸICS ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCUၵ I SSၶCS CS Cူ Cီ ၼႃ ႁI ူၼSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cီ ၾၵSSCူCၢCSSCCSEC ၶီ ၵႃSCၢCS CCSS AၼSCႆ Cႃ ႁEၼSSCႃ Cႆ ၼၼS EC ၵႃ ၸူSCီ AၼSCၵS CMCSCူCSS ၵၼSS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS Eၵႃ CS Cႆ ၼၼS

EၼCIၵS CMCSၽIUၼS ၸIူCSS

ၽECSCႆ Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ႁႃSCႆ Cႆ CIၵS CMCSၽIUၼS ၸIူCSSECCCS CMCS Cႃ Cူ” ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC

CUၵS Cီ CUCSSၶECSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS Cီ CECSSၶCႃ

ၶMီ CႃSS CECS ၽIUၼSၼIူCS EC

CEၼSCၢႆSCIUCSS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS ၼႆ Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ CMCSSCီCီS “CၼSSၽECSCႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS CCS Eၼႃ ” “ၸS ECႃ … CEၼSၶEၵS ၶIUၵS CMၼSS Cႃ Eၼ CIၼSSCူS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CIူၼS ၵၼS ၸSCၼSSCႆ CCS S ၵMၵSSCူၺSS CူCS CIၵS AၼSACSCၢႆSCIUCSSCECS Cႆ ၼၼS S AICSSၵIူCSS …. CMၵS ၼႆ EC ႁCSSACS Cႆ ႁၼSၵၼSCCSSCူCCS ECCႃ Eၵႃ CီS ၸSၶS AS Cူ CၢCS CUၵS CီCၢCSSၵႃ EAႃS CC M ီSCSSၼၼS EC

ၵူ CMCS CMCS CူႇS CMCS CူECCIူCSS

ၶS AS ၼECS AICSSၼIူCS S ႁCSSႁCSSCႃ AIူCS S

ၸCS Eၵႃ ECၶS AS CူEC CUၵS CS CၼSSCႆ Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSၵMၺSSS Cႃ ႁCSSECCႆ CူCSSၵၼSCCSSၸCS EC ACS CEၼSCႆ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CီSၶၢCS CၢCSSCီၼCS ၵCS S ၸMCSCIUၵSSCူCS ႁCS CCS ႁCSSCႃ ၸCS CIUၵS CီSCီCီ CၢCSSCၢCSSၼႆCCS S CၼSSCႃ

Cႆ CၼSၵူၼSSၸS ၵူၼSSCMႆCMCSEၵႃ

AS CူၺSSCူCUCSSCႃS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CၼSၸCS ၼႆCႃ S CၢႆCIUCS CIUCS CၼSCCSS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS Eၵႃ ၵႆ Cႆ ၵႃ CူၺSS CၼSၸCS ၼၼS S ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSၼၼS Eၵႃ ႁCS CCS Cႃ ၸCS Cူ Cီ ၸECSCMၼS CူCS ၸMCSCIUၵSS

CMၼS ၸSCူ ၼႆCႃ S CIၵS AၼSCူၾၢၵS CႃSCႃ ၸCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CူCSႁCS ACSCႆ CCS S CၼSSCႃ ၸCS Eၵႃ ECCMCS CIၵS ၸူSCူCူ ၵMၺSSၼႆS ႁCSSၶS AS CူA CIၼSS ၶၢCS ၼႆ ၵCSSCECSAIူCS S ၼႆ CEၼSၶၢCS CၢCSSCီ Cႃ Cူ ACS ၸS Eၼ S CMၼS Cႃ Cူၼႆ ECCီSၵႃ ၶၼSCၢၼS ႁIUCSၼႆ ႁCSSA CီCီCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ႁCSSၶS ႁၼSCူ Cူ Cီ CECSSCEၼS ၼS EC Cူ S ၸCS ၵMႆ

ႁၼSCီ CEၼS ၼS Eၼႃ S CMၼSSCူSCၼS AS CူEC CUၵS Cူ CီၵIၼSCၢၼSS ႁEၼSSCSAၾS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCS

CူCMCSCMၵS S

CCSSACS ႁCSSCUCS CၢၵS CႃCၼSSS CၢCSCMၵS S

CူCMၵS ၼIူCS S

ၼCS CႃCIUCS AၺS CECSCၢၵS CႃCၼSSCႃSS

CIUၼSSCUCSSEC Cႆ ႁၼSCႆ CECS CူCSCIၵS ၸIူCSSAၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CMCSS CSSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS 1962 ၼၼS CCS S ၼႆ CEၼSEၶႃ CIUၼS Eၼ CIၼSS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Cႆ CUၵS CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၼၼS S ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS ၾၢႆ CIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CCS

ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ AၼSCႃ ၵCS CၼSၸMCSSCႆ ၵMၼS S

ACSၶCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AူၼS CႃSEC ECႃSၶS CူCS ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CMCS Cႆ

CၼSၵူၼSSၸS ၵူၼSSCMႆ Cႃ ၵူၼSSၶCSၶMၵS ၼႆ EC ACS CီSCီ CMCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS CEၼSCၢCS ၵၢCSSCCSS ACSCIၵS ၼၼS CIUၼS CၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

ၵၢၼSၶECSS CၼSSEၵႃ CူCူၺSSEC AၢCSSCႆႉS “AIUCS … CီSၸSၶS CUCS ၼIူCSEၼ CIၼSSCႃSAICSSၼIူCS CCS S ႁCSS ၸူCSSၸMCSSCူEC S ACS CူၺSSCECS

ၽIUၼSၼIူCS CCS ႁႃ S ၸၢCS CႃSၶၢCS

CၢCSSAၼSCီCIူCSECၼႆ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵECSSACSCIၵS Cီ CMCSS ACS ၼECS ACS CၢCS CIူၼS AၢၼS CIၵS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSAၾS ၼၼS CCS S

ၽIူCS Cႆ CူCူၺSSCIၵS

ၽMCSSၶECSCCS CၼSSACS ၸၢCS CUCS Cႆ CECS CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSSS

ၶUၼS

329

330 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ႁCSSACS CMCS ၸSCCS ” ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSCIူCSSCၢၼS

ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS CMCS CIၵS ၸူS ၶUၼSၽMCSS

CူCSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSSCႃ CCS CIUၵSSCIူCSSCၢၼS ACS CMၼS Cႆ ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ ECACS ၵႃS ACS Cႆ A Cႃ ၸCS ၾႃ Cီ ECႃ CီSၵႃ CSၼႆCႃ S “ႁCSSCMၼSSCူၺSSၽMCS ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS CMၼSSACSCIၵS Cီ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC Cူ

CူၺSSCီCီS “ၼႆ EC ACS ၸS CIူCSၾၢCSCီCCS ” ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSၶECS Cႃ ႁCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ၼႆ EC ႁCSSၶS CMၼSSACSCႆ ၵCSSၼIူCS S ECႁECSSၽIUၼSCIူၼSEC ၶS CူCS CၼS ၶူSECႃCႃCူCS AၾS ” “CၢCS ၸSႁECSSCၼSAICSSၼIူCS EC S ႁCSSEၵႃ

ၶS CECS CIၵS ၸူS

Cီ CၼSSS CIူCS ၽUၵS ECCႃSၾၢၵS Cႆ S CူၸႆM CူCS CၼSCႆ Cူ ACS ၸS ႁIUCS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CUၵS Cၢႆ CႃSၵCSSCECSS ၽMCSSၸSCၼSSCUၵS CူၼSCIၼSS CၢၼSCူ ၼႆ ECCႆ Cူ Eၵႃ CECSCECSSS ၶIUၼSSၶS ၶူၼS CူၼS ၸSCၼSSCႆ Cီ CီၵECS ၼIူCS ၼၼS S

CIၵS CMCSၽIUၼS

AၼSCႃSCMCS CၢCSSCIၼS ၶCSSCၢႆ ၶႃ

ၵၼSၼၼS CMCS CCSCႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶS CIUCSSCECS CIၵS

