7.2 One day

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E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org

]]ထြမꨲ္ -ပꨓ္-ယူꨲ}} ꨕူꨳꨀူိတ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳ ]]ꨅꨱတ္း-သြင}္ }ဝꨓ္းတꨯး ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲေသ ꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳလꨯꨳပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းတꨯးသွ်မ္ꨟူဝ္ꨟူပ္ꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟူꨟꨓ္ တီꨳꨕိတ္း ထုꨀ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵမဳး၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳသြꨓ္မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲထူိမ္ ꨕိတ္းပူိင္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨀꨓ္မဳး၊ ꨅူိဝ္းပီꨳꨓြငꨵ္ တင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တꨀ ု ္းယြꨓ္း၊ တြငꨳ္ ထꨤမ္ꨬလꨳ ꨕူꨳ တꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳ

]]ထြမ္}}ေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵ၊

ဝူꨓ္ꨵ၊

သြꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ပပ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ

ꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳ၊ တြပ္ꨲ ]]ပꨓ္}}ထုိင္မဳး။ လꨯꨳသြꨀ္ꨳꨟဳပုိငꨳ္ ꨡိင္ ထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵ၊ ꨬလꨲလꨤဝ္းထꨤမ္တူꨉ္းꨁုိꨓ္းေပဳꨳ ထဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨬမꨳ၊ ꨡဳꨅူိဝ္းꨁုိတ္းမုိဝ္ꨵယꨤမ္း ꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳ၊ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨟြတ္ꨳထြမ္ꨲယိꨓ္း၊ ꨟူ ꨟꨓ္မဳးꨅြမ္း မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ ‘‘ဝꨓ္းတꨯး’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨵ ꨡိတ္းꨡိတ္းေသ ꨀꨱပ္းꨟြမ္တြမ္တꨰမ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨬလꨳ သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨕိတ္းပူိင္ꨳယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲေꨀဳꨳ သြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယူꨵပꨯꨲတꨱမ္၊ တꨤင္းꨟူꨵပꨯꨲ ထူꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯေသ လူတ္းပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ေသꨀမ္း။ ယူိင္း꨷ꨁ္ꨮးꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္ေꨁဳꨳ ꨕိတ္း၊ မꨰꨓ္ꨳ၊ ထုꨀ္ꨲ၊ ပူိင္ꨳ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး မူꨓ္ꨵꨬမး၊ ꨁုိင္သꨤင္ꨳ၊ ပူꨀ္းသင္ꨵပꨓ္တဳꨲမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨬလꨳ မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲဝူꨓ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲတဳꨲ ꨟꨮ္ꨳဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨡပုမ္ꨟူဝ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨕတ္းလူꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨡဝ္ꨓမ္ꨵေꨀ်ဳꨲ - ေသဳꨲꨟꨱတ္းလြင္ꨳꨟိꨬꨓးပꨤꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲꨀူꨉ္း။ တီꨳꨡဝ္ တြꨓ္ꨳသြꨓ္တဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳ ‘‘မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨓ္မဳးေꨀဳꨳ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨟူမူိꨓ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨡူိဝ္ꨳ’’ ꨓꨯေသꨀမ္း၊ ‘‘ꨕိတ္း’’ꨬမး‘‘ထုꨀ္ꨲ’’ꨓꨯꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨕုꨀ္ꨲꨟူမ္ꨳပုိင္ꨳလꨯꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ ငꨤꨓ္းငꨤꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ေပဳꨳ၊ ꨬမꨳ၊ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨲꨁြင္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳ သြꨓ္ꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨟူလိꨀ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ꨟိꨀ္ꨳ ပပ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁိူဝ္း - တြပ္ꨲꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀဝ္ꨁဳꨳ꨷ မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳꨁဳꨲလုိꨓ္း꨷ တုိꨓ္းေတသုိပ္ꨲတြပꨲ္ ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ထꨰငꨳ္ ယူꨲ꨷။ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ ‘‘တꨯး’’ ꨀူꨳေꨀဳꨵေသꨬလꨳ꨷

1

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လမ္းꨓ္ꨮး 1ꨵ မူိင္းꨡꨓ္တꨯးယꨤမ္ꨳ ꨬလꨳ ꨡꨤꨓ္းပူꨀ္းပြင္မဳး 2ꨵ ꨅꨱတ္း꨷ သြင္꨷ 3ꨵ ꨕိတ္းမူိဝ္ꨳတꨤင္းေꨕ 4ꨵ သုိပ္ꨲသꨱꨓ္ꨳꨕိတ္း 5ꨵ တꨤမ္ꨲ 6ꨵ ꨁုိင္ꨡꨤꨓ္းလြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ 7ꨵ ဝꨓ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ꨷ ꨡိတ္ꨲပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ တင္းꨓမ္ 2000 ပပ္ꨵ ပီတꨯး ꨽꨻ꩄ꨽ လူိꨓ္သꨤမ္ လပ္းꨟꨤဝ္ꨵ 1998 – February

2

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သုိပ္ꨲ သꨯꨤသုိပ္ꨲတုိတ္ꨵတꨯꨤး

လြꨯꨡꨯꨤꨳတꨯး

ꨁꨯးသူဝ ိ ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨟဝ္းယူꨲ

ꨕꨰဝ္သူꨲꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳး

ꨟြငꨳ္ ꨟူဝ္ꨓဳး

ꨅꨤဝ္းꨟဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳေꨀဳꨲ

ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းေꨟဳꨲ

သꨰင္ေꨓဳꨲပꨓ္း

ꨡြꨓ္လꨓ္းꨀꨓ္းꨕꨱဝ္ꨳတီꨲ

B.C သꨤမ္ꨟꨱင္

ꨕ္ꨮယဳꨲထꨱင္

တꨯးꨅဝ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨟꨱင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ

တꨯးယုိင္ꨳမူꨓ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲ

ပꨱꨓ္‘‘ꨅူꨳ’’(T'su)ေꨓဳ

မူိင္းေꨟဳꨀꨮင္ꨳပူိင္းငဝ္း

ပူꨀ္းသဝ္းꨅူꨳယ္ꨮꨲ

သꨤဝ္းမူိင္းသ္ꨮꨲ

လုိꨓ္ꨳထူမ္ꨳယꨤမ္းလꨱဝꨬ ္ ꨁꨲ

ꨕ္ꨮပꨯꨲမဳꨳꨬလꨲ

တꨯးငဝ္ꨳꨬတꨲ

ꨟꨱတ္းꨬမꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မူိင္း

ꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းပူိင္းသ္ꨮ

ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮꨟꨓ္

ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨕြမ္ꨵꨅူမ္းသူင္

ပဳး-လူင္-ပꨤင္ꨟူꨳ

ꨁဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨅူꨳ

ꨅူိဝ္းသူꨳတုိꨓ္းယြငꨳ္ ꨁိုꨀ္ꨵ

ꨡြꨓ္ပုိꨀ္ꨵလꨰတ္းသꨰဝ္း

ꨡမ္ꨲꨀူဝ္လꨰဝ္း

ꨕ္ꨮꨁꨰဝ္းတုိꨓ္းသꨤင္ပြင္

B.C သြင္ꨟꨱင္

ေꨀဳꨵေတထꨱင္

လုိꨓ္းတꨯးꨟꨱင္ ပꨤꨀ္ꨵ (BAK)သူꨲ

ꨟိမ္ယူꨲလိꨓ္ဝꨯꨵ

ပꨱꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮꨓꨯꨵ

တꨯးꨟြင္ꨵ ပꨤꨀ္ꨵ (BAK)ပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨰꨀ္ꨲ

‘‘ꨁꨰꨀ္ꨲ’’ꨓꨯꨵꨟြင္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨵ

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ

ꨁုိꨓ္းပိꨓ္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ

ꨬတꨲꨓူိဝ္(ꨟြငꨲ္ )ယꨤꨓ္ꨲꨅီꨲ သုတ္ꨵꨡုိꨓ္လူင္း

ꨬꨁꨲယူင္ꨳယဳꨵꨟꨱင္ပီ

တꨯးလꨯꨳꨓီပ ꨤင္

ꨬꨁꨲတတ္းꨟꨤင္

လꨰဝ္းသꨤင္ꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳဝူင္

ပဳꨳ-လူင္-ပꨤင္ꨟူꨳ

ꨅူꨳသုမ္းꨬꨁꨲ

တꨯးꨁုိꨓ္းꨬတꨲ꨸ꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း’’(Ai-Lao) 3

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ꨅူဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း

မူိဝ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္

ꨘိင္ꨳတꨯးꨁꨓ္ပꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ

ဝꨰꨓ္ꨡꨰꨓ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းꨘဳꨵ

ꨡꨯꨤꨳတꨯးꨀ်ဳꨵ

ꨁီꨲမဳꨵလꨱꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨀ်ꨤင္ꨲ

ေမဳꨳꨡꨤင္ꨲလꨯꨤးꨕဳꨳ

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတꨯးသဳꨳ

ယြမ္ꨵယဳꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨁူိင္ꨳတုိဝ္း

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲလုိဝ္းမꨤꨀ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ

ꨬꨁꨲꨅင္ꨳသ္ꨮꨲ

ꨓမ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲထြင္းꨟူိဝ္းꨅူမ္

ꨡမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨅ္ꨮလꨯꨳ

ꨕြင္းတꨯးမꨯꨳ

ꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨵလူမ္ꨵေꨟဳꨀူိင္း

ေꨟဳမူိင္းꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း

ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတꨤဝ္း

ꨁꨤဝ္းတꨯးလꨯꨳတူꨀ္းယꨤꨀ္ꨳ

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qAwf:JOgifJ Joef:ekdif;J rldif:tefwh:bmrf; sv; tef:yluf:ygifrK:/ rldif:wh:oQrf (Shan State) eh. qArfrldof;ylef.rK: 1200 yDyhmeef. wkdef: yAefrldif:rD:ckef? qof;'K.zgif:irf:rK:? rldof;sw,rD;qof;'K.Odyf:Ogif(12)qof;? yAefrldif: qof;'K.tefcof;avK:yK:w[; rldif:apKcrf:wh: ]]rldif:vmef.qof;}}(Nan Chao)eef.bl, bof./ rldif:z[,qof;ref: tofumifq[qof;'K.auK.tkyf.yldif,wSyf:wwf:pif:acKaOwK. wD;teftrf,olef. trf,wSyf:wwf:vh;pif:acKqif, ckdef;ql:qof;'K.vlif(qof;rgrf,) auK.teftkyf.yldif,oh.(zhm,eldofqof;'K. 12 qof;)/ OifoK; qof;rgrf,trf,wSyf:wwf: pAwf:Omif;vh;bof. Orf.ckdef;xkdifqof;apKcrf:/ yAefqof;'K.z[ref:zgif:irf:bl,aO wK. auK.tkyf.ydlif,zhm,eldofxSif;auK;rD: Okef,pAwf:Omif;tkyf.yldif,xmif,pmif;auK;rD;oh.bl, sv; rldif:wh:eh. yAefrldif:qof;'K.zgif:irf:auK;bK, wkdef:vh;oK;yAefrldif:Nrf;bl,Mrf: uef(Federal State)rK:bl,qArfugef,tgefbof./ rldif:wh:oQrf tefvh;yAefrldif:qof;'K.zgif:irf:oh.bl,eh. vh;yAefe[:rldif: vmef.qof;aOrof,uK: Orf.qrfyK:rldif:ydof,? rldif:yl:urf,sv; vh;yAefrldif:bl,Oof:su;umif aO uyf:Okdyf,yK:rldif:apKcrf:zhm,qmef:(rldif:zhm,w[;)eh.yK:blk,/ rldefeif,rldif:yl:urf,(yk*H) tefoK;eef. ulef:bl,Oof:e[:rldif:auK; pmrf.erfyAefwh:(ugyf;oK;wh:wkdef:bl,xK;oh. qArfrldof;awrK:sw.ymefapKcrf: oa&acw책&m sv;qif,oK; waumif; yAefuGmrf:wh: ygif,oK;wK;ugif,/) OhmOkdyf,zgif:irf:yl:urf,auK;yAefOhmOkdyf, ydof,qof;xD:/ ydof,qof;xD: auK;yAefwh:ehqkdif rldif:yl:urf,tefoK;eef.auK; N.wkdef:yAefapKcrf:wh:eif,uof,/(Ohm 5

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Okdyf,yl:urf, qof;xdOmrfyAefydof,qof;xD:aO ckefohm:vkdef:eh.Odkyf,yAef vkuf;? vmef? vdef? vSefref:rK:awK,xkdif Okdyf, 55 qof;aO yl:urf,vl.yif:uGK,/) ohm:aOOkduf:rkef,ulof:teful,yvhmcmef, tgefNofwkduf:rldif:vmef.qof;vl.yif:uGK, rldof; AD1253eef.bof.? wD;yl:urf,eef. wh:sw,tAefpSif:bkdef;b[,rK:bl,vgh:vgh: vgh:/ rldif:qof;'K.wh:oQrfehauK; qof;Oldofcmef,'K.(AD1311-1365)tmef:tgefNof yluf:wif;yAefrK: rldif:apKcrf:wh:ckdef:xSif;sv; cwf:q[rK:? qlof;ref:qof;eef. yAef vh;rldif:tAefpSif:b[,rK:aOwK.auK; bgef.vh;cmrf,sc,cofqdrfbK.Olef:uof:sv;Oif? bgef.OhmOdkyf,ckeftef ykwf:ref:qof;eef. trf,uwf.cSef,yAif:ref:qof;sv;Oif? wh:rldif:vgheh. trf,vh;yluf:wif;yAefrK:apKcrf:wh: vkuf;ekdif;xSif;auK;bK, rldif:yl:urf, sw. tlef;ugh;uGK,aO tK,eK,rkeftlvh;zSofMwf;e[:rkdof:wh:sv; OmrfyD;egif.wh:qif, tgefNofOkdyf,ykwf;tkyf.yldif,aOsv; yAefrK:ymefwh: (&Srf;acwf) (A.D1280-1554) tefwh:auK. zgif:irf:rldif:apKcrf: rldif:rmef;wgef;umif(bmrf:vAof)eef.rK:bl,bof./ (ymefwh:eh.sw. trf,qkdof;wh:eh z[trf,xAifvh;/) vmef.qof;auK; wSuf,bhm;vl.yif:? qof;apKcrf:auK;trf,rD:bof.sv; rldif:qof; 'K.rdlif:wh:oQrfcofqof;auK; ckdef:vh;Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.rldif:apKcrf:(rldif:rmef;wgef;umif bmrf:vAof)wh:eef.rK:bl,bof./ vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,bl,Oof:w[;apKcrf:wh:eheef.auK; tdifvlnf;rldof;yAefrK: vgif;tefqof;'K.cof trf,wSyf:wwf:? pAwf:Omif;vh;pif:acK eef. qif,vh;tdif,ykdif;qof;apKcrf:qgh;xSrfyef? rSef;rldof;yAefOkduf:auK; Nrf;Mrf:wkduf: qgh;uef? rD:rK:tefvmuf,vhm: cefxlduf;uK;b[,auK;tofOmuf;xkdifapKcrf: yAefeif,cgif zmuf,wgef;ql:? pAwf:eefaO wkdef:yAefrldif:wh:tefqof;'K.zgif:irf:bmrf;uyf:Okdyf, pAwf:auK.apKcrf:rK:bl, qArfrldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:eef. rK:bl,bof./ xkdifrK: A.D1551 ybdef.egif,sw,rK:wkduf: rldif:tK,o(rldif:wh:tefyAefrldif: rmef; wgef;umifbmrf:vAof)aOwK.trf,sy.? xkdifrldof; March 1555 eef. qif,rK: Odrf:tofvh;tK,obof.aO Odkyf,ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:sv; 1556 rK:tofrldif:wh:P;vh;yAefrK: rldif:Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.uef? qof;'K.wh:auK; bgef.wkdef:bmrf;uyf:Okdyf,apKcrf:(tefwh: auK.zgif:irf:)rK:sv; xkdifymefybdef.egif,ckdef;rK:auK; bif:wkduf.olef.Ogef,yAefapK 6

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crf:tefwh:auK. tkyf.yldif,aOsv; qif,Okdyf,pAwf:auK. uyf:Okdyf,uef rldefrldof;ugef, rK:awK,xdkifapKcrf: wDayK:rif: 1885 eef.bl,bof./ vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,pAwf: auK.apKcrf:rldif:w[;eef.auK; trf,qkdof;oK;yAefrldif:cK; Omuf;cK;phm:? yAefrldif:teftdifykdif;uef qghxSrfemef,wK,? pSif:Okduf:(rSef;rldof;vlof,) eef.ulnf:? vgif;tkyf.yldlif,rldif:z[ref:auK; qof;'K.cofrD:Okef,oh.pif:acKbl,? apKcrf: auK;ayK:vlof,rK:vldofaO rK:bgef:vgif;qgh;xSrfwD;qof;'K.rldif:wh:eef.ulnf: coftrf, rK: cof;qdrfbK.uof:vgif;e[:rldif:wh:? ayK:rldof;xkdifrSef;ymefapKcrf:rmef; teftrf, qgrf:TwK:ckefOdyf:yldifeef.sw. cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAifqof;'K.cofP;uAyf:cgef,? qgh;Okduf:pmof. pmof.pSif:pSif:? Oifqldof.oK; rldif:qof;'K.v[xAifauK; qlof:xSif;rldif:qof;'K.wmif,rldif:aO tgefckdef;wkduf:rldif:tefxAifeef.sv; rldif:wh:auK;vh;Okuf.bkif; wluf:bmuf;rK:bl,sw. sw./ ulnf:uK;qof;'K.coftrf,N.ygif,umefrldif:rldof:eK; Ogef,oK;yAefapKcrf: tefwh: bmrf;zgif:irf:rK:eef. wduf:wduf:aO Okdyf,pAwf:auK.uefrK:? qkrf:qof;'K.teftrf, c[;uyf:Okdyf,eef. apKcrf:ref:Orf. toftAefpSif:avK,wkduf:sesv; qof;'K.cofauK; xkdifwD;vh;tlef;awK,rmef;rK:bl,bof./ rldif:wh:tefqof;'K.zgif:irf:rK:bl,eef. ugyf;Oifvh;oK;yAefrldif:bl,Nrf;vlnf; uef(Federal State)tefoK;eef.qkdif bgef.rD:rldif:qof;'K.teftgefNofoh.bl,wK, aO, yAefqof;'K.rldif:v[tgefNofauK; awvh;oK;yAefeef.sv; qif,vh;pefrD:oh.bl, pK;ymefJ 1.ymefrldif:wldif:acK(wkdif:acK) A.D 764-952 (omef;wkdif:acKeh bif:rD:bl,zhm,Mif, erf.rmof: e[:vdefsc,pmef.eh.)

2.ymefOSef,sq;A.D957-1311 (OSefaq;eh.rD:e[:vdefsc,aO bmrf:vAofMif. sq;wgif.)

3.ymefrldif:rmof:(aq;vmef.)

A.D1311-1405

4.ymefOSefoD

A.D1405-1752

5.ymefrldif:ehm:

A.D1752-1948 7

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eef. rldif:wh:eh.qof;'K.rD:(12)qof;aO ymefv[auK;qof; eef. tgefNofsv;(11)qof;eef. vh;oK;yAefrldif:tefNrf;Mrf:qgrf:w[; qof;'K. vlifOAif;bl,/ 'dif;tef zgif:irf:rldif: szyAefOdyf:Ogiftldif,? Odyf:Ogifrldif:eh. wkdef:yAef'dif;uof,wh:tefekdif;bof./ ugyf;eefsv; rldefoK;Odyf:Ogifckefwh:(wlif, udef:)/ Odyf:Ogifyef:eK:(zef:eK:)qldof:eh.yAef zSef,vdefwh:vgef.vgef./ rldif: wh:oQrfauK; yAefqof;'K. 12qof;tkyf.yldif,oh.aOwK. xkdifrK:ymefybdef.egif,eef. sc,auK;oK;yAefrldif:yK:avK:cof(coftlrftkdef;vh; apKcrf:vmef.qof;bof.sv; Ogef, wgif:oh.bl,ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:vmef.qof;eef.wduf:wduf:aO sc,qif,oK;yAefrldif: cof/) ybdef.egif,auK;Ogef,oK;yAefrldif:tefcof;avK:oh. yK:e[:rldif:tK,o? ref:Orf. Odrf:toftK,obof. ehsv;Orf.oK;yAefrldif: tefcof;avK:e[:ref:pAwf:eefaO pdrf umef? wkduf:uefsv; wh:qif,vh;zmwf,bmef,uef? rldif:wh:tefukdwf:oh.e[:sc,Omrfrldif: (udkif,r? rldif:Ndrf:? rldif:rmof:)eef.sc,ckdef:qSuf,yAefrK: uof;rldif:sv; vh;yAefrK: rmof: uof;rldif:(udkif,r? qef:wK? rldif:vK;? rldif:oef:? NofOK,? eK:OK? rldif:rmof:? sq;cGmif? rldif:cGmef)/ rldif:wh:tefcof;yK:avK:e[:ybdef.egif,eh.qrf. qif,vh;yAefrK: rldif:wh: uof;ph:apK(rldif:ugif? rldif:bmif:? OgifOlyf:? rldif:rdwf;? OSefoD? ODayK.? rldif:ehm:? rldif:yhm:? bgifNnf;)eef.bof./ A.D 764-1556

sw,tofymefybdef.egif, ckdef;tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:tK,obof.eef. rldif:qof; 'K.wh:auK; vh;qgh;tAefpSif:Okduf:rSef;rldof; rmef;wkduf:cGmuf;tAefpSif:coffee.rK:bl,/ Oifqldof.oK;trf,qgh;pSif:Okduf:ehqkdif qlof:tgefwyf.rmef;apKcrf:eef.aOvrf:vlnf; wkduf:rldif:qof;'K. teftrf,qgh;eef.sv; qof;'K.cofauK; trf,zgif:vldofvh;aOvh; qgh;rK:? vh;rD:q[ulofq[sp? q[tlef;tgef,rK:aOrof,uK:? bif:wkduf.Ogef,olef.rldefymef apKcrf:wh:bl,wduf:wduf:sv; rD:vkuf;bdif:vof:auK;vlif:Omuf;? rD:clof:cgifvmuf,vhm:auK; vlif:Omuf;vkwf;qof;pmrf:cefauK; uGK,ykdif;tdifP;vlduf:Olif,yefpAwf:eef tofapKcrf: rmef;cdkef;cefwAuf:wAifeK,ylef.aO rldof; A.D1766 eef. qof;'K.rldif:ugif? rldif: bmif:? OSefot D rf,cmrf,vgif;rmef;wAuf:wAifaO uGK,Mif.tAefpSif:sc,rK:qhg;wkduf:/ xkdifrK: ymef yk*Hrif;(ukef;abmifacwf) A.D1883eef. OSefoDtrf,cmrf,vh;sv; NofOkduf: vlifckefOmif,phm.vkuf.zkdef./ ymefwD,ayK:rif: A.D1883eef. qrf.qof;'K.rldif:ehm: tgefNof qof;'K.rldif:egif? qof;'K.vguf;qguf.cof vkuf.zdkef.? wSyf:whmySwf;Okduf:apK crf:rmef; tefrK;y[.tofcgef,wK,rldif:wh:rD;bl,wD;rldif:ehm:eef.aO yhm;cmrf;clif:uGK,bl, 8

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qgrf: qof;'K.uAif:wkifbl,bof./ rldof;ymefqof;'K.eh. rldif:wh:vh;pAwf:auK.apKcrf:rmef; auK; Ogef,oK;yAefrldif:qh;g xSrfyefzmef,wK,? idkef:wgif:? Olif,qgh;tAefpSif: Okduf:ulnf: eif,uof,/ trf,qkdof;yAefrldif:cK;? rldif:phm:/ bgef.eefsv;OifoK; apKcrf:rmef;oh. rldefeif,rldif:rldif:phm:? rlid f:cK;aOsv; txrf,rqdOif,rK:auK; wkdef:vh;rD;rK:vgif;tef qof;'K.cofzkdef.ckdef:eef.bl,bof./ vgif;tefvh;qgh;xSrfpSif:idkef:? pSif:Okduf:eef. auK; qof;'K.cofolef.oK; zhm,ekdif;vh;ulofrldif:sc,sv; P;ayK:vh;yAefrldif:tef urf. xSrftAefpSif:wh:oh.zhm,vif? P;vh;yAefwD;sc,brfeef.aO qif,P;vh;pAwf:auK. apK crf:rmef;eef.rK:bl,bof./ ymeftif:udwf. xdkifrK: A.D1885tif:udwf.Odrf:tofrldif:rmef;wgef;eldof cof;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof eD,cofaOwK. rldif:wh:sw.coftrf,Odrf:tofyK:? coftmef:oh.P;rldif:wh:yAefrldif:wif; cef;su;umif(Buffer State)rldif:ulof,vlof,eD,ySif,OAwf;sv; rldif:sc,? tmef:tofrldif:wh: oh.yAefrldif:tlnf:vDqgh;xSrfcof(Tributary)aO yefP;qof;'K.cofOkdyf,zgif:irf:oh.pif: acK? coftrf,tmef:tofrldif:wh:aOwK. bgef.qof;'K.coftrf,xkuf,ueftgefNofulef: rldif:z[rldif:ref:aO wkduf:awK:uef rldif:wh:ygwf:tguf,? ygwf:qmef:eh. vldofaOqof; zK.bgifNnf; qof;tkif, eef.ulnf: vh;oK;qof;'K.cofzgrf.vh; q[yAeftefvAofuef aOwK. qof;tkif,trf,zgrf.aO vlif:uGK,Mif.tif:udwf./ rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,qrf. qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;ckefOSif(qof;uBK,ch,)vlif:Mif.sv; tif:udwf.auK; qif,vh;szpAwf:iK:Okduf:OgifOAef;(rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,? ygwf:qmef:)aO cdkef;Odrf:tofrldif:wh:sw,vh;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof,eD,cofuGK,rldof; A.D1887eef.aO 1890 qif,tofvh;yK:uAif:wkifbl,bof./ tif:udwf.tofrldif:wh: vh;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof,eD,cofauK; bK, yldiftkyf.yldif,sw. coftrf,tofNrf;avK:oh.e[:rldif:rmef;? coftoftif:udwf.cofauK. uyf:Okdyf,zgif:irf:rldif:wh:pif:acKaO qof;'K.auK; rldif:z[rldif:ref: rD:vgif;xmif,pmif; tkyf.yldif,oh.pif:ulnf:/ bgef.qof;'K.cof trf,N.umefrldif:Oif? trf,xkuf,rSef;uef? trf,zgrf.Mrf:yAefckefyluf:wif;rldif:Nrf;vkuf;vAofvlnf;uefaO qif,uGK,bgef:pAef:cK; sv; tif:udwf.qif,vh;ckdef;rK:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:bl,bof./ 9

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rldof;ymeftif:udwf. July 1895eef. rldif:wh:eh. rmef;wkdef:quf:szrD;oh. bl,(44)rldif:? tif:udwf.cdkef:rK:szxSif;(4)rldif:sv; yAefoh.(48)rldif:/ e[:eef. rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,(rldif:qof;'K.)5rldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:(rldif:qof;'K.)10rldif:? udefrldif: 14rldif:)24rldif:? rldif:wh:wgef;umif(udefrldif: 1rldif:? ckefuAyf:cgef,idkef:wgif:14rldif:)15 rldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,ygwf:qmef: tefrD:w[;ckeftif:udwf.auK.tkyf.yldif,(c&kdif0ef)rD;oh.