CECS ၸူSၵၼSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSSၶCS

Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ Cၢႆ

Cၢႆ Eၵႃ ACS ၸS S ECႃSၼၼS Eၼ CIၼSSၽECS CEၼSECႃ ၶူSECႃCႃCူCSCၢႆSၸS CၼSSEၵႃ CEၼSCႆ Cူ ႁႃ Cႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS Cႃ CIၼS ၶCSSၵႃSၵႃ ၸူS ၵMCSSၵCS CCၢၼSSS CၼSS ECCUCSSႁCS CၢCSSၸECSSCၢCSSCECS ၵMၺSSEC ACS CEၼSS ECCႆ ၶCSSၸS Cႆ AS ၸSၸIUၼS CၢCS CSCႆ S ECCႆ CCSSၶၢCS CECS ၸSCICSSAႆ CCSSCၢႆS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CIူCS CECS Eၶႃ CECSSCCSSၼႆ

CEၼSAၼSၸIUCS AၼSၸS ECCIူၼS

CCS S ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCCS Cႆ CၢCSSCICSSCEၼSCMၼS ၸS ၼCS CUCS CMCSS Cႆ ၼၼS Cူ S CIူCS CIUၼSSCႃၶIUၼSSEၵႃ CီSၸSၼICSCCSSCႃSS CီSAEၼSCီSႁECSSCႃSS ၸSCၼSSEၵႃ ၸIUၼS CၢCS CႃSEC EC CCS S CၼSSCUၵS CီAMၵS CIူCSSၼႆ ၵႃ CCS S ၸMCSSၼCS CူCSCူCSSCႃႁၼS CူၼS CႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS CၼSSECCႆ ၾၢCS CူၼS ၼၵSSၼၵSSၼႃၼႃ ၼIူCSၸSၸIူCSSၽUCSS AMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cူ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶIၼS CECSSၶMICS

ၶCS CႃSၼSSCၢCSS ECႃ ၶIၼS CECSSၶMICS 9ၶCSS ECႃ

CEၼSၼၢCSSCICSS ၽူ CECS CIၵS

ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS Eၵႃ

ၼIူCS S CီSၵူၼSSၼCS CCSCCSSၼCSS CၢCS CEၼSCUၵS ၸUCSSCူCS CCႃ

Eၵႃ

ၼIူCS S CၢCS ACS CIUCSSၵၼSCCSS ၸUCSSECSECႃ CူCSSၵMEၵS AၼS Eၼ CIၼSSS CူCS ၸၵS ၵMႃ ၶCS CႃSၼၼS EC CၼSႁECSSCႃ CUၵS ၽIUၼS ၵMႃ CၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CႃSႁႃCCS CS

CူCSCီSCီ ၼႆ ၼႆS CCS CS

CEၼSၼၢCSSCICSS

AMၼS CECSSCECSSEC CီၸSCS AICSCIUCS EC CCS S CCS CီSၵူၼSSA ၸၵSS ၼSSCCS CIUၵSSၶCSCCSSၼCSS ၸECSCIူCS CူၼS CႃSCၢႆCIူၼS CၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ECႃS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူCS CၼSSECၵူၸMႆ ၼႆCCS S “Cီ ၶS AUCS ၵၼSCCSSၼMCS Cီ ACS CူCS AICSSၼIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS ႁCSSCCS CS S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ CMၵS CူၺSSၼSSႁI ူၼSS Cႆ ႁၼS ECႃ ၶIၼS CECSSၶMICS EC ၼၢCSSCICSSၶCS CMၵS CICSSEၵႃ AMၼSၵၼS AUCS ၵUCSၵၼSCCSCႆ Eၵႃ ACS A S “Cႆ Cူ ၶႃ Cီ ” CCS CS

ၾၢၼS ႁႃၶECSSCIၼSCၼSS ၼSSၵMCSၶECSSCIၼSCCSSၼCSCCS

ၶႃCMCSEၵႃ AMၵS CႃS CS CCSSACS CူၼS ႁUCSS ၸECS CၢCSSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS S “CIူCS ၼႆ Cီ Cႆ ၼCS ၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSCCS Eႁ Cီ ႁၼSCEၼS CၢCSSCီ CီCီCCS S Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS ECCၢႆ AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ CCS S Cီ ၶCSECCIူCSS 9 EC CCSCMIAUSCMCS 10 Paula

331

332 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS” CCS CS CႃSၸUၵSSECႃ ၼႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ၼMCS EC ACS AၢCSSECAICSSS ၸECSCIူCS ၸCS ၼMCS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ ECCEၼSCႃSၸIူCS ၼႆS Cႃ ၶႃ EC ၼMCS ECCႆ ၸMႆ CCSၶႃ Cီ ” “ၸS Cူ … ၼMCS ECၸMႆ Cီ ၼႆ Cီ A Cူ ၵMၺSSS Cႃ Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS ECCႆ Eၶႃ CၢCSS Cႃ AMၵS CIူCSSCႆ ၵႃ ၼၼS ECCူCS CCSCၢႆCၢႆၼႆ Cီ EC Cႆ A Cႆ AIူCS ” “Cႃ A EC Cၢႆ Cူ EAႃ Cီ S ECCႆ ၵႃ ၸူS Cီ CSၼႆEၵႃ A CECS CECS ၼECS ၼECS Cူ ၵMၺSS” CMၼS Cႃ CCS CS EC CECS ACS ၸS ၵၢၼSCၢCS CIူၼSS AၼS ၼIူCS S CIူၼSCCSSACS CၼSS CႃSၼSSCၢCSCEၼS CူCS ECCႆ CIUၼS ၾၢႆ ၼၼS AၼSၼIူCS CCS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CMၵS CႃSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS

CCSSAIUၼSSၽECSSၵၢCSSCႃSS

CၼSSCUCS CCSCူCSCၼSSAIူCS S CၼSSၽECSCႆ ၼIူCSCEၼS CၢCSSၸIUCS ၸS CCS S ၵူၼSSAၼSၸၢCS ၸMႆ Cႆ EC EC ၼၼS Eၵႃ CီSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A CူCSCၼSSCူ S

CၢCSCူCSCၼSS

ECၸMCS CၢCSCMCS CၢCSSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆၼႆ

ECACS CၼSSCႆ A CCSS CIူCS ၵူ CMၵS Eၵႃ ACS CMၼS Cႆ A CCSCႃSS CMၼS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ECCIူCSS EAႃS CMC ီSCSSၼၼS CူCS Eၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSS Cီ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CူၼS ၶႆ CၢCS Cႆ ၼCS ၵCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC ACS A CMCS S CIူCS ၼၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၢCS ႁၢCS CီS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ Cႃ EC ၽူCS ၼECS Cႃ ႁCS CEၼSၵူၼSSၸIUCS CIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ ၼၼS S CIူCS CECSEC Cႆ A ႁၼS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECႃCUCS ႁၼSCၢCSSၼႃ CၢCSSCCSS ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CIူCS Cႆ AUCS ၵၼSCCSSAူSၼူ S CIူCS AူSၼူ CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႃ CIူCS CSECႁCS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ ၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

Cီ CMCS S “Cီ Aၢႆ CူCS … ၶႃ CIUၵS CS ႁCS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCႆSCူ EAႃ ” 

333

CၢCSS Cႃ CCS CS

ႁႃEၶႃ CUၼSSၼႆ

CCSSACS ႁIUCSCၢႆCၼSSS CCS CS

ၸCS CႃSၶႆ EၼCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cီ ၵMCSSၵCS CCၢၼSSS “Cီ … ECႃSCႃ ႁECSSၸMCSSCၵSSၸMCSSCIူCS ၼCS ၶCSCCSSCၢCSSCႆ ၼႆ EC ၶCSECCMႆ Cီ AMၵS CIူCSSၼMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ Cူ ၵMၺSS” “Cႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSCူSS ECCႆ ႁECSSႁIUCS” “ECႃSCႃ Cီ EၼCၵSSCၢၼSCႆ ၶCSCEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၼႆEၵႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ၸၢCS AMၵS ၸMCSSCီ Cႆ Cူ ၵMၺSS” CCS CS Cႆ ၸSEC

CူၺSSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S

ၼႆ CEၼSၵၢCSSAၼSCူ

ၸၼS Cီ ၸCSSECCIူၼS CCS S CMCS CUၵS CၢCSS Aူ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ Aူ ၶCSCEၼSCCSၵႃ Eၵႃ Cီ CIUၼSSECCႆ CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS AၼS Cႃ ၼႆ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ A Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIူCS CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CECSS

CCSSCႆ CူCSSCူCSSCCS S “ၸူCSSEC CCS ၼMCS S Cီ ECၶCSSၸSEၼ CMCS Cႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSAၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ S ECႃSCCS ၼၼS EC CIUCS ၸMႆ CECSCီ ႁCSSၼႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS CIူCSCႆ ၼIူCSCCS CS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS CၼSAS

336 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CCS CS A ၸSCၼSSS CCS CS EC CၢCS Cႃ S “CCSSၸSၶႃ Cီ S Cႃ Cီ ၼႆ ၼMCS ECၸMႆ CECSCႃ EC EAႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACSCSၶၢCS CIူCSSCၼSS CူCS ၵႃ CIUCS CUCSSၶECS Cီ CECSS ၶCႃ ၶMီ S CMၼSSCၢCSSၸMႆ Cီ ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS AS CECSCS ၸIUCS CECSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၼSSCSၶၢCS CIူCSSCၼSSS ၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS ၶူCS CMCS CႃSCႃ CၼSSACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCၼSS ECႃSႁECSSCၼSၸIူCS ၼႆ ၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CUCSS Cီ

CၵS CMCSႁECSSCၼSၵႃ ECCႃ

ACS ၸS

ၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CၢၼS ၶCS ECACS A ACS Cႆ CMCSSၵၢၼS S ၶCSSၸSၵCSSCIUCS

CUCSSၶECS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS Cီ CIူCSSၵMၵS 1S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CUCSSၶECS Cီ CIူCSS

ၵMၵS CCS ACS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCႆ Cႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS S CၼSSAၼSCCS CIUၵSSCIUCSSACSCၢၼS ACSCIူCSS CူၼS CူၼS CMCSCီ CႃSS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

CMႆ CၼSCUၵS ႁEၼSS ၶCSၵCS ၽMCS S ACS ၸECS ACS CၢCS

CCSS ACS CၢCS CUCSSACS CၢCS CSEC CIUCS ၵUCSSၶCSCႆ CUၵS ႁEၼSSၼCS ACS ႁECSEၵႃ S ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS ၼႆ

CူCSCMCSၸIUCS ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS

ACS CCSS

CECSSEၼCCSS CIၵS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AၼSEၼ CIၼSS CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS Cႆ Cီ ၶူS ECႃCႃCူCS AၾS ၼၼS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၽECSCႃSS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCS Cီ ACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ ၼSSCIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS

ၶႆ EၼEC

CIူCS CၢCSCူCS ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCSၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSS AူSCီ ႁၢၼS ၵႃ CၢCS Cီ Eၼ CIၼSSၼၼS CူCSၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ Cႆ ၸMCSSၵႃ S CIူCS AူSCီ ႁၢၼS CၢCS ၵECS CူၺS CIၵS AၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSSၶCS CၢCSCႃS CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS

ECCႆ CMCS CၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCSS CၢCSCူCS

Eၼ CIၼSS ၶIUၼSSၸီ CCS AS CMCS Cႃ CCS CIUၵSSCၢၼS

ACS CMၼS Cီ ၵCS

ၵUCSSၶCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCMၵS ၼႆS ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၸCS CECSSCCSS CMၼS Cႃ ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCMCS CႃSCႆ ၼၼS ECCူ ၽၢႆ ၼMၵS CIူCSSEC ၶCSSၸSၵMၺSSၼႆCCS S ECCႆ ၸSCS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ S CUၵS ၸUCSSၶႃEC 1 Bangkok

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CECSၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSSS

CUCSSCMၼS ၾICS CUCS ၾႃ 2S

CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSCUCS ၾႃ

CUၵS ၸUCSSၵECS EၶEႁ ၵCS

AၼSၽMCS ႁEၼSSCS

ၸIUCS CIူCSS

CူCS ၸIူCSSCူၼSၸSၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS ၼႆS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ Eၵႃ CUCSSႁEၼSSၵႃ Cႃ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCECS Cီ ၼIူCS S AMCS CူၼS ၸၼS CCSSCၢၵS ၼCSၼCSS ၶCSEၵMႃ Cီ ACSSႁEၼSSCECS CCICS ACSSၵICS Cူ S CIူCS Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSS

Cႃ ၶCSECၵႃ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSၼၼS

CUၵS

AMၼS ၶCS ၸECS ၸECS CၢCSCၢCSEC ၶCSS CIူCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ Cႆ CၢCSၶူCS ၼၼS ၶူS ECႃCႃ EAႃSCC M ီSCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CႃSCCSSCIၼS ၵႆ CၼSSCၼSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CIUၵS CMCSSCႆ CMCS ၼႆ EC ၼၼS

Cႃ ECACS ႁECSSCီ CၼSS

AS ACSCIၵS CူၵSSCူCSSCၼSCႆ S ၵICS ၼCီ EC

CIူၼSၼၼSCECS ECႃSCၼSCၼSSၵIၼS

EၶMႃSၵCECS ၼCS CၼSSၶS ၵIၼSၼႆEC ECၸMCSS ၼႆCႃ S CUၵS AMၼS CCSS CMCSEၵႃ CၢCSCႃ

CMCS ၸCS Aူ ၶCS ECCS ႁCS ၶCSCီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼS CEၼS

ၼS ႁIUCSၼႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIၵSSS

ၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCS

Cႃ AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS ၵႃ CIၵSS

CIူCS Cႆ ႁECSSCူCSCC ူ SSCႃႁၼSၼၼS

CူCS CၢCSSၸMႆ CECSAူၺSSCီ

AူၺSSEၵႃ S Cီ Cီ ၼMCS ၼMCS ၶCSS CIူCS CၢCS CူCS Cီ ၵၼSCCSS ၽူ CၢCSCၢCS ၶCSEC Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCၢႆS Cႃ Cႆ CူCSCEၼSS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼS CIူၺS ႁI ူၼSSECSCူၼSႁႆ

ၸIူCSSCီSCီ Cီ ECႃ S ၸူCS Cႆ Cႆ ၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼS

CၢႆS CECSCECSCူၼS CူၼS Cႃ AMၵS CၢCSSၼၼS CၼSSACSCMႆ S AူၺSSEၵႃ

CၼSSCႆ ၶS ၶႆ EၼၶCSSCၢႆ

CၶEၼS Cီ EၼSCီSCၼSSၶCSEC

CၼSႁECSSAS

CၼSS CီSႁECSSၵEၼS ၶECSS CၼSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ AၼSၶCS CၢCSSCIUCSS CCSSၼCSS ၼSSၶCSၼၼS CီSCECS CၼS

ၼႆEၵႃ ၼIူCS S CၼSSCၢCS

“ႁCSSECၵႃ CၼSCIူCSSၵMၵS S CIUCS Cီ CUCSSၶECS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS 2 International Court of Justice 3 Annesty International 4 Baton

337

338 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS Cီ ၼၼS S ECၶCSSၸS ႁECSSAS ၸIUCS CECSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CႃSCႃSၼSSCSၶၢCS CIူCSS AICSSၵIူCSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၸူCS ၶႃ ၵႃ CIူCSSၵMၵS Cႆ ၼၼS CECSCူၺSSCၼSCီ ႁI ူၼSSႁCSSAICSSၼIူCS ၼႃ ” CCSSCECS

AMၼၵ S ၼSCႆ ၸSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ AၼSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS

Cီ Cႆ CၢCS CၼSSECCCS ၵႃ ၸS ၸၢႆ ၸMCSSCၢCSSၵူ CIူCSS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CၢႆCၼSSၵMၺSS CECS CၼS Cႆ AMၵS CIူCSS ၵMCS CUၼS Cႆ ၵၢၼSၶECSCၼSSS CCSS CECS AMၼSၵၼSCS CၼSSCECS CၼS