4 rldif:/ xkdifrK: A.D1900 awK,xkdif 1935eef. tif:udwf.ckdef:tof Nrf;avK: uefsv; yAefrK:(33)rldif:aO? 1948eef. rmef;yefulof:umif.(uof;umif.)yAefrldif:qof; 'K.sv;rldof;qkef.tK,eK,eef.qif,vh;rD:(34)qof;/ sw,tof1-2-1889 eef.rK: rldif:wh:eh.qof;'K.z[ref: vh;tofrhmrD;rldif: wh:Odyf:ydlif(The Shan State Act)teftif:udwf.cofruf:ref;yefeef. tkyf.yldif,rK: bl,bof./ rhmrD:ykef;wK,rldif:z[ref:eef.auK; tif:udwf.cofwkdef:wSrf;O[,oh.yefyK:e[: zkdefylifomif:tmyf; tK,eK,ql:ckdef:qof;'K.(Oemwf.-Sanad)coffee. cdkef:oh.bl,/ xkdifrK: 1890rK:zkdefOemwf. qof;'K.cofwif:OAif;P;rldefuefeef. tif:udwf.cof qif,ckdef:pAwf:yldifvAofaO tmyf;yefckdef:xSif;bof./ 1888 awK,xdkif 1897eef. rldif:wh:rldefrldof;ymefqof;'K.rldof;ugef,ugef,aO tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:z[ref:auK;rD:oh.bl,e[:rkdof:qof;'K. rldif:v[rldif:eef.rK:bl,/ OD,ayK. sv;bgif,Nnf;sw.rD:tif:udwf.auK.tefawyefyhm:olef. zgif:irf:rldif:qgh;(Assistant Superintendents) eef. uSrfoh.pdrf:qof;'K.aO zgif:irf:rldif:rK:bl,/ qof;'K.cof auK;vh;tof rlif? rldif:? pAif? umif.? su, bl,zhm,w[;aO zgif:irf:omef;rldif:qgh;rK:bl, bof./ qlof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. rldif:wh:vh;yAefyldiftkyf.yldif,oh.OD,ymefJ 1.1887-1897yAefymeftofrhmrD;Oemwf.aOq[.qof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rldif:/ ckeftif:udwf. tefbl,zhm,eldofqof;'K.aO tkyf.yldif,Orf.rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,yAef vSyf;'edef,sw,vD (Lt.Daley)aO rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:Orf.auB,uBD,qugwf.(J.G.Scott)tgeftkyf.yldif, rldif: wh:rK:bl,bof./

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2.1897-1922ymeftif:udwf. tofrldif:wh:zgif:irf:Nrf;rldif:rmef;(Lieutenant Governor's Council) 3.1922-1935ymefrldif:wh:Nrf;wkrfuef(Federated Shan State) 4.1935-1942ymefrldif:wh:qkuf:ref;pif:acK(Standing Committee) rldof;tif:udwf.sw,ckdef;Odrf:rldif:wh:eef. cofvh;pefqof;'K.wh:eh. vldofaO uGmrf:wh:trf,arKuGmrf:Oifsv; uyf:Okdyf,pAwf.auK.bmyf,sw.sw.ehaO tif:udwf.cof qif,rK:zknf,yef Nif:pAef:ydkuf.zkduf:Ogefyefvkuf;? vmef? aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof; 'K. wD;oAif:wgif,uBD:(bmrf:vAofyAeft . x . u-2 awmifBuD;)eef.bof./ wD;Nif:pAef: eef.Ogefyefvduf;rof,uK: OgefyefyK:yhm:olef.? rhmrD:tkyf.yldif,? wwf:Odef? yhm: ukrf:xdif:rldif:/ wK,awyAefuSrfrldif:rK:eef.awvh;yAefzl;vlif:Nif:pAef:eh.aOrof,uK: ulef:rldif:auK;awvh; pyf.cmrf,puf.Nrfeef.qif,tif:udwf.bgif;yAefuSrfrldif:rK:bof./ bgef.ykduf.zkduf:yefrK:sv; qlof;cmof:tif:udwf.zgif:irf:rldif:wh:Ndif 60yDeef. qldof.cldof:qof;'K.pmrf.erfuwf.cSef,vduf;sv; uGmrf:tif:udwf.rK;bl,sw.sw./ ymef tif:udwf.eef.tof rhmrD;tkyf.yldif,rldif:Odyf:bldif;eef.aO tkyf.yldif,rK:aOwK.rldlif:wh: oK;]]r[:c[;nK:cefref:blof.}}eheef. ygif,oK;tofrhmrD;Odyf:ydlif(Odyf:=cef)eef.vguf, uefbl,bof./ ulef:rdlif:wh:urf;zgif;auK; pefxkdifoK;rhmrD;eh. pmof.pSif:ylef.zSofaO yAefrhmrD;ckefapKcrf:tgef,e[:rldif:wh:ehvl:ugef,bof./ rldif:wh:ymefOdkuf:Ogif A.D1940eef. qkrf:rldif:rmef;ylwf:ygh,tef tgif,Omef:tgefNofeef. uGK, Nnf:Mif.rK;sv; A.D1942eef. wyf.uBymef,tduf,vlnf;wyf.rmef; B.I.A(Burma Independence Army)coftgefuefckdef;rK:rldif:wh:? auK.sewmif:Nnf:Mif.cofckdef;rK:

rldif:wh:sw. yAefqkrf:ulef:ekrf,at:oQL;(qkrf:awchm.ohm,yAefrK: I.y.v)eef.aO ayK:oK;cofsw,zSofrK:e[:rldif:wh:bof.auK; uef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:wh:? sy.udefwh:rK: ul;yldif/ tofclof:cgifrK.vK:? olof:uGhm:wh:/ 'h:qkwf,omef;rldif:sv; wh:trf,pwf:bl,aO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;cof;yhm;ySyf.e[:xldef,vkduf.vghOkif? xrf;b[,uGmif;eef.rK;bl,bof.)/ 11

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uBymef,Odrf:rldif:vh;bof.auK; ckdef:bgif;qof;'K. z[ref:tkyf.yldif,rldif:ckdef: aOwK. pKrldof;vh;bl,vDvD udefvDvDwkdef: trf,rD:rK:aOyguf;/ xkdifrK: 1.8.1943 umife[ 9 rlif:eef. uBymef,rldif:rmef;vgwf;vSof:teftrf,yK:rldif:wh:sv; rldif:bmif: vSif/ wgef;wK,rldif:rmef;cofauK; yefcgwf,zgwf;vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;tef]]wguf.wK, yarK, Dr.barmf}} tgefNofoh.eef.aO rD:yK:qkrf:zgif:rldif:vlif(0efBuD;tzGJU)(qkrf: yefyhm:olef.wD;vkwf.awK,) wyf.Okduf:rmef;tefzl;rD:qef.rmef;(t&m&Sd)auK.awvh; zgif:irf:ckdef;(wyf.rmef;coffee. qArfrldof; 26.12.1941 eef. cofwkdef:vuf.tguf, uGK,cGwf,zgwf:oh.wD;ukif:xAyf;(yAif:uguf,-xh:)aOyAefoh.wyf.Okduf:rmef;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK Burma Independence Army BIA aOxkdifrK: July 1942 eef. bgef.uBymef,yef pSif:urf.xSrf;sv; qif,vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:wyf.Okduf:sp.uif;rmef; Burma Defence Army BDA ehbl,bof.)uBymef,cofyefOkef,cofwArf;xlef;aOwK. bgef.trf,yK:rldif: wh:sv; rmef;cofse:oK; trf,qkdof;rldif:vggwf;vSof:wArfxlef; trf,c[;vh;ehrK:bl, bof./ AD1943

uBymef,wwf:uAif:wkifsv; rldif:yef,yefuGK, rldif:xh:/ qgrf:eif, rmef;sv;uBymef,cof wdkef:rD:oh.rK:acK;wluf:vlifuefeef.aO xkdifrK: 25.9.1943 eef. cofcdkef:tkyf,uefxSif;wD;ymiftlvlif(arNrdKU)eef. tl:cBdwf.vSif,ckdef:wkuf: bgef:xSif;sv; uBymef,qif,wwf:tofrldif:wh: zhm,wluf:clif:O[,yefavK:e[:rldif:rmef; xSif;/ qof;'K.cofauK; Omefcwf:vgif;eh.sw.sw.oK;oK;aO xkdifwD;tgefuefwSrf; vduf;wmif,xdkifwD;eldofsv; vh;N.oK;vgif;qldof:eh. qof;Okduf:vlifuBymef, ]]eK,wK,uK,}} sv; ]]rdwf.qwK,tD,pDpK:vK:}}cof bif:trf,wef:vh;N.qgrf:ehbl,bof./ rldof;Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeef. rmef;yAefOkduf:qgh;xSrfzhm,uBymef,rK:aO xkdif rK:Okduf:qrfawbof.eef. Orf.pefxkdifuBymef,vSyf;awOkrf:Okduf:ckdef:sv; se:oK; uBymef,trf,vD/ yefvgif;vgwf;vSof: trf,qSwf;qmif,ehaO rmef;cdkef:Mrf:tif:udwf. wkduf:uBymef,tguf,rldif:ckdef: rmef;sw.ukrf,uRuf:rK:bl,aOwK. qof;'K.rldif:wh:cofsw. tgefulef:rldif:wh:Mrf:tif:udwf.aO wkduf:qhg;rK:sv; urf;zgif;vh;zSofxkdifuGK,rldif:abK: Ilyf.(Europe)tK,Imyf.(Arab)rldif:juK:vrf (India)aO zl;qkdof;b[,ukduf:oh.e[:wh:bif:rD: bl,wif:erf/ 12

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(Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeh. tif:udwf.cofyAefzhm,sy.aObgef.oK;qof;'K.cof vh;tgefulef:rldif:wh:wkud f:qgh;rK:ehsv; tif:udwf.qif,rD:acK;ref;uSef,yefwD;qof;'K. cofoh.rK;oK; ]]awqgh;xSrfyluf:ygifyefrldif:wh: qArfyhm:tkyf.yldif;? yhm:rmuf;rD:? yhm:uyf;Okdyf, OAef;wmif:wdwf:awK,? yhm:yef,nK,aO OifoK;wArfxlef; ukrf,cSrf.vh;bof.sw. aw yluf:wif;yAef vh;rldif:vkuf;ekdif;bof.eef. qif,awyefyAefrK: rldif:vgwf;vSof:vkuf; ekdif;bl,? qlof;yh,vh;yAef rldif:vgwf;vSof:eh.qkdif awoh.yAefrldif:wlof,rD,eD,bmef, (Dominion) (rldif:teftif:udwf. Nrfrkif:zgif:irf:oh.xK;)}}ehbl,bof./ vgif;eh. qof;'K.cofN.oh.aOwK. coftrf,vlif.vSif:ygif,xkdifql:ulef:rldif:rK:? cofOgef,oh.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:eef. trf,yh,N.umefrldif:Oif? N.awvh;yAefrK:qgrf:eif, qof;'K.cof qlof:tgefwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;eef.ulnf:/ bgef.rmef;cofayK:ygh,qdrfcof; rK:sO,bK.uof:oh.bl,e[:rldif:wh:eheef. qof;'K.cof trf,N.xkdifrK:/ yhm:Olef:wkrf? wkrf.wldof.? Nrf;Mrf:ulef:rldif:eef.qof;'K.coftrf,Ogefoh. yAefvgif;vrf,vgif;/ qof; 'K.eif,uef tkyf,tlof:ilyf.idbl,pif:cof/ ckdifygifoh.bl,pif:coffee. cSef:yAefvgif; tef ulef:rldif:vh;euf:q[xmif,xldrfrK: eldofcofeef.bl,bof./ rldof;Okduf:vlrf;'K. yguf;Ogifeef. bgef.qof;'K.cofauK; vh;cof;Mrf;wkduf:qgrf: rK:sv; tdifvlnf;iof:vhm:ul;vgif;vgif;aO qof;'K.qif,vh;vAyf;pAef:pefxkdif umef yhm:rldif:tefckdwf:qef.? yhm:tkyf,yldif,qof;'K.rldif:tK,Imyf.(Arab)sv; rpK,IK,uBK, (Maharaja) rldif:FuK:vrf(India)/ vldofaOeef. vh;N.pefxkdifyK:rK: vguf;vhm:tkyf. yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,sv; yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:eh.auK; coftmef:vSuf;vhm;pKvgh;vhg;aO ohm:vkdef:rK: tmef:yluf:ygifyAefrK: rldif:wh:wD,rlof,caI,OD,vkuf;ekdif;eef.bof./ rldof;zgif:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeef. rmef;qkrf:tefawyAefrK: z.O.y.v sv; vkuf;tgef,ekrf,rldif:wh: qkrf:tefawyAefrK: I.y.vcof vh;Nrf;uefMrf:uB ymef,aO wkduf:tif:udwf.rK:/ I.y.veh. yAefvkuf;tgef,qif,pKawb[,rK: tefbl, e[:rldif:wh: tefN.vduf;rD;ydif,nK,wmef,wmef,/ pmrf.erftrf,qkdof;wh: yAefrmef; tefchm.rK:bl,e[:rldif:wh: qArfymeftl;sr;yl,rgef,sv;xek? egif? wgif,Ol,qldof:eh. bof./ cofqldof:eh.qif:yhm:tkyf.yldif, yldifqof;'K./ tdifvlnf;oK,wOlof,sO.vdwf.? ukef,rBL,edwf. vh;zSofMwf;rK:e[:tguf:e[:q[oh.tdwf:tdwf:sv; cSef:vh;yAefvgif;urf. xSrf pefxkdifqof;'K.cofeh.

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]]pAwf:yAefckefapKcrf:tgef, e[:rldif:wh:aO ukrf,rkdif.auBK,rof:qgrf:aq:qdrf, ulnf:/ wgef;wK,ulef:rldif:wh: awvh;vDvh;yAefeef. coftrf,cyf:cdkifyefOif/ ukrf, tofar:ehg.ar:emif: cmif:oh.ayK:OSrf;uGK,OAif;aO umyf;omef;ymefrldif: cdkef;b[,vSuf;vhm; bl,wmef,NdofauK; coftrf,N.Oif}}ehaO tgefuefySif:qif: ymefqof;'K./ c[;ylwf; ygh,rkefiof;qof;'K. tefNrf,rkif:oh.eef. Nif;olifwluf:uGK,yldifvAofsv; wkdef:yAefyldif Omefcwf:qof;'K.oh.bl,bof./ rldif:tefwh:tmef:yluf:ygif/ ohm:aOOdkuf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifbof.uGK,bof.eef. tif:udwf.cdkef;cof;rldif:rK:aO tofrhmrD;aq;cmof(White Paper)eef. Odkyf,zgif:irf:rldif:rK:/ qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;aq;cmof eef.aO rlid f:wh;sv;rldif:Oefvgheh. coftrf,tofNrf;avK:oh.rldif:rmef;/ cofszoh. yAefwgef;rldif:tef qgrfqkdif;rldif:(bk&ifcH)auK.tkyf.yldif,oh.pif:acKsv; vgif;eh.rmef; cofurf:urf:Omefcwf:bl,sw.sw./ rmef;cofc[;P;wkdwf.Nrf;qefavK:vlnf; rldif:rmef; zgif:irf:aOwK. tif:udwf.trf,zgrf./ tif:udwf.cofauK; qlof;uK;cofrK;zgif:irf:rldif:wh: 60 yDeef. cofvh;N.oh. umifq[qof;'K.cofwdkef:trf,c[;Nrf;avK:rldif:rmef;/ qArfrldof;Odrf:rlid f:auK; rldif:rmef;sv; rldif:wh:eh. trf,Odrf:rldof;vAofuefrK:? qlof;ymefcofeef.auK; trf,wgef.tofrldif:wh: Nrf;O[,avK:rldif:rmef;aO zgif:irf:rK:/ rmef;wkuf:bgef: vgif;wK,tofrldif:wh: Nrf;avK:yK:e[:rldif:rmef;rldof;v[auK; tif:udwf. wdkef:su;vdwf;oK; ]]uK;tefulef:rldif:wh:cof trf,rD;umifq[c[;bggrf:Mrf:qgrf:rldif:rmef;rK:

pif:ulnf:eef. pof:trf,qmif;yefcofOgef;bl, Nrf;yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefwif:rmef;Ol}

ehwK,aO,sv; rmef;N.oh.umifq[ tif:udwf.rK;qArftmef,NofOdyf:yDref:rK:/ ugyf;eef. eif,Ndof ayK:awvh;umifq[ulef:rldif:wh: zgrf.Nrf:qgrf:cofeheef. cofwkdef:zSefumef pKvguf:vhm:ref:rK:bl,wK,aOeef.bof./ (bgef.vlnf;ohm:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifbof. qof;'K.cofpefvgif;wmif:xkuf,vD vSuf;vhm; ymefqof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:oh. xkdifrK: October 1945 eef. qof;Olnf wSuf;(qof;'K.bgifNnf;)wmif,sewmif:pefxkdifref:qof;oK; ]]rldif:wh:eh. ukdif,vDrD: qof;'K.auK.vAoftkyf.yldif,}}/ qof;ckefcAof(qof;'K.rdlif:rdwf;)sv; qof;ckefymef:qdif, (qof;'K.erf.Oef,-wgif,ySif,)cKauK;wmif,serK:oK; ]]rldif:wh:eh. ukrf,xlef;cSrf.vSyf; 14

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bl,ul;yldifsv; yAefvh;rldif:qkuf:ref; yluf:wif;pif:acKvh;bl,}}/ qof;Nrf,'K.(qof;'K. OSefoDMif,)Orf.wmif,vmwf;seoK; ]]qof;'K.rldif:wh: 34 qof;eef. bgrf:ySwf;P;rD: 12 qof;aO yef,ykwf;ueftkyf.yldif,uGK,}}ehqldof:eh.yAefwmif:pefxkdif cofqof;tmef: c[;tofrldif:qof;'K. Nrf;Mrf:uefyAefrK: rldif:wh:vkuf;vAofuefeef.bl,bof./)

rldof; 1945 yDqrfOAif;eef. qof;'K.cofwif:OAif;vh;Nyf.xlyf:uefwD; emif:'K.rldif:ygefegef:sz: wD;rldif:ygefsv; cofvh;tkyf,ukrfuefvguf:vhm:wK,awtkyf. yldif,rldif:wh:uGK, rldof:eK;aO P;ayK:vh;tkyf,ukrfuefxSif;vDvDeef. cofqif,Mif.Nyf. xlyf:uefxSif; wD;rldif:ukdif(bgef.Ogef,oK;rldif:ukdifeh. yAefumifrldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif, sv;ygwf:qmef:)rldof; 31.1.1946 eef.bl,bof./ rlod f;eef. cofwSyf:wwf:wK,aw cgwf,zgwf; cgif,OD,qof;'K.rldif:wh:/ awtoftK,eK,qof;'K.wif:OAif; bkdef;yef ykef;zgef:ql: qkrf:ygifumef cgif,OD,qof;'K.rldif:wh:eef.uGK,bl,bof./ (tmef:ylifomif: tK,eK,qof;'K.aO vSuf;vhm;pAwf:ulef:rldif:bof.qif, vlduf;wif;tkyf.yldif, yAefrldif:wD, rlof,caI,OD,)wK,awcgwf,zgwf;vh; cgif,OD,qof;'K.wh:eef. cofqif,Mif.uefpAwf:ymif ukrfvlifxSif; wD;ymifvlifrldof; 1946 eef.bl,bof./ ymifukrfymifvlif 1946/ wK,awpAwf:ymifukrfwD;ymifvlif 1946 eef. qof;'K.cofrguf,ymif:yK:cmifsv; cBmif:/ ugyf;oK;rldif:cmif? rldif:cBmif:eh. wkdef:yAefrldif:qof;'K.wh:rK:qArfugef,/ ulef:tef bl,Oof:oh.auK; yAefwh:pmrf.erf/ zhm,ekdif;Orf. rD:rldif:sc,sv; eif,Ndofawqkuf:ref: vh;oh.su;umifsc,sv;rmef;eh. rldif:Oefvgh(cmif? cBmif:? wh:)eh. xkuf,vDyAefrldif:zgrf.

Nrf;qkuf:ref;vlnf;uefehaO wK,awvh;yAefrldif:Oefvgh zgrf.Nrf;uefrK:eef.qof; 'K.cofqif,rguf,ymif:yK: zl;wmifwlofcmif? cBmif:cofbl,bof./ bgef.oK;yAefzl;emrf:eK; tgefNofrmef;sv; P;ayK:vh;vSyf;pAef:N.pefqgrf:eheef. rguf,Mwf;qgrfOkduf:tgif, Omef:bl,aOwK. bgef.rD:umefuGK,IcSif,sv; trf,ckdef;Mwf;aO qkrf:z.O.y.vcof eef. tl:el.? tl:yuBmef:? rmef:ycSif,sv; rBdK:cspfygwDOrf. tl:aqK:auK.wmifwlof cofaO cdkef;Mwf;rK;bl,/ qgrfqkdif;rldif: rldif:rmef;(tif:udwf.)cofauK; qof;'K.cofrguf, ymif:aOwK. coftrf,ckdef;Mwf;rK:eif,uof/ (ymifukrf 1946 wD;ymifvlifeh. vh;pef rmef;wSrf;oh.oK; tif:udwf.auK.Mif. cmif? cBmif:? wh:rK:xlyf:cofehaOwK. wD;sw.trf, 15

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qkdof;yAef qof;'K.wh:cof tgefMif.ulnf: ugyf;oK;tif:udwf.cof bif:trf,ckdef;Mwf;rK: aOauK.vl:ugef,)/ 20.3.1946 awK,xdkif 28.3.1946 qof;'K.tgefpAwf:ymifukrfvlifwD;ymif vlifeef.bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfymifvlif 1946 eef. rmef;cofqkrf:z.O.y.vOrf. ]]tl:el.}}? qkrf: rsKd;cspfygwDOrf. ]]tl:aqK:}}cofNnf:Mif. qof;'K.P;tofrldif:vgwf; vSof:Nrf;rmef;aOwK. qof;'K.cofxAifckdef:aO sevgif;wmif:oK; Ogef,ulofoh.vgif; qldof.cldof:wh: qmif;bAef;phmuGK,qgrf:rmef;sv; wK,awbl,Nrf;rmef;trf,yAefvh;ehrK:bl, bof./ qof;'K.coftkyf,ukrfuefwD;ymifvlif 1946 eef. cofvh;acK;wSyf:wwf:Nrf; uefrK:1. awtofwlof,rD,eD,bmef,pif:acKaO rmef;)/

Odkyf,tofvgwf;vSof:pif:acK(teftrf,udkuf:

2. rldif:Oefvgheif,uef xkuf,Okdyf,pAwf:auK.uefsv; awcgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,qkrf: Oefvgh zgrf.Nrf;uef rldof; February 1947wD;ymifvlifyDawrK:sv;P;cmif? cBmif:cof auK; rldof:vlduf;oh. zl;tgefNofz[ref:/ 3. wK,awpAwf:auK.uefwif:rmef;sw. qof;'K.cofbif:wkduf.euf:q[oh.bl,/ 21.7.1946 awK,xkdif 27.7.1946 qof;'K.cofpAwf:ymifukrfxSif;wD;wgif,uBD: aO vlduf,zl;ygifumifqkrf:cgif,OD,qof;'K.wh:(Executive Committee of the Council of Shan State)sv; wif:OAif;cof;yK:(7)auK./ qkrf:eh.yAefqkrf:tefrD:tK,eK,wArf xlef; wK,awtgefNofeK;umefrldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfyguf;eh.auK; cofzgrf.Nrf;uefaOwSyf:wwf:oK; ulef:Oefvgheif,uefsw. qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifqmof: cldof:z[ref:aO bldif:tmef:pAwf:auK.bl,auK; rmef;sw.wkdef:trf,tmef:pAwf:auK.Nrf; yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefehxSif;bl,bof./ tmef:yluf:ygifrldif:wh:pif:acKtef trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.sv; qof; ckefcAof(qof;'K.rdlif:rdwf;- M.A Cambridge)tgefNofqof;'K.tefN.pefvduf;vhm: arKydif,nK,ckdwf:qef.qldof:eef.aO wdkwf.qefoh.xK;rhmrD;tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:bl,/ rmef;Orf.uloftrf,vh;yK:rldif:wh: yAefrldif:cofsv; rldof;uGK,vmef,wmef,uGK,pAwf:yAefrK: 16

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vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,eef. wkdef:oK;uGK,wkuf:bgef:P;rldif:wh: vh;Nrf; avK:coffee.ulnf:bl,bof./ rldof;sw.sw. bgef.qof;'K.cofpAwf:ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh bof. vkuf.vK:OAof:aO whg,Ohmvlrf:uGK,xK;tgif,Omef:ql:tif:udwf.oh. qArfrldof; 2.1.

1947(tgif,Omef:zSofuGK,vmef,wmef, rldof; 9.1.1947)aOe[:eef. vmwf;oK;(]]tgif,Omef: trf,qkdof;zl;wmifwlofrldif:wh:sv; vgif;rldif:wh: P;qof;'K.vh; rK:tkyf,pif:ulnf:}}ehsv; tif:udwf.auK; trf,zgrf.qgrf:vgif;acK;tef tgif,Omef: wkuf:bgef:wK,rldif:wh:/ xkdifrK: 26.1.1946 vduf;Ohmvlrf: I.y.vtefwSrf;uGK,oK; ]]tgif,Omef:yAef zl;wmifwlofrldif:wh:bl,-ulef:rldif:wh:zgrf.OAif;bof./ teftrf,zgrf. sw. yAefqof;'K.cofulef:qkrf:at,ulnf:}}ehsv; tif:udwf.vh;yAefacK;olef.uGK,aO qif,vh;yefOkef, P;rK;xmrfN.umifq[ ulef:rldif:wh:cof rldof;ymifukrfymifvlif 1947 urf: awrK:eh.ehbl,bof./) bgef.vh;Okef, Olef:wkrfwh:sv;rldif:OefvghrK;sv; qgrfOdkuf:tgif,Omef: tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofrmef;cofauK; qif,zgrf.uefwlif.wdkef,pmof.pSif:sw.sw. qdrf tefcofygh,oh.eef.auK; e[:rldif:wh:eh. wlif.ekdifOlef;OAef:oh.bl,bof./ rldif:wh:eh. rmef;wkdef:pefxkdifoh. yAefrldif:cefxlduf;b[,/ rh.Omuf:? rh.wkdif:? rh.uSef,sv; arK,OSif idkef:? crf:? sp;rD:wif:erf/ rldif:rmef;coffeef. OifoK;trf,yK:rldif:wh:qkdif cmof:bmof: rK:wK,awqkuf:ref;pif:acKeef. vSyf;trf,yAefvh;oh./ vgif;ekdif;Orf. rldof;ymefapK crf:rmef:xkdifOhmOkdyf,vkdef:Okwf:eef. tdifvlnf;qof;'K.cof Nrf;Mrf:yAefrldif:tlnf: vDqgh;Okduf:? qhg;idkef:rK:eef. rmef;cofOgef,olef.oh. yAefrldif:cofbl,wduf:wduf:aO qiftmef:tofavK:ckdef:P;vh;eef.bl,bof./ wD;sw.rldif:wh:eh. trf,qkdof;rldif:vkuf; vAofNrf;uefeheef. cofN.vDbl,auK;wkdef:tmef:tlrftkdef wkdwf.qeftofP;vh; eef.bl,bof./ bgef.rldif:wh:rldif:rmef; trf,qkdof; rldif:vkuf;vAofNrf;uefsv; rlod f;ymefqof; 'K.cofeef. trf,yefrmef;ylef.ckdef;rK;rldif:wh:/ wD;tefpAwf:oh.yAefvghqof;rldif:(udk; NrdKU&Sifewfeef;)tefrD:bl,zhm,w[;bif:rmyifeef. yAefzuf:wlvSefvdefwD;pmrf;wwf: rmef;bof./ ayK:rmef; ylef.eef.rK:qkdif wkdef:xlyf:rhmrD;rldif:wh:urf:vAofbof./ qof; 'K.cofwkdef:pmrf;wwf:oh. trf,yefrmef;ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:/ vSefvdefrmef;sv; wh: 17

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wwf:uefwD;vSefwwf:(vIdif;wuf)bmrf:vSofbif:wkduf.pefyAefvghtgefaO sp.uif; yAefogif,zuf:wlwmif:uK:vwf:cofuGK,bl,aO eldofvghrD:oh.ugif:rl:vSefvdefvl:ugef,/ eh. yAefvgif;wmif:Omuf;aO tefsevh;oK;rldif:qof;'K.wh: trf,Nrf;avK:e[:rldif:apKcrf: rmef; eef.rK:bl,bof./ awK,xkdifymeftif:udwf.eef.auK; pmrf;wwf:oh.vgif;rmef; ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:bl,/ rldof;Okduf:urf,'K,yguf;Ogifeef. qkrf:ulef:ekrf,at:OBL:rldif:wh:(tefaw yAefrK:qkrf:I.y.v)eef. vAef;pAwf:auK.rmef;rK:aO rmef;wkdef:O[,sO;vdrf,yef P;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: ayK:vh;wSuf,tK;uefaO wluf:Okrf:ql:cofuGK,bl,eef.bof./ qof;'K.cofOrf. umefxlyf:rkdof:Nrf;rmef;eef.erfvldofaO qkrf:ulef:ekrf,e[:rldif: wh:/ tif:udwf.sv; qof;'K.auK; wkdef:N.ygif,vgif;vguf:vhm: vdif,vSefuSuf:bguf: rmef;erf? wkdef:arKvdrf,sv.ymef wKyldef;P;wluf:Okrf:ql:cofuGK,eef.auK; pefbl, rldefeif,uGK,Mif.uBymef,rK: wkduf:tif:udwf.bof. zldof,tefN.oK;uBymef,awOkrf:Okduf: eef. vSyf;awtrf,tdifykdif;vh;bof.ehaO ckdef:qlof:tgeftif:udwf.vrf:vlnf:uB ymef,eheef. yAefoh.Omuf;aO,tefekdif;bl,bof./ rmef;eh.cofarKvhm:yIdsb,ydef,vguf:vhm: uof:qgrf:su;umifyldef;/ qof;'K.sv; ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. tlef;tgef,zlduf,qkdef;aO Oifqldof.oK; Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rldif:rmef;eh sw. pAwf:NdofauK;wh:wkdef:awvlrf.vguf:vhm:rmef;bl,eh qof;'K.sv; tif:udwf.cof N.oh.xK;bl,/ vgif;teftif:udwf.eh. wkdef:trf,Ogef,rmef;yAefulef:vDsv; se qof;'K.cofoh.oK; ]]ref:yAeftl;r[:auK;bK, OifoK;ref:yAefrmef;bl,ehqkdif r[:wkdef: bK,bkrf,ref:(If he is a Burmese, even if he is your father don't trust him)}}ehrK: bl,/ qof;'K.cofauK; wkdef:Ogef,olef.N.oh.oK; Oifqldof.Nrf;Mrf:tofrldif:Nrf;rmef; qkdif ohm:vkdef:rK:]]qldof.cldof:'dif;xkif:? vduf;vhm:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:eh. rmef;wkdef:aw

tlrftkdefuGK, P;phmOAif;bof./ rldefrldof;ylef.rK: 70-80 yDbif:yh,rD:eef. wh:qldof: tefqkdrf:cof;uGK,bl,rD;oh.e[:su;umifcofeef. coftlrftkdefphmuGK,OAif;aO xkdifrK:rldof; vAof(1946eef.)trf,arKuGmrf:wh:? trf,N.'dif;xkif:wh:bof.}}eheef. yAefvgif;

tefqof;'K.cofN.xkdifvDimrf:aO vh;yAefacK;urf.xSrftef cofulofwkrf.wldof.qldof.cldof: sv; trf,tmef:Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.bof./ vldofaOeef. rldefeif,yhm:rmuf;rD:? clof: 18

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cgif? cefxdluf;uK;b[,rldif:wh:auK; cofwkdef:awtlrftkdefuGK, vkrf:vkrf:eh qof;'K.cof wkdef:Ogef,N.oh.qArfrldof;eef.rK:sv; qif,tgefueftmef:yluf:wif; rldif:pif:acKtef trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.bof./ rmef;cofOrf.tofvguf:vhm:tefoK; ]]rldif:wh:eh.trf,rD:erf.ymif,vhm,(trf,rD: wK;Ndof:)sv; yAefxkif.vghwmif:wlduf;(Land Lock)ehaO vguf,oh.oK;]]vgif;uK.uyf:Okdyf, ql:eguf;rldif:bmyf,? ayK:trf,Nrf;rldif:rmef;trf,yAef}}eh ydkefoK,wP;cof;qkdrf:oh.e[:tguf:

ulef:ekrf, rldif:wh:(I.y.v)cof P;ayK:c[;Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;xSif;yldifekdif;/ qof;'K. sw. coftrf,olef.Ogef, vgif;eh.yAefoh.yldifvrf,vgif;/ wlnf:tofe[:acK;ykdefzmof, qof;ckefymef:qdif,sv; qof;ckefcAofrldof; 6-11-1945eef. cofqof;tofrldif:atK: qTwD:bK:aO wSuf;seoh.rK:bl, vgif;oK;rldif.Okwf.qK,vmef,? rldif:IlofwD:OBL:qldof: eef. trf,rD:erfymif,vhmaOwK. qkuf:ref;ckdef;b[,yAif:yldef;vh;bl,? ayK:rD:ukef,uK. wmif:chmcef xlduf;uK;b[,qkdif trf,rD:wmif:auK;rldif:c[;uK.chmuyf:Okdyf,awK,eef. N.awpK wmif:aO cof;rK:ql:vh;bl,eheef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:Ogef,N.oh.xK;bl,/ wK,awyluf:wif;yAefvh;rldif:pif:acKvkuf;ekdif;eef. awvh;yAefcldof:ulef:tef uGmrf:vmwf;? vduf;vhm:? 'dif;? xkif: rldefuefNrf;ykdef:vAofuefrK:eef. bl,Oof:qgrf: zSefvdefNrf;uefwif:erf? awvh;rD:yhm:rmuf;rD: wArfxlef;oh.pif:acK? qgrf:vlnf;yldif qldof:eh. rldif:wh:wArfxlef;oh.bl,ul;yldifsv; yAefNdofauK;wkdef:awqkuf:ref; vh;bl, pif:acKeheef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:bkrf,brfoh.wArfxlef;bl,bof./ tgefwmif:Okwf: sw. qof;'K.cof bldif:tmef:tofyAefrldif:wlof,rD,eD,bmefDominion(w[;zgif:irf: tif:udwf.yluf:ygifyefrldif:)aO ayK:arKumefyhm:rldif:? yhm:tkyf.yldif,? yhm:rmuf;rD:? rhm:uyf: Okdyf,wdwf:awK,(e[:rldif:? eguf;rldif:)bof.qif, awtofrldif:vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKehbl, bof./ bgef.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:eh. bmrf;bl,w[; qof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rK: cmof:bkdef:Ndif emef:bof.sv; bkrf,brfeyf.xkdifqof;'K.pSif:ylef.zSofaO ukdif.uif.vSuf;vhm;yldiftkyf. yldif,qof;'K.ySwf;urf:vAofsw. awtrf,yAefvh;/ ulef:rldif:auK; umefyhm:rldif:? umefyhm: tkyf.yldif,uefckdef:auK; awtrf,arKurf:vAof/ N.uK;awvh;tofymef qof;'K.Odkyf, tkyf.yldif,uGK,xK;aO Ogefydkuf.zkduf:yefumefrldif:uGK,qgrf:vhg:vggh:bof.? zl;N.pef? arK yluf:ygif,umefrldif:uldwf,tguf,rK:vh;bof.sw. awtofymefqof;'K. phmuGK,vgh:vgh:/ aw 19

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tofumifq[ulef:rldif: vlduf;zl;wmifwlofulef:rldif: Nrf;avK:qof;'K. tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:uGK, xK;bof. ohm:eef.qif, tofymefqof;'K.phmuGK,aO yluf:ygifyAefrK:rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD, wh:ehbl,bof./ eh.yAef vgif;tefqof;'K.cofbldif:tmef:tkyf.yldif, ugef:wif;rldif:wh: uGK,rldof:eK;rldof;yh,xkdif 1947 eef.bl,bof./ (I.y.v)cofOrf.pefxkdifoK; wK,awOmefcwf:tif:udwf.aO bgef:tofrldif: wh:pif:acKsw. vAyf;awtrf,yAefvh;qArfvlnf;yhm:umefrldif:? yhm:Okduf:trf,rD:Oifsv; ayK:trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;sw. pAwf:NdofauK;wkdef:trf,vh;? N.auK;awvh;Okdyf,yAefcK; w[;rkdof:tif:udwf.xSif;ulnf:bof./ pSif.c[;vh;vgwf;vSof:ylef.aO qif,oK;c[;Mrf:qgrf: rmef;bl,wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ (I.y.v)cofauK; bkrf,brfacK;acBK:omeftgef,yldef; aO uldwf,tguf,rD:rK:q[c[;ykdef;tdif tK:ulof:yldef;? rmif,uldof:bgef:tof Okef,qof;uof ckdef:wD;yldef;? idkef:crf:qdif,OSif clof:xlduf;cefb[, ymeftl;sr;yl,rgefpof:eef. tof yefyldef;bof. rmifuldof:bgef:vgrfbuf.wlnf:ckdef:eef.ulnf:aO qif,c[;Mrf:rmef; bof./ yldifvrf,vgif;vlifsw. (I.y.v)cofbldif:tmef:c[;ylwf:qef.ymef qof;'K.wluf: Nif;aO coftmef:ykwf;wD;qof;'K.ckdef:tkyf.yldif,rldif:eef.bof./ cofauK;xmif,oK; rmef;awbgif;abK:wmif;cofyAefrK:ckeftkyf,yldif,rldif:wh: Nrf;avK:uefwif:rmef;eef. bl,bof./ (I.y.v)cofsw. bldif:tmef:Nrf;Mrf:rmef;bof.aO ckdef:wkuf:bgef:tof 1.P;rD:Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uef 2.P;vh;rhmrD;tkyf.yldifrldif:wh:pif:acK 3.OifoK;c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qkdif P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.bof./ qkrf:tgefNofrldof:wh:rldof;ohm:Okduf:eK; vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKtefrmef;vh;eef. yAefoh.Ogifqkrf:? ekdif; qkrf:bldif:ekdif;yldif trf,Nrf;acK; Nrf;ydlifuefvK:vK:? bldif: tmef:c[;yAef]]rldif:wh:vgwf;vSof:}}eif,uefauK;bK, wmif:uGK,coftrf,rldefuef eif,Ndof awrldefuef Nrf;wmif:uef ywf:zAof;wD,wmif:vlnf;uefeef. cof,trf,pAwf:rK:aO ukrf,pdrfwmif:uef? pof:eif,ueftofrh.Ogwf,wdefuefsv; tgefuefvlrf.tlyf,xl umef:vdefegef: xlof:vlrf.NofOgef;yefyldef;bof.auK; yldef;tofwdefwkdyf;NofayKvh; zSyf.qyf:vdefuGK,eif,uefwif:OAif;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ 20

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tefvh;whmzSyf.wluf:bmuf; cmefudef:qgrf:bl,awK,xkdifpmef.eh.Orf.yAef yD; egif.qldof.cldof:rldif:wh:xSif;ulnf:? tofeh.uGK,oef:vkdef:rldof:eK;auK; awvh;whmzSyf.bAyf, eSef;phmvhm uGK,xSif;uK;Ndof` eheef.z[yh,Ogef,vh;/ Oifqldof.oK;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: Ogifqkrf:eef. cof;tguf,xkuf,arKuef tofuefoK;yK:uefyAefrK:qkdif qgrf:eif,acK; bldif:tmef:cof tefc[;yAefrK: ]]rldif:wh:vgwf;vSof:}}eef.sw. N.awyAefrK: vh;bl, eif,uof,/ ulnf:eK, txmif,trf,sy.wmif:umwf; bgef.qkrf:zl;vmwf;aO trf,xmif, pmif;pAwf:qgrf:vh;eef.bof./ rldof;vAofeh.vl: qkrf:zl;tgefNofwh:rD:oh.vhmqkrf:`J Oifqldof.zl;tgefNof wh: rldof;vAofckdef:awbldif;qldof: zl;tgefNofwh:rldof;eef.rK:xSif;auK; auK.wSrf;ykdef: pmif;phm.sw. awyAefzl;tgefNofeef.ulnf:eif,uof,? zl;rhmykdef:sw. eif,NdofOhm Okdyf,cldof:pof:awN. vh;tefrmef,rAef;zdwf:yldif;sv; P;vh;yAefwgef;Ogefrlef;sr: uGK,rldof:eK;eef. N.awuK;vh;Oguf;pKvAyf:pAef:wSrf;rhmoh.yefulnf:/ ydkef:rldof:eK;pmif;vD pmif;qK.? OK,bK,wkuf.ceheef. rD:wD;zl;tgefNofwh: awtgefuefOkdyf,wSrf;yefuGK, eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ qAwf:JOgifJ sw,tof 1947 eef.rK: 7th February(qAwf:-Ogif)ul;yDruf:ref;yAefrK: ]]oef:wh:}}ehaO ohm:rK:vSuf;vhm;yAefrK: ]]oef:rldif:wh:}}? ]]oef:cdlof:wh:}}ehbl,eef. bof./ ]]oef:wh:}}? ]]oef:rldif:wh:}}ehsv; vSyf;oK;cldof:wh:sv; rldif:wh:qif,sw,rD: rK:rldof;eef.ulnf:auK;rD:/ xkdifbmrf:vAofsw. urf;zgif;bif:c[;vlifvkdrf:uGK,bl,bof./ bgef.qkrf:qldof:tdwf:tgwf:tgefoK; yAefoef:Ogef;w[;rmef;? oef:sw,pAwf:cK;rmef; ehaO qif,q[q[vkdrf: qkdrf:phmuGK,sv; bgef.trf,N.ykdef:vDvDaO qif,vh;tgefuef bkrf,brfruf:ref;qgrf:ihm;aO vlifvkdrf:uGK,ulnf:eif,uof,/ wD;sw.auK; oef:pAwf:cK; rmef;auK; trf,qkdof;? oef:tefwh:sv; rldif:wh:qif,sw,rD:rK:auK; trfqkdof;? yAef oef:tefzl;tgefNofwh:(qof;'K.sv;I.y.v)Nrf;Mrf:uef bldif:tmef:pAwf:umefrldif: wh:Nrf;uefuGK, rldof:eK;eef.bof./ ohm:aOOdkuf:vlrf;'K.bof.aO qof;'K.cofpefxkdif umefrldif:wh:rldof:eK;sv; ohm:aOpAwf:ymifukrfbof. wD;rldif:ukdifxkdifrK: March 1946 eef.qif,Mif.pAwf:ymifukrfvlif 21

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wD;ymifvlif yguf;xdekdif;rK:bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeef. wkdef:ruf:ref;oh.rK:oK; wK,aw cgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.uefeef. ayK:xkdif February 1947qkdifawpAwf: ymifukrfvlifxSif; wD;ymifvlifehrK:bl,bof./ ugyf;eefymifukrfymifvlif 1947eef. rmef;qlof:pAwf:auK;trf,qkdof;? tif:udwf.q[.pAwf:auK; trf,qkdof;? wkdef:yAefqof;'K. cofbldif:bmef:cgwf,zgwf;]]rldif:OefvghNrf;wkrf}}uefsv; qof;'K.auK.tgefpAwf:ulnf: ulnf:eK,wK,awvh;rldif:wh:eef. rmef;wkdef:pKvguf:vhm:ref:bl,aO,aO,aO? rldof; tefuGK,pAwf:rK: vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef: tSwfwvDeef.auK; vh;Okef,rK:P;tof vh;erf.q[zl;tgefNofwh: zgrf.Nrf;rmef;ehsv; yAefvgif;wmif:rmef;rD:pSif:rK:Nnf: Olef:aOK, wkdwf.qeftofwh:eef.bl,bof.? wK,awrK;ckdef;ymifukrfymifvlifeh. wkdef:Ogef,oh.yAeferf.wgef: wK,rmef;bl,vkrf:vkrf:bof.? rmef;rK:ql:wh:aOwK.cmif? cBmif:auK; wh:ayK:qlof:Mif.oh.xK;bl,bof./ ugyf;eef rldif:Nrf;wkrfueftefoK;eef. wh:ckuf:clef.olef.vh;tgefwmif:rmef;sv; ayK:trf,rD:wh: trf,yAefrK:vh; rldif:Nrf; wkrf(jynfaxmifpk)eif,uof,/ tdifvlnf;teftgif,Omef:uGK, tkyf,vgif;rldif:rmef;awvh;vgwf;vSof:aO pAwf: rK:vduf;udefuSef, tgif,Omef:tSwf.wvD,eef. qof;'K.cofauK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;uGK, tkyf,wK,rldif:wh:/ cmif? cBmif:auK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;rD:Okef,uGK,tkyf,ehsv; OifoK;tif: udwf.awMif.tkyf,qkdif ukdif,vDtkyf,qdlif.Nofeheef. rldif:Oefvgheif,uefP;ilyf.iduef vh;sv; zl;wmifwlofwK,awygh,uGK,tkyf,tif:udwf.eef.auK; qgrf:vlnf;rldif:z[ref: tgefuefvlduf;rK:oh.bl,/ wK,awcgwf,zgwf,yAefqkrf: cgif,OD,emrf:eK; rldif:Oefvgh zgrf.Nrf;uefeef.auK; tgefuefpmif;pSef:rK:oh.yK:bl,eif,uof,/ qgrf:eif,teftgif, Omef:uGK, wkuf:bgef:tofrldif:wh: wD;tSwf.wvD,eef. bgef.Ohmvlrf:I.y.vzSofuGK, sv; tif:udwf.qif,vh;bgrf:yefaO e[:vduf;udefuSef, tgif,Omef:tSwf.wvD,eef. wgef;wK,rldif:Oefvgheh. vh;O[,oh.yK:oK; ]]qlof;cmof:umyf;ymefomef;rldif: awvSuf;vhm;

eef. wgef;wK;umifq[ulef:Oefvghcof c[;vh;c[;yAefeif,Ndofeheef. xkuf,awvh; xmrfumifq[cofvDvD rldof;ymifukrfvlifymifvlifurf:awrK;eh.sv; trf,eefauK; ayK:ymif ukrfpif:acKeef.bl,}}ugyf;oK;tif:udwf.cof trf,c[;tofrldif:wh:Nrf;yefrldif:rmef;aO cof auK;olef.Ogef,oh.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:awzgrf.qgrf:vh;ihm;ihm;sv;qif, urfcefoh.eif,ehrK:bl, bof./ 22

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bgef.oK; tgif,Omef:wkuf:bgef:P;vh;tkyf,uefwif:zl;tgefNofrldif:Oefvgh sv; rldof; 29-1-1947eef. zgif:rldif:vlifzhm,yhm:rldif:Oefvghqif,Omif.Olif,P;pmif; pSef:rK: wK,awtkyf,uefwif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:yK:bl,eef.bof./ 3-2-1947 eef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:sw,pAwf:Omif;ymifukrfoh.bl,bof./ vgif;tefbldif:tmef:yluf: wif;rldif:wh:pif:acKeef. cofwSyf:wwf:wK,awcgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,qkdif;wh: tefulef: rldif:sv; qof;'K.cof;yK:ckdif;uefeef.bof./ rldof; 3-2-1947 eef.wK,awpmif; pAef:oh.eef. cofrguf,vmwf;xkdifoh.wD; ulef:rldif:qkrf:tefygifumefyhm:rldif:wh:eef.oK; ayK:xkdif 15-2-1947 rK: awtgefuefvlif:pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;wD;wgif,uBD:sv; Okdyf, ruf:ref;cgwf,zgwf;]]qkrf:cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:}}eef.bl,bof./ tK,eK,rldif:wh:tefqgrfqkdif;rldif: (tif:udwf.) bdyf:oh.rldefeif, idkef:ugifumif? yhm:rhmrD;wwf:Odef? yhm:tkyf,yldifrldif:qldof:eh. tmef:bgef:tof P;rD:e[:rkdof:qkrf:ygifumef cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:eh.bl,bof./ cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:eh.awyAefoh. cgif,OD,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:uGK, bl,eef.bof./ ayK:oK;zgrf.Nrf;vh;q[uefqgrf:eif, acK;wSyf:wwf:eh.bof.auK; 42-1947 eef. qof;'K.cofqif, whg,Ohmvlrf:ql:qgrfqkdif;rldif: vgif;oK;awpAwf:ymif ukrf cgif,OD,qof;'K.aO tmef:vlduf;tofulef:rldif:cof;yK:cgwf,zgwf;pAwf: yAefrK:cgif, OD,qkdif;wh:eheef.sv; xkdifrK:Ohmvlrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif: tefwgyf,rK:vgif;eh. rldof; 62-1947 yAefoh. acK;pmrf;wwf:vgif;awcgwf, zgwf;cgif,OD,tefeh.aO zSofe[:rkdof: qof;'K.cofrK: rldof; 7-2-1947 umifcrf; 7 rlif: wD;ymifvlifeef.bl,bof./ vgif;teftif:udwf.pmrf:eef. qkrf: I.y.vcof zdwf:q[pSif:eK,aO rldof; eef.tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)qif,pdse:qof;'K.oK;]]ukrf,uloftif:udwf.bl,sv; tif: udwf.qif,vh;vlvhmrK:aO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;pmrf;xmwf:rK:vgif;eh.bof. cofpefxdkifoK; ulef:rldif:wh:trf,rD:oh. zhm,qof;'K.sv; cofqif,pwf:sy.udefrK:rguf;eh.bof./}}eh.aO q[.ulef:rldif:Omefcwf:setif:udwf.? q[.Mif.OSef,ayK: tlefeef;uGK,OAif;/ tdifvlnf;Ohmvlrf:tif:udwf.pmrf;wwf:eef. zSofrK:aO vh;yAefvgif;tef qof'K.sv; I.y.vcofNrf;erf.q[uefuGK,sv; xkdifwD;tgefuefpAwf:ymif,ukrfxSif;rldof; 7-2-1947 umifcrf; ohm:aO Ohmvlrf:zSofbof.eef.sv; rldof;eef. qof;bAyf,'K. yAefz;l eif;qkdif;? tl:uBK,yl.yAef zl;uSof:ymif(tcrf;tem;rSL;)bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeh. cofqif,vlduf;wif;cgwf,zgwf;yAefrK: qkrf:]]cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:}}(Shan State Council)tef 23

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ulef:rldif:(7)auK.? qof;'K.(7)auK. wif:OAif;Nrf;(14)auK. cof;Nrf;yK:avK:uefeef. bl,bof./ bldif:tmef:tofcgif,OD,eh.yAef cgif,OD,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:pif:acKuGK,bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeh. eif,uof,tgefuefwSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;rK: qgrfydofwh:vldif? cAof? vSif OmrfODqyf:uef tefumifref:rD:vldefvlifolif:b[,O[ Ndof;sv;tduf,vlnf,uGmrf: wmif,qgrfydofwh:rK:bl,bof./ qgrfydofeh. yuf:bmof:rD: 5'? yuf:ygwf: 3'? vldefeef. eK;rlef:wSuf;umif(tcsif;)rD: 9"/ qgrfydofwh:eh.ruf:ref; 7-2-1947 sv; vh;oK; qof.xK;aO qgrfydofrdil f:Nrf;wkrfuef(5)oef:bl,bof./ rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.qgrf Okduf:tgif,Omef:rD:oh.bl,bef,ukif, bif:yh,rK:zSofymifvlif? wh:sv;rmef;auK; bif:yh, vh;tkyf,OifuefaOtdwf:/ 7-2-1947 tefruf:ref;yAefrK:oef:wh:eh.sw. Ogef,oK;yAefoef:tef qof;'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh: Mrf:yAefq[vAofuefbof. tmef:Omefcwf:tif:udwf.aO tgefNofumefrldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bof./ oef:eh.yAefoef:tef qof;'K.cofse Omuf;aO tmef:toftK,eK,tmyf;yef e[:rkdof:ulef:rldif:uGK,vhg:vgh:bof.? bldif:tmef:yluf: ygifrldif:wh:yAefrK: rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,vkuf;ekdif;eef.bl,bof./ qof;'K.cofbgef,bgrf: wgef,bSef:yefwmef,pkdofauK;bK, I.y.vtrf,pmef.q[aO cSef:ckef,Nuf.wkdwf.qef oAef:egif,tofwduf:wduf:sv; qlduf;Ohmq[wh:qif,vh;cmwf,? yldef;qif,vh;ymwf,qDudef eldof. qldof.cldof:wh:uGK,bl,ul;rkdof.ulef;oef:pkdof`eheef. vh;yAefrK:acK;olef.crfq[ulef: rldif:wh:bl,awK,rldof;vAof/

acK;wSyf:wwf: 7-2-1947 umifoef: 1:00 rlif:eef. cmif? cBmif:? wh:(qof;'K.? I.y.v) cof tkyf,ukrfuefaO wK,awtkyf,rmef;eef. wSyf:wwf:Nrf;acK;uefoh.bl,bof./ rldof;eef. qof;'K.cofurf;zgif; trf,zgrf.qgrf:eif, awtofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:qkrf:aw tkyf,qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:eef. qof;'K.qldof:uwf.cAef,umefrldif:aO olef.oh.wK,rldif: wh: rldof:eK;pif:acKeef. trf,cof;yK:qgrf:/ qkrf:tefcgwf,zgwf;oh.wK,tkyf,rmef; eef.qkdif qof;qmrf,xkef:(qof;'K.rldif:ygef)? vkif:uBK,yl.)? OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,?

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wl:oK:aqK,vkef:? tlvGK,rlif:? tl:xgif,qK,clyf./ wD;eh;vgif;awzgrf.tkyf,rmef;qgrf: eif,acK;wkuf:bgef:qldof:eef. e[:qof;'K.cofeif,uef rD:vgif;cgif.crfuefaOwK. rldefeif,ulef:pmrf.erf cmif? cBmif:? I.y.v? qof;'K.urf;zgif;zgrf.bof.sv; qldof: trf,zgrf.qof;'K.pmrf.at;trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofsv; Ogef,oK;]]tkyf,wlnf:sv;}}ehaO qif,vh;trfoh.rK:bl,bof./ acK;bldif:rhm tefqof;'K.cofrD:oh.eef. qif,oK;trf,qmif; O[,vh;rK:/ vh;yAefacK;pmif;pSef: I.y.vsv;cmif? cBmif:coffeef.ulnf:bof./ acK;tefpmif;pSif:wSyf:wwf:oh. rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.qkdif1.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifwD,rlof,caI,OD,aOsv; P;vh;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uefwif: rmef;?

2.zgif:rldif:vlif(0efBuD;) tefawyAefzl;wmif,wlofrldif:OefvghaO vh;cof;yK:oh.e[: qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef. awvh;rD:Okef,tofykef;zgef: rldif:Oefvghwif:OAif;bof.rof, uK:-P;vh;rD:xSif;Okef,ygifumefqgrf:e[: yhm:sp.uif;rldif:(wyf.Okduf:)? yhm:wdwf:awK,uyf: Okdyf,eguf;rldif:? yhm:cgef,? yhm:vlwf.'h:qldof:eef.xSif;?

3.vduf;Nrf;rhmtgif,Omef: tSwf.wvD,eef. bK,P;vh;rK:uyf:uhm,uefqgrf:Oifwif:rldif: Oefvgh?

4.ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.qkdif c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[ P;vh;rD:Okef,zmwf,tguf,vh;?

5.zmef,wK,ikdef:wgif: udwf.?

q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:eh.

P;vh;wArfxlef;yAif:eif,rldof;ymeftif:

6.P;vh;cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:cgif,OD, rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uef tefawrD:tK,eK,tkyf.yldif, rldif:Oefvghpif:acKaOsv; uyf:Okdyf,rldif:rmef;?

7.P;vh;rD:rhmrD;qdkif;rldif:pif:acKtkyf.yldif,oh. rldif:OefvhgaO vlifygifqkdif;awtrf,vh;cof; qdrfvgif:Oif? 8.ikdef:cgef,iof;qkdif;eef. qgrf:eif,rldif:wh:rD:Okef.vh;eef. qgrf:vlnf;OhmrhmNofulef:aO vh;qgrf:?

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P;cmifsv;cBmif:auK;

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9.OifoK;idkef:q[.wK,rldif:cBmif: trf,ukrfxlef;qkdif P;tofcgef,rldif:rmef;eef.xSrfyef xSif;?

10.P;cBmif:auK; rD:Okef,wSyf:wwf:qgrf:vh; acK;wSyf:wwf:tefcgif,OD,Oefvghzgrf.

Nrf;sv; vlifygifqkdif;wluf:vlif:uefeef. qldof:eh.yAefacK;pmif;pSefwSyf:wwf:oh. rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.rK:bl,bof./ vgif;tefqof;'K.cof vh;zgrf.qgrf:wK,tkyf,rmef;uGK,eheef. N.awvh;ch;ckdef:ykdef: zl;wmif,wloful;qmof:cldof:sv;? rldefeif,zl;wmifwlofcmif ]]OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,}} eef. qArfrldof; 1945 ohm:Okduf:bof.eef. wkdef:bmrf;Nrf;Mrf:uefwif: qgrfOkduf: tgif,Omef: wgef;wK,cmifsv;rmef; Nrf;Mrf:uefehrK:oh.bl,bof./ qkrf:z.O.y.v tefcgwf,zgwf;rD:oh.e[:tldif,cmifeef.auK; yAefref:auK.qgh;xSrfyluf:wif;cgwf,zgwf;rK: oh.bof./ vgif;wK,awtkyf,rmef;eef. ]]Oifqldof.ruf:ref;yef rldif:cmif}}bl,qkdifpAwf: pkdofauK; cmifwkdef:tmef:zgrf.qgrf:bl,bof./ rldof; March 1946 eef.auK; wkdef:tkyf, tlof:wluf:vlif:oh.qgrf:tl:ekbof.sv; qkrf:cmifOrf.yAef OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,auK. tgefNofrK:ulnf:sv; cmifsw.wK,awyAefpSif:zhm, rmef;wkdef:rD:oh.bl,wArfxlef;bof./ rldefeif, zl;tgefNofcBmif:]]omef:wl,rgif,}}auK; qArfrldof; 1920 eef.wkdef: bgrf:yAefq[rmef;sv; qlof:Ogefvduf;rmef;? tif:udwf.Orf.pmrf;wwf: xkdifwD;tgef uefOmefcwf:tif:udwf.aO P;ayK:vh;Ogefvduf;rmef;rK:bl,/ xkdifrK:ymef]]wkdYArmt pnf;t&kH;}}eef.auK; ]]tl:uD,blof,rmef:}}eh. uyf:Okdyf,uefwif:rmef;aO bldif:Omef cwf:tif:udwf.rK:bl,bof./ qArfrldof; 1933 eef. zl;tgefNofcBmif:cof wkuf:bgef;P; vh;Ogef;Mrf:yAefqgrf:rldif:rmef;/ rdol f;Okduf:yguf;Ogifeef.auK; cBmif:cof 400 qlof:uef qgh;xSrfwyf.rmef;rK:bl,/ cBmif:eef.yhm:N.pef? ydif,nK,? yhm:rmuf;rD:? OAef;wmif:uyf: Okdyf,trf,wArfxlef;sv; Oifqldof.rmef;aw qgh;xSrfcofqldof:eh.qkdif cofwkdef:aw zgrf.qgrf:rmef;urf:vAofbl,bof./ wh:Orf.rD:oh.Ogifqkrf: qkrf:I.y.vsv; qof;'K.rldof;eef. I.y.vOrf. wkdef:yAefoh. zhm,Mrf:qgrf:rmef;bl,vkrf:vkrf:? qof;'K.cofyAefulef:pmrf.at,teftrf, zgrf.qgrf:rmef;aOwK. cofOrf.trf,rD:vgif;wkrf.wldof.Olef:wkrfoh.ulef:rldif:/ I.y.vcof sw. yAefe[:ulef:rldif:sv;? erfsv;at,cofrD:vgif;wkrf.wldof.Olef:wkrfulef:rldif:oh.

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aO rldof;eef.ulef:rldif:wh:eh. yhm:N.pefumefrldif: trf,rD:OifrK:? I.y.vtofacK; qif:qof;'K.eef.Olef:wkrfulnf:auK; qkrf:Omefcwf:qof;'K. rldefeif,qkrf:wgif,Ol, (yawOIdwf.awK,vmef,ab:)eef. N.wkdef:qkuf:oh.zhm,I.y.vbl,bof./ eh.yAefyldifvliftefurf.xSrfwK,rldif:wh: wluf:Okrf:bl,bof./ tefrmef;pef xkdifOgef,oh.oK;yAef cldof:rD:ykdef:? rD:idkef:? rD:ydif,nK,? rD:zSefvdefuGmif;cGmifpif:acKaO yAefoh.qmof:cldof:vlifeh. rD:wh:ulnf:sv; cofulofbrfoh.wh:ulnf:? cofwkdef:Ogef,wh:yAef zl;sc.cAif,cofoh.bl,wK,aO,/ eif,pkdofwh:awvh; wluf:w[;cof bl,e[:vguf:cofeh.eef. cofwkdef:zSefumefpmif;pSef:rK:bl,wK,aO,eef.bof./ rldof;eef.auK; wkdef:tofI.y. vyAefcldif;rkdof:cofaO xSuf,bK.bgh;zl;N.pef wK,eK;umefrldif:wh:rK:bl,bof./ ugyf;eefsv;]]oef:wh:}}tefoK;eef. yAefoef:tef cmif? cBmif:? wh:cof pmif;pSef:acK; c[;vh;c[;yAef tefawtkyf,rmef;/ yAefoef:tef qof;'K.sv;I.y. v? qkrf:pAwf:umefrldif:wK,rldif:wh: Ogifqkrf:zgrf.Nrf;cgef;pSif:uefbldif:tmef:wK,ygif umefrldif:wh:uGK, rldof:eK;yAefoef:ruf:ref; qgrfydofwh:? uGmrf:eyf.brfqgrfydofwh:eef. bl,bof./ swtof 1947 eef.rK: ul;yDruf:ref;yAef ]]oef:wh:}}/ ohm:vkdef:Orf. vhm;yAef ]]oef:cldof:wh:}}bof. ckdef:Okdyf,vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:]]oef:rldif:wh:}}ehrK:bl,bof./

zdwf:rldof;wmif:sz vAuf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif 8-2-1947 Nofcrf; 6 rlif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? tl:tgif,qmef,olnf,? ylof,cdef,rgif,uav:? tl:az,cdef,? ylof,xkef:vK.coftgefuef zSofMwf;rK:ymifvlifbl, bof./ ohm:aOwh:(qof;'K.sv; I.y.v)Nrf;uef wluf:vlif:ruf:ref;yAefoef:wh:bof. qif, qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:sv; qkrf:qldof:rmef;cof zSofrK:ymifvlifbl,bof./ 7th February eef. ruf:ref;qgrfydofwh:oh.bof.sv; sw,tof 8th February rK:tofqgrfydofwh:yluf:wif;oh.urf:vAofbl,bof./ rldof;ugef,tgefylef.rK:eef. qgrfydofwh: Nrf;ueftrf,bmrf;rD:rK:? rD:rK:qgrfydofrldif:v[rldif:eef. ulnf:aObmrf:vAofOrf.vh;rD:rK: 27

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qgrfydofwh:Nrf;uefsv; z[auK;N.uK;qlrf:Oldof:? qldof:yh,N.quf:Orf.vgrfbuf.tmrf:awK, uefbl,sw.sw./ 9-2-47 umife[ 9:00 rlif:eef. zl;wmif,wloftif:udwf.cofayK,wgrf,av,? zl;qdOif,zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvgh uRef,avwdef,? tl:wdef,xkwf.? yK:emwf.vSwf.w odwf.cof tgefuefrK:zSofymifvlifbl,bof./ 9-2-47 umife[ 11:00 rlif:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:sw,ymifOlef:wkrf ulef:rldif:Oefvgh? rldof;zSofMwf;rK:wD;awrguf,vmwf;acK;uGmrf:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: rK:wuf.brfqgrfydofwh: tefyluf:oh.eef.tgefwmif:bof.qif, tyf,ukrfvlif.vSif:se xkdifql:ulef:rldif:wh:bl,bof./ rldof;eef.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:vmwf;se vgif;tef ]]rmef;cofvh;cwf:q[aO wkuf:bgef:vmwf;yefrK:wgef;wK, rldif:Oefvghawvh;vgwf; vSof:qgrf:rldif:rmef;/ rldif:Oefvgheh. trf,c[;yeftif:udwf.auK.zgif:irf:? c[;P;ulef: OefvghauK.eh.eef. trf,qkdof;sv;oK;rmef;c[;OlefbK.uof:? tkyf.yldif,rldif:Oefvgh? wkdef:rD:erf.q[aq,weK,qSwf; qmif,P;rldif:OefvghauK; rD:qef.Okef,vh;Okef,yAef zAif,yAif:uefwif:rldif:rmef;ulnf:}}ehbl,bof./ ayK:ymifukrfOlef:wkrfulef:rldif:bof.uGK,bof.auK; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:olef.pef rSef;vguf:vhm:acBK:ogef: toferf.q[qof;'K.P;tlef;tgef,elyf;blyf;rK:sv; qif, tmef:tofwh:pAwf:yAef qgrfygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefauK.tgefwmif:Okwf:ehaO wldif, ymif,tl:az,cdef, rldof;eef.tl:az,cdef,Orf.rkif;pef qof;ckefymef:qdif,(qof;'K. wgif,ySif,)bgef.oK;qof;ckefymef:qdif, bmrf;qhg;xSrfqkrf:cofidkef:pK;ymuf, rldof;tl:az, cdef,wkduf.tgef vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:cofcgwf,zgwf; ]]OrSuf.uvkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:}}eef.rK:? ulnf:eK, rldof;uGK,xmrfOrf. qof;ckefymef:qdif,oK; P;tofqof;Olnf,wSuf; pAwf:awvD bl,ehsv; ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef.qif,tofqof;Olnf,wSuf;pAwf: qgrfygifqkdif; (qlof;cmof:)eef.bl,bof./ 10-2-1947 zl;wmif,wlofulef:rldif:Oefvghsv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:tkyf, ukrfilyf.iduef rldof;eef.zl;wmif,wloftif:udwf. ]]ayK,wgrf,av,}}auK; ckdef:Mwf;xgrf, bdef:yK:bl,/ tefulef:rldif:Oefvghcof wmif,sevgif;c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.qkdif28

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1.c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:?

2.P;rD:Okef,vh;Okef,yAef zAif,yAif:uefwif:rmef;?

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4.P;ruf:ref;yefrldif:cmif?

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6.P;vh;tof]]cgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uef}}eef. ckdef:zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvghpif:acK? 7.rldif:Oefvgh(cmif? cBmif:? wh:)P;vh;cgwf,zgwf;yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;bl,qgrf:uefvkuf;ekdif;?