ECCMၵS CႃSS CECS CၼS

CၼSSCႆ

Cူ Cီ CIူCSSၵMၵS CMCSCၼSSEC ႁECSSAS ၵၢၼSCS ၵၢၼSCူCS CCS CူCS CႃSS CIူCS CၼSSCMၵS CႃSၼၼS CႃSCSၶၢCS CIူCSS AၼSECSCECSCCS CCS ၼၼS S ၶECSSႁၢCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ Eၵႃ CICSSCႆ CCS S ၸUCS CUCSSၸIူCSSECCႆ CMၵS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

CMၵS CႃSCECSCECSCူၼS CူၼS CCS S

CၢႆCႃSCႃSCIၵS AၼSCECS

CECS Cႆ ၼၼS CၢCS ၸECS CီCီS M ီSCSS CIUၼSႁCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CECS Cႆ Cႃ CူCSCMCSၸIUCS CIူCSSEAႃSCC EC ၵICS ၼCီ CEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS Cူ ၼႆCCS S “CူႁECSSႁIUCSCႃSCႃ ” AူၺSSEၵႃ CCSSCECS AၢCSSEAႃSCUၵS CMCS S “ACS CၢCS ၼCS ၵCS EC S ႁCSSၵၢCS Cီ ၵႃ EC S Cႆ CၢCSSၸMႆ CECS AၼSႁCSSACS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS ” “ECCႆ Cႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS A CCS S ႁCSSၸူCSSCႃ ၸူCSSEC CCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵၼS ၼCS CႃCၼSSEC ACSCSၶၢCS CIူCSS AၼSACS CCSSၵႃ ၶၼSCႆ ၼၼS Cႃ ၸCSSCႆ Cီ ACSAူၵSSCၼSSS “ႁCSSCႆ ၸMႆ CECSၸIူCS ၼႆEC ႁCSSEၵႃ ၸူCSSEC AIူCS S ECႃSႁCSS ၶႆ Eၼ CူၶCSECCႆ ႁUၼS ၶူCSEC CCS ” CECS CၼS

ၸCSSၾႆSCEၼSSCႃ EC CEၵS ၵႃ CၢCSSCCSS CCS

CUCS ၸUCSSၵUCSSCႆ S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵIူCS

ACS CIူၼS ACS ၵၼS Cႆ CCS EC ၼECS Cႆ Cႃ S

“ၸIူCSSႁCSSCS CMCS CူCႆ ၼႃS CႃၵCSၶၼSCႆ ECႃ S ၶႆ EC CEၼSႁIUCS CEၼSႁႃ” “CUၵS Cီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼSEC ႁCSSၵႃ ၸူS CUCSSၶECS EAႃSCC M ီS CSSၵCSSCECSS AၢၼSSၵႃ CူCSSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECS CICS CS EC CS ႁECS CICS

ၼႆ

Eၼႃ S CၼSSၼႆ ၾၢႆ CီSၸSAီSCူECႃ CIူၼS ၼၼS ၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ၼႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSCCS ACS Cူ Cီ CUCSSS ၼႆEC Cႆ ၵႃ Cႆ Cီ ၽူ CၢႆCၢၼS Cီ ၼIူCS 7 CUCSSၶECSS CECSCၼSSၼႆ CCS ၸီSS CCS ECႃCၢCS CUCSSၶၢCS ၼႃ S ACS ႁECSSCၼSCႆ ၼႆCႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ CၢCS ႁCSSCၼSS CူCႆ ၸSCီ Cႆ ၸSAီSCူ AICSSၼIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ ACS Cႆ S ႁCSSEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ ECCIUCSၼCS CS Cီ CUCSS ၶCSၵMၺSSၼႆCCS S ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ

ECႃ ၸSCၼSS ECႃSCEၵS Cၢႆ CႃSၼၼS

Eၼႃ S ႁCSSEၵႃ ၸူၵSSACS CCS CIၵS CCS ၼIူCS ECCူS CIူCS CၼSSႁၼSCCS AၼSႁCSSCူၼၼS

CၼSSEၵႃ A ၵႃ Cႃ

ႁCSSCEၼSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCSCECSSCSၼၼS S

CၼSSCႃSCၢCS ၸMCS A ၸၵSSၼၢCSSCICSSAMၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆS ႁCSSEၵႃ A ECႃ S CEၼSၼMCS CICSSႁCSS CUၵS Cီ CUၵS ၼMCS ၵၼSCူCSECႃ S ECႃSႁCSS ၶႆ Eၼ CEၼS ၼMCS CICSSႁCSSၼႆEၵႃ ၼႃ CၼSSEၵႃ CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS CIUCS ၵIUCSSၸCSၸS ၵၼSၵႃ ၵCSSCECSS CၼSSCၢCS EၼCႃ CၼSSCၢCS ၶEၼSSၵၼS CCSSၼMCS CICSS ႁCSSၼႆၵMၼS S CMၵS ၼႆ

ECႃSၺႃSCၼSSCIUCS ၵၢၼSၼႆEC

ECCIူCSSCူCSSႁၼS

ၼMCS CICSSႁCSSၼႆCႃ ” “EC CEၼSCSီ ၼႃ Eၼႃ” ၸူCS CECS CၼS Cႆ CၼSSCIUCS ၵၢCSSCၼSS ၵIူCS ၸICSCၢCS S “CEၼSႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS EC S ၽIူCS CIUCS ၵၼSၵႃ CCS EC ၵၢၼSAၼS ACS ၸCSSၵၼSCCSS

ၾICS CIူCSSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEၵႃ CCS

CၢCS ECႃ ၵႃ ၵူ CMCS

CCS Cႃ S CၼSSECSCၼS ၼCS ႁCSSၸီ EၼCၼSၼၼS CူCSSCူCSSS ႁIUCSၼIူCS 5 Gerd 6 Mayr‐Hatting 7 First Secretary

339

340 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ၸူCS CူCSSCၢႆၵMၺSSCူCSS ECႃSCCS CၼSSCူCS ႁCSSCIUCSACSSႁECSSS ႁCS ၵIၼSၶCS ၶCS S ႁCSSEၵႃ ၸူCSS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSEၵႃ CCS CူCS S CၼSSEၵႃ ၸူCSS ၵMCS ၶႆ EၼCMCS ၼMCS CICSSႁCSSS ႁCSSCCSSၶS Cူ Cီ CIူCSSၵMၵS

CECS CMCSCၢCSCၼSS

ၵMၼS S ၵၢၼSႁCSSEၵႃ CCS CCS EC ၸCS CIူCSSCႃSၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS Cႃ CSၶၢCS CIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSၶူCSSၶMCSၵႃ ၶၼSCS Cီ CUCSSၼႆEC Cႆ CS CMၼSACS ၼMၼSSCEၼSCၢႆၶCS CၢႆၶIUၼSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CMCS

AၼSၸIUCS CECSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CECS CS Cႆ ၼၼS ACS ၸCSSၵၼSCCSS ၾICS CIူCSSS ACS CီSCီ CMCS CCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSၼMၵS CIူCSS ၶCS ၽSCSEၵႃ A CီCီCူ S ၼႆEC ၽEၼSၵၢၼSCၼSS Cႃ ECAMၵS ၵႃ ၼMၵS CIူCSSၼၼS ၸၢCS Cူ CECSၵႃ ၵMCS CMCS ၼႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ECCႆ ၾၢCS CူCS CၵS CMCSၵႃ Cီ CUCSSCECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSၼၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၼS Cႃ Cႃ

ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCUCSSၵၢၼSၸႆSၼၼS

CၼSSECCႆ ACS ၺႃS ၵူၼSS

CIUၵSSၸIူCSSၶၢႆ ၶCS CႃS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ CIူCSSၼႆ ၼႆCူ S ၵူၼSSCIUၵSSၸIူCSSACS ECႃ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCUCSSၶCS ၶၢႆ ၶCS CႃS ၼSSၵၢၼSCUCSSၵၢၼSၸႆSCCSSၼCSCူSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ CUCSSCECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSၶCSၼၼS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CၢCS Cႆ ၼႆ