8.zgif:wSef:(zgif:rldif:vlif 0efBuD;)tefawyK:qgrf:e[:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef. P;vh; tofykef;zgef:zgif:irf: rldif:z[rldif:ref:pif:acKaOrof,uK:yhm:wyf.Okduf:? yhm:wdwf:awK, uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:? yhm:vlwf.'h:? yhm:cgef,qldof:eh. P;vh;N.pef? cwf:Omif;qgrf:vh;ul; vgif;?

9.acK;teftif:udwf.sv;rmef; wluf:vlif:uefoh.pif:acKeef. awtrf,P;vh;uyf:uhm uefwif:wh:sv;cmif?

10.wgef;wK,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: bK,P;rmef;cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf:Oif? ayK:trf,vh;tcGmif. wD;ckefrldif:wh: rmef;awtrf,vh;ckdef;rK:?

11.vduf;vhm:? 'dif;? xkif:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf, vh;rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:? qgrf:eif,acK;wmif,vmwf;qldof:eh. rldof; 10-2-1947 eef. tgif,Omef: wluf:vlif:zgrf.yefvh;urf:vAofeef.qkdif1.bgef.yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefsv; Okef,vh;Okef,yAefN.awvh;zAif,yAif:uefbl,?

29

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2.Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:z[ref:auK; awvh;rD:wArfxlef;bl,? vgif;cof;qdrfzgif:irf:qgrf: awtrf,yefP;vh;rD:?

3.wK,awvlduf;zgif:rldif:vlifekdif;rldif:ekdif;auK.aO cof;yK:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef.sw. trf,yAefvh;? ugyf;oK;e[:qkrf:eef. rD:oh.OmrfwD;ulnf:aO rldof;vAofrD:oh.qgrfOkduf:tgif, Omef:auK.ekdif;? ]]OK,aI:ymwf.rSuf.wl,su,}}auK.ekdif;bof.sv; vlof,xSif;auK.ekdif;ulnf: zl;tefawyefyhm:olef.vh;eef.sw. wkduf.rD:Okef,vlduf;vh;xSif;OgifauK.bl,/ 4.vgif;rmef;sv;tif:udwf. rD:acK;wluf:vlif:uefoh.qldof:eef.auK; - bgef.oK;ulef: Oefvghcoftrf,vh;N.bdef:qgrf:rK:sv; awtrf,vh;P;uAof,cgif.uefwif: ulef:Oefvgh cofeif,uof,/ vgif;acK;qldof:eh.sw. trf,vh;rD:vgif;cgif.crfuef? qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:zgrf. qgrf:bl,ihm;ihm;aO vgif;tefvh;rD:vgif;cgif.crfuefOrf.1.bgef.cmifwkuf:bgef:rldif:cmif/ bgef.vlnf;cmifeh. wkdef:yAefcldof:ulef: tefbl,Oof:qgrf:rldif:wh:rK:ulnf:? xkdifymeftif:udwf.sw,ckdef;rK:rldif:wh: zgif:ckefOmif,wlef;pkif:vkuf.zdkef.apKcrf:rmef; eef. cmifyAeftAefpSif:urf.wkduf:qgh;rK:? xkdifrldof;ckefOmif,yAefqof;'K.eef. cmifcof wkuf:bgef: P;rD:Okef,cmiftkyf.yldif,pif:acKsv; 1892 eef.qif, tif:udwf.vh;ruf: ref;yef Oefvghxkif.cmif? wl:oK:cmif? cgwf;zgwf;yefyK:zl;tkyf.yldifOefvghcmifrK: ulnf:sv;wK,awvh;yAefrK:rldif:cmifeef. cmifcof qif,wkuf:bgef: pmof.pSif:bl,eef. bof./ wK,awcgwf,zgwf; P;vh;yAefrK:rldif:cmifeef.Orf. ayK:trf,toftldif,omef;arK, sv; rBdwf.uBD:eK:cof;avK:yK: trf,yAefvh;? ulnf:eK,wD:omef;arK,sv; rBdwf.uBD:eK: eh.Orf. yAefwh:bl,Oof:oh.pmrf.erf/ qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD:qkdif;rldif: 1935eef. Ogiftldif, eh.cof;yK:oh.e[:rldif:wgef;Ogif(rldif:Oefvghtefyhm: rldif:ckdwf:qef.Political Advanced) aO pmrf;wwf:oh. vgif;awtofcof;avK:qkrf:rldif:wgef;ekdif;(rldif:Oefvghtefyhm:rldif: trf,ckdwf:qef.Less Political Advanced)sv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; trf,qmif; Omefcwf:rl,yldifrhmrD: 1935 eef.aO wSyf:wwf:yefvh;P;yAefrK: rldif:cmif/ 30

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2.wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,cdkef:? qof;'K.cofwe kd f:bldif:tmef: yluf:ygifrldif:pif:acKaOwK. rldof;tefrK:tkyf, uefeef. cmif? cBmif:? I.y.vcofOrf. bldif:Nrf;Mrf:tofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:rmef;sv;rldof; eef.qof;'K.cof qkrf:vAofxAiftrf,vh;aO qif,tofacK;]]c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[ P;vh;zmwf,tguf,}}eh. Okdyf,wkuf:bgef:pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:? bgef.oK;ulofOkrf:rldif:qgrf:uGK, yIdsb,yldef;sv; qof;'K.cofqif,wkuf:bgef:pSif:bl,bof./ vgif;eh.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Orf.oK;]]pof:bif:yh,vh; Nrf;Mrf:uefOlayK:vmwf;

vgif;awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:bl,eh. trf,yhOmif,xkuf,blof.}}ehsv; rldof;eef. qof;'K. cofqif,oK;]]ayK:trf,rD:Okef,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qkdif rldif:wh:pof:trf,tofvgwf;vSof:Mrf: Olvh;}}ehaO vh;yAefvgif;xAifuefpmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:rK:bl,sw.sw.Jvgif;tefqof; 'K.cof tgefNofcmif? cBmif:aO pmif;pSef:y[.oh. qgrf:vlnf,acK;tefxkuf,vh;xkuf,yAef sv; wkuf:bgef:oh.qldof:eh.yAef vgif;tefwkrf.wldof.umifq[ bldif:tmef:rmef;cofwif: erf? qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; ilyf.idtrf,vh;? qof;'K.auK; acK;c[;vh;c[;yAefqldof: eef. trf,cmrf,bgrf:vlwf:vlif:vK:vK:sv; vh;yAefoh.acK;cAif;cSifql:uefbl,/

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qkrf:I.y.vcof Nnf:Mif.rK:ulef: wgif,uBD:? bgifNnf;umwf,avK.? phm:olof:? yif: TwK.? vguf:qguf.? vghacK? uK;yAefegif? xeK? ytlof:? wgif,blof:? rmef;? auK,IcK: trf,ukdwf:? zSofMwf;aO rK:Mif.OSef,ymof,pSif:urf.xSrf P;Mrf:rmef;/ I.y.vvSefMif. cofoK;awuGK,ygh: ]]rif;pkH}}ymifvlifehaO q[.ckdef;vlwf.(uK:)? rldof;ymefqof;'K.eef. ayK:oK;yAefygh:qof;'K.ehqkdif rD:qmwf;OSif:? rD:ymifawK,ymifvgif:? cofzuf:auK; vAif. vhmvhmsv; z[auK;c[;tgefuef rK:cof;ygh:qof;'K.bof./ vldofaOeef.urf:eh. Orf. oK;yAefygh:tefqof;'K.coftkyf,rmef; wK,awtofrldif:vgwf;vSof:ehsv; cSef:yAef vgif;vmuf,vhm:wK,ulef:rldif:? bgef.rldof;ugef,tgefeef. trf,Ol;wgef.bmrf;pef? bmrf; bdef:rK:sv; z[auK;qif,c[;Mwf;c[;zSof? tofvlwf.uK:pyf.Mif:uGK,sv; urf;zgif;Orf. xmif,oK; qof;'K.q[.rK:pyf.ehaO qlof:uefpdrfzdkwf.cdkef;cD,uK:rK:qgrf: qkrf:I.y.v bl,sw.bof./ ugyf;eefuK: 60 vrf: vkuf.ul;oAif:oAif:aO zSofrK:ymifvlifbl,bof./ rldof;tefqgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:tmef:rldof:eef. tl:az,cdef,uGK,vmwf;se tl:wdef, at:sv; tl:wdef,at:Orf. q[.P;ulef:I.y.vref: qlof:Mif.OSef,urf.xSrf;rmef;oK; ]]P;yefvgwf;vSof:ugef:acK urf:vAof? wh:sv;rmef; Nrf;Mrf:uef? wh:sv;

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tkyf,ukrfuefxSif;? vgif;tefwkuf:bgef:oh. wgef;wK,awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:? P;vh; tofcgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uefckdef:vh; zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvghqldof:eh. qgrfOkduf: tgif,Omef:Orf. trf,bgrf:zgrf.vh;/ qof;qmrf,xkef:(rldif:ygef)? qof;Olnf,wSuf;sv; qkrf:I.y.vcofOrf. c[;P;vlwf:bgrf:ql:yef rguf;eif,tgif,Omef:awzgrf.eef.bl, bof./ e[:qof;'K.auK;vh;wSuf;yAefrK: qkrf:awzgrf.sv;qkrf:trf,zgrf.? rldefeif, qof;qmrf,xkef:sv; qof;'K.urf;zgif;Orf. c[;bgrf:bgef,vlif:aOwK.? qof;'K.urf; zgif;Orf. ]]Okef,rldif:pof:pif:acKeh. pof:trf,bgrf:vh;? qArfrdlof;yh,Nrf;Mrf:uefeh.

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qof;qmrf,xkef:sv; qkrf:I.y.vcofOrf.oK; ayK:cofawbgrf:qgrf:yefeif, acK;tefpof:tgefuefpmif;pSif: wkuf:bgef:oh.eh.sw. qlof;yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:eh. pof: 33

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Nrf;Mrf:cofqlof;uSyf.wlnf:awvDbl,/ qof;qmrf,xkef:? qof;Olnf,wSuf;sv; I.y.v cofqof;tgefuefckdef:wSrf; rhmzkdefwK,awwmif,vmwf;wD; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:bof. tgefuefuGK,ql:tkyf,vmwf;wD; Okrf.egef:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:eef.bl,bof./ rldof; eef.zhm,rmef;cof rD:oh.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? OK,rgif,uBD:? tl:wdef,xkwf.? tl:tgif, qmef,olnf,? wcdwf,owdef,? tl:azcdef,oh.bl,/ coftkyf,ukrfilyf.iduefvh; bgef.qgrf Okduf:tgif,Omef:auK; yAefvh;uK;pkdofauK; bgef,yefql:wmef,eef.aO xkdifwD;ayK:vh; zgrf.q[uefuGK,bl,bof./ xkdifrK: 11-2-1947 umife[ 9 rlif:rK:? qgrf:vlnf;zkdeftefulef:Oefvgh cof wmif,wkuf:bgef:rK:eef.aO qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: pAwf:ymifukrfuefwif:zl;tgef Nofwh:? cmif? cBmif:aO wluf:vlif:yefqgrf:rK:eif, acK;zhm,w[;eh.bl,bof./ 1.P;vh;yAefumefwK,qldof.cldof:zgrf.Nrf;uefsv; awtoftldif,v[O[,yK:ehyh,ruf:ref;aO qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifeef. awzgrf.qgrf:yefvgif;ruf:ref:rldif:cmifbl,?

2.wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.auK; ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif: rK:? qgrf:eif,umifq[ulef:eldofOefvghcof wSyf:wwf:eef. awvh;rD:Okef,qgrf:eif, umifq[ ulef:Oefvghvh;bl,/(ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:rK: qif,ugh;ckdef: tkyf,uefvgif;eh.xSif;)?

3.qgrf:vlnf;tefpof:awNrf;Mrf:uefqlof;uAyf.(qlof;yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:eh.)awtrf,yef P;wkrf.wldof.wK,zmwf,tguf,sv; Nrf;Mrf:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.eif,uof,?

4.Oifqldof.oK;Nrf;Mrf:rldof;vAofaO ohm:eh.rK:c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:auK; awvh;zmwf,tguf, bl,?

5.Oifqldof.oK; wD;ymifukrfrlef.sr: yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:eef. wSyf:wwf:vgif;rldof;vAoftrf, c[;Nrf;Mrf:aOwK. ohm:vkdef:rK:ckdef:c[;Nrf;Mrf:ehauK; rldof;v[aOrof,oK; awpyf.vgif; Nrf;Mrf:bl,wK,aO? 6.OifoK;Nrf;Mrf:auK; qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,aO awvh;rD:Okef,vh;Okef, yAefqef.zAifyAif:uefwif:rmef;bl, ul;vgif;vgif;?

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7.wgef;wK,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:eh. wkdef:awtrf,cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf: vgif;Oif? aw vh;rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;pif:acKbl,? rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:wh:auK; awP;vh;rD:pif:acKbl,?

8.vduf;vhm:? 'dif;xkif:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf, yefvh;rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:?

9.idkef:q[.qhm,wgef;wK,rldif:z[rldif:ref:eef.auK; rldif:OefvghcofawP;vh;vldofwgef:rK: aO ymeftif:udwf./ ymifukrf 11-2-1947 eh.yAef ymifukrfteftkyf,ukrfuefvlif.vlif.vSif:vSif: aO ayK:oK;vh;acK;wluf:vlif:wD; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:bof.auK; tgefuefzgrf.qgrf: wK,awwluf:vlif:qgrf: vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef.bl,bof./ 11-2-1947 umifcrf: 5 rlif: uGK,tkyf,vmwf;sewD;ayK,wgrf,av,sv; rldof;eef. ayK,wgrf,av,qif,xmrfoK; ]]tefOltmef:Mrf:rmef;eh. awyAefwgef;wK,qlof:Ol,yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKeh. ulnf:sw.bl,pK.`}}ehvl:ugef, tif:udwf.cofayK:rD:vgif;euf:q[wmifulef:Oefvghcofoh. bl, qArfrldof;eef.bof./ qof;'K.qldof:rD:ykdef.N.umefrldif:? umefqldof.cldof:qldof:rD:ydif,nK,eef. vmwf; auK;bgef.qof;'K.rf;zgif;sv; qkrf:I.y.vcof trf,bkrf,brfaOrof,uK: trf,rD:umef xlyf:rdkof:yhm:rldif:? bkrf,brfeldofzl;tgefNofrmef;ylef.zSof? pSif.c[;vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK oh:oh:eK,zSofsv; vh;yAefwmif:zdwf:vlifrK:bl,bof./ cofxmif,oK;cofqkdof;q[;aO vgif; tefqof;'K.qldof:N.pef? olef.Ogefrldof:eK;eef. vmwf;OifauK; coftrf,bkrf,? trf,tof/ tgefuefOgef,olef.rofrmifaO wSyf:wwf:sv; qif,vh;qlof:zgrf.vlif: vhm:rkdof:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef.rK:bl,bof./ e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. qof;'K.qldof:teftrf,bgrf:zgrf.tofvgwf;vSof: qgrf:rmef;eef. wkdef:trf,vlif:vhm:rkdof:? rldefeif,qof;'K.rldif:rdwf; qof;ckefcAof? qof;'K.OD,OSifqof;ckefuBD,? qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;uBK,OSifcof qof;qldof:eh.yAef zl; tefolef.Ogefyluf:ygif wgef;wK,rldif:wh:rldof:eK; sw.sw.oK;oK;aOwK. ugyf;Oifcof qof; trf,vlif:vhm:rkdof:qgrf:eheef. yAefacK;vDolef.sw.sw./ 35

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vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. qof;'K.(6)qof;? I.y.v(8)auK.? cmif(3)auK.? cBmif:(3)auK.sv; zhm,rmef;sw. rD:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf:aOtgefuef vlif:vhm:rkdof:ruf:ref;uGK,/ rldif:wh:eh. ulef:vh;vlif:vhm:rkdof:erfaOyldef;? ugyf;Oifzhm, rmef;Orf. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf: vlif:vhm:rkdof:uGK,tefoK;eef. yAefacK; xkuf,olef.clef.pKbl,sw.sw./ 12-2-1947 umife[ 11 rlif:eef. tgefuefwluf: vlif:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifsv; acK;tefyK:oh.e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmeef. wD;uSyf;ref:qkdif1.wgef;wK,tofulef:Oefvgh cof;yK:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef.auK.ekdif;? uSrfOgifauK.?

2.Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:Oefvgheef. awtrf,yefP;vh;bgrf:vldofaOrldof;vAof? awP; vh;rD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,pif:acKbl,?

3.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,aO awpyf.cmrf,vgif;ruf:ref;rldif:cmif?

4.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,eef. awvh;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uefbl,?

5.Okef,q[qhm,idkef:wK,rldif:wh: awvh;rldefckdef:eif,rldof;vAof(ymefqif:udwf.)?

6.ikdef:cgef,tefrD:oh.e[:zmef,wK, rldif:Nrf;wkrfeh. awvh;tofq[.qhm,xldrfymrf.yef yK:cmifsv;cBmif:? acK;Nyf;vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifsw. rD:eh.ulnf: ]]wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:

eef. ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:rK:qif,awckdif:tkyf.uefaOwSyf:wwf: ckdef:}}eef.sw.? coftrf,O[,seyK:/ Oifqldof.trf,yK: vgif;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:

ehqkdif zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofrldof;eef.auK; N.wkdef:awtrf,bgrf:zgrf.vlif:vhm:rkdof: wD;vduf;Nrf;rhmeif,uof,? bgef.yK: vgif;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:bl,sv; qif,tgef uefvlif:vhm:rkdof:aO yAefrK:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifoh.bl,bof./

e[:su; 7th February awK,xkdif 12th February eef. vh;rD:acK;wluf:vlif: uefaOwK. xkdifwD;rK:pAwf:vduf;Nrf;rhmqkdif rD:vgif;Nif;phmoh.bl,wif:erf/ eef.qkdif1.wgef;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:?

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2.qgrf:vlnf;Nrf;Mrf:uefqlof;uSyf.eh. zmwf,tguf, Nrf;Mrf:rldof:eK;?

awtrf,yefP;vh;yAefvgif;wkrf.wldof.wK,aw

3.rldof;vAofNrf;Mrf:aO rldof:eK;c[;zmwf,auK;vh;bl,?

4.wD;ymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:wif;qkdif;rldif:eef. tgefuefwSyf:wwf:oK; trf,c[;Nrf;Mrf: ehauK;vh;bl,?

5.rhmrD:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: awvh;rD:pif:acKaO Okef,tkyf.yldif,rD:vh;pif:acK/ awtrf,P; rD:vgif;cof;qdrfbK.uof:vgif;Oif? 6.vduf;vhm:'dif;xkif:uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf,yefP; rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:OifaO qldof.aOyldif?

7.idkef:q[.qhm,wgef;wK, rldif:Oefvgh awP;vh;vldofwgef:rK:aO ymeftif:udwf.? vgif;tefvh;pAwf: vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifNrf;uefrK:eef.sw. cmifcofvh;uGK,rldif: vkuf;ekdif;(serldif:tefekdif;)vkrf:vkrf:? cBmif:auK;qef.bl,Oof:cofvh;OkifrK:? wh: Orf.rD:erf.wgef:Oif` wkdef:rD:vgif;wluf:Okrf:rK:vhmvhmeef.ulnf:? Oifqldof.oK; zl; tgefNofrmef;cof rD:erf.q[qSwf;qmif, tmef:c[;P;rldif:wh: cldof:wh:vDwgef:ckdef;b[, bl,sw.sw.qkdif cofawtrf,txrf,rwkuf:bgef: Olef:aOK,tofrldif:wh: P;vh;eif, uof,blof.? cofwkdef:tmef:tofrldif:wh:yAefvdefcof tmef:tofwh:pAwf:cK;Okrf:Okduf: awK,coffee.ulnf:sv; qif,tof,yIdsb,sOblif:bK.uof: P;vh;rof:bmyf,bl,pmef.eh. pkdofJ`/ auK.tefyAef cldif;rkdof:vlifcofrK:whg,? zK,? bK.P;zl;tgefNofwh:wSuf,yAefuGK, Ogifqkrf:eef.sw.]]tl:az,cdef,}}bof./ bgef.ref: vsyf;awNnf:Mif.tofvh;qkrf: ulef:ekrf,rldif:wh:sv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: qif,q[.ref:rK:ygifumefawK,rldif:wh:bl, bof./ ohm:aO qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; vh;cmrf,rgwf,Mh:wdefuGK,bof.eef.? tl:az, cdef,auK.ekdif;auK; tl:ek.q[.ref:uGK,pAwf:zgif:cAofrldif:(oHtrwf-ygupรถwef)wD;eguf; rldif:rldof; August 1947 eef.xSif;urf:vAofbl,bof./ bgef.coftrf,c[;P; ulef:tefN. 37

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pefbdef:qgrf:acK;ref;uSef, tefyefoh.wh:eh. Okdyf,rD:oh.sv; qif,q[q[.ref:tguf, rldif:uGK,bl,bof./ zl;tgefNofrmef;cofsw. cofwkdef:vAyf;pAef:umefrldif:wK,aO/ umefrldif:tef oK;eef. tdifeldofykdef:rldif:? ykdef:cldof:ulef: 75|(ekdif;ymuf,eef.qAwf:Odyf:pK;ykef;) bl,bof./ bgef.rmef;cofN.ydkef:sv; cofqif,N.oh.vgif;wh:sv;rmef;/ ayK:tofykdef:oK; qkdif wh:eh.wkdef:yAefcldof:rldif:pif:acK rD:ckefrkeftlzkif:b[,zgif:irf:rK:yAefcldof:ulef: qef.Okifpkdifemef: tmef,NofpAifyDvldofwgef:rmef;rK:sv; tefrmef;cofawvh;zmef? phm? whm? rlnf.bl,wK,aO,bof./ zl;tgefNofwh:Orf. trf,wgef.tgefuefOguf;pKvAyf;pAef:rK:aOrof,uK: pof: yAefOif? rD:Oif? zl;cAefpof:yAefz[? z[sc.cAif,pof:? pof:ukdif,vD'mif.z[eheef.trf, wgef.tgefuefN.rK:sv; trf,wgef.xkuf,rSef;uefrK:aOyguf;/ bgef.trf,N.pefOif sv;qif, trf,xkuf,uef? sc.cAif,uefbl,wduf:wduf:/ trf,wgef.arKOgef,'mif.pmif; pSef:y[.oh.zl;cAef/ trf,rD:vgif;pmif; pSef:wK,cmof:eK; bkdef:bmof:aO]]urf.ref:awK, rK:uGK;? zSofwKv[ uAof;wKeef.uGK;? tofiof: vhm:ref:oK;uGK;}}ehaO pAwf:Omif;bl,urf. ref:awK,urf.ref:yAef trf,rD:vguf:vhm:pmif;pSef: wK,yhm:rldif:Oifawtrf,yAefvh;vgif; vD/ wK,awuK;seyldef;qlof;uSyf.ulnf:auK; ayK:trf,zkduf:oh. awpAwf:pkdofuK;/ umef tgefNofxkdifcldof:omef;rldif:sv; awwlnf:iof:vhm:aO pAwf:eheef. awyAefvh;? trf,yAefvh;eh vDOgef,olef.uefsw.sw./ yldef;Orf.wkdef:pmif;vguf:oh.wK,aO eif,pkdofawcof;vguf;yldef;auK;yldef;wkdef: zSefumefqgrf:eif, cyf:rhmwArfxlef;aO cof;ql:pof:? rmifyguf;pof:eif,uefOrf.uSwf, uefP;uGK,wluf:vguf:yldef;bl,wduf:wduf:/ zhmOvldoftrf,rD:zSefumefpmif;pSef:aOrof,uK: ukrfuh.egef:eluf,? wluf,bdif:? vgif:? bK;? vof; bl,ulnf:sv; zldof,tefyldef;zSofrK: pdrf:pof:eef. eSwf;eSwf:wkdef,rK:auK;bK, awtofOif? pAwf:Oif? auK;trf,qmif;? yefyldef;bmif; ckdef;bAyf,Nofpof:bof. vlrf.whmuGK,auK; bif:trf,wef:vh;N.vgif;oK; qof;uof,whmbgef.OifJ auK.trf,whmauK; rldof;N.eef.ayK: wluf:vkdef:ySwf;bof./ yldef;tofrdwf;iKbAwf;yAyf.? bAwf;acK:ayK:trf,qmif;wlif.wlofaOtdwf:bof.vl:ugef,/

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z[rK:pAwf:auK.Mrf:wh:auK; yldef;rK:ugwf,acK;qluf:xlifpof: tofclof:cgife[:xgif: uGK,OAif;aOrof,uK:/ yhmrK:tofrdwf;bAwf;yArf.pof:vh;wmifxSif;? wK,P;wh:arKugwf,acK: qluf:xlif? iSef:ulifumif;acK:yldef;sw. trf,yAef? trf,arKrK:aOyguf;/ yAefOldoftrf,rD:ugif.auK; rldefrSof:? yAefil:trf,rD:ugif.auK; rldefyKbAef,}}ulnf: eheef. vDN.uefbl,? ukrf,xAif? xldrfuefbl,sw. rSof:sv;yKbAef,awzSofeldofcAif bof./ uK;ylef.rK:eef. wh:ehrldef]]rSof:}}ulnf: ayK:pefuefauK; arKcmif:awK,uef? awudefauK; cmif:awK,uef? pdrfuef? clyf:uef? buf:buf:bhm:bhm:? umyf;umyf;qef qefbl,wK,aOsv; vSyf;phmsw.sw./ ulnf:eK,ayK:rD:az:? rD:cAefrK:sw. trf, wgef.pwf:awK,Ol; ckdef:aOyguf;/ wlofvAofauK;eif,eef zkifvlifauK;eif,eef tAef,yhm;pmifayK:Okdof;/ OAifcmif:arK:OD:JOD:auK;wD;sw. ulofyhm;trf,vgwf;sv; cmif: ulnf:/ wmif:cmif:wif:yhm;bof./ pefbl,yldef;Nyf,clyf:rSof:zkifpof:eef.bl,auK; bK,oK; awqgh;yhmvSef;zhmzhm P;ylef.uhySwf; xSif;ql:ugef,/ rmef;cofsw.rldef zkifrKbof.? awudefauK; pdrfuef? clyf:uefeif,zkifrSof:auK;bK, ayK:rD:cAefrK:sw. qgh;uefclyf: wmyf,umyf;ckdef:wK,aO,/ rmifwlofclyf:Nof? rmifwlofclyf:pmif? rmifwlofumyf;wkdwf. ykrfcD;pK, Oh;vhm:yldef,ayK:tguf,yAefclwf:rK:sv; zl;cAefcof ayK:bguf:bghughrlnf.yAefzgifuGK,OAif; bl,bof./ wK,awygh,ySwf;vSef;yhm;oh.udkwf:uefeef. coftrf,pAwf:/ wh:sw.trf,tgefOgef,N.arKvl bldif;vlbh: zl;cAefpof:eef.rK:aOyguf;/ wK,awtofyAefwgef;Ogefrlef.sr:ckdef: P;vDauK; trf,N.aOyhmoK;]]pof:yAefcldof:Odlof sv; pkdofawzgrf.uefvh;? Oldofeh.rAof:bl,vlnf;uefyAefzkif trf,qkdof;}}ehsv;Oif? rmifyguf;auK;Orf.oK; ]]wh:eh.qArfrldof;ugef,rldof;rkdef.wrf.trf,wgef.zgrf.uefrK:sv,rldof; vAofauK; pkdofawzgrf.uefv;}}ehsv;Oif? ayK:yefyhm:olef.? wmif:pefxkdif? acK; rlef.sr:uefauK; bK,oK;awtof yhmvmwf;ckdef:]]ayK:r[:uBK. r[:trf,auK.rK:pAwf:vK,}}eh aO tofyAefvgif;pefxkdifzdwf:zSuf,? wSuf,uof,wSuf,r[,? wSuf,bhm;yhm;uefbl,wduf:wduf: sv; pKrldof;tAefpSif:awb[,rmuf; sc.cAif,yldef;ckdef:vh;eef. trf,yh,wgefrD:rK:aO yguf;/ pKawb[,rK:ulnf: ayK:bhm;xK;bl,wK,aObof./ ugyf;OifJ` eh xkuf,clef.?

Oguf;pKaO rlef.sr:umifq[z[ref:uGK,sw. awvDwgef:uwf.cSef,rK:aOyldef;bl,/

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zl;cof;yK:vlif:vhm:rkdof:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif 12-2-1947

Okdyf,OAef;zdwf: bgef.qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof zgrf.Mrf:wluf:vlif:qgrf:rmef: oh. eK,ylef.sv; tif:udwf.cofayK: ukdif.uif.tmrf:uGK,bl,bof./ qgrf:eif,vh;wluf:vlif:uef oh.wif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: tmef:cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:qgyf,xmrfumifq[ulef:rldif:eef.qif, ygh,tif:udwf.tgefNofaO rK:vAyf;pAef:umifq[ulef:rldif:Oefvghcof rldof; 11-4-1947 awK,xkdif 21-4-1947 eef.bl,bof./ rhmzdkefacK;wgyf,ulef:OefvghauK; Nyf;wkrf acK;wgyf,sw. tgefuefoK; ]]Oifqldof.rmef;awzgrf.qgrf: acK;wluf:vlif:bl,qkdif aw zgrf.tofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:rmef;}}ehsv; tif:udwf.auK; trf,qmif;pAwf:yefxSif;qldif. pkdofaO xkdifwD;vh;urf.xSrfyef vgif;awNrf;Mrf:rmef;aO tofvgwf;vSof:uGK,eef. ulnf:bl,bof./ 40

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bgef.eefsv; wh:auK;qif,vh;Nrf;cof;yK:rK:qkrf:tefwdkwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif; rldif: 1947 eef.rK:bl,bof./ wK,awwkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh. qgrfOkduf:tgif, Omef: tgefNofqkrf: z.O.y.vcofaO sw,pmif;pSef:oh.xK; qArfrldof; 19-5-1947 awK,xdkif 23-5-1947 eef.bl,bof./ rldof; 20-5-1947 wD;ymifukrfz.O.y.v cofaw sw,pmif;pSef:rhmyldifqkdif;rldif:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Oif,vmwf;ulef:ref:oK; ]]ulef:qmof:clof:b[,tefoK;eef. yAefcdlof:ulef:tefrD:ykdef: rK:pkdifemef:aO qgrf:

vlnf;wD;bl,Oof:pkdifemef:rK:? uGmrf:vmwf;? yhm:rmuf;rD:? zSefvdef'dif;xkif: Nrf,vgrf. oh.yAefrl,yAefqkrf: wkrfcgef:Nrf;vlnf;rldefuef yAefulef:cldof:vAofNrf;bl,qgrf:uefwif: erfeef.bof./ ugyf;eef e[:rldif:rmef;eh. ulef:qmof:cldof:b[,tefoK;eef. rD:wh: ulnf:/ cmif? cBmif:? bmif:vSif? bmif:zlduf,coffeef. coftrf,wArfxlef;vh;yldifqmof:cldof: b[,}}ehoh.bl,/

rldof;eef. rmef;cofpmif;pSef:wkdwf.qefoh. rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:pkdifpK;oef:aO rhmrD; wK,wmif,vmwf;ruf:ref;eef. cofwkdwf.qefoh.yldifuBmrf:? rD:(14)yldif? rhmrD;yldifuBmrf: (ykdef.iof;)14 yldifeh. cgyf,rwD,tef]]OD;jr}}sv;]]OD;csefxGef;}}cofNrf;uefwkdwf.qef oh.xK;bl,bof./ wK,qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh. OD;csefxGef; uGK, rldif:FuK:vrf(India)wD;ebl: sw,vD(New Delhi)aO uGK,bgef:yhm:olef.rK:wD;]]OK,yD,tdefIGif:}}bl,bof./ xkdifwD;wmif,vmwf;rhmyldifqkdif;rldif:auK; yAefcofvmwf;? cofurf.xSrfaO wSyf: wwf:pAwf:uGK,ulnf:? rldof;awwmif,qkdof;rldif:eef. rmef;cofvlduf;oh. Union(rldif:Nrf;uef) eheef. qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofwh:cof trf,zgrf.? c[;P;wmif,Federal(rldif:Mrf:uef) ehaOwK. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:xAifaO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;wmif,yAefrK: Union eef.bl, bof./ rldof;eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:vmwf;oK; ]]trf,tofuGmrf:tif:udwf.yAefyldifiof:?

awtofuGmrf:rmef:yAef yldifiof:uGK,ulnf:sv; acK;tif:udwf.eef. trf,vrf,vgif;? acK; rmef; jynfaxmifpk eef.ulnf:vrf.vgif;? acK;tefawOkdyf,qefwkdwf.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: auK; awtofacK;rmef; Okdyf,qefwkdwf.q[.wkdof:uGK,ulnf:}}oK;eh/

rldif:tefruf:ref; udefuSef,uefoh.oK;Okef, vh;Okef,yAefzAifyAif:ueftef oK;eef. ugyf;OifOrf.awtofuGmrf:rmef;yAefyldifuGmrf:iof;rldif:` rldof;ymefeef. qof; 'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof trf,arKugmrf:rmef;vDvD? bgef.vh;bl,w[;tif:udwf.zgif:irf:oh.