ၸS EC CCS S

ACS CီSၶႃ ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSၶUၼS

ၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSECEၵႃ S CEၼSၵူၼSSCIUၵSSၼUCS ၶူCSSၶECSၶCS CECSCUCSSCႆ S CUCSS ၼႆ CၵSSCႆ Cီ ACSSEၵႃ ၵၢႆ CၢCS Cႃ CEၼS Eၶ CECS ၵၼSၼၼS CMCSSAMၼS CMၼS ၼIူCS S CီSၵူၼSSၸIူCSSၶS AMၵS ၵႃ ၼMၵS CIူCSSၶCS ၶCS CECSၵၼSCIUCS CၢCSS CူCSCႆ S CUCSSCECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSၼႆEၵႃ CCSSACS ၶS ၸS CCS S CီSၵူၼSSၶS AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ ၵMၺSSS ACS CီSၵူၼSSၶS ၶCS CႃSS ၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ႁCS ၸCSSCၼS ၵၢၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S ႁCS ACS ၵႃ ႁECSSၸMCSSၼCS ၾICS CIူCSSS ႁCS ACSၽIUၼSCCS

EC CSၶၢCS CIူCSS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ EC CMCS Cႃ CၼSSECCIUCS CၢCS EၼCIUCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၽၢႆ ၼIူCS CၼSSၼႆCႃ S CECS CၢCSCီ CၼSSၸCS

CႃSၸMCS CၢCSCECS S ၼSSၽIUၼSCCS

EC CECS Cႆ Cႃ ၵMCS CIူCS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCS Cီ EAႃSCC M ီSCSS ACS Cူ CီS CEၼSၵIၼSSၼႃ EC

ၶS ၵႃ ၸSSၼႆCCS S CIူCS ၸCS EC

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵႃ ၸSSCီ CUCSSCECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSS CၢCSCီ CၼSSၼIူCS CMၵS S CၢႆS CႃSၵႃ ၸSSၵူ CၼSS ႁIUCSCIူၼSCၢႆS ၵႃ CIူCS CSEၵႃ

Cႆ CIၼSSEၶႃ CMCS

AၼS

CIူၼSၵၼSၼၼS ၵMၺSSS “ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ Cႆ CECSSCCSSS CIူCS ၽUၵS ၸCS ၵMႆ CႃSၸSSCECS ၶႃ EC ” ၼSSၽIUၼSCCS ၼၼS ႁၢႆSEၼCႃS CIၵS CၢႆCူCSS Cီ ၶူSECႃCႃ CIူCSS EAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၸIူCSSCႃCၼSEC ၶCSCူ ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

CIၵS CၢႆCူCSS

ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS CIUCSCီ CCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၼS CS ၼႆ CEၼSSCEၼSၾICS CၢCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CႃSCCS S ၵMCS ၵၢCSSCၼSႁECSS AူၺSSEၵႃ AူၺSSEC ၶCSEC CCSS ၵMCS ၵၢၼSၽIUၵSSၵCS CCSSEC CCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS ၶီACS Cႆ CIူၼSAMၼS CၢCSSCCS S CMႆSCMၼSS ၼCS CECS Cီ ၼIူCS Eၵႃ CူၼS ၵႃ CECS CCS S Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ EC

ACS ၸS CMႆSCCS CMCS CCS ECCႃ

CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC

CူၼS CIူCSSCီ CUCSSCCS S CS ၼCS CECSCUCSSEC CCSSႁႃACSSCIူၼS S CIူCS CၼSSၸIူCSSAၼSCႆ ႁCS ႁECSSၼႃ ၼၼS Cႆ ၼUCS Cႆ Cႆ CIူCS ၶူCSSCCSSCူCS CၢCS ၼႆEၵႃ CEၼSAၼSCီၼCS ၵCS S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 9 CIူၼSEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၵႃ CူၺSSCီ CUCSSCECS ၵူၼSSၶCS ၵူၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSEC ၶUၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ

ၶCSAMၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶCS ၵႃ ၼSSACS CUCSS

CICSSၽIUၼSၵၢၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ၼၼS S ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ

CEၼSCCSS

ၼၢCSSCီCႃ CၼSSS CီSCၢCSSCUCS CMCSSCS CS ၼCSၼCSEC ၼCS ECႃ ၼႃ ၶUၼS CIUၵSSS “Cီ ၶႃ EC ACS CီSၶၢCS CၢCSSCီCCS Cႃ Cႁႃ EC Cီ ၶႃ ” ၶUၼSCIUၵSS ၶCSSၸSEC CၢၵS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ S “ၶS Cႃ Aီ CCSၶႃ ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸSCႃSCCS S “ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCS ACS CူCSSACS CECSCCS ACSၼECS ၽIUၼSၵၢၼSCႁႃ EC Cီ ၵႃ CCS S ၼSSၸSၶႃ EC ACS CီEC S ၶႃ ၶCSEၵႃ

341

342 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ACS ၸၢCS ႁECSSCCSCCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CီSၸS ၶS CူCS ၶS ၼIUCSECAICSSCCS EC ၼCS Cူ CUၵSSCUၵSSS AၼSCၼSSCUCS CMCSSCႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS ECႃSၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCS CECS ၼႆEC

CUCSSၵMႆၵႃ CူCSSCCS S ၶCSECA ႁၼS CMCS Cႆ

CၵS CMCSECSCECSCS Eၶႃ ၸIူCSSACS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSၼၼS CCS S CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ႁEၼSCူၺSSၶUၼSCIUၵSSၼၼS

Cႆ ႁၼSၼႃ ၶUၼSCIUၵSS CီSၸSAီSCူ

Cႆ ၸSCႃ CၼSSCႆ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၶUၺS ႁၼS ၸSAီSCူCီ CIူၼS AၼSCၼSS ACS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS S CၼSSCၢCS ႁCSSၶUၼSCIUၵSSS “CIၼSSၸူCSS ၵMCS ၶႆ EၼၸIူCS ၼႆEAႃ S ၶႃ A Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႃ ECၸSACS CီၸMCSSၶႃ ၶCSCCS ” Cႆ CႃSႁCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

Cႃ CIၼS

CIူCSSႁI ူၼSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CECS CEၼSCႆ CCSSCၢCSSS CIူCS ၸCSECၽECSႁI ူၼSSၼၼS ၸCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS Cႃ CIၼS ၶCSSၵႃ CၢCSSၵMCSSၵCS CCၢၼSSS

ECႃSCႃ ၸSCၼSSCEၼSၵႃ CCS

Eၵႃ ECCႆ ၸSCS CCS CS CECS CCS S CCS CS ၼႆ ၵCS ၶEၼS ၾၢႆ ၼႆ S CီCMCS CCS CS ၼႃ S Cူ CECS CMCSCၼSS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 11 CIူၼS EC

CၢCSSၶCS AၵSSCူCSSၼၼS

CCS CS ၶီ CECSCICS EC ၽECSCႃSCီ ႁI ူၼSS

ႁICS ႁICS ၼECS ၼECS S ECႃSCႆ ၼCS ECႃ ၼႃ ၵၼSCCS Eၵႃ CCS CS ACSCS Eၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSSCၼSAMၵS CIူCSS CၼSCူ ၸၼSCီ S “ၼႆ CEၼSCSEၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSSCၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ CCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS

CECSCIၼS CၼS ACS

ECCႆ AMၵS ၶCS ၼႆ

ၵCSSCECSၼႃS ECႃS ၶီ

AၼSCႃSၵူ ၵCS AၼSECAMၵS ၶCS ၼႆ EC CီEC

CIူၼS CCS ” “ၵMCS CCS ECCႆ AMၵS ၶCS ၼႆ ၵCSSCECSCႃ ” “ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၼS 8 Pan Am

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CSEၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSSAMၵS CIူCSSၼႆ CႃS ၸူCS ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS ACS Cူ ၼၼS EAႃ S ECႃSCIူCS ၽUၵS