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pif:acK 60 yDbof.sv; pmrf.erfarKuGmrf:tif:udwf.ulnf:? umeftefawOkdyf,Nrf;Mrf: pAwf:Omif;uGK,qgrf:uef rldefeif,wkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:? wgef;wK,wSyf:wwf:ykef;rldif: z[rldif:ref: rldof:eK;eef. Orf.oK;awtofvduf;rmef; acK;uGmrf:rmef;yAefyldifykdef.iof; ehqkdif pAwf:pkdofsv; zl;tgefNofwh: awN.ygif,vlif.vSif:vh; qgrf:ul;acK; ul;yldif/ bgef.vh;yAefrldif:tif:udwf.zgif:irf:rK:sv; vh;Ogefvduf;? uGmrf:tif:udwf.? wD;vkrf: auK; vh;q[.wkdof:vduf;wh:? vduf;tif:udwf.rK:ulnf:/ qof;'K.tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofwh:pmrf.erf arKumwf.uBmif,? vduf;? uGmrf:tif: udwf./ vduf;? uGmrf:rmef;eh.trf,bmrf;rD;wD;q[.wkdof:rK:vl:ugef,/ uGmrf:rmef;? vduf;rmef; tefvmwf;awK,uef Okdof;Okdof;ulnf: bif:trf,yh,N.qgrf:vh; ul;acK;eef.Orf. aw tofuGmrf:? vduf;rmef;yAefydlifrhmrD;(uGmrf:? acK;? Mif.? q[.? vmwf;rhmrD;eef. trf,qkdof; uGmrf:vmwf;Okdof;Okdof; yAefuGmrf:vmwf;ulwf.? uGK,? rK:)qkdif pAwf:pkdofsv;awN.qgrf:vh;ul; yldif/ ugyf;trf,N.qgrf:sv; cofvmwf;Oif? ckdifOif? wSyf:wwf:OifauK;bK, N.uK;vh; tgefuefzgrf.rK:bl,bof./ ayK:acK;N.zAef;vh;eef.sv; trf,zgrf.aOvkuf.xAif vmwf;auK; Orf.tofvgif;wmif:vdif,ap;iguf:ugwf,aO vdif.vmwf;yefP;ayK:zgrf.qgrf:uGK, wduf:wduf:? rmifyguf; rmifwD;Orf. cofvmwf;seOyf:vSif:seoh.yldifekdif;? xkdifwD;wSrf; oh.Orf.ydlifekdif;? ayK:qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:wlif.wuf.Orf.oK;yAef acK;uGmrf:rhmrD; sv; wSrf;oh.eif,eefulnf:? wD;ygif,sw.yAeftefOlvmwf;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ ugyf;eefpAwf:pkdofsv; awtrf,wluf:vguf:cof? cofwkdef:pmif;oh.sv; wh:wluf: vguf:cofuGK,auK;rD:/ trf,N.trf,pefaO Fymwf;wluf:vguf:cofuGK,auK;rD:? pof:eif,ueftD: uefsv; vh;OAefwluf:cof;vguf:cofuGK,auK; rD:rK:wif:erf/ yldifvrf,vgif;vlifsw.ugyf; wh:trf,uwf.? trf,uBmif,yAif:vh;vhm:oguf:cofaOrofuK: pof:pK:trf,wgef.zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf, puf.Nrfqhg;xSrfuefrK:? ukrf,uh.xAifuef? zdwf:uef? pdse:uefbl, zhm,eK;yldef;? yef P;yldef;pefildef;ildof;pof: Oldof,yAefOAef;wmif:wK,yldef;wh,cof:rK:bAyf,Nofpof:vh;wSwf; eSwf;zSyf.zgifuGK,xSif;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ vgif;qldof:eh.xkuf,vDtofP;yAef wgef; Ogefrlef.sr:uGK,wK,wh:rldof:eK;xSif;bl,/ wK,awqefrhmrD; qkdif;rldif:eh.auK; rmef;qkrf:z.O.y.vteftgif,Omef: tgefNofoh.eef. qlof:uefpmif;pSef:cyf.wmrf:wkdwf.qefwSrf;oh.bof.aOxkdifwD;rldof;rK: pAwf:ymifukrfauK; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof trf,rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;tkyf,vmwf;? cofqdrfrlef.

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sr:Oifvh;ckdef:? awxSrfxSif;eif,pof: c[;vh;c[;yAefqgrf:eif, wluf:vlif:vmwf;uefoh. eef.ulnf:auK; cofayK:tofvgif;wmif:tefpmif;pSef:oh.eef.aOqldof.aOyldif pmrf; wwf:trf,yefxSrfxSif;bof./ wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef. cofbif:trf,O[,oh.e[:yldifykdef.iof; rhmrD; tefcofwkdwf.qefxK;oh.eef.vl:ugef,/ qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrdil f:wh:cof xAif vgif;ehpmof.pSif:ylef.eSef;zSofsv; rldof; May 1947 eef. tgif,Omef:qif,vmwf;oK; ]]wK,awzmwf,tguf,eh. P;yefcmof:bmrf:Odyf:yD awolef.yefbl,}}ehsv; rldof;eef. zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: qof;Olnf,wSuf;? qof;qmrf,xkef:cof Omefcwf:rK:sw.sw.oK;oK; bl,/ ugyf;oK;rhmrD;tefcofruf:ref;oK; P;y[.Odyf:yDeheef. rK:wkrf.wldof.wwf:pmrf:oh. vgif;Okef,qmof:cldof:eef.bof./ rldof;eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Orf. ckdef:Oyf:vSif:se vgif;iof:vhm:urf,'K, iof:vhm:rldif:vgwf;vSof:ul;yldifyldifaO qif,wkuf:bgef:ckdef:xSif; P;yefcmof:bmrf:Odyf:yD cmof:bmrf: 5yDekdif;qkyf; wgef;OgifOkdyf,eef. P;wh:yefcofrD:cmof:bmrf:pAwf:umefyluf: ygifrldif:vh;vDvD? cmof:eef.rK:sv; trf,yAif:ayK:q[auK; qif,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:vK;? vmwf;rldefpmif;ayK:wkrf.wldof.q[acK:ref:uGK,sw.sw.oK;oK;vlifoh.sv; zl;tgefNofwh: cofqif,vh;tgefueftlef;tgef,elyf;blyf;uGK,qgrf: acK;ref:uSef,ref:eef.aO xkdif wD;ayK:vh;Okdyf,Nrf;uef qefwdkwf.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:rK:qgrf:bl,bof./ wD;sw.auK; P;y[.cmof:bmrf:Odyf:yDtefoK;eef. yAefyIdsb,umefrldif:tef cofwkdef:zSefpmif;pSef:awK,wh:ulnf:eif,uof,/ yAefyldifZSefumefwkdwf.qefcmof:bmrf: P;cofrD:Okef,pAwf:Omif;eK;umef tlrftdkef? sy.ykef;? qdrfbK.vh;wh:sv;ulef:rldif:wh: eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ wD;wh:sw. cofvmwf;oh.yldifekdif;? wD;cofeif,uefOrf. cofOif, Ogefq[uef zSefumef? pmif;vguf:oh.yldifekdif;? wD;sw.ref:rldif:wh:eh. cofwkdef:trf, tmef:ygh,zK;yefckdef:eef. cofwkdef:rD:vguf:rhmoh.rK: qArfrldof;pkdifemef:eef.bl,bof./ rldof; 19-4-1947 ohm:pAwf:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif OgifvldefyhmqAwf:oef:eef. ulnf:? rldof;zgif:tif:udwf.rK: qgyf,xmrfvAyf;pAef:umifq[ ulef:OefvghcofwD;ymiftlvlif (arNrdKU)eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:wkdef:rK:vmwf;wD; ymifulef:Oefvghcof vAif.cof; crf;eef.oK; ]]pkdifOdyf:yDbof.sv; wh:bif:wkduf.c[;zmwf,tguf,bl,sw. awwkduf:tof}} 43

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ehoh.bl,vl:? acK;uGmrf:qldof:eh. bgef.zl;tgefNofwh: trf,'mif.rhmwgif:oh.yAefvgif;euf: eKaOvSuf;vhm;ckdefckdef:? OifauK;Ogef,olef.ql:ihm;? bkrf,ihm;? tofyldef;oK;OAif;OAif; pof:eif,uefOrf. trf,tofuefoK; trf,zgrf.uefrK:aOyguf;/ e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:wgef;wK,rhmrD;zgif:wSef:qmof:cldof: (vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwf) ySuf; 154(2)eef. rmef;O[,oh.yefP;qof;'K.cofvh;yAefwK,(25)wD;Orf.pmrf;wwf: oh. vgif;qof;'K.cofawvh;cof;vlduf;yAef zgif:wSef:ulef:rldif: (jynfolYvTwfawmft rwf)oh.bl,/ eh.auK:wD;sw.ref: bgef.I.y.vcof pmrf;wwf:xAifoh.oK;]]qof;'K.cof eh.yAef qof;'K.sv; wK,awP;yK:e[:vkwf.awK,eef. trf,ukdif,xlduf;? ulef:rldif: vlduf;yAefqif,vh;}}ehrK:sv; vh;yAefvgif;wmif:tefcof;vguf:yldifyldef;uGK,xSif;yldifekdif; eef.eif,uof/ tdifvlnf;yhm:olef.I.y.veh. yefvguf:vhm:yhm:olef.sv; yldef;qif,ruf: ref;O[,yefrK:rhmrD;eh. e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.bl,bof./ rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh.yAef rhmrD;tefcofc[;vh;c[;yAefeef. cyf.wmrf:wSrf;oh.? zwf:tmef,seulnf:sv; bof. wlof;uGK,rldof; 15-9-1947 eef.bl,bof./ rldof;zgif:wkduf.tgefuefpAwf:ymifukrfwkdwf.qefrhmrD;rldif:bl,eef. qgrfOdkuf:tgif, Omef:sv; zl;tgefNofzhm,wh:qof;qmrf,xkef: tduf,vlnf;rmef;cofwluf:Olrf:uGK,bgef. zSefumefyIdsb,cofeif,uef rldof; 19-7-1947 eef.bof./ qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: vh;wluf:Okrf:yefuGK,wK, qldof.cdlof:cofvh;vDvh;yAefeef.sw.sw.bl,bof./ vh;cmrf,cof eif,uef rgef,Mh:wdefuef? vh;yAefOAef;wmif:wK,cofymuf;ymifsv;rK:sp.uif;wh:wlduf: wef bK,P;Okdyf,pefOAef;wmif:wh,bmif;uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bof./ e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. auK.tefbl,zhm,rmef;aO vlif:vhm:rkdof:oh.eef. rD:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf:/ ayK:ref:trf,rD:bof.auK; wgef;wK,ulef:zhm,vif sw. xAifOifauK;vh;bof./ qArfrldof;cofvlif:vhm:rkdof:oh.auK.vAofeef. wh:trf,olef. ]]ugyf;OifJ`}}ehrK:/ z[auK.tofzl;tgefNofwhm tefoK;eef. vDtgefuefclef.? olef.? Ogef,? Oguf;pKuefckdef:bl,sw.sw./ rmef;cofsw. rD;auK.pwf:? Nuf.qef wkdwf.pAwf:yef umefwK,qldof.cldof:cofbof.aO pwf:cmrf,qkef.whmyefwK,cldof:cofvh;vD vh;yAefuGK,rldof:eK;bl,sw.sw./ wh:vl:J qgif,yK:rD:auK.pwf:pAwf:? pwf:whm? pwf: 44

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Nuf.wkdwf.qefyefwK,qldof.cldof:qof;uof,vh;vDvh;yAef qkdef;OK,uGK,rldof:eK; rldefeif,yldef;eef.pkdof`/

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rmef;wkdef:trf,tmef:yefzmwf,tguf,rK:ckdef:eheef.bof./ auK.vh;xluf:vlif:yefoh. wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.auK; rgwf,Mh:wdefphmvhmuGK,bof.vl:/ ohm:vkdef:eh.sw.sv, Mif.pKOSef,ph; c[;vh;ckdef:auK; awuGK,wkuf:bgef:wDz[J` rmif,uldof:wkuf:bgef:tofvh; ckdef:bl,sv; tofapK,ikdef:crf:clof:cgif qlof;yl,rgef, tl;sr;pof:uGK,zmuf,yldef;oh.eef. sw.wK,vh;ckdef:bmyf,bl,blof.`/ vgif;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef.sw. qArfrldof;qgrfOkduf: tgif,Omef:? tl:cBmefxkef:? tl:ek awK,rldof;vAofz[wkdef: trf,tmef:zgrf.pyf.vh; aOyguf;/ rldof;tefqof;'K.cof wkuf:vmwf;ckdef:vgif;zmwf,tguf,eef. tl:ekvmwf;oh. oK;]]ayK:c[;vgwf;vSof:auK; N.awvh;yefuK;cefukdif,wmef,qgif,vh;tldof;}}eef. qgif,z[ wgif:rhmtofyAefacK;'mif.? pmif;pSef:rK:/ qif,oK;zl;emrf:eK;tgefNofeh. vlof,rD:ykdef.N.pefeK;pefvif wdkef:aw vh;rD:ydlifpmif;pSef:wArfxlef;? OifoK;yAefrK:aOqldof.aOyldifauK; awvh;arKwSyf:wwf: vh; zAef;zAef;urf:vAof? uofukdif,pAwf:Oif` rldof;vAofuofpAwf:wK,Oif` wK,qldof.cldof: uof uofpAwf:Oifoh.yefbof.` OifoK;bldif:rhmwK,qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:auK; vlof,arKwlnf: ckdef:rldof;eef. rldof;vAofrldof;uofySuf,Oifuefbl,` qldof.cldof:uofwif:erfyAefOifbl,` eif,pkdofrldof:eK;awvDwgef:rK:eef. awvh;pAwf:Oifyef` ugyf;oK; rldof;tgefbgef. vh;wh,yhOAef;wmif:zdwf:rK:sv; ayK:Okdyf,yh,qkdif N.uK;awvh;uGK,zSofwD;awwhmeef. bl,auK;vlof,Okdyf,bmif:uGK,cmrf,whmulnf:se,` rldof;vAofayK:xmrfI.y.vcofvmwf;oK;]]rldof;

pof:eef.pof:vh;udefcD;rK:Omrfugef;bof.? rldof;vAof OlbK,pAwf:P;vh;udefcD;pK;ugef;ulnf: vK;}}ehulnf:bof./ 46

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wluf:vkdef:bof. qif,N.oK;vh;udefrSef;cD;sv; qluf:ulifacK:aO wlef.pmuf; awK,q[cmwf,auK; cD;eef.sw.trf,chm;ylef.tguf,vh;cdkef:bof./ yldef;yhmtofrK:bAwf;O[, Olyf:? ayK:trf,clyf:umyf;tkdefudefOrf. wlyf:wmyf,? pSrfxkyf.? tofwhmxSif;vl:ugef,/ Okdyf,bof.Okdyf,xSif; Okdyf,yh,wmif:zdwf: qlof;yh,rD:auK.qkiftguf,Mwf;zSofckdef:OAef; wif:rmef,rSef;eef.qkdif awqmif;zSofMwf;uGK,yK,pAof;auK; awK;qmif;pAwf:pkdofJ`/ rldof;vAofcldof:pof:? ulef:pof:wif:OAif;rkif;rgif: auK.tefawqkifqef zSofpefwmif:uGK, ql:wD;vDrlef;auBK,eef.bl,sw.sw.bof./ z[? auK.v[? vAuf.? b[,? ekrf,xof; wmef,pkdofauK;bK, OifoK;ref:bif:aw qkifOlif,vh; wD;awyAefNrf;rkif:uwf:bAef? wD;tgefuefc[;Mwf;zSofOl,eef.sw.bl, qkdif ugyf;OifJ` uofauK.teftrf,arKOifsv; spuif;wmif: qldof.cdlof:uofwif:erf awvh;crfwkuf.bmuf;bl, bgef.uofpAwf:OifvK,J` wgef;wK,qldof.cdlof:uofeef. wmef,ildif.so;auK; N.uK;uofawso;vh;uGK,? ugyf;oK;uofpuf.cldof:uofvl:/

wmrf, 4-1-1947 rmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:wD;tif:udwf.aO wh:Orf.vkuf.wD;tif:udwf. ckdef:chm.yAefrK:cK;rmef;? bgef.oK;zmifpmif;vguf:vhm:tefrmef;pAwf:awK,rldif:wh:rK:eef. trf,qkdof;yldifrldif:bl,Nrf;vlnf;uef? cofoh.yAefeif,rldif:wh:yAefrldif:cK;coffee.vkrf:vkrf: bof./ wh:trf,rD:Okef,vmwf;? Okef,pAwf:? Okef,wkuf:bgef:OifaOqldof.aOyldif/ qArfrldof;ohm:cofvh; vgwf;vSof:bof. OgifyDxkdifrK: 1950eefcofse:oK; sc,zlduf,cof; rK:bl,Oof:Ogef;Nrf; qof;'K.rldif:wh:aOtmef:rK:tofrldif:wh: yAefwD;xifbl,Oof:bK. uof:rdlif:rmef;ehsv; tofwyf.rmef; Burma Army eef.cdkef;rK:yuf:wyf.e[:rldif:wh:? cofoK; wK,rK:wkduf:sc,zlduf,ehaOwK.auK; coftrf,wkduf:P;ughrlnf.uGK,sw.sw.eif,uof,/ coftofP;yAefvgif;wmif:wyf.rmef; rK:bif,pmuf;eAofref;oh.e[:rldif:wh:ulnf:/ bK,oK;sc, zlduf,awphm wyf.rmef;(uGefjrLepf)cofbif:tgefuefckdef:rK:xifOof:xSif;vl:ugef,/\ 47

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xkdifrK: 1952 eef. bgef.oK;rldif:wh:eh. Okduf:sc,zlduf,? Okduf:(uGefjrLepf) auK;rD: Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:eK,ehaO tofrldif:wh:oh.yAef vdefrldif:eK;Okduf:/ tof Okduf:ukrf:xdif:(ppftkyfcsKyfa&;)aO rK:bK.vl.yAwf; Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:pif:acKbl, bof./ cofvmwf;oK;rldif:Okuf.sv; vh;tofOkduf:rK:ukrf:xdif: ehaOwK.wD;sw.ref:cof qif,q[pK vguf:vhm:rK:sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:ulnf:/ qArfrldof;cofsw,ckdef;rK:eef. rK: uef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:rldif:wh:/ ayK.? xkyf.? wlyf:? wmyf,? pSrfwhmwh:/ tofcgifvhm ul;bldif;? pdrfvdyf:pdrfvSifsv; ulef:rldif:wh:xkuf,csw.sw./ rldif:wh:eh.cofoK; rD:sc,zlduf,sv; tofOkduf:ukrf:rldif:ehaOwK.? wD;tefbif: trf,vh;pefugif.iof:sc,zlduf,aOyguf;rldefeif, bgifNnf;? umwf,avK.? wgif,uBD:? rdlif: ygef? vghvSrf? vhm:cK;? rldif:ukdif qldof:eh. cofOgef,O[,oh.oK:e[:rkdof:Okduf:ukrf:xdif:/ Okduf: rmef;qgyf,cmof,tefvlifygifqkdif; z.O.y.vyghrK:eef.auK; toftK,eK,ugif;umif,? vmuf;emuf; wmif,rkefzkif:cofxSif;aO sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:ayK:wmef, zSwf.Odwf.rK: vl:ugef,/ yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:auK; coftrf,OGmif:udef? cofc[;wdrwf.z[ auK;tofumifq[ cofoK;OAif;OAif;/ cofwkdef:trf,Ogef,ulef:rldif:wh:eh.yAefulef:/ cofoh.rldefeif,wlof Owf:eef.bof./ rldof; 1947 eef. bgef.zl;tgefNofwh:cof tgefuefbkrf,brfqgrfOkduf: tgif,Omef:euf:euf:eKeK eK,aOrof,uK: bkrf,brfyK:oK;zl;tgefNoful;yldifyldif/ ohm: aOrmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:sv; rldif:wh:Orf.vh;wluf:e[:tlif;rkdof: w[;vSof:cofuGK,bof.eef sw. yldifpmif;'Dvl: 'Dzhm: rlduf;vldif:coffee. tguf,qSif;vSif:rK:vDeSef,/ xkdifrldof; eef.rK: qkrf:I.y.vcofqif,tgefuef N.wlofoK;cofzdwf:rK:ehaOwK.? awqmif; pAwf:pkdof` qgif,tofvh;ckdef:Okef,rldif:wh: tefP;rldefckdef:rldof;ugef,ugef,eef. vh; bof.pkdof`/ rldof;ymefeef. vgif;tefcofpefxkdif awrmef,rSef;auK;bK, zhm,yldef; trf,rmef,rSef;sv;wluf:Okrf:uGK,auK; yAefvh;bl,eif,uof,/

48

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vguf:vhm:umefrldif: ohm:vgwf;vSof:bof. rldif:Nrf;wkrf tefrmef;zgif;irf:eef. tofvhm:wD,rlof,c aI,OD, tkyf.yldif,rK:ehaOwK. qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;vkwf.awK,tefcofO[,oh.eef. wh:vh; wlluf:Okrf:Okef,vh;Okef,yAefrK:wif:erf/ qArfrldof; 1947awpAwf:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eef. bgef.I.y.vc[;ylwf:wluf: qof;'K.sv; coftgefuefpmrf;wwf:oK; ]]qof;'K.bAef: pAwf:trmwf;trf,vh;? ulef:rldif:pAwf:trmwf;qif,vD}}ehbl,bof./ I.y.vtrf,c[;yefqof;'K.yAefrK: qkrf:tkyf.yldif;sv;vmwf;uGK,aOwK.tl:ek Orf.Ogef,olef.rSef; vguf:tefrmef;cof c[;vh;c[;yAef? zhm,ekdif;Orf.P;vh;yAefvgif; Olef:toferf.q[qof;'K. tlef;awK,cofehsv; qif,tofqof;'K.O[,oh.yK:e[:vkwf. awK,qmof:cldof: 25wD;aOpmrf;wwf:oh. wK,awckdef;yAefrK:trmwf;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif: (jynfolYvTwfawmf)bl,bof./ xkdifohm:vgwf;vSof:bof.Orf. bgef.trmwf;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof: tefqof;'K. cofvh;oh. 25 auK.eef. trf,rD:Okef,cof;vmwf;? cof;wSyf:wwf:qgrf:wD;vkwf.awK, ulef:rldif:(jynfolYvTwfawmf)sv; Okef,vh;Okef,yAef rldif:wh:wluf:Okrf:rK:wif:erf/ ]]ugyf;qof;'K. cofOkdyf,bgif,rof:tK,eK,eef.bof.}}eheh.Orf.ckdef:yAefacK;tefI.y. vcofqlof:ulef:rldif:se:qof;'K.xSif;urf:ekdif;bl,bof./ rldif:Nrf;wkrftefrmef;tgefNofoh.eef. cofruf:ref;rD:oh.(1)vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:(vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf)?

(2)vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:(jynfolYvTwfawmf)ehbl,bof./ wD;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:eef.

Orf.cofruf:ref;oh.oK;qgrf:eif, tAefpSif:cldof:ulef:erf? at,aOawvh;vlduf; trmwf; erf? at,cof;yAefrK:qgrf:? Orf.oK;rmef;erfsv; trmwf;rmef;coftofwD;bl,e[: vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:oh.erfaOyldef;/ ulef:cldof:tefrmef;tlrftkdefO[,oh.avK:cldof:cof eef. rD:oh.wif:erf/ qldof:vh;Ogefvmwf;uGmrf:rmef;aO trf,N.ckdef:uGmrf:qldof.cldof:tl; sr; qof;uof,eef.auK; vh;cof;uGK,yK:Ohmrhmrmef;sv;N.uK; trmwf;rmef;erfbl,bof./ rldif:wh:eh.Orf. sevgif;wmif:ul;yldifyldifaO trf,rD:Nrf,vlrf;sv; trf,tofOhmrhmvh;eh 49

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aO Oldif,Odrf:ySwf;Ohmrhm ulef:rldif:wh:wif:erf/ wh:trf,vh;yAefrK:trmwf;vkwf.awK, ulef:rldif:erfvh; P;ayK:sc.cAif,cofckdef:rldof;tkyf,vmwf; vgif;eK;umefomef;rldif:/ bgef.trmwf;rmef;erfsv; awwmif,wkuf:bgef:wSyf:wwf:OifauK;bK, N. cofbl,zhm,OK,bl,wK,aOeef.bof./ rldif:wh:Orf.pAwf:pkdofsv; awsy.ykef;tefcof wSyf:wwf:eef;vh;bof.vK,J`/ ph;tofauK; qgif,q[;rAof:ref:pkdofJ`/ ugyf;eef sv; wD;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:eef.auK; wkdef:trf,wSyf:wwf:yefrK:vh; vgif;tef qSwf;qmif,wK,rldif:wh:sv; trf,yAefrK:wD;ulef:rldif:wh:vh;ykdif;tdifOifeif,uof,/ vgif;oK;Ohmrhm OAef;tAefpSif: qldof.cldof:erf? at,ehyAefoh.vgif;vrf,vgif;vlif wK,rldif:? wK,cldof:sw.sw.oK;oK;eheef. awK,rldof;vAofwh:bif:yh,olef.? N.pefrSef; aOpmif;pSef:y[.oh.vl:ugef,/ bgef.trf,N.Ogef,sv; trf,arKaO:vhmOhmq[qldof.cldof: qof;uof,/ yldef;vkdyf;? vrf:? vlnf:? xkyf.? wmyf,? wlyf:? pSrf? zAof;? whm? rlnf.? bl,oef:oef:ckdef:ckdef:auK; wkduf.Ogef,yldef;tkdef:egef:pof:rldof;udefauBK,bl,eef. ulnf:/ Ndef:yof,? vdefvmyf;rD:auK;N.uK;yldef;rK:bl,bof./ ayK:pkdifuK,qkdifz[bl,auK;ref: vh;aO? auK.awrh;vh;ph;bgef.pmrf:Ndef:? pmrf:rldif:Orf. awyAefqldof:qldof.cldof:pof:tef vh;yhm;eDeef.bof./ OhmrhmtAefpSif:qldof.cldof:pof: bif:trf,yK:e[:rldif:? ugyf;oK;ulef:rldif:wh:bif:trf, rD: ]]o[wlof(rSwfykHwif)}}aq:rkdof:/ bgef.trf,rD:o[,wlof? o[Ndef:sv;Ohmrhmtrf,yK:oh.e[: rldif:/ ayK:eef qldof.cldof:pof:qldof:eh. yAefoh.ulef:rldif:v[J` ulef:pmrf:rldif:pK.J` cofawvh; yAefq[z[ulef:z[vK,J` ayK:rSef;rldof;zgif:vlof,? pSif:rK:? pSif:Ohmrhmwgwf; cSyf:umifq[wK,urf.xSrfeef. trf,tofqldof.cldof:qldof:eh.pAwf: awtmef:tofz[pAwf:` rldof;vAofqgif,cofrD:oh. OhmrhmwK,rrf.xSrfpof:vh;J` qgif,cofrD:Okef,ulef:J`eh.qldof: eh.auK;wh:xkuf,olef.oh.bl,sw.sw./ awygh,qldof.cldof:pof:pAwf:yAefulrf:rldif:oh.seJ` bgef.trf,yK:avK:e[:Ohmrhmrldif:OAif;sv; O[,O[,rK:wh:vh;yAefqmof:cldof:tgef,qgefbl, rldif:rmef;aObof.se,` rldof;vAofOhmrhmbmif:eef. cofbif:seoh.oK;erfaOwh:/ qgif, awyAefvh;`/ vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof: 50

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wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof: 25 wD;Orf.yAefqof;'K.sv; trf,vh;cof;vlduf;yAef trmwf;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:wdkef:rD:vgif;wluf:Okrf:Okef,vh; Okef, yAefwD,rlof,caI,OD,bl,sw.sw.bof./ Oifqldof.oK;wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef. trf, yAefqof;'K.oh.vkrf:vkrf:aOulef:rldif:auK;vh;cof;vlduf;oh.yK:? trf,eefauK;OifoK;Okef, sc.cAif,yldef;vh;bl,/ ulnf:eK,vh;wluf:Okrf:tAefpSif:trmwf;wK,sc.cAif, wkuf:bgef:acK; c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.bgef.pof:eif,uefukrf,sc.cAif,uefbl,eef.bof./ bgef.pdrfwD;uefsv; tl:ekpAwf:rldefbl,zhm,I.y.vaOtrf,yefqof;'K.cof; yK:e[:vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:aOyefulef:rldif:auK.vh;cof;vlduf;yAefrK:trmwf;ulnf:/ rldof; sw,sw. I.y.vcofvSyf;awrSef;q[oh.bl,/ ohm:ref:rK:cofsc.cAif,yldef;trf,vh;vkrf: vkrf:bof. qif,N.cdkef:oK; wluf:Okrf:nmef,yldef;/ bgef.ulef:rldif:wh:rldof;eef.trf,yh, rD:ykdef.N.umefrldif:Oifsw.sw./ cofulnf:N.bkrf,brf,oh.eldof qof;'K.rldif:z[rldif:ref: ulnf:/ rmef;Orf.rgwf,oh.Ohmrhmulef:rldif:wh:bof.sv; wK,awvlduf;wif;vh; trmwf;ulef: rldif:wh:erfsc.cSif,rmef;vh;eef. auK;Orf.trf,yAefvh;eif,uof,/ trf,Okrf:trf,cmrf, vh;bof./ pof:trf,N.rhmrD;vDvD? trf,rD:yldifpmif;pSef:P;cof;e[:cGmif,rhmrD;sv; awtmef: tofrhmrD;aOsc.cAif,yldef;ckdef:P;vh;eef.sw. awyAef ]]rmuf,Omrfcefsc.rmuf,qgh.}} ulnf:eif,uof,/ wgef;wK,awvlduf;Nofyof;(vlifygifqkdif;)rldif:wh:auK;ayK;trf,xkuf,q[cof? ayK: trf,urf.xSrfz.O.y.vcofqkdif coftrf,bkuf.pAwf:yAef? ulef:rldif:uBLduf;auK;bK, ayK:cof trf,uBLduf;qkdif trf,yAefrK:vh;Nofyof;rldif:wh: Nofyof;tefoK;eef.auK; cof;qkdof;ref: rK:vhmvhm? vh;toftK,eK,acK;qdOif wD;qgrfzgif:rldif:(0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek)eef.rK:ulnf:? rmef;coffeef. cofwkdef:cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf: Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:bl,ul;yldifyldifqArf rldof; 1950 eef.rK:bl,bof./ qof;Olnf,wSuf;vh;yAefqgrfygifqkdif;rK:auK;bK, trf,rD:tK,eK,Oifsw.sw. eif,uof,/ vh;bll,rldefeif,zmif,pmif;wlofwhm sp.uif;oh.yefzhm,eK;coffee.ulnf:? cof OGmif:O[,yefq[qif,vh;xlnf;? cofOGmif:yefOAifqif,vh;vmwf;? cofq[pAwf:qif,vh;pAwf: eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ tefcofbkuf.qof;Olnf,wSuf; pAwf:yAefqgrfygifqkdif;eef.auK; coftofP;yAefbK;acBK:omef wK,P;wh:tgefuef si;vgrf;vgrf;aO cof;zSofMwf;rK:e[: wlif,pSof.cofeef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ rldof;sw.sw. trf,tofuefN./ urf;zgif;bif:tof 51

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ukif,rkefbgef.qof;'K.wh:auK.vh;yAef qgrfygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;auK.tgefwmif:Okwf:ehvl: ugef,/ wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef; wD;rlof,caI,OD,rmef;tefoK;eef. rD:oh.eldofaq;ulnf:eif,uof,/ coftrf, wgef.azK,erf.pmif;zmifqSwf;qmif,aOyguf;/ wD,rlof,caI,OD,tefoK;eef. awvh;rD: vgif;xmif,pmif;olef.? xmif,pmif;wSrf;? xmif,pmif;vmwf;? xmif,pmif;pAwf:(e[:yldifrhmrD;)? xmif,pmif;Olef:wkrfvh;ehaOwK.auK; wD,rlof,caI,OD,tefrmef;tgefeef.sw.trf, yAefeif,eef? rD:vgif;pmrf;wwf:oh.bl, ul;qldof.ul;yldifeef.bof./ rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. rldif:wh:eh. qof;'K.coftofrhmrD;Odyf:ydlifaO tkyf. yldif,rK:ulnf:auK; zl;vuf.? ulef:qlef? zl;vkuf.zkdef.tefoK;eef.auK;trf,wgef.rD: rK:aOyguf;/ omef;rldif:uwf:bAefrK:bl,wK,aO,/ rhmrD;Odyf:yldifeef. I.y.vcoftgef ulef:rldif:wh:oK; phm.eSef,ehawwK. bif:trf,yAif:rhmrD;wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef;eef.vl: ugef;/ xkdifrK:ymefrmef;zgif:irf:rldif:eef.sw. cofzSefumefaOK,Olef:O[,sO;ulef: rldif:wh:eif,uef vh;pefzdwf:uef? xmif,xldrf,qif:uefrK: sw.sw.oK;oK;bof./ rldefeif,wgif,Ol,? yvgif;? tcK,(tD,auK;)? o? rl:Oldof:qldof:eh. vh;pefyldif; eldofuefrK:? ulef:arKumefrldif:tgef,tdwf:tdwf:tgwf:tgwf:eef.ulnf:auK; cofO[, tguf:O[,q[yef P;pof:eif,uefqif:uef? zdwf:uef? xAifuef? pSrfuefbl,wK,aO,/ coftofvSof:O[,yef P;pof:zef:uefckdef:bl,wK,aO,/ eif,pkdofrldif:wh: Okuf.bkif; tlefuof:bl,wK,aO,eef.auK; cofwkdef:pKvguf:vhm: bK.uof:bl,aO,aO,/ ayK:aw yAefauK.tefxAifcof? trf,xgrf,acK;Oif,vguf:vhm:coffeef.qkdif wkdef:Mif.uGK,rgwf, ySwf; Mh:wdefref:urf:vAofbl,bof./ rhmrD;yuf:yldif wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef;eef. vSuf;vhm;erfeSef,sv;tmef,yldif? tmef,rAof:ref:ayK: trf,vh;bof./ ekdif;yguf;vhm;ekdif;yldif? ulef:rldif:wh: tefbl,uwf: uwf:bAefbAefqldof:teftrf,wgef.Olefqdrfumefrldif:aOyguf;eef.auK; cofpdse:? xmif,xdlrfoK; uyf:Okdyf,pAwf:auK. zl;cAefyAefq[ulef:phm.ehaO wdngyf:? xkyf.wmyf,? pSrfwhmySwf;wif:erf/ q[.ulef:rldif:chm.omef;? ch.Olef? eif,pkdofawtlef;Orf. bK.uof: 52

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ayK:tlefOrf.q[yhm;chm.? trf,yK:wlduf,ph;vguf:eK: rK.vK:chm.vh;qgrf:sv; pAwf:P;ulef: rldif:wh:wkuf.cwluf:bmuf; zmefuSefcmefq[? whmphmrlnf.qArfrldof;cofsw,vh;vgwf;vSof:rK: eef.bof./ qArfrldof;eef. ayK:zSofomef;rldif:wh: wD;v[rof,uK: cofbgef:uh,? rl? olof:? uGhm:? rK.? vK:? q[.pKyef yK:ulef:cmef: ayK:ukdif.uif.trf,pKyefvh;urf:vAofOrf. xkyf. wmyf,pArfwhmsv;wh:vh;whmphmvl. Okrf:bgef.Okduf:rmef;rlduf;vlduf;rK:eh. qArfrldof; 1948 eef.rK:bl,bof./ rldif:wh:eh.qArfeef.rK: yD;? egif.? vkuf;? ar:qof;uof,whmuGK, bgef.cofauK; trf,pwf:Mif.pwf:ph;? trf,pwf:pSef:Ogrf: vl,wmef:qgrf:? ugyf;oK;ayK:cofN.Orf.xmrf P;wgyf;vmwf;iof;pmuf;Omuf;aO z[tofwhm? whmwD;v[? rldof;v[? rldefcoftrf,uyf:uhm, vlnf;OifaOqldof.aOydlif? ayK:vmwf;tefrmef,rSef;Orf. xkyf.pSrf? wlyf:wmyf,tof whm? xSif;pAwf:eefrK:wduf:wduf:sv; tAefpSif:wh:vh;ughrlnf.Okrf:rK:bl, ul;Okdyf,ul;ymef sv; tAefpSif:ul;yldifyldif blyf;bgrf:uGK,wmef,pdkofbof.eheef. bif:trf,eyf.Ogefvh;/ vgif;tefuef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:auK; ehm:cmoftrf,ukdwf:? ulef:xof;? ekrf,? su,? vAuf.? phm:trf,oK; cofuef.qefvlvhmrK:wK,aO,/ Okduf:rmef;urf;zgif;Orf. vSef Mif.tofemif:bdif:wh:uGK,aO ayK:xkdifoAif:bof.Orf. tofuGK,chmudef? e[:ulef:Okduf:cof Orf. xkuf,cmof,ykdefzmof,tguf,yefpSif:oh.oK; z[tofvh;rK: emif:bdif:wh:qkdifqgrf:vlnf; qef.qldof.cldof:(cldof:qof;'K.? pAif? umif.? ulef:uK.)aO yefOl:vmyf;b[,erf? at,eh xSif;rK:vl:ugef,/ vgif;xmif,xldrfeldofulef:rldif:wh:aOrofuK: eldofOif,cK,Ipmef:auK;rSef; rldof;cofumef;ckdef;zSofuRif: vefwmif,rgif:ugif;xmrf,pKzl;cAef? ayK:wgyf,oK; trf,N.trf, pefOrf. wd? rwf.? ayK.xkyf. qof;Oif,cK,Ipmef: rmifyK:tofayK.xkyf.whmxkdrf;wluf: erf.auK; rD:rK:wif:erf/ acK;tefwluf:vlif:uefrD:oh.rK:qldof:eef. cofvdkrf:oh.ySwf;vkrf:vkrf:aO c[; pAwf:qldof.pkdofauK;pAwf:? tofurf.umifq[cof/ vSeftofrldif:bof.rofuK: ulef:rldif:wh:auK; cofayK.xkyf.wlyf:wmyf,tofwhm? bldif:rhmzAof;rlnf.ughqldof.cldof:rldif:wh: P;phmvhmaOtmef: tofvdefrldif:wh: P;vh;vkrf:vkrf:? trf,tmef:yefrD:auK.xAif? auK.awcAif;rK,pwf: vmwf; pwf:pdrftofckdef:P;vh;eef.aOauK.vl:ugef,/ ugyf;eefsv; OifoK;rD:vgif; cgif.crfq[aOsv; zl;tgefNofwh: tgefueftofacK;ref;uSef,rD:oh.rK:eef. vmwf; 53

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ql:]]tl:ek}}qkdif ref:Orf.wgyf,vwf;ckdef:oK; ]]auK.yefoh.acK;ref;uSef,wD;Oleef. yAeftgif,Omef:vlif uoftrf,N.}}ehrK:vl:ugef,/

yhm:rmuf;rD:rldif:wh:rldof;eef. qgrf:vlnf;qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: yefacK;ref:uSef,oh.oK; idkef:q[.qhm,rldif:wh: awtrf,yefP;bgrf:aO rldof;ymeftif:udwf.? awqmif;vldofwldof:rK:xSif;vl:ugef,ehaO wK. ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef.sw. pAwf:rK:ydlifekdif;bl,bof./ e[:uK;rldif:tefcof;yK:avK: rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefwif:OAif;eh. rldif:wh:eh.yAefrldif: tefyhm:rmuf;rD: cldif,crf.aOyldef;bl,bof./ yK,rh.? arK,sp;? ph;? eK:? Olef rofuK:cgif xlduf;uK;b[,eldofvdef w[;vdefqldof:eh.yAefpSif:urf.xSrfwK,rldif:wh:vkuf:ref; vh;pif:acK bl,sw.sw.? ulnf:eK,Okefyhm:rmuf;rD:teftguf,? tefvh;wD;rldif:wh:eh.rmef; tofuGK, OAif;? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:sw. awK.sw.aqK.sq.vh;ulnf:/ yAefrldif:Nrf;wkrfuefsv; zmef,wK,rldif:eef. vh;oh.wD;vAofuefehaOidkef: vh;wD;rldif:wh:eh. cofMyf;tofO[,uGK,e[:zmef,(Bank) rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef(jynfaxmifpk bPf)bl,bof./ vkuf.wD;eef;qif, ckdef:qSuf,szyefrK:ckdef: eif,umifq[cofc[;yef eef. cofbif:oK;cofvh;urf.xSrf? vAif.vlrldif:wh:vkrf:vkrf:ehvl:ugef,/ arK,sp;? OSif? qkdef:? idkef:? crf: teftguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh.auK; coftrf, yefvlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh: rD:Okef,ckwf:? coftofrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:pmrf;wwf:oh.wK,Okef,vlif ygifqkdif;wh:ckwf:? vldofaOvlifygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefeef. z[wuf:awtrf,vh;ckwf: oK;eh/ vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:tmef:pAwf: Nif:vSef:bK;cmof(pD;u&ufpuf&kH)auK;Orf.oK; awtrf,vh;chmcof;ql: e[:rldif:rmef;ehvl:ugef,? cofauK;trf,vAif.tdrf,? awpKudefpif: ulnf:auK; trf,zgrf.? ygifoK;qif,q[cKiSef:uefP;whm? phmrlnf.? tlef;tgefuGK,wduf:wduf: eef.ulnf:bof./ 54

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rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. arK,sp;erf.wl;ymifbkif:eef. uK;cefsp;tef tguf,eef. rldif:wh:trf,vh;aOwK.auK; cgef,ref: 99|eef.sw.vh;bl,/ rh.? sp; tefrldif:rmef;tofuGK,eef.auK; tif:udwf.ckdef:Ogef,cgef,ref:aO yefrldif:wh:ckdef: vl:ugef,/ xkdifrK:ymefvlifygifqkdif;rmef; auK.bdyf:uSrf:rK:eef.sw. trf,vh;OifaO tdwf:? uK;yAefvgef.? yAefcgef,ref:eef. rmef;tofuGK,OAif;/ rldof;ymeftif:udwf. eef. bgef.oK;vh;cgef,ref:ulnf:sv; trf,zSif,yAif:? se:oK;cofqkyf,tkdefvldwf;rldif: wh: trf,rD:Okef,vDwK,rldif:wh:eh.aOwK. xkdifrK:yefrmef;eef. cSef:eK,vldofeef. sw.sw.bl,bof./ xmif,oK;]]cKeK;awvDaOcKvif }}sv;I.y.vqlof:tgefykdif;pSif:rK: Orf. rAef;cKpmef;vldofuof,vl:ugef,/ Orf.yhmrD:auK.tD: P;wh:vlrf.tlyf,xlumef:eldof vdef udefzkef,rkuf.bl,ulnf:? emif,pkdofawqAof:whmOrf. ckdef;bAyf,ekdwf;xSif;/ wgef;wK,yhm:zkuf,Ogrf;auK; ulef:rldif:wh:eh. wkdef:yAefulef:tefydkif;tdifyhm: zkuf,Ogrf;vhmvhm? wK,udef? ekif;? oh? vl,wmef: vgif;bl,vDul;vgif;vgif; vh;tofe[: Olef? ph;? eK:eh.yAefrK:vgef.vgef./ 1956 March eef. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;z.

O.y.vcof trf,xmrf,umifq[ulef:rldif:wh:? zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:aOqldof.aOyldif? tofumif q[coftefvAofaO wSyf:wwf:oK; awtofvdefrldif:wh:]]at,uref;ekdif;vmef.({u wpfoef;)cmwf,yefulef: - tdwf.qaI:(tZÆa&;)}}ehbl,bof./ at,uekdif;vmef. tefoK;eef. wgef;vdeftefzkuf,Ogrf;vh;e[:rldif:wh:eh. uGK,ckdif;ekdif;bl,bof./ vgif;eh.vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh: zl;N.pefe[:rldif:wh:sv; qof;'K.cofqlof:uefOmefcwf: aOwK.rmef;cofbl,rldeftrf,N.trf,pefeef.ulnf:/ idkef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:auK; coftrf,qgrf:rK:eif,yldifwluf:vlif:rD:oh.rK:/ cofbgrf: vldofySwf;rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef.rK:bl,bof./

1951-52 eef. yefrK:bgrf:vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf. 2,967,820 1053-54 eef. yefrK:bgrf:vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf. 22,761,760 1954-55 eef. yefrK:bgrf:vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf. 16,362,400 vgif;eh.ulnf:auK; N.vh;umifq[coftrf,qSwf;qmif,? trf,rD:uwdeef.bl,bof./ coftofuGK,idkef:tefvh;wK,clof:tguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vkrf:vkrf:bof.rof,uK:yefrK:auK;uK; 55

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cgef,ref:ulnf: bif:trf,wArfxlef; qgrf:eif,xkuf,vh;cgef, trf,wArfxlef;eef. aOrof,uK: rldof;]]ylof,cdef,rgif,uav:}}yAefzgif:rldif:vlif zhm,zmef,wK,idkef:wgif:eef. ref:wmif,vmwf;rhmzkdefql:uSyf.ydeSwf.(Cabinet)eef. yhmoK;]]qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:

eef.sw. ayK:Ogef,wlnf:qkdif vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;eh. trf,rD:eD;xkuf,yef vlif ygifqkdif;rldif:wh:? vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh: bif:vlof,wSef:ckdef:ekdif; yD 50 OSef(pK; vmef.)vl:ugef,}}eheef. bgef.coftrf,szyAefae, rldif:rmef;oh.pif:acK? idkef:q[.

qhm,wK,rldif:rmef;eef. coftrf,Ogef,pif:acK/ tofNrf;avK:oh. rldif:Nrf;wkrfaO c[;q[ qhm,wmef,pkdofauK; tofurf.q[cofq[. qhm,rK:? coftrf,Ogef,wlnf: vgif;rldif:rmef;cof q[qhm,wmef,pkdofehaOyguf;/ wgef;wK,yefrK:rldif:wh:eh.Orf. cofOgef,oK;yAefikdef:vlif ygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef vh;xluf:qgh;xSrfrK:yefvkrf:vkrf:sv; oK;rldif:wh:xkuf,eD;cofeh bl,bof./ ]]tl:ek}}auK;Orf.oK; ]]wD;e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eef. awvh;yefidkef:urf.xSrf rldif:wh:Oleh trf,yK:oh.vl:? pof:c[;yefauK;vh; trf,yefauK;trf,yAefOif? pof:yef Oleh. OlayK:vDwmif,ukifrkefpof:vl:ugef,bof.}}ehrK:xSif;/ wD;sw.auK; rldof;ymeftif: udwf.(1940-42)eef. wgef;wK,rldif:rmef;xkuf,yefeD; rK:ql:rldif:wh:ckdef:rD: 6 vmef.qrfqrf? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:xkuf,yefeD;ql: rldif:rmef;Ogefvmef.OmrfOSefyhm sv; rldif:wh:bif:xkuf,vh;eD;wD; rldif:rmef;ckdef: Omrfvmef.pK;OSefyhmvl:ugef,? tef xkuf,vh;eh. yAefuK;cgef,teftofrh.? tofsp;uGK,q[.wK,rldif:rmef;coffee.ulnf:? uK;rh.? uK;sp;? uK;qdif,? OSifidkef:crf: teftofuGK,uK;wlofvgef.ref:bif:yh,yK:vl:ugef,/ xkdif rK:ymefrmef;eh.Orf. tofuGK,clof:cgif? vgef.? ylduf,teftguf,e[:rldif:wh:OAif;OAif;aO Orf.yhmoK;wh:xkuf,eD;cofxSif;? ikdef:uK;wkrfeldof.ref: bif:yh,oK; ikdef:uK;cgef,ref: ulnf: rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. wh:bif:xkuf,vh;ckdef:wD;rmef;bl, pAwf:pkdofOgef,sv; oK; wh:xkuf,eD;cof/ Okef,vh;Okef,yAef vgif;OifauK; cofwkdef:trf,yefzAif,yAif:uef? bK,oK; awyAif:cof bif:eK,vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef.vl:ugef,? rmef;coffee. cof wkdef:Ogef,rldif:wh:yAef rldif:vh;tdif,ykdif;cofvkrf:vkrf:aO cofyefwmef,pkdofawvh; tofwmef,eef.ulnf:ehbl,/ ughyhmohm:rK:Ogef,oK; rldif:wh:vh;bgef:udefcof vkrf:vkrf:eh bl,bof./ 56

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ohm:aO rmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.tdwf:ekdif; 28-3-1948eef.oK; rmef; uGefjrLepf cof;xldef,uGK,eheef. trf,qkdof;zSefumefcof tmef:vrferf.buf:rkdof:uef ughrlnf.rldif:wh:eh z[awoK;vh;? ugyf;Oif 0g'wkdufyGJ coffeef. coftrf,bl,rldif:cofaO wkduf:uef/ tgefuefvefckdef;zkdwf.rK: rldif:wh:P;yAef zSefvdefeK;Okduf:bl,wK, aO,eef.ugyf;OifJ`vldofaOeef. &JabmfjzL/ KNDO? ytlof:? rgef:? rluBK,pdwf. cofauK;vkuf.zkdef.cofrK:oK;eh/ cofse:O[,qof;'K.cof Mrf:uefwif: KNDO(bmif:) aO tmef:vkuf.zdkef.cofeh.auK;oK;/ cofzSefumefP;rldif:wh: Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:yAefOkduf:yAefOldofP;vh;whmvh;cmrf wmrf,Okduf:aO P;Okrf:Okef,vh; Okef,yAeful;vgif;vgif;eef.bof./ bgef.xlyf:wmrf, Okduf:vlifeef.rK:sv; vkuf;tgef,? ulef:rldif:wh:vh;pmrf:Ogefvduf;vhm:yhm:pefaOwluf: wSrfuGK,wduf:wduf:? bgef.yhm:N.wluf:wArf,sv; yhm:bl,vD? rmuf;rD:auK;wluf:Okrf:sw.sw./ eif,pkdofrldif:awOkuf.cofsO,bK. ayK:Okuf.Orf. pmrf;wwf:vduf;vhm:? 'dif;xkif:wh:/ trf,yefOgef? vmwf;? pAwf:Omif;? 'dif;xkif:wh:/ ayK:pAwf:Orf.oK;yAefzl;urf.xSrf ulef:phm.ehaO wd? ngyf:? wlyf:? wmyf,? iSef:vguf,P;wh:vmyf,/ ayK:vmyf,auK;trf, pwf:pAwf:umefOifaO vh;idlof;iof? phmvhmuGK, ul;rkdof.ul;bmrf:sv; tAefpSif:wh:auK;vh; tlef;tgef,? wSrfabK;rK:wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ yhm:rmuf;rD:wh:auK; bgef.ukrf,vh;vAif. vlpSif: Okduf:tefrK:xifOof:oh.bl, e[:rldif:wh:ulnf:sv; rldof;vh;cSef:q[? rmuf;rD:rK: eef. trf,wgef.rD:rK:aOyguf;/ ymefvlifygifqkdif;rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef; ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef. wh: trf,rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;OifrK:aOyguf;/ ayK:yAefumeftefcofc[;pAwf:sw. coftrf,wgef. xmrfumifq[z[aOyguf;? cofpAwf:uGK,pif:ulnf:cof/ OifoK;yAef eK;umefwgef;wK,rldif:wh: sv; vgif;tefcoftrf,c[;pAwf:yefeef. Orf.oK;]]yAefumefe[:rldif:wh:Olsv; pof: trf,udkif,vDcofqdrfqgrf:Oif}}eheef.qgif,yAefrK:qgrf:eif, acK;wluf:vlif:uefrD;oh.rK:/

57

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ckdit f mef:vgwf;vh; bgef.ymefrmef;tgefNofrldif:Nrf;wkrf yldifwD,rlof,caI,OD,ohm:cofvgwf;vSof:bof. eef. trf,rD:vgif;zAif,yAif:? trf,yAefrK:qgrf:eif,acK;wluf:vlif:tefrD:oh.rK:eef. aOyldifeh.sv; qof;'K.cofqif,olef.pefrSef;oK;]]Odyf:yDauK;qrfxkdifbof.? pof:xkuf, pmif;pSef:wK,yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acKvkuf;ekdif;ulnf:bof.}}ehaOwK. I.y.vcofOrf.Ogef, olef.oK; ]]bgef.qof;'K.cof tofoh.wD;trmwf;vkwf.awK, qmof:cldof: 25 wD;aO Orf.trf,rD:Okef,ckdef;vmwf;vh;wD; vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:sv; rldif:wh:vh;wluf:Okrf: Okef,ul;vgif;vgif;rK:ulnf:? qof;'K.xkuf,qkef.tK,eK,aO vSuf;vhm;yAefulef:rldif:ckdef:? wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef.auK; vlof,yAefP;ulef:rldif:vlduf;tofwD;oh.ulnf:}}ehxSif; sv; awukdifpAwf:pkdofuGK,rldof:eK;eheef. wK,tkyf,ukrfueful;vgif;vgif;sv; rldof; 1954 awK,xkdif 1957 qof;'K.cof tgefNofpAwf:ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh Omrfyguf;/ wD;ymifukrfqldof:eh. qof;'K.cof olef.Ogef,rSef,oK; rldif:wh:eh. ukdif.uif.vSuf; vhm;urf:vAof yh,vSyf;vh;? wkdef:wkduf.xkuf,tofymefqof;'K. zgif:irf:oh.xSif;uSyf.ekdif; bl,? Oifqldof.oK; trf,rD:qof;'K.bof.aO tofulef:rldif:eif,uef zgif:irf:uefckdef: qkdif ulofulef:rldif:wh:eh. trf,vSuf;vhm;bkrf,? xgrf,urf:vAof? zhm,ekdif;Orf. ayK:rldif:wh: trf,rD:iof;rD:ugef:bof.qkdif rmef;awckdifphm.aOehpkdofJ`ehsv; qof;'K.cof yh,c[; ylwf:ygh,tK,eK,ql:ulef:rldif:urf:vAof? ulef:rldif:tefckdef;ymifukrfqgrf:eef.auK; tgef uefwSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;qgrf:sv; rldof; 1954 eef. coftgefuefwSyf:wwf:rK:oK;1.rldif:wh:eh. wK,P;qof;'K.ylwf:omif:tK,eK,eef. trf,oK; - ayK:xkdifcmof:bmrf:rK: awylwf:omif:bl,/)

yh,xkdifcmof:bmrf:?(trf,ylwf:omif:

2.eK;umefwgef;wK,rldif:wh: awwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;pif:acK? 3.awyluf:wif;rldif:wh: tefqkuf:ref;pif:acK? 58

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4.awzmwf,tguf,ckdef: e[:rldif:Nrf;wkrfrmef;/ rldof; 28-12-1956 eef.auK; qof;'K.sv;zl;puf.qldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:cof pAwf:xSif;ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh/ rldof;eef.qkrf:rldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef(&. y. n. z)coftgefNof pAwf:Omif;ymifukrf? wD;ymifukrfeh. cofvh;acK:wSyf:wwf:oK;]]awzmwf,tguf, vkrf:vkrf:}} ehbl,bof./ vgif;oK; awzmwf,tguf,eef. bgef.oK;1.rmef;cof;qdrfbK.uof: qgrf:yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:? aOK,Olef:tD:yefP;I.y.v(I.y.v. z)cof rdyf,P;q[.qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,wduf:wduf:?

2.vgif;idkef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:eh. qgrf:eif,vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif wluf:vlif:uefeef. rmef;trf,pAwf:rK:qgrf:? trf,yefzAif,yAif:ckdef:rldof;ymeftif:udwf.?

3.qgrf:vlnf;idkef:tefxkuf,vh; wD;clof:cgif,tguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;trf, yefP;wArfxlef; cofNyf;Odrf:tofuGK,OAif;OAif;?

4.vlifygifqkdif;rmef;bgef:uAyf:cgef,ikdef:cof;ikdef:tguf,ulef:rldif:wh:? vgif;qldof:eh.yAefrK: vgif;tgefwkduf:Olef:yefP;rldif:wh:rD:vgif;c[;zmwf,tguf, rK:bl,wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ ulef:rldif:wh:auK; tgefuefygif,q[rK:bl,vgif;trf,zAif,yAif: uefeef. ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ vldofaOeef. rmef;cofOrf. rK:cD;emyf,sy.ydefbl,wduf: wduf:aOrof,uK: vdefrldif:wh:auK; tmef:cmwf,udeftofyAefidkef:cof;wK,rldif:cofehsv; ulef:rldif:wh:vh;rD:Mh:qAyf:qwf.tK; rK:bl,e[:rmuf,Nofq[ul;rkdof.ul;oef:bl,wduf:wduf:bof./ 7-2-1957qof;'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof tgefuefpAwf:ymifygh:]]oef:wh:}}wD; rldif:bhsv;rldof;eef. ulef:rldif:rkdef,yhm,ckdef;Mwf;aO tgefuefwkuf:bgef:rK:oK;]]qof; 'K.trf,xkuf,qkef.tK,eK, ayK:pkdifOdyf:yDbof.? rldif:wh:P;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:}}bgef.

Okef,trf,zAif,yAif:uefsv; vh;oK;yAefrldif:vgwf;vSof:ehauK;bK. wgef;wK,rldif:wh: sw. vh;oK;eK,aOyAefw[;tif:udwf.eef.sv; vgif;wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef. erf.q[pSif:eK,aO Olef:aOK,pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;sv; xkdifrK: 20-4-1957 eef. ckdef:vh;rguf,ymif: qof;'K.sv; ulef:rldif:wh:cof ckdef:pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;? qof;'K.sv; 59

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ulef:rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,? ygwf:qmef: ul;wD;wD;tgefuef tkyf,ukrfwSyf:wwf:vh;rK:rldof; eef.oK;1.bgef.yh,xkdifcmof:bmrf:sv; qof;'K.trf,yh,xkuf,qkef.tK,eK,?

2.ayK:xkdifOdyf:yDrldif:wh: awzmwf,tguf,?

3.vgif;tefvlifygifqkdif;rmef; Mif.tdwf.qaI:rK:zkuf,Ogrf;e[:vdefrldif:wh:wK,at,u ekdif;vmef.eh. awyAefrK:vgif;wkrf.wldof.eldof.vldwf;qldof.cldof:'dif;xkif:ulef:rldif:wh:sw. sw.sv; eh.yAefyldifvliftefwkrf.wldof.vl,vhmrldif:wh:?

4.arK,sp;sv; clof:cgifcefxdluf;uK;b[,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;Nyf;tofoh.

OAif;OAif;aO trf,szyefrK: wK,ykef;rldif:wh:eh. trf,udkif,vDyAef? 5.ikdef:wSef:tefuBymef,yefrK: bgef.vh;bK.rSef;rldof;Okduf:yguf;Ogifeef. tofqkdof; rldif:Nrf;wkrfaO vh;rK:auK;bK,wK,rldif:wh:sw. yhm:ydif,nK,? yhm:bl,vD? yhm:rmuf;rD:? yhm: Okef,vh;Okef,yAef ulef:rldif:qldof:eh. rmef;cof trf,tofrK:q[.wkdof:yefOifaO tdwf:? ymifukrftefpAwf:wD;rldif:bh yguf;eh.eef.yAeftefwlif.wdkef,pmof.pSif:? yluf: wkdef,yefrK:erf.q[puf.qldof.cldof: omef;rldif:wh:rK:bl,sw.sw.? xkdifymefeh.rK: I.y. vcofurf;zgif; qldof:tefpuf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif: qof;uof,sw.aOpAwf:rK:eef.N.vgif; tefcofvh;pAwf:zdwf:? Ogef,olef.zdwf:rK: sv;vh;eSifckdef:rK:auK;bK, coftrf,arK tgefOmif;? tgef,bmif;tguf,ckdef: P;ylef.chm:bgyf,blef; teftkdefulef:bl,ul;rkdof.ul; oef:eef.vh;bof.eif,uof,/ qArfrldof;ohm:aO 1946eef.rK: qof;'K.cof ygif,q[vgif;tefxkuf,uldwf,tguf, oh. zl;rD:ydif,nK,qldof:awOkdyf,ykwf;yAefrK: vh;zl;tgefNofvDrldif:wh:sv; yefpSif:urf. xSrful;vgif;vgif;aO P;vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:cof Ogefydif,nK,rK:bl,bof./(tefqof;'K. cofqgh;xSrfsv; vh;yAefzl;rD:ydif,nK,uwf.cSef, awK,rldof;vAofwkduf.yAefoh.bl,zl;b[, ulef:vlifbif:wkduf.rD:bl,/) bgef.zl;rD:ydif,nK, udlwf,tguf,erfrK:sv; ekdif;cSef:arK qAyf:OSyf,vgif;trf,zAif,yAif:uef? vgif;trf,rmef,rSef;? vgif;rmef;wkdef: vSefvdif, 60

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ulwf.bofrldif:wh:yAefeif, rldif:cK;coffeef.sv; xSif;pSif:P;ulef:rldif:wh:cof;q[ eK; umefqldof.cldof:omef;rldif:rK:bl,bof./ vgif;tefqof;'K.cof urf.xSrfuldwf,tguf,yefrK:zl; rD:ydif,nK,e[:rldif:wh:erfrK:ehauK; vlifygifqkdif;rmef; z.O.y.vcof trf,pefxkdif yAefvgif;vD? trf,uBLduf;? trf,vlof,? trf,c[;yefzl;rD:ydif,nK,wh:erfrK:sv; qif,q[ pdse:oK; qof;'K.cofvAif.pSif:wK,awwkduf:awK:cofckdef:ehvl:ugef,/ 1957 qof;'K.qldof:puf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:tefyAefq[vAof? acK;bldif:tmef: vAofuefaO tmef:Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:Omif;eK;umefwK,yluf:ygifrldif:wh:yAefrK: rldif:pif:acKvh; eef.qkdif1.qof;'K.OD,ayK.

qof;uBK,OSif?