ၸCS CIUၵSSCူCSCMCS CIၼS

ECCMၵS CႃSၶIUၼSS

CCS ” “ECႃSၼၼSEC Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS ECAMၵS ၶCS ၼႆ ၵCSSCECSS ၸူCSS EC CCS ၼMCS AIူၺSSS ႁECSSႁIUCSCႆ CႃS Eၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSSၼႆ ” “ACS CၢCS ၼCS ၵCS S CၼSSCEၼSAူၺSSEၵႃ ၶႃ

ၸECSCEၵS EAႃ S

CၼSSCီSၼCS ၸSCီS CCS ECႃAီSCူECႃ CIူၼS S CၼSSEၵႃ CIUၼS ႁECSSCၼSCႃS ၵMၺSS” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ CSၶၢCS CIူCSSCၼSSEC Cႆ ၸSCူCSCၢCSၵႃ S “CSၶၢCS CIူCSSCCS CီSCSCႃ ၼMCS ” “CၼSSCCS ၼMCS CႃSCီCီCူ S CၼSSECCူCS CSၶၢCS CIူCSS CႃSCၼS CIUCSၼSSCIUCSSCီ

ၼႃ Cႆ Cႆ ၶIUၼS CECSCIၼSၼႆၶႃ EAႃ S ႁECSSCCSCူ Cႆ Cႃ S

ႁEၼSSၶူCSSEC Cီ S ၵCSSၼIူCS ၼMCS ECCႃSၶIUၼSSS ECCူCS Cီ ၵႃ ၶူCS CECSCIၼS” CၢCS CCS CCS CS ၶီ CECSCICS EC AMၵS ၵႃ ၶIUၼSSS CၢCSSၶCS Cႃ ၵUCS ၶCS ၼႆ CEၼSCၢCSSၶCS AၼSCႆ ECCIူၼS CCS S ၵူၼSSCCSSႁI ူၼSSEၵႃ ၵၢၼSCUၵS ၵႃ CူCSSS CECS Cီ ၸူCS CူCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS ECCႆ AMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS EC ၵႃ CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS AS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS CS ၶူCSSၶMCS ၶCS AၼSၶCSၶS Cႆ ၼၼS CS ၼSSCIူၵS Eၵႃ CUၵS CUၵS S ၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCၢႆSS CIၵS ACS CၢႆS ၵECS CECSCIUၼSSၶCSSS CူCS EC ႁI ူၼSSၼႆ AS CၢၼSၸၢႆSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CူၺSSCူCC I SSၵCSCႆ S CEၼSၵၢၼSၶIUၵSSၶၢၵSSEC CUၵS ၸၢCS ၶCS CCSSႁI ူၼSS ၽSEၵႃ ACS CၼSSCူၼS ၶႆ CCSCCS S CၢCSCူCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ

CၼSSCႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSSAICSSAီ

Cႃ

CူၼS ၶႆ S CECSၶၢCSS CECSCECSS CECSCMCS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CEၼSၶူCSSၸIူCSSCၼSSCIUCSSAႆ ၵူ CၼSSS Cႆ ACSၶူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CS ၼSSCIူၵS EၶႃEၶႃEC ECCႆ ၵIUCSSCႆ CCS S CIူၼSCCSSECCႆ ၽၢCS

AူၺSSEၵႃ CီCၼSSCCS S CၼSSCICSSၸS

ၶS ACSCC M SSၵူၺSSၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CICS ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSCူCSSCMCSSၵူၺSSCီ ၼICS

343

344 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS CၢCSSEC Cႆ CCSSၵIUCSSCႆ CCS S CCS CS

Eၵႃ CၼSCၢCSSၾၢCS Cႆ ၸECSၸCS S CႃSၸECSၸCS ၼႃ Cီ

ၵၢၼSၶECSၶCS ၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSS ၽူ CSၽSECACS Cႃ ECႃSECAMၵS ၼMၵS CIူCSS ACS CၼSACSၶူCSS ၵႃ ၶၼSCS CCSၵႃ ၼႆCႃ S CIူCS ECSၼၢCSSၶUၼSၽMCSSၶECSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ECAMၵS CIူCSSCIူCSSၶCSၼၼS

CCSSACS Cႆ ACSCMCSSၵူၺSSCMၼS CICS

ၶူCSSCIUၼSSၶူCSSၶCSS ၸIူCSSAႆ CIUCSSCIူCS CMၼS CICS ၼၼS ၼႆCႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ

CူCSၼMၵS CIူCSSၸIူCSS

ၸMCS CS Cႆ ၼSSၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCၢႆSၶCSCႆ

ၼၼS S CEၼSCူCS ၸIူCSSၵIUCSSCႆ CIူCS AMၼSCၢCSS ၵႃ EC ၼMၵS CIူCSSၼၼS S CၢၼSCူCSCMCSၸIUCS

ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၼႆ

CီSCႆ CူCSၼMၵS CIူCSSCၢCS CECSၵMၺSS

Eၵႃ CEၼSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSS AၼSCS Cီ CUCSSCEၼSSၼIူCS S A Cႃ ECႃS ၽECSCECSSCEၼS ၼS

Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ECACS CီSCူCSECAICSSၼႆECCႃ

CၼSSCECSSCCSSCႃ ECACS ACSၵႃ CူCSCCႃ CIၼS CMၼS ၶMCSCIူCSSACSS ၵICS

EC CူCSCMCS CS ၶMCSCIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS10ၶCS ၸIူCSSCီS Cႆ

ၼSSCIUCSSCၼSSၼႆCCS S ၼႆEC

ၸUCS ၽCSၾႆSCECS

CူCSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC

CMၵS CS ၼSSCၢCSCၢCS CECS ၵႃ S ၵၢၼSႁEၼSSၶူCSSၼႆ

CEၼSAၼSCၢCS EC CCS S ၸူCS CၢၼSၶCSEC

CUၵS ECCီSCIူၵS CၢCSCUၵS ၵMၺSSCCS S CIူၵS ၼIူCS CUၵS Eၵႃ CCS ECACS Cႆ CIူCS Cီ CICSSCMၼSSS AၼSCၢCS ECCIူၼS ၸCSS- ၶၢCSSCၢCSSACS ၵUCS CူၼS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ACS CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ၵCSCူၵCSCႃEC CCSSCCSSCႆ S CIူCS ၶူCSSၸIူCSSCီS ၼSSCIူၵS CCS ၼၼS ACS CUၵS CECS ၵၼSCCSS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSSS CၼSSCီS Cႆ ၶူCSSၼUCS ၶၢCSSCႆ ECCႃ ၵၢCS CၢၼSCူၵSSCIUၼSS CICSSCMCSCီ CUCSSCUCSS CCS S CIၼS CူCS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS Eၵႃ

ECCႆ Cႆ ၵIUCSSCECS

Cီ ၼႆ ၵMၺSS

CCS S CIူCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cႃ Cႃ Cီ EC ၵICS ၼCီ ၶCS ႁEၼSS 9 Stalin Pound (£) 10 US Dollar ($)

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၶူCSSEC ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႃ ECCၢႆ AMၵS Cႃ ၵUCS ၵႃ ၼၼS CEၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSS AၼS CီၵူCSCီCECSECCIူၼS CCS S CIူCS ၵႃSၶCSAMၼSၶCSEC CUၵS

ၵႃ ၶူCS CECSCIၼS

CႆSCႆSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CCSSCႃCၼSSCႆ S ၼSSCႃၶIUၼSSႁၼS CIူCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS AMၼSCၼSSၽECS CIူCSSCၢၼS

CIူCS CူၼS CႃSCICSSCီ CၢႆၼၼS S CIူCS ၼၼS

EC ၶႃၽECSCႃS Cႃ Cူ CCSSCCSCီ Cီ ECႃ S CIူCS CECSEC CUၵS Cီ ၽEၼS CIၼSCIူCSSAၼSၵECSSCECS CၼSSCႆ ၼၼS EC ECCႆ AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ CCSS CUၵS CICSSAMၼS CၼSSCMCSEၵႃ CCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ECၸMCSSCႃSCၢCSSCCSၶCS

Cူ ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS EC ACS ၸၢCS CၢCSSA Cႆ S CIူCS CIၼS CူၺSSCUၵS CICSSCMCSEၵႃ ႁICSSၶၢCS CၼSSၼႆ EC CီSCၢCSSၸSCIူCSSCႃSAICSSၼIူCS S ၸCS Aူ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၶS AS ၶCSCူ CS Cီ AၼSCီSCၢCSSACS CူCS S Cီ AၼSCီS CIUCS CၢCSSCCSSၼCSၼၼS CCS S CIူCS CECS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ ႁECSSCၼS ၼCS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS ၸCS Aူ ၶCSCCS S CCS CS S CECS CၼS S EC CCS EC Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၶCS ၵCS ၽMCS CႃSCူCS CၵS CူCS CCS Cီ ၶူCS CECSCIၼS CIၼS ၵCႃ CူCS S ၶCS AMၼSၵၼSCႆ ၸS Cႃ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS ACS CၼSSCႆ CူၼS AMၵS CIူCSS ၵႃ S CIUCSCႃSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCIUၼSSCUCSSCCS S CီSၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ၵECS ၵMCS CူCS CၵS ၵၼSAICSSAီ ၵMၺSSCCS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSCMCSEၵႃ AMၼSၶCSEC CUၵS ၵႃ Cီ ACS AၼSၼIူCS

AၼSCီSၼIူCSCၢCSSၵႃ ၸူSASAMၵS S ECႃSၽECSၼSSACS

Eၵႃ ၶUၼSCIUၵSSCူCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၸCS CၢCS “ၶႃ ၶCS ၶS CMၼSSCၢCSAICSSၼIူCS ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CMၵၵSSACSEၼS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC CICSSCIUCSSEC ၶCS Cႆ ၵEၼS ၵEၼS EC CCSSCၢၵS CႃCူၼSSCူၼSSၶCS ႁEၼSCူၺSSၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶူCSSၶECS Eၵႃ ၼၼS S “ၵMCS CCSEC ၶS AMၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ ၵႃ ” “EC ၶႃ ၶCS CEၼSၵIၼSSCႆ S ၶႃ ECCႆ CီSႁICSSၸCSCၼSS”

345

346 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS “ECႃSၽECSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ECႁECSSCCS” “ECCUCSSCႃS EC ” “Cီ Cူ ၸMCS ACSCႃSCႃS ၵECS CECS ၶူCSSCIUၼSSၶူCSSၶCSSS ၽIUၼSCIၵS ၽIUၼSCၢႆSS CူCSၼMၵS CIူCSSႁIUCS” “CႃSCႃSCMCSSၵူၺSSCMၼS CICS ၼႆ CၢႆCၢႆ” Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼSSCIUCSSၶMၼSCၢႆ CၼSSEၼAS S CIUCSSCECS ၵၢCSSCၼS CၢCSSၾၢCS ၶCSCCSSCECS EC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACSCMCSSၵူၺSSCMၼS CICS CႃSS

CEၼSCMCSSၵူၺSSၶCSSS CEၼSၶူCSSCMၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CၼSCႆ Cီ Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CMCSEၵႃ

EC ၵၢၼSCMၵS ႁႃၶCSS CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃ

ၼSSCူCSCႃSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S CူCSCႃSCUၵS AMၼS CMCSEၵႃ CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS ACS ႁၼSCCSEC

CၢCSSCEၼS

ACS Cႆ ႁၢၼS ၸSၶCSS CUၵS CIUၵSSၶCS

ACSCႃSCECS CIူၵS CၢCSCUၵS EC CMၵS ႁႃCၢCSၼႃ ၶCSEC CUၵS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CူၼS CEၼS ၶCSၸၢCS CS CႃS ၶူCSSၶMCSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSECAၼSAၼS ၼSS CIူၵS ၶCSEC CUၵS ၼႆ CMCSCႆ ၸS ECႃSၶS CၢႆCIUCSS ၵႃ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ

ACS Cႆ ႁၼSCCSၼCS ၵCS S CCSၾၢၼS CMၵS ႁႃႁIUCSၶIUCS

ၸူCS CူCSSCCS EC ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၶCSEၵႃ ႁၢၼS ၸS ၶCSၵႃ S “ၶႃ ၶCSECCူCS CၼSCIUCSCီ CECSCIၼS” ECႃ CIUCSCၢCSSၼၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ Cႆ ႁၼS CSၶၢCS CIူCSSCၼSSS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSEၵႃ ACS CီSCCS S CIူCS ၸMCSSCCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ CMCSEၵႃ ၵႃ ၼၼS CၼSSCICSSCႆ CIUCSSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSၵEၼS ၵEၼS S ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၶCS AMၼSၶCSEC CUၵS CႃS ASAMၵS AၼSၵႃ ၸူSCီ CီSCECSCIၼS CၼS ACS

CူCSSAICSS 70711

ၼၼS S CECSCIၼSၼၼS CEၼSCECSCIၼS AၼSECAMၵS ၼMၵS CIူCSS AၼSCီSCႆ CCSSCECSၼၼS CCS S ၼIူCS ၵCS ၸCS CႃSၸMCS Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၼIူCS CMၵS S ၽECS 11 Pan Am Boeing 707

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

CႃSCီ CIၼSၶူCSCႆCECSCIၼS ၸCS ၸCS ၼႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၸMCS ၶၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS ACSCS ၶၢCS CIူCSSEAႃSCC M ီSCSS ၶMCSCူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၼS CၼSS “CIၼSSၸူCSSEC ၶႃ CCS ” CIၵS ၶူCSCႆ AၼSECCႆ ၶIUၼS CIUCS ၾၵSSCူCECSCၼ I Sၼႆ

CECS ၵႆ

CၢၼS ECႃSCီSCႆ CၢႆCၢႆCၵSSS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ AS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCS ၶIUၼS AMၼS CၢCSSS CIူCS CၼSCIၼSၼIူCSCIၵS ၶူCSCႆCIၵS CMCSၼၼS CၢCS CူCSCCSSCIၼS ACS ၸCSSၵၼSCႆ CCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၼIUCSCႆ ECAICSSCCS S Aီ

CCSCႃSၸၼSၼMCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ CၢCSSCCSS CEၼSၽS CႃSႁၢCS CီSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

Eၵႃ ECCႆCEၼS CၢCSSႁႃCၢCSSCMCS S ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC

ၶS AS Cူ

ၸၼS Cီ AMၵS CIူCSSၵႃ CူCSS ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ACS CEၼSCႆ

ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS S

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၶS ၽၢCS

A CူCSCၼSSCCS S CIUၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

CၢၼS ၽEၼS CIၼS AၼSCႆ ၵECSSCECS CၼSSCႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

CCSSCႃEC Cႆ ၸSၼICSၼICSၵCSSၼIူCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Cႆ ၸIUၼS ၶCSSၸS Cႃ CႆၶIUၼS ၶူCSCႆCႆ ၼCS CၼSS Cႆ ၶCSSၸS ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ CEၼS CၢႆCၢႆCIူၼSၼၼS S ECႃSCႃ ၸSCၼSSၼICSCCSS CCS ၼႆၸCS ၸၢCS CႆၶIUၼS CႃSCႆ CIUCS ACSၶူCSCႆCECSCIၼSS CIူCS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ ၶCSEC CUၵS

ၽECSCီ ၼCS CCS S ႁCS CၢႆAECS

Cီ CCS ၼCS CCS CCS ၼၼS CECSCIၼSCူCSEၵႃ CCS EC ၶၢႆ CႆCCS S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ CIUၵS Cႆ Cႆ ၸSၵူCSCIူၼS CIUCSSၶIUၼSၶIUၼSS Eၶႃ CူCSSCၢCSSCႃ AMၵS CIူCSS ၸူCS CECSCIၼS CIUၵS CီSၼIူCSCIၼSၼၼS S ႁIUCSCၢၼS CၢၼS CCS ၸCS ၽူ ၶCSSCECSCIၼSEၵႃ CၢCS ႁECSSၸၢၵS Cႃ CIၼSၶIUၼS ၼSSCူCSSS ၵူၼSSၶီ ၼIူCS CECSCIၼS ECႃ EC CီSၶIUCS CၢႆၵMၺSSS CIူCS CECSCIၼSၶIUၼS CႃSၼSSCူCSS Cႆ CIၼSS CECS ၽူ ၶCSSCECSCIၼSCႃ “Cီ ၼMCS ႁCSSၶCSၶႃ … CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ ႁCSSၶႃ ECCIၼSၵႃ ၸူS CECSS ၵူCS ၵCS CႃS12CCS EAႃ S ၶၢCSSCၢCSSCIၼSၽၢCS 12 Kolkata