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3.qof;'K.rldif:Ol;

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5.qof;'K.au:OD:

qof;Olnf,rkif,?

6.qof;'K.rif:vldef:

qof;rif:vAuf:?

7.qof;'K.bgifNnf;

qof;Olnf,wSuf;?

8.qof;'K.vhm:cK;

qof;ekrf,?

9.emif:'K.bgifNnf;

qof;emif:Ndef:crf:

10.zl;wmifwlof qof;'K.OSefoD

rpKoef:?

11.qkrf:ygifumef rldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef I.y.n.z(15)auK.? cofqof;qldof:eh.qif,tgefuefwlif.wkdef,rK:wK,cldof:wh:rldif:wh:bl,sw.sw. bof./ rldof;zgif:tefcofqof;qldof:eh. wlif.wkdef,bl, 1957 eef. tl:xkef:at: 61

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(erf.crf:)zgif:wSef:yK,vDrmef,(qkrf:I.y.v.z)sv; tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)cK Orf. wmif,sewD;vkwf.awK,oK;]]qof;'K.cofxkuf,qkef.tK,eK,urf:vAofsv; pkdifOdyf: yDbof.auK; rldif:wh:eh. trf,xkuf,yefzmwf,tguf,ckdef:}}ehbl,bof./ rldof;eef.qkrf:Oefvghrldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef(&. w. p. n. z)tefqof;'K.rldif: rdwf; qof;ckefcAoftgefNofoh.eef. Orf.wmif,bgef:vgif;wK,rldif:wh:P;vh;zmwf,tguf, ckdef:/ bgef.qlof;bl,qgrf:uefrK:eef. acK;tefpmef.q[? yAif:q[? Okef,vh;Okef, yAefyAif:ayK:uefeh. trf,bmrf;rD:rK:aOyguf;/ ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. yhmvh;xlyf:az:cAef aO vlphmwhmbl,ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ eK,vldof,aO rldof;ymefOkduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogif tefuB ymef,cof;rldif:rK:eef.sv; qgrf:eif,rD:oh.acK;wluf:vlif:uefoK; ayK:pkdifOdyf:yDbof.sv; Oifqldof.oK;trf,pmef.q[? trf,yAif:ayK:eif,umifq[qkdifzmwf,tguf,vh;bl,ehsv; qof; 'K.tduf,vlnf;ulef:rldif:wh: qldof:puf.qldof.cdlof:omef;rldif:eef. qif,tgefuefwlif.wkdef, rK:vgif;zmwf,tguf,eh.pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:bl,bof./ Odyf:yDauK;wArfbof.? qof;'K.sv; ulef:rldif:wh:tefpuf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif: auK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:sv; rldof;eef.vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;tef]]tl: ek}}tgefNofoh.eef. qif,pKvguf:vhm:ildif.so;ySwf;bl,bof./ wK,qefcmof:bmrf:P;vh;rD: zgif:pmif;pSef:sv;qif, tofvgif;wmif:tefoK; qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;z.O.y.vcof trf, rSef;uefwSuf,yAefrK: Ogifqkrf:]]wnfNrJ}}sv; ]]oefY&Sif;}}/ omef;rldif:auK; ulef:Okuf. bkif;tlefuof:erfrK:eSef,bof.? vlifygifqkdif;auK; vh;wSuf,yAefOgifzmuf,? uGefjrLepf auK;pSif:rK:? zl;vkuf.zkdef.wK,qmof:cldof:cofauK; rD:rK:erfeSefehaO trf,ukrf:xdif: vh;rldif:bof.? xkuf,pAwf:ckdef:ygh:vlduf;wif; vlifygifqkdif;r[,ulnf:bof./ qlof;yh,vh;vlduf;ql: tofckefy[.rldif:ukrf:xdif:xK;tofehaO 26-9-58 eef.]]tl:ek}}qif,wSrf;vduf;ql: ]]qof;Okduf:vlifae,odef:}}q[.P;tgefwyf.Odkuf:ref: ckdef;ukrf:xdif:y[.rldif:yefehsv; xkdifrK: 29-9-58 eef. qof;Odkuf:vlif ]]ae,odef:}}qif,ckdef;yAefckefy[.rdlif:rK:bl, bof./

ymefckefy[.rldif: 62

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ymefeh.yAefymef]]qgrfOdkuf:ae,odef:}}tgefNofaO ukrf:xdif:rldif:/ ]]tl:ek}} sevgif;wmif:oK; rldif:Okuf.eSef,? qkrf:rmef;cofeif,uefauK; vh;wSuf,uef? uGefjrL epfauK; tguf,rK:erfeSef,sv; trf,ukrf:xdif:rldif:vh;bof.? cofeif,uefauK; trf, pefvDuefbof.sv; qlof;yh,vlduf;ckefrldif:xSif;eh. q[.P;]]qgrfOkduf:ae,odef:}}ckdef;y[. rldif:ehaOwK. ayK:Ogef,olef.vDvDsw. cofulofwh:bgef:zmwf,tguf,vkrf:vkrf:sv; vdif,vSefySwf.zmrf:wK,wh:? bK,P;wh:qmif;wkuf:bgef:tguf,sv; qif,se:oK;rldif:bkif; ehbl,eef.bof./ ayK:oK;xkdife[:ymefckefy[.rldif:bof.ehauK;]]qgrfOkduf:ae,odef:}}eh. sezmif pmif;? rD:aq,weK,eldofulef:rldif:aOsr:wK;? sr:wmif:? zAof;oAif:? wSyf:wwf:rl,yldifP; cefukef,blyf;bgrf:vlif:? q[.wyf.Odkuf:uGK,pKtofyKaO rK:chmuK;cefxkuf,yefulef:rldif:? rldof;ymeftl:ekpmrf;wwf: trf,yefchm? udefeldof.olof:eef. xkdifymefref:rK:yefchm? yefudefrK:ckdef:? pAwf:ehaO pAwf:P;ulef:rdlif:pefvDxkdif qkrf:ckefy[.rldif:coffeef.rK: bl,bof./ wgef;wK,rldif:wh:auK; pAwf:yhm:Olef:wkrfwD,rlof,caI,OD,qSwf;qSwf;qmif,qmif, aO ikdef:wgif:zmef,wK,? wK,q[.qhm,ykef;rldif:wh:auK; yefukrf,xlef;wArfrK:? rldefpmif; eyf.brfxkdif vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:rK:? wSyf:wwf:yefrK: P;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif, yAif:uefwif:rldif:rmef;rK:? pAwf:yAefbldof,ugif.oAwf:bguf, tofyKwlofb[,ulnf:ehsw. rldof; eef.wh:trf,tgefuef'mif. rkif;pefrSef;rK:/ bgef.vhm;pAwf:vhm:Omif;]]qgrfOkduf:ae, odef:}}eh.yldif;ySuf,vDwgef:aO tl:ekrK:sv; qof;'K.tduf,vlnf; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: cofauK; pefvDxkdifeldofref:rK: sw.sw.oK;oK;bl,bof./ bkrf,brfoK;ref:eh. aw pAwf:yAefeif,rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD, qSwf;qmif,vldofaO ymeftl:ek/ ymifvlduf;wif;ckef zgif:irf:rldif:urf:awrK:eh. pAwf:pdkofauK; wkdef:awvlduf;vh; ckefvDtkyf.yldif,rldif:wD, rlof,caI,OD,tefqSwf;qmif,eef.bl,sw.sw.bof.ehaO tgefuefbkrf,brfoh.euf: euf:eK,eK,bl,bof./ bgef.awyAefrldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD, qSwf;qmif,rK:sv; qof;'K.coftgefuef Ogef,olef.pefrK:]]vgif;ymefqof;'K.eh.auK; trf,ukdif,vDrD:bof.? tK,eK,rldif:wh:auK; xkuf,vDrD:e[:rkdof:ulef:rldif:wh:sw.bl,bof./ rldof;ymeftl:ekeef. bgef.yAefqof;'K. sv; vh;wD;trmwf;qmof:cldof: 25 wD;aOwK. trf,rD:Okef,vmwf;Oifqgrf:vh;wD; 63

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vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:sv; Okef,rldif:wh:wluf:Okrf:uGK,wif:erf? ugyf;eefwK.awtoftK eK,Nrf;wkrfwD;vAofaO Okdyf,cof;vlduf;yAeftrmwf;eef. udkifvDolef.bof.}}ehaOqof; 'K.cofauK; bldif:tmef:qkef.tK,eK,bl,bof./ zhm,ekdif;Orf. qkrf:I.y.v.zteftl:xkef:at:tgefNofoh.eef.auK; wkuf: bgef:P;qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,wduf:wduf:? xkdifrK: 17-3-1959 eef. tl:ae, odef: qif,ydkefzmof,bK.ySwf;rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:ySuf; 154(2)tefyefoh. qof;'K.yAeft rmwf; 25 auK. wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef.bl,bof./ bgef.bK.ySwf;rhmrD;eh.sv; ayK:Okdyf,yAefqof;'K.bl,sw. wK,awyAefrK:vh;trmwf;wif:OgifwD;(vkwf.awK,qmof: cldof:sv;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:)eef. wkdef:trf,yAefvh;? wK,awyAefvh;rK:trmwf; eef.vldofaOtofeK,eK,omif:tmyf;yefvlifygifqkdif;wh:eef. trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofbof./ vgif;tmef:toftK,eK,oh. e[:rkdof:auK.vAofeef. qArfrldof;1945eef.rK:qof; 'K.cof wkdef:olef.oh.bl,aOwK. bgef.ul;yldifyldifaO trf,yh,qmif;omif:vh;sv; rldof; vAofsw. xkuf,vDomif:tmyf;tK,eK, vSuf;vhm;yAef ulef:rldif:aO ckdef:cof;vlduf;wif; yAefrK: trmwf;tefrD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,? pAwf:Omif;eK;umefwK,rldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;bl, bof.ehsv; xkdifrK: 29-4-1959 eef. qof;'K.cofqif,omif:tmyf;tK,eK,ql:vlif ygifqkdif;rldif:wh:tefqof;Nrf,'K.(qof;'K.OSefoDMif,)yAefNofyof;eef.bof./ bgef.tmef:vSuf;vhm;rl,yldiftkyf.yldif,rldif:sv; qif,tgefuefomif:cBK:tK,eK, qof;'K.aO vSuf;vhm;pAwf:ckdef:ulef:rldif:blof:blof:rK:bl,bof./ tK,eK,rldif:wh:tef qof;'K.cof szykef;uefbdyf:oh.wD;tdwf:tdwf:eef. xguf,cgef;oh.wD;vAofuefckdef: eef.bl,bof./ xmif,oK; rmef;cofawOdkof;blof:aO rD:aq,weK,sw.bl,sv; qof; 'K.cofqif,cmrf,yAefulef:rldif:bof. tmef:cof;vlduf;wif;Okdyf,pAwf:umefuGK, wK,ykef;rldif: wh:ckdef:bl,eef.bof./ bgef.omif:tmyf;tK,eK,sv;vlof,yef]]ikdef:vkdof;Oof:umefySef,qdef,Pension}} (bgef.trf,Okdyf,pAwf:umefaOvkdof;uGK,sv; vh;ikdef:urf.xSrfuK;cef tAefpSif:tef bmrf;vh;pAwf:umefrK:eef.)idkef:rldif:Nrf;wkrfeh. rldefeif,vmwf;rK:zhm,eldofeef.aO rD:oh.e[:zmef, rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef? ikdef:rldif:wh:auK;cofrD:oh./ xkdifwD;vlof,yefySef,qdef (ikdef:qkdof;Oof:umef)qldof:qof;'K.cofeef. qif,vh;tofikdef:wD;zmef, rldif:Nrf;wkrf 64

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uefeef. Olif,yefrK:sv;vgif;eh. I.y.vcofOrf.Olef:aOK,se:oK;qof;'K.cofchm udefrldif:/ qof;'K.cofauK; awvh;cof;vlduf;wif;yAeftrmwf;sv; awvh;yAefvgif;sc. cAif,uefwif: I.y.v.zcof/ ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. pmrf.erfwkdef:rD:erf.q[ bkrf,brf eyf.xdkifoh. qof;'K.z[ref:sv; I.y.v.zcofOrf. uloftrf,sy.vh;qof;'K.aO eif,pkdofulef:rldif:awpefxkdifqof;'K.zdwf:/ bK,P;urf.xSrfqof;'K.? P;tgefuefqif: qof;'K.bof. urf.xSrfqkrf:I.y.v.zcofvlduf;yAeftrmwf;eef.sv; qif,aOK,Olef: wkrfulef:rldif:oK; qif;'K.chmudefulef:rldif:wh:bof./ chmyefrmef;bof./ ehaOulef:rldif: auK;qif,vh;pefzdwf:eldofqof;'K.rK:bl,bof./ tefqof;'K.cofvh;ikdef:vkdof;Oof:eef. auK.tefvh;at,aOyldef;yAefqof; 'K.ymifrDsv;uBKif:aO vh;auK.pK;rkdef,tefvh;erfaOydlef; yAefqof;'K.uAif:wkifvh; (5,061,305 Ks)aOqgrf:eif,eifvdefrldif:uGmif;uSyf;? clof:cgiftguf,erfat,? wgef; wK,cofawvh;uAyf:cgef,e[:rldif:z[ref:eef. trf,vh;Okdyf,uAyf:bof.aOrof,uK:tefvh; pldof.rhg;ukrf:xdif:rldif:rK:qldof:eef. qif,yefidkef:uK;cofvkdof;Oof:umef/ ikdef:urf.xSrfeh auK;oK;? qof;'K.(34)qof;eef. wif:OAif;cofqof;Mrf:uefvh; 25,863,029Ks (Ogifymuf,pK;Odyf:ySwf,OSef puf:rkdef,OmrfpAifyhmOof:uof;)ulnf:qgif,cofqof;awukdif,zgrf. chmrldif:wh:pkdofeheef.vDtgefuefOgef,olef.xkdifuefbl,/ bgef.qof;'K.tmef:c[;yAef rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,qSwf;qmif,rK:qArf 1945 eef.oh.bof.sv;Oif? yldef;auK;pKvguf: rdyf,? Nwf.sv;Oif? pof:eif,uefumifpSof.awKuef wduf:wduf:sv;Oif qof;'K.cof qif,tgefuef vh;qkef.tK,eK,uGK,bl,bof./ wK,awwgwf;cSyf:umifq[ ulef:rldif:vlduf;wif;yAefckefzgif:irf:rldif:eef. qgrf Okduf:ae,odef:ykdefzmofoh.oK; awyAefrldof; 6.2.1960 ehsv; qof;'K.sv; ulef: yhm:rldif:e[:rldif:wh:eh.auK; pmif;pSef:oh.wK,vlduf;wif;yAefckefbl,wD;z[wef:ref:/ 29.

2.1960 eef. yAefoef:vh;vlduf;trmwf;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:/ xkdifoef:tefvlduf; wif;bof.uGK,bof.eef.sw. tl:ekckdef:sy.aO yAefrK:cdkef:qgrfzgif:rldif:xSif;rldof; 4.

4.1960 eef.bl,bof./ qof;'K.sv;qkrf:umefrldif:rldif:wh:cofsw. trf,rldefeif,t 65

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xmif,trf,yAif:ayK:eif,umifq[rK:aOqldof.aOyldif/ trf,vh;cof;yK:wD;tK,eK, wK,aw wSyf:wwf:ygifumef omef;rldif:vh;eef.aOwD;/

66

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Joef:ekdif;J iof:vhm:rldif:trf,qkdof;q[;sv; xkdifwD;qof;'K.ayK:vh;omif:tmyf;tK,eK,xmif,oK; omef;rldif:awvDwgef:rK:aOuof,/ ulnf:uK;tl:ekckdef:ckdef;rK:xSif;? qkdifoK;trf,ukrf:rldif: vh;? rmef;cofeif,uefauK;oK;trf,uBKduf;? ugyf;OifOrf.vlduf;vh;ref:yAefckefrK:xSif;`/ ayK:oK;tl:ekckdef:ckdef;yAefckefrK:bof.auK; rldif:wh:eh. ckdef:rldefckdef:ymefohm:vh;vgwf; vSof:eef.cdkef:ulnf:/ ildef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:trf,yefwArfxlef;? ayK:bgef:Orf.oK; ]]pof:trf,rD:ykef;zgef:xkuf,yefOl? pof:c[;yefOluK;pkdofauK;vh;bof./ Olbif:vDwmif, ukif,rkefpof:vl:ugef,tldof:}}ehvl:ugef,/ Orf.yhmse:oK; qof;'K.cof trf,yAif:ayK:q[bgef.trf,rD:tK,eK,bof.sv; vuf.vgrfurf.xSrfOkduf:wh:? se:oK;wh:rD:erf.q[uSyf;aO bgef:yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK/ yAefnmef,qof;'K.c[;vh;tK,eK,? c[;pdrftK,eK,ckdef:ehaOse: vgif;oK;wh:sv;qof; 'K.trf,vDbl,wK,aO,/ coftrf,olef.Ogef,ckdef:bgef.oK;cofauK;c[;vh;rldif:yluf:wif;pif: acKsv; wkduf:tif:udwf.? wkduf:uBymef,aObgef:P;vh;rldif:rK:/ yhmrK:pdrfvdyf:pdrfvSif? vSefvdif. tofvdefrldif:wh:yAefrK:w[;cof/ zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:sw. rmif,uldof:awvDaOsv;qif,Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.cofrK:? bldif:tmef:pAwf:auK.qlof;uSyf.ulnf:/ cofse:ulef:puf.qldof.cdlof:omef;rldif:wh:pof:yAefqdlof. 'ef:yaw,OIdwf. zl;bgif,rof:tK,eK,? wh:phm.? wh:vldif:eh tmef,yldifref:ayK:trf, vh;/ cofOrf.cSef:yAef 'Dzldof.phm.vlifvkrf:vkrf:sw. coftrf,Ogef,olef.aOyguf;/ coftrf,wlnf:eK;wlnf:vifOifaO tofumifq[coftefvAofwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;uGK, wduf:wduf:sv; vgif;tefwh:vh;wluf:Okrf:? qAyf:OSyf,bgef.cofeef. rD:rK:wif:erf/ vgif;tefvh;qAyf:OSyf,? wluf:Okrf:rK:qldof:eh. cSef:xSif;pSif: vh;yAefacK;tefwkduf: Olef:P;wh:c[;yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK cdkef:wduf:wduf:eheef. coftrf,olef.Ogef,rK:aO yguf;/ coftrf,bl,zhm,wh:aOwlnf:? cofbl,zhm,coftefvAofaOwlnf:ulnf:/ awvh;oK; yAefckefrD:wKcgefvAofeef.rK:ulnf:/ coftrf,sr:rl,yldifcofrK:vh;cdkef:/ cofvmwf;yldifekdif;pAwf:yldifekdif;/ coftofrl, yldif]]tkdeftofyldef;phmvhmaOtmef:c[;yAefrmef;qmof:cldof:b[,}} eef.aOwAuf:wAifwh:? sy.ykef;wh:? pdrfvdyf;pdrfvSifclof:cgifrldif:wh:uGK,wif:erf/ oK,wtefcofc[;yAefqmof:cldof: 67

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vlifaO tmef:tkdeftofwh:phmrlnf.uGK,eef.sw. trf,Ogef,trf,sr:? yhmsO.se:oK; wh:yAefcldof:erf.q[uSyf;? Ogef,wK,qldof.cldof:wh:ulnf:? yAefyabK:ueguf;rldif:tD:Olef: yef P;wh:yAef'h:aO rh;cofwduf:wduf:ehrK:bl,wK,aO,bof./ tefcofse:uefckdef:oK; uGefjrLepf bK.uof:cofeheef.wD;seref: yAef cofuefszumefuefaO pAwf:Ogifqkrf:bof.? q[.uefckdef;rK:rldif:wh:? rK:tlrftkdefwh:?

P;wh:phmOAif;aO tmef:tofcldof:rmef;cofyAefqmof:cldof:b[,aOyldef;eef.bof./ 0g' uGefjrLepf rmef;eh. wkdef:yAef ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g' qSwf;qSwf;bof./ bgef.eefsv; coftmef:tofwh:qldof:N.pef vlif.vSif:ykdef:cldof:wh:? vgif;omef;rldif:wh:eef. whmphmuGK, OAif;aO coftmef:oK;vldofaOcofz[,trf,yAefqmof:cldof:b[,? qldof.cldof:ulef:tefrD:e[: rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefoh.eh. cofbldif:tmef:tofphmySwf;OAif;OAif;bof. oh.ukdwf:cldof:rmef;cof ulnf:vl:ugef,/ qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:cof Oif,vmwf;cofoh.oK; ]]wh:ulnf:yAefqmof:cldof: b[,}}eheef.coftrf,vlifvkdrf:aOyguf;sv; eif,pkdofawtrf,b[,rmuf;vh;eef. cof zSefumefP;rlnf.bl,wK,aO,eef.bof./ rldif:Nrf;wkrfueftefzl;tgefNofrldif:wh:c[;yAefsv; Nrf;Mrf:rK:qgrf:eh.trf, rldefeif,yldiftl:ektgefpAwf:eef.aOtdwf:/ teftl:ektgefpAwf:rK:eef. yhm:cgwf, zgwf;rldif:auK; trf,qkdof;yldifref:? yhm:szykef;tK,eK,tkyf.yldif,auK; trf,zAif,yAif:? trf,qkdof;q[;? ikdef:wgif:q[.qhm,auK; trf,rmef,rSef;? eK;umefauK;trf,yefrldif:wh:rD: Okef,pAwf:vh;umefOifaOrAof:/ rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. vh;oK;yAefcK;bl,aOwK.auK; trf,pmif;ph.wmef,ymefrmef;tgefNofeh.? vgif;qldof:eh. qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofulef: rldif:wh:cof tgefuefN.ygifqSif;vSif:vDrK:bl,ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ vSefvdefrldif:wh:sv;sc, auK;trf,xmrfumifq[wh:aO uGK,ruf:ref;pif:cofrK:rldof; 23.1.1960 eef.bl,bof./ xkdifrK: October 1960 eef. qif,rD:rK:vgif;wmif:tefxkuf,vDrlef.sr: cdkef:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:oK;ehbl,bof./ rldof;sw.sw. tl:ektmef:sr:ckdef:rl,yldifvSefvdef (sc,sv;wh:)sv; awtofzK,OK,ykuf.xqof;yAefzK,OK,iof;rldif:ehaOwK. wh:? cmif? cBmif:? bmif:vSifqmof:cldof:rldif:vhgwif:OAif;auK; ckdef:c[;rlef.sr:yldifrldif:z[rldif:ref:rK: xSif;/ tgefuefN.pefxkdifrK:oK; Okef,vh;Okef,yAef trf,zAif,yAif:uef? yldifcgwf, zgwf;rhmrD; trf,rmef,rSef;sv; c[;ckdef:sr: rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:uefrK:ckdef:OAif;OAif;bl, 68

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bof./ vllifygifqkdif; qkrf:tl:ekcofauK; ckdef:cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:awsr:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:tef a'gufwmOD;at;armif tgefNofeef.bll,bof./ qkrf:eh.tofzgif:rldif:vlif se,rldif:cof cof;yK:aO cgwf,zgwf;oh.yAefqkrf:olef.Ogef,wgef;wK,se,rldif:ehbl,bof./ wK,aw rlef.sr:eef. qif,bgef:yhm:olef.wif:pefxkdifrK:wD;ulef:rldif:ckdef:bl,bof./ wD;rldif:wh:eh.auK; qof;ckefcAof(Nofyof;vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:)tgefNofMif.tof zgif:wSef:(trmwf;)rldif:wh:wif:OAif;? zgif:wSef:cSyf:wgwf;umifq[(rJqE´udk,fpm;vS,f) OgifauK.? zl;wmifwlofyK,wDrldif:wh:OmrfauK.? zl;tefcof;q[eK;umefrldif:wh:? zl;tef cof;yK:e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifqldof:eh.aO qlof:uefpAwf:ymifukrfqldof.qmwf;rK:bl,bof./ qkrf:zl;ckdef;Mwf;ymifukrfwif:OAif;eef. trf,xkuf,q[vgif;rl,yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.aOauK./ c[;P;yAefrK:rl,yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:uef(Federation)eef.ulnf:ehaO tgef uefwmif,vmwf; pif:z[pif:ref:/ tgefuefc[;yluf:wif;yAef rldif:wif:OAif;Mrf:bl,qgrf: uef tdiftlnf;rl,yldifzAifyAif:uefeef.bl,bof./ wK,awzmwf,tguf,eef.sw. oh.yAefurf:vkdef:Okwf:aO rldof;vAofsw.tgef uefwkuf:bgef:P;vh;yAefyldifzAif,yAif:uef yAefeif,se,rldif:ySwf,(8)rldif:(rmef;? cmif? cBmif:? bmif:zlduf,? bmif:vSif? rgef:? IcSif,? wh:)Mrf:bl,qgrf:uefeef.bl,bof./ qof; 'K.tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof qif,tgefuefwSrf; rl,ydlifrldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef (Federal Law)tefekdif;bof.Okdyf, wkuf:bgef:xkdifqkrf:awckdef:rlef.sr: rhmrD;qkdif; rldif:eef. rldof; 22-2-1961 eef.bl,bof./ cofvof;qldof: tefpuf.omef;rldif:qldof. cldof:aO Mrf:vlif:vhm:rdkof:rhmrD;rldif:bl,Mrf:uefeh. wif:OAif;(32)auK.eef.qkdif1.oa&pnfol qof;ayB.

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zl;cof;yK:

5. tl:sr.

zl;cof;yK:

&. w. p. n. z 69

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6. qof;bgwf;rldif:

zl;cof;yK:

&. w. p. n. z

7.t*¾r[moa&pnfol t*¾r[moD&dok"r® qof;Olnf,wSuf;

qof;'K.bgifNnf;

zl;cof;yK:

8.0PÖausmfxifqof;rmef,'K. qof;'K.rldif:Ol;

zl;cof;yK:

9. qof;uBK,OSif

zl;cof;yK:

qof;'K.OD,ayK.

10.oa&pnfoq l of;Olnf,rkif, qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK: 11. vkif:qmrf,rBK.(ymifvlif) qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK: 12. vkif:xkef:tkif,

qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK:

13. vkif:xkef:at:

I.y.v.z

zl;cof;yK:

14. vkif:crf:

I.y.v.z

zl;cof;yK:

15. tl:tgif,wmef:

I.y.v.z

zl;cof;yK:

16. tl:vkef:

t. y. n. y

zl;cof;yK:

17. tl:qlof:rgif,

t. y. n. y

zl;cof;yK:

18. tl:cBdwf.tl:

t. y. n. y

zl;cof;yK:

19. tl:zdof,

y. t. r. z(ytlof:)

zl;cof;yK:

20. tl:vK.az,

y. t. r. z(ytlof:)

zl;cof;yK:

21. tl:auBK,qdif,

y. t. r. z(ytlof:)

zl;cof;yK:

22. tl:xkef:az,

wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v)

zl;cof;yK:

70

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23. vkif:ckefxD:(ymifvlif) wlofvAof(woD;yk*他v) zl;cof;yK: 24. vkif:xkef:rBdef.(wgif,uBD:-phm:Nof:) wlofvAof(woD;yk*他v) zl;cof;yK: 25. vkif:ckefegif,

wlofvAof(woD;yk*他v)

zl;cof;yK:

26. vkif:bD;bmof:

wlofvAof(woD;yk*他v)

zl;cof;yK:

27. qof;rmef,'K.

wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:

28.r[moa&pnfol vkif:uBK,yl. wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:)

zl;cof;yK:

29.oD&dysHcsD vkif:ynmef, wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:)

zl;cof;yK:

30.r[moa&pnfoq l of;xkef:at: wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK: 31. vkif:ckefqmrf,rBmwf; wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:)

zl;cof;yK:

32. qof;auBK,cgif,

zl;cof;yK:

wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:)

cofqof;qldof:eh.Mrf:vlif:vhm:rkdof:aO wmif,xkdifuGK,yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:uefeef.bl, bof./ ydlifrldif:bl,Mrf:ueftefqof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofwh:cof wSrf;wmif,eh. rldof;iof; sw,eef.tofykdef:wh:yAefiof;cmrf,ykdef.aO vmwf;serK:vgif;oK;qArfrldof; A.D 650 eh.wh:wkdef:rD:apKcrf:vmef.qof; tefrD:e[:rldif:sc bmrf:vAofeef.rK:aOwh:wkdef: vh;bl,vgwf;vSof:pif:acKrK:bl,/ wkdef:yAefrldif:wh:Oof:acKrK:/ qof;'K.cofauK;tkyf.yldif, rldif:z[rldif:ref:rK:pif:acK/ wkdef:trf,vh;yAefcK;z[rK:? vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,pAwf:auK.apK crf:rmef;eef.auK; yAefeif,rldif:tlnf:vDuefaOsv; Omuf;zmef,wK,clof:cgifql:uef aO pAwf:auK.uefrK:ulnf:/ trf,qkdof;oK;yAefeif,cK;omef;cK;rldif:rmef;eef.rK:eif, uof,/ wD;wgef;Ogifeef.wSrf;oh.oK;vgif;umyf;ymefrldif:wh: ohm:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogif sv; vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,/ e[:tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,wD;wgef;(8) eef. oK;oh.vgif;wK,rldif:wh:rldif:rmef;Mrf:uef? vgif;tefacK;wluf:vlif:vduf;Nrf;rhmymif 71

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vlifauK; O[,oh.yK:wD;wgef;Ogifeh.aO Oyf:vSif:oh.yK:vgif;vh;wluf:vlif:uefoh.wK,aw zmwf,tguf,ckdef:/ wgef;OmrfOrf.O[,oh. Okef,vh;Okef,yAefrldif:wh: rldif:rmef;trf,zSif,yAif:uef? rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947eef. wgef;wK,awpAwf:qgrf:vh;eef. rldif:wh:rD:vgif;xlyf:wif: bmyf,zkdwf,oh.bl,sw.sw./ Oifqldof.oK; rldif:rmef;auK;cgwf,zgwf;yAefse,rldif:rldif:vkuf; ekdif; P;rD:qgrf:rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefehsw. wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,uyfudef:bgef.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: qldof:eh. awOgef,rSef;ckdef:wlofuof,vh;bl,/ wgef;wK,se,rldif:bK,P;pAwf:Omif;vh; eK;umefeef. rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh.sp.uif;urfudef:oh.bl,sw.sw./ OifoK;vlifygifqkdif;rdlif: rmef;cofrD:erf.q[rldif:Nrf;wkrfqSwf;qmif,qkdif N.awrD:erf.q[qgh;xSrfse,rldif:vDvDimrf: imrf:bl,/ ulnf:eK,rldof;vAofOrf. vlifygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefeh. bK,oK;awqgh;xSrf bkdif;cSef:Nrfwlrf:sp.uif;oh. bK,P;se,rldif:rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;eef.vl:ugef,/ eh.wSrf;oh. wD;yldif Federal wgef;Omrf/ rl,yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947eef.ckdef:ukdif,vDrlef.sr:ckdef: qldof:? ySuf; 8, 9, 23, 30(1)(2)(3), 31, 91, 92(3), 93, 94(1), 96, 122, 128, 131, 154, 160, 162(1)(2)(3), 164(2), 219, 222 eh.ehbl, bof./ wD;wgef;OD,Orf. yAefvhm:cgwf,zgwf;rldif:Nrf;wkrfqSwf;qmif,eef.sv;(1)

ydlifrhmrD;cgwf,zgwf;(Structure) P;cgwf,zgwf;se,rldif:rmef;aO Mrf:yAefrldif:bl,Mrf:uef/

(2)

tK,eK,sv;wgef;wK,aw szykef;yeftK,eK,(Distribution Power) P;yeftK,eK,vkwf.awK,Ogifqkrf:zAif,yAif:uef/

(3)

vhm:cgwf,zgwf;yK,vDrmef, wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef. se,rldif:sv;wldif: P;vh;Olif, zl;wmifwlof zAif,yAif:uef/ 72

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(4)

cgef,rldif:Nrfwkrfsv; vhm:szikdef:wgif:q[.qhm,wK,serldif:eef. rD:vgif;blyf; bgrf:oh.wif:erfsv; ukdif,vDrlef.sr:ckdef:bl,/

(5)

se,rldif:wif:OAif;P;vh;rD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:qof;uof,pif:acK(Complete Auto -nomy)

Mif;umefqldof:w[;eh.sw. oh.P;yAefw[;vlifygifqkdif;? vldof;aOeef.sw. P; rD:oh.w[;se,rldif:z[rldif:ref:/ (u)yhm:wdwf:awK,eguf;rldif:/ (c)yhm:sp.uif;rdlif:(wyf.Okduf:)/ (i)yhm:zmef,wK,idkef:wgif:rldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef/ (q)yhm:pAwf:ikdef:q[.wkdof:rldif:/ (O)yhm:Olif,vduf;sv;Ohmvlrf:/ (n)yhm:vlwf.'h:? erf.? vlrf:uyf:Okdyf,uGK,yh/ (w)yhm:wwf:Odefqkdif;rldif:/ (x)yhm:uAyf:cgef,wK;erf.ymif,vhm,/ (e)yhm:qSuf,szikdef:wgif:rldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef zAif,yAif:uef/ zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofqof; tofyldifqldof:eh. wrf:omif:seaO wkuf:bgef: wmif,xkdifuGK,aOwK. rmef;coftrf,pefvDaO bif:seoK; ]]rl,yldifyaw,OIdwf.? rl, yldifumifq[qmof:cldof:uSyf;? rl,yldifc[;zmwf,tguf,}}ehaOrof,uK: ohm:rK:yhmoK;]]&Srf;rl}}(yldifwh:) ehvl:ugef,/ qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;rmef;cofpdse:oK; yldifeh.yAeftefqof;'K.wh:trf, pmef.q[bgef.vh;omif:cBK:tK,eK,sv; ckdef:tgefNofulef:rldif:cofwlif.wkdef,? tgefqlof: 73

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bgef:vgif;zmwf,tguf,/ yAefyldifzmwf,tguf,sv; yldifeh.wkdef:yAefyldifbK.rldif:Nrf;wkrf wSuf,bgh;eh se:O[,rAof:ref:ayK:aq:/ yldifeh.wD;sw.ref: trf,wkuf:bgef:yK:oh. vgif;zmwf,tguf,aOtdwf:/ yldif eh.yAefyldifteftofrl,yldifwSwf;eSwf;cof;yK: ydif,nK,szykef;zSif,yAif:uefwArfxlef; aO wkdwf.qefoh.sv; ref:trf,uGK,cof;qgrf:eif, umifq[cof;c[;pAwf:c[;Omif;? wK,aw xAifckdef:auK; rmef;trf,qmif;tofrl,yldiftefv[ pmrf;wwf:pwf:sp.oh.sv; bl,rldef trf,N.trf,pefaO wkdef:trf,wgyf,vmwf;OifrK:/ ohm:aOwh:wmif,zkdefydlifrldif:bl,Mrf: uefeh.bof.? tl:ektofvgif;bkrf,brf, uldof:xkdifykuf.xOK,OeK,wmif,NofeK;aO tmef:Nrf,rkif:tySwf;coffee.ySwf;vl:ugef,/ vldofaOrmef;trf,pefvDeldofwh:bl,bof. wh:tefbgif,rof:tK,eK,? wlnf: wK,wlofuofauK.vAofeef. Orf.tdifykdif;rmef;aO rK:Omef;bK.ckdef:wh:/ yefildef;P; yldef;wh,ckdef;rK:cD:Nof? qefbgh;wh:/ rldefeif,vkif:xkef:at:(trmwf;uof,-erf.crf:) eef.ref:trf,wgef.Ogef,pefvDeldofqof;'K.rK:aOyguf;/ rldof; 1957eef.auK; cK tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)wmif,sewD;vkwf.awK,wK,P;qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,oh:oh: wduf:wduf:sv; yldef;qif,zSefumefP;qof;'K. qkef.tK,eK,uGK,oh:oh:bl,bof./ qof;'K.tduf,vlnf; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof wmif,oh.yldifrldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef (Federal)eef.bof. yh,ayK:pkdif xkdifrldof;17.4.1961wD;vK;OAof;/ tl:ekzSofMwf;rldof:? rldof;eef.tl:xkef:at:eh.eif,uof, wmif,vmwf;seoK;]]vgif;ydlifzSwf,wsI, Federal

eef. yAefyldifyefcAefql:rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef/ rldof; 1958 ohm:aO qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;z.

O.y.vwSuf,yAefuGK,]]wnfNrJ}}sv;]]oefY&Sif;}}bof.eef. qkrf:vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfqhm: xkef:at:? qhm:vK.tgif,cKauK; q[.bK.qkrf: I.w.v.p aOMrf:qgrf:cof/ bgef.trf, Mrf:sv;ygh,ulef:cofrK:tofwhm zl;cof;qkrf:uGK, 50 yhm/ qof;'K.auK; bgef.vh;qkef. tK,eK,sv;trf,yAif:ayK:q[aO Mrf:ulef:rldif:tleftmefbK.uof:e[:rldif:wh:bl,ul;rkdof.ul; oef:/ qof;'K.cofOrf.ckdef:Okdyf,ykdefzmof,oK; rldof;vAofrldif:wh:eh. Okuf.bkif;eSef,? trf,uwf:bAefedrfOof:yAif:ymefqof;'K.bof.ehaO Olef:wkrftofulef:rldif:bl,wduf: wduf:/ wD;sw.ref: yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:uef; 10 wgef:zmwf,tguf,eef. O[,oh.oK;ayK: pkdifOdyf:yDqkdif ayK:c[;zmwf,tguf,awvh;zmwf,bl,eheef. trf,O[,auK;vh;bl,/ bgef. qof;Olnf,wSuf; urf:urf:wkuf:bgef:wduf:wduf:sv; vh;O[,yK:rK:/ rldof;vAofOrf.yldiftef 74

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eh. yefwmif:uyf.udef: cmefq[? wkuf.cvlifql:ulef:rldif:wh:bl, ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ yldifrhm rD;zSwf,wsI,Federal eh.auK;yefvgif;wkuf.cwh:ulnf:/ yAefyldifc[;bgef:zmwf,tguf, ulnf:? ayK:zmwf,tguf,auK; az:cAefeguf;rldif:awcof;rK:ulnf:/ rldif:wh:eh.auK; rldof;vAof ukrf,yAef ymifawK,ymifvgif:bl,wduf:wduf:? ulef:uK.bK;vrfauK; wK,wmif,uGK,eef.cmwf. tofNdof:rdef U.B.A aO vkuf.vK;OAof;wmif,uGK,uAif:wkifyAefvrf:yAefvrf:bl,/ vlifygif qdkif;rldif:wh:rldof;vAofeh. trf,arKumefzgif:irf:rldif:Oifvguf;vhm:rldif:wh:Okuf.bkif;bl,auK; cofbl,rldeftrf,uyf:uhm,uefwif:cofaO Okdyf,bl,oh.bl,pAwf:eef? zl;tefcof;yK:oh.bl, e[:qkrf:tkyf.yldifrldif:wh:eef.auK; trf,rD:erf.uwf.OifaO yAefulef:qrfq[cofeif, uefsv; tgefuefqefO[oh.ulnf: rmifwD;eef. yAefulef:teftrf,arKumefsv; umefOifauK;trf,pAwf:aO ukrf,ySwf;vhmvhmoh.bl,ulnf:eif,uof}} eh. tl:xkef:at: wmif,vmwf;sebl,bof./ rldof;eef.tl:ekOrf.oK;]]yAef

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eh. vh;yAefacK;olef.ckdifygifuGK,wK,yldef;awOkdyf,zSefumefawK,Ol;wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef. wif:erf/ yldef;N.pefvguf:pof:qwf.oh.auK; N.awvefvSefqdrfcof;rK:P;wSuf,bgh;zgif uGK,eef.ulnf:bl,bof./

bgef.cofpefxkdif vkif:xkef:at:eh. awyAefvh;cgef.wof. q[.vDcofsv; ohm:aOqgrfOdkuf:ae,odef: tgefNofwyf.Okduf: Nyf;Odrf:tK,eK,bof.rldof; 3.3.1962umif oef:? 12 rlif:eef.qif,bkuf.tofvkif:xkef:at:eh. ckdef;yAefrK:Nofyof;qkrf:tgef Nofrldif:wh:(OuĂş|-&Srf;OD;pD;)rK:bl,bof.(zl;cof;qkrf:eh.yAef tl:auBK,aqK:? tl:tlif: az,? tl:wdef,ulof,? qof;Okduf:vlifrgif,Olnf,)rldof;ref:yAef ckefrldif:wh:eef. wkdef: yAefcgef.wof.vDyldef;bl,sw.sw./ ugyf;oK;ref:yAefulef:tefcdkef:bK.Okef,vh;Okef, yAefwh:bof./ cKtl:auBK,aqK:(OD,ayK.)eef. yAefauK.Nrf;Mrf:uef ckdifygifeK;umef rdlif:wh:wluf:Okrf:rK:bl,bof./ cKtgefuefpmrf;wwf:vgif;Ogefvduf;wh:wlofzAef;? OAifwSwf;(vduf;wh:r[,)? se:oK;ayK:Ogefvduf;wh:r[,qkdif yAefzl;cAefrldif:? xkdifwD;ayK:vh;yAefvgif;cgif.crfuef wif:Oif,cK,? vkuf;pAef:? ulef:rldif:wh:aO Okef,Ogefvduf;wh:vh;wluf:Okrf:rK:/ rldof; ugef,tefrD:Okef,Ogefvduf;wh: e[:Nif:pAef:? q[.wkdof:? vduf;wh:e[:vkrf:eef.auK; 75

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vl.phmuGK,qlof;ymefcKeef.bof./ wgef;wK,P;rldif:wh:cldof:wh:ckdef;b[,sw. trf,pefpAwf: Oifoh.yefrK:vh;aOrAof:/ 1967-68eef. qldof.cldof:wh:qkrf:puf.OKzK,OK,? OK,OeK,wh:vSif:ykdwf,ymif, uGK,rldof:eK;eef. uGK,bgef:vdefwK,awyAefrK: owf.Oif,cK,wh:sv;TOK,qof;wgif,uBD: yefrK:bof.aOwK. bgef.tl:xkef:at:? tl:auBK,aqK: cKOrf.trf,ayK:yefpSif:wh: aOrof,uK: uh.bK.uof:rK:wK,aO,sv; eif,pkdofcKawtrf,pmrf;wwf:bK.uof:eef. vh; uGK,acBK:acBK:ogef:ogef: sw.sw.oK;oK;bof.qif, vh;yAefpAwf:rK:]]owf.olnf,vl.okef-oAif: wgif,uBD:}}eef.rK:bl,bof./ tl:xkef:at:se:oK; yldef;trf,arKumef? trf,rD:erf. uwf.rK:ehaO xkdifymefref:eef. wh:vh;Okrf:Okef, ul;qldof.ul;ydlifrK:bl,/ ref:yAef ulef:pAwf:qgrf:P;xkuf,q[yldef;sv; bK,P;wD;eif;vkwf;ulef:ref:eef.rK:ulnf:? wD; sw.auK;]]OifrofoK;trf,xlef;qlof;}}vh;eif,uof,? bgef.ref:eh.sv;vduf;wh:? Okef, wh:wluf:Okrf:uGK,awK,qlof;cmof:bmof:bkdef:wif:pkdifbof./ qkrf:zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof wmif,bgef:yldifrldif: bl,Mrf:qgrf:uefuGK,auK;rmef; cofbl,rldefeif, trf,N.trfpefaO trf,wgyf,OifrK:/ bgef.iof:vhm:ul;yldifyldifsv; ulef:rldif:wh:cofauK; wlif.wdkef,rK:? Okduf:wh:auK; tAefpSif:b[,rK:xSif;wif:erf? tdif vlnf;iof:vhm:omef;rldif:wh:aO xkuf,vDsv.chm.vguf:bof.eh cofqif,olef.Ogef,rSef; sv; xkdifrK: February 1962 qrfawOAif;eef. rmef;qif,Mif.ymifukrfrK:bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeef. qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofckdef;wmif,bgef:vgif; yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:qgrf:uef(Federal Law)eef. ckdef:pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:? rmef;coftrf,c[; yef? awxAifOrf. trf,qmif;tofvguf:vhm:tefv[xAif cofpdse:oK;]]yldifeh.yAefyldif erf.q[uSyf;? yAefyldifwh: tefvAofulnf:? yAefyldiftef wh:wkuf:bgef:Okef.wlofpif: acKsv; trf,yefvh;/ ayK:yefauK; omef;rldif:awwSuf,? cAefeguf;rldif:qmif;cof;}}eh wduf:wduf:bof./ bgef.eefsv; qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofqif, tgef uefwmif,vmwf;oK; ]]ayK:trf,yefvh;qgrf:eif, yldif'Swf,wsI,auK; rldif:wh:xkuf, zmwf,tguf,vkrf:vkrf:aO yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK;tofbl,bof.}}ehsv; vgif;tkyf.ukrfuef eef. wkdef:trf,ilyf.iduefvh;vK:vK:/ qof;'K.cofauK; wkdef:wrf:wmif:rl,yldifwK, aw pAwf:Omif;eK;umefvgif;awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef. urf:vAofbl,bof./ 76

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ulef:rldif:wh: vh;wkuf.bmuf;? cmefudef:? xlyf:az:bl,oef:oef:ckdef:ckdef: eef. rK:yAefvgif;tefOkduf:wh:vh;pSif:b[,rK:? qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofauK; vh;xkdifq[bgef.ulef:rldif:wh:rK:? wmif,bgef:Okef,OifauK; trf,vh;? qgrf:eif,acK; wluf:vlif:rD:oh.aOrof,uK: yK:oh.e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:cof tgefuef pmif;pSef:wgef;wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qldof:eh. vh;yAefvgif;tefwgif;bgef: wldof.rmuf,Nofq[qkrf:vK,rmuf;? tkdefeldof.vldwf;? omef;rldif:eef.sw.sw.bof./ ayK: tofrl,yldif,vguf:vhm:tefqSwf;qmif,rmef,rSef;oK;sw. pAwf:pkdofauK;N.cofawtrf,sy.vh; wh:bof./ ugyf;eefqif,pKvguf:vdif.vSef; tguf,eguf;cgyf,wlif,oldif:rhmrD;aO xkdifrK: 1.3.

1962 wAif;ckdef:qhm. 1 rlif:eef.(bAyf,cof;2.3.1962)qgrfOkduf:se,odef:tgefNof wyf.Okduf: Nyf;Odrf:tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:eh.bof,bof./ umife[ 2 rlif: 2.3.1962 eef. oSwf.wdngyf:tof qof;ckefuBD,? qof;Olnf,wSuf;? qof;'K.wif:erfsv; zl;tgefNof wh:qldof:rK: ckdef;Mwf;ymifukrfaO rD:oh.bl,bef,ukif,eef.bof./ rldof;oSwf.wdqof;'K. coffeef. oSwf.bkdof:wdngyf:tofsv; zl;y[.scwlofqof;ckefcAof vl.phmOmrfauK.? auK. tefqAyf:OSyf,whmbgef. qof;Olnf,wSuf;auK;rD:? umrf,ymeftgefbif:vDsv; cofqof; bif:trf,vh;vl.phmwhmuGK,e[:tldif,vldwf;urf:vAofvl:ugef,/ acK;bldif:tmef: wyf.Okduf:rmef;tefqgrfOdkuf:se,odef:tgefNof vh;Nyf;Odyf: toftK,eK,eef.sw. ]]yAeftefwK,awbK.ySwf;vguf:vhm:rldif:wh:wmif,bgef:yldifzSwf. wsI,sv; ayK:trf,vh;awzmwf,tguf,}}eheef.bof./ cofpefxkdifoh.oK;qof;'K.cof ugif.Omefbkdef:rkdof:uyf:Okdyf,uefoh.wif: qkrf:OD:wlof: (South East Asia Treaty Organization - SEATO)qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;ukdwf:Okduf:qAif,qmef: oef:tguf,ukefat:OBL:) sv; OifoK;vh;zmwf,tguf,cofulof ]]OD:wlof:}}rK:Mrf:rldif:wh:eef.bof./ oef:2.3.

1962 eh. yAefoef:tefcoftoftK,eK,Okduf:aO Nyf;Odrf:rldif:wh:uGK, vdyf:vdyf:vSif vSifeef.bl,bof./ cofruf:ref;oef:eh.yAefoh. oef:qof;ph;? qof;eK:ygif,oK;trf, qkdof;cldof: qof;cdlof:ckefyAefcldof:ulef:pAwf:ph;eK;Odrf:tK,eK, ckdef;yAefckefrldif:ehbl, bof./ rldof;eef. qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: tduf,vlnf;Oif,cK,Ipmef:vh;whm vh;phm bgef.rmef;pdrftK,eK,eh.sw.sw.oK;oK;rK:bl,bof./ qldof:teftrf,vh;whmphmurf: 77

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vAofeef.auK; vh;wkuf.ccmefuSef:? bmyf,bAef:cmefq[ bl,oh.e[:xgif, 6 yDaO ygh, tguf,rK:aOwK. trf,yefrldof:ckdef:omef;uof,rldif:vif? q[.xifbl,Oof:oh.wD;oAif:wgif,uBD: awK,xkdif vl.phmwhmuGK,wD;z[wef:ref:bl,eef.bof./ tl:eksv; tl:se,odef:eh. cKwdkef:vrferf.buf:rkdof:uefaO vdif.vSef wh:rK:ulnf:? rldof;tl:ektrf,arKygifumefbof.eef. q[.tl:ae,odef:ckdef;y[.rldif:aO vguf,acBK:q[.P;qof;'K.qkef.tK,eK,/ ayK:qof;'K.qkef.tK,eK,bof. pAwf:ygh:vlduf; wif;yefP;tl:eksy.aO ckdef;ykwf;wif,eif;/ tl:ekckdef;ykwf;rK:bof.auK; qof;'K. sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof clef.ckdef:acK;ref:uSefrK:qkdif tl:ekrdkifuGK, trf,qmif;ckdifqldif.pkdof ugyf;oK;wh:tofydif,nK,? yhm:olef.umefrldif: tefqgrf:rhmrD;yldifTwK:eef.aO wkuf:bgef:/ ayK:awtofqgrf:eif,yldifulef:? yldifrhmrD; acK;ref;uSef,uefeef.aO wSyf: wwf:pAwf:Omif;sw.sw.rK:qkdif pAwf:pkdofauK; zl;ulwf.N.awtrf,sy.zl;Okdof;blof:vh;/ bgef.coftrf,c[;Okdof;blof:awK,wh:rK:aOrof,uK: cofwkdef:c[;Ogef,oh. rldif:wh:eh. yAef rldif:Okrf:Okduf:awK,cofsv; trf,tmef:yhg,zK;yefckdef:aO wkdef:awcD,emyf,wlyf: wmyf,? sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:aOrof,uK: Okef,vh;Okef,yAefauK; cofyefwmef,pkdofNyf; zAof;ySwf; zl;tgefNofwh:rK:bl,bof./ rldof;Nyf;wdtof qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:uGK,bof.eef. ]]AkdvfrSL;csKyf wifaz}}yefyhm:olef.oK; ]]P;tofqof;'K.cof uGK,wgwf;wluf:erf.ymif,vhm, ughrlnf.zAof; ySwf;urf:vAof}}ehvl:ugef,/ ulnf:eK,]]AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;}}Orf. Omefcwf:vgif;eh. aO sevgif;wmif:oK; ]]ulofukdwf:ykdef:pmif;phm.vlifoh.rldefeif, rif;BuD;&efaemif tofwhm Oldofpmef'K.aO ughrlnf.yK:zgif:rldif:vlifwh:ymuf,ekdif;(rwfwIK,=rw책&m)rldof;ymeftK,o eef.}}ehsv; coftrf,tofwhmOAif;aOwK. xgefySwf;iK:vkrf:vkrf:bl,bof./ qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;uBK,OSifsw. cofwkdef:bdkof:whmref:qof;ySwf;pdrf:vguf: qguf,eef.bl,bof.? qof;Olnf,wSuf;Orf. vh;nK:bK;bKilef.wD;e[:xgif,aO vl.phmwhm uGK,? vkuf;qhm:? egif.qhm:sv; tduf,vlnf;aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof;'K.auK; rmef;tmef: wdngyf:sv; vh;eDyhm;zmwf,bmefomef;rldif:auK;rD:? qldof:yhm;cof;uGK,pAwf:Okduf:bl,oh.e[: xldef,auK;rD:rK:/ Okduf:wh:tefrD:oh. e[:xldef,urf;zgif;Orf. yAefaIK:uK,I.y.vqyf: wdwf:oh.sv; se:oK;qof;'K.chmudefrldif:aO tgefuefqif:aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof; 78

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'K.? tofwhmphmrlnf.ySwf;xSif;/ qldof:trf,tofwhmauK; trf,yefeK;wD;vDvDaO urf; zgif;Orf.pof:eif,uef tofuefcrfxgif,oh. 7,8 yDauK; bif:yAefrK:eh. yAefwmif: zdwf:tefpof:trf,arKcgwf,zgwf;pSif:uefsv;qif, wluf:Okrf:rK:bl,bof./ rldof;ymefqof;'K.tgefNofaO vgwf;vSof:eef. -

pAwf:Omif;umefwK,rldif:wh:

zgif:cwf:q[tof

1.qof;'K.cofpmrf.erf rD:ydif,nK,? rmifqof;vh;cl:(M.A)? rmifqof;vh;cl:(B.A)? rmif qof;qef.ySwf,(qef.ySwf,ymefeef. uwf.cSef,aO ulef:vh;cl:bmrf:vAof) 2.tK,eK,tkyf.ydlif,rldif:wh:rD:oh.e[:rkdof:?

3.ulef:rldif:bkrf,brfpuf.OK,?

4.zhm,vifrD:tif:udwf.urf.xSrfoh./ rldof;eef. zl;tgefNofzhm,rmef; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? tl:ekcofeef.trf, vh;cl:/ ugyf;Oifzl;tgefNofzhm,wh: wArfxlef;oh.aOcof ul;yldifyldifauK;bK, qkdifOrf. vh;wluf:Okrf:yefuGK,J` ayK:olef.Ogef,sw. ugyf;trf,arKumefyhm:rldif: tefrmef;arK eef.bof./ wK,awsc.cAifyldef;eef. N.xkuf,vh;arKydif,nK,tefyldef;arKoh.aOq[. wkdof:awK,pof:bl,eef. ckdef:q[.wkdof:awK,yldef; xkuf,tofrdwf;yldef;cK;yldef;ckdef:qif, awsy.vh;yldef;ckdef:bl,bof./ umefrldif:qldif.eef qof;'K.coftrf,arKrK:/ ymefrldof;vAofeh.wh:pof:1.qgif,ydif,nK,wmif:N.arKpof:yAif:rldof;ymefqof;'K.?

2.tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:wh:qgif,rD:oh.e[:rkdof:pof: wArfxlef;rldefrdol f;ymefcof?

3.ulef:rldif:qgif,puf.OK, urf.xSrfpof:vh;bl,wK,aO,?

4.zhm,vifpof:rD:z[rD:Oifoh.?

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5.qgif,pof:yK;arKydif,nK, tefzl;cAefpof:arKaOsv; q[.wkdof:awK,pof:bl,ul;rdkof.ul; oef:/ qldof:eh.yAefacK;pof: xkuf,olef.clef.oh.bl,/ bgef.trf,yAif:ymefcofqof;sv; pSif:erf.q[wluf:? trf,pwf:pAwf:Oifsw. trf,xkuf,yAefeif,uof,/ pof:ukdif,vDcwf:q[ P;ylef.vldofcofqof;eef.bl,/ pof:xkuf,vDykduf.zdkuf:arK? rD:rK:qldof:qldif.eif,cofqof;rof uK: pof:xkuf,rD:yK:? arKyK:tefzl;cAefpof:arKrD:oh.bl,eef.aOvh; yAefvgif;sy.ykef; cofqof;rK:eef.yK:vl:ugef,/ ]]umefOkduf:? umefyhm:rldif:? tefoK;eef.z[ulwf.? uSuf:? pwf:? bguf:? vdif,

vSef? sv.vSwf:? pmif;vguf:? Nuf.qef? ouf.vh;eif,c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.vh;auK; N. ref:awsy.awvh;bl,bof.? trf,yh,wK.ugef,? trf,qgrf:yldifTwK:vlif}}eheef.oK;trf,

vh;/ wD;sw.ref:vlof,sy.sv; vlof,vh;ulnf:/ ugyf;eef ]]ayK:r[:c[;vh;sv; c[;sy. auK; r[:vlof,arKvgif;trf,TwK:sv; vlof,wef:xK;wK.oh.bl,tgefwmif:yldef;wK,aO, eef.bof./ qlof;cmof:tefylef.rK:qldof:eef.sw. wh:ukrf,tgefuef]]Okdof;blof:? tlef; tgef,? tK:eK,? bkrf,ihm;? zlduf,qkdef;? cmofO[? trf,tkdwf:? xAifuef? zdwf:uef? edif;uef? uldef.uef? pdrfuef? xldrfuef? qSuf,uef? xSuf,uef? wSuf,uef}}eK,ylef. tK:vK:zSofsv; wh:trf,yh,wgef.wef:wK.xK; z[wD;v[rK:aOyguf;/ wluf:vkdef:bl, wK,aO,eef.bof./ awudefeldof.vdif:auK; ukrf,rkdif.wlnf:eK;vdif:rK:bl,sv; trf, wgef.pwf:udefrK:/ OifoK;toftAefpSif:pwf:? imefawK,Ol;uefulnf:sw. wh:awsy. vh;bl,auK;bK,rldof;vAofyldef;toftguf:vSef;sc.uef ugyf;eefayK:pof: trf,rkif;pef vguf:ylef.yldef;oh.tgefwmif:sw. N.awqmif;Fymwf;wluf:vkuf:vofvlifxSif;bl,/ ]]tAefpSif:yh,wArfxlef;}}tefoK;eef. c[;tgefuefoK;pSif:Oif` ]]ydif,nK, sy.pSif:ukdrf:}}eheef. trf,xkuf,vkdrf:ySwf;/ tAefpSif:erfwmef,pkdofauK;bK, ayK:trf, tofydif,nK,acK;olef.qgh;sw. qmif;wluf:Olrf:yldef;bl,/ rldefeif,oK;]]rh.Omof:oK:vkwf; ckdyf;}}eef. qmif;yAefxSif;bl,/ cAefpof:yAefOif`JyAefz[eheef. pof:xkuf,olef. clef.Oguf;pK P;vh;tgefwmif:/ rldof;ugef,rK:eef.sw. pof:bif:trf,N.quf:cAefpof:rK:?

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pof:yD;egif.eif,uef ukrf,pSrfudefeldof.uefrK:bl,ulnf:sv; uof;rkdef,-vh;phmvhmuGK,OAif;}}sv; xkuf,q[yldef;rK:ulnf:/

vh;yAefrK:eif,]]pmif:OK,

iof;ykdef.trf,uSef,qkdif Ndef:qmif;yif:/ vifb[,wmef,pkdofauK; cSef:qmif;yif: ihm;bof./ ugyf;eef Ndef:pof:bK,P;yif:eef. ykdef.ref:pof:awtofOifpAwf:J`eh. sw. tdifeldoftef pof:c[;azK,pmif;wlofNdef:pof:eef.bof./ pof:awpAwf:Ndef:vif b[,wmef,pkdof? P;pof:yD;egif.ayK:bl,pif:ulnf:eef.ulnf:se,-trf,eef tmef:Mif. ulef:wif:omef;bl,qgrf:se,`Jtdifvlnf; bldif:bl,vlnf;uefeif,uK; bldif:tmef: eef. awvh;pKP;ykdef.Ndef:pof: uSef,eSef;vDeef. tgefwmif:Okwf:bof./ ayK: ykdef.trf,uSef,sw.Ndef:yif:bgh;eef. qmuf,ref:qmif;zlif.wluf:zwf.pof: whmvl:ugef, tldof;/ pof:yD;egif.pSrfuef? zdwf:uefuK;pkdofauK; N.awxkuf,q[yldef;ulnf:? eif,pkdof awtrf,rSef;uefauK; yldef;aOK,Olef:O[,'h:yef P;rh;yK:Ndef:pof:bl,wK,aO,/ ugyf; eefNdef:auK; trf,yAefpAwf:rK:vh;aOyguf;/ bgef.trf,rD:ykdef.uSef,rK:aOyguf;sv; yAefNdef:teftrf,ukdrf:vh;aO urf:urf:sv; uh.nK:qmuf,ref:zwf.nK:rK:ulnf:/ ]]vh;N.vgif;rldof;ugef,qldof:eh.rK:? yldef;qmif;pdse:uef eSef,eK,? rldefpmif; wdefrkdof:ayK:tlef;uGK,OAif;? wK,awpAwf:umefuGK,xSif;eef. ayK:trf,rD:pSif:bof.}}eh sw. z[oK;auK; ref:zdwf:bof./ awpAwf:pkdofuefvK,`JawtgefuefOkdyf,bl,e[: OK.yldef;oh.bl,pK.`Jyldef;c[;udeftefv[? rldof;v[auK; urf.q[yldef;vlduf;tofse,J` ayK:trf,c[;udefbof.auK; yefyldef;tofuGK, xguf,wluf:erf.ymif,vhm,aObof.se,J` ]]rwf:uRuf:trf,yAefvguf:}}bof.sv; awcmrf,yef P;wgwf;wluf:'h:se,` trf,eef awolef.? clef.? uguf:? vSwf:? zhm? uSwf:OK.yldef;cmwf, ymwf,cSefyldef;aOpAwf:P; tgefuefylef.vgwf;seJ`eheef.sw. urf.umifq[wh:wif:OAif; tgefuefwSyf: wwf:eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ awpAwf:Oif? pAwf:pdkofvlifauK;bK, trf,xkuf,vkdrf:ySwf;vgif;oK;]]uof}}trf,cdkuf. yAif:]]pK:}}? ]]pK:}}Orf.trf,uwf.brfyAif:]]pof:}}eh.eef.aOyguf;? ayK:ukrf,tgefuef rkdifrkdif.qgrf:'h:yldef;wh:vSif:bguf,tofquf:eef.ulnf:sw. N.yldef;awwdngyf:tofrldof: clof;udefauBK, Nef.clofvlnf;Nrf;uefbl,ulnf:bof./ awcmrf,yefyldef; wdtofrldof:udef auBK,aOse,`/ 81

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