ECႁIUCSCMCSၸူCS CူCSSS

347

348 ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS ECႃ CIUCSCၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CIUၵS CီSၼSSၶMCS CEၼS CECS CူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS Cူ EC CၵSSECCႆ ACSၵၢCSSCCS ၶCSCူ ၶႃ EAႃ ” Cႆ CIၼSSၵၢCSSၼႆ

Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

AၢCSSCူCSၵႃ S Cီ ၶCSCႃ ၵUCS

CIUၵS CီSႁECSSCMCS Cႃ ACS ACSCECSCIၼSCၢၵS ၵႃ Cႆ ႁႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS

ႁCSSCူၼS CCSCCS S CIူCS CECSၶCSEC CUၵS CႆCႃSၸူSၸူCS CၢၼSCS CCS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS ၼၢCSSCECSCIၼSၶCS ACSၶူCSSCMၼS CCSSၼCS CႃSCၼSCUၵS AMၼS ၶCSS CUၵS AMၼS ၶCSEC

Cႆ ၵCSၶႆCီEၸSS CCS CIၵS S CၢCSSCEၼS S

CၢCS ၼႃ CIူCS ႁၢCS CECSCIၼSEC

ၸူCSSCူCSCႆ EC ၵၢၼSCUၵS ၸMCSS ၶူCSS

ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၼႆEC Cူ ၸၼS Cီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECၶUၵSSၶူၼS CူၼS ၶႆ CIUCS ၼCSCIၼSCIူCSSၵCSSၼIူCS S ၶUၵSSၸSCႆ ၶႆ ၸSCIUCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSS CICSS AECSSCီ AၼSCႆ Cူ CူၼS ၸMCSS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS CႃSၼၼS S ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ A CႃSCႃ ၵၼS CMၼS ၸူCS CၢၼSAၼSၼIူCS EC

CUCSSCၢႆSၵႃ CCS ၼႆS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSACS CIUၼSႁCS ECႃ CIUCSCၢႆCီ CIူCSSS ၶႆ Eၵႃ ACS ၶႆ EၼၽSS CUၵS Cီ CMCS CၼSSCCSEC

ၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ

ၶၢႆ ၸူSCMCS CၼSSCIူCSSၼႃ S

CMCS ၶMCS ၶCS AၼSCူ ၸၼS Cီ ECCႆ ECႃ Cူ CၢCSSၼႃ ၼၼS CီSCCSS ၼCSS CၼSSCIူCSSCူSAူCS CႃSCMၵS ၼႆ CႃSCUၵS CICSSCMCSEၵႃ ၵMၺSSS ၽECSႁI ူၼSS Aူ EC ၶIUၼSSEၵႃ ECCႆ ႁECSSႁIUCS ႁႃCECS CူCUCSSCႃS CUၵS CICSSCMCSEၵႃ ၼႆEၵႃ Cႆ A S ECCႆ Cူ ၵႃ CSEၵႃ Cႆ A S CUCSSCီ ECႃSၽECSၶူCS CECSCIၼS CEၼS ၼS ၼႆ Cႃ ၵCSSAူၼSSCီ ႁI ူၼSSS Cႃ ၸၢCS ၶီ ၵႃSCIူCSSCီ ႁI ူၼSSၼၼS Eၵႃ CCSSACS CီSCူCSECCEၵS S CECSၵူၼSSၶCSSCECSCIၼS CCSSCECS CၢCSSCူၼS Cူ ၸၼS Cီ S “Cီ ၼMCS ႁCSSၶCSၶႃ … CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ AMၵS ၶMCS CEၼS CECS CူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS CCS ၶႃ EAႃ ” ၵူၼSSၼIူCSCECSCIၼS CၼS ACS

001 CCSSCECS AMၼSCူCSSCIUCSS

ACS ၵၼSS CECSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S Cႃ Cႃ Cီ S ၵICS ၼCီ ၶCSEC ECCIူCSSCCS ECCIူၼS S ၵူၼSSၸIူCSSCႆ Cၢႆ AMၵS AS CMCS AူCS CIUCSSEၼ CIၼSSCႃSၼႆ ACS ၸS ၵMၺSS CီSၶCSEC CUၵS CၢCSEၵႃ S ၼCS CႃCူ ၸၼS Cီ CႆCႃSၼIူCSၵECS S

ၾႃ CCSCUCS CIူCSS

ၵူၺSSၵႃ CၼSSACS ၸECS CECS S ၼCS CႃၸIူCSSၼႆ ၸူCSSEC CMႆ CႃSႁႃ S ၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSEC

CMႆ CႃSႁႃ S Cူ ၸၼS Cီ

ACS ၸၢCS Cႃ S

CၢCSSၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS ၶူၼSSၶCSSECႃSECSၵၼSCႆ ၼSSAူၵSS ၼSSၸSCူ ၸၼS Cီ S 

349

ၵၢCSSCူCSSCCS CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS

ၸUCSSCIUၵSSCၢၼS ၶCS ACS CMၼS CIUၼSႁCS

ႁၢႆCၢႆ ၵႃ

ၼSSCIUCSSၶCS

CUၵSSCMၼSS AS CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS Eၵႃ

AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S

CMCS

ၽူ CECS CIၵS

CIUၼSႁCS AS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSS ၼႆ

ACS CEၼSCႃSS CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS EAႃSCC M ီSCSSS ၵCECS CCICS CEၼS 1S

CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSS

ၶCSCMCS CၢCS

CMCS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ၼၼS Eၵႃ

ACS Cႆ A CIၼSS Eၶႃ CMCS Aီ CCSCႃSS ၸၢCS ၸIUCS CUCS ၾႃ S CUၵS ၸUCSSၶႃ ECCECSၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSSS CUCSSCCSSCIၼSCUCS ၾႃ S CUၵS ၸUCSS Eႁ ၵCS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSၵူၼSSၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSS ၶCSၸMႆ CECSၽူ CECS CIၵS Cႃ ႁႃႁၼS ၸCS ၵMႃ CECS ECCႃ ACS ႁၼSၼCS ႁၼSCူCSCႃSS Eၼ CIၼSS EC CUၵS ၼMCS CMCS CၢႆCၼSS Cူ Cၢႆ Cႃ ၵCSS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSၵူၼSS ၶMCSၸCS ၵMႃ CECS EC CူၼS CEၼSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSSCႃS ECCႃ Eၵႃ ACS CီSၽSECCၼSCူCS CၼSCၢCS ၶCSS CIUၵS CၢၵS CီSCီCEၼSCႆ Cူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ AၼSCူCSCIူCS ၶCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS AMCS CၢၼSSCူ ၵMီ Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁCS CူSၼူCS CCS ၾၢႆ CCSSCEၼSEC ၶCSSၸSႁECSSCႆ Cႃ CCSSCUCS ၾႃ ႁၼS ၸECS CႃS ၼIူCSၵၢၼSၽICSSၾICS CIူCSS ၶMCSEၼ CIၼSSၶCS CူၼS CEၼSၼIူCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CCSSCၢႆၼႆ S ECႃSCႃ ၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSS CၵSSCႃၵECSSCူၺSSCႃSၼႆၸCS ၸၢCS AS CၢၼS S CႆSS CၢCSSS ၵူၼSSCMႆ EC ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCCSSCၢႆၶCS CူCSSCMႆ CူၼS CMCS ၸၢCS CၢၼS AၼSၵူၼSSႁUၵSSႁၢႆ ၶCS ၶီ ၼEၵSSCEၵSSCECSEC ၵIၼSCူ ၼၼS CCS S *** ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS ၾၢၼS CECS CCS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 21 EC 2011 1 Great Britain