[New version] Responsible tourism

GUIDEBOOK ON THE INTEGRATION OF ECOLOGICAL LIFESTYLE INTO EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR YOUTH

Topic

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM Hanoi, October 2018

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Implementation: Center for Development of Community Initiative and Environment (C&E) This guidebook was compiled and published under the sponsorship of Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung – Southeast Asia Copyright: This guidebook can be copied or cited for noncommercial purposes only Compile: Nguyen Duc Tung, Trinh Minh Nguyet, Nguyen Viet Trung, Tran Thanh Hoang, Truong Minh Den Edit: Vu Van Tuan, Ngo Thi Phuong Thao, Bui Thi Thanh Thuy Design: Nguyen Khanh Linh Photo: C&E Center and colleagues Address: No 12 lane 89 Xa Dan street, Phuong Lien, Dong Da district, Hanoi Phone number: +84 24 3573 8536 Email: ce.center.office@gmail.com Website: ce-center.org.vn

PREFACE “Guidebook on the integration of ecological lifestyle into educational activities for youth – Topic: Responsible Tourism” is one of the three ecological lifestyle education toolkits (Tourism, Food and Water) designed for teachers, trainers and youth activists. It belongs to the project “Partnership to support and promote informal and non-formal education for advocating an ecological lifestyle and climate change adaptation and mitigation in Vietnamese Universities – year 2017” sponsored by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.

This guidebook aims to support trainers and youth activists to inspire their learners in a diverse, scientific-based and interesting way. It is designed to bring necessary skills and knowledge of the impact of tourism on the environment, society and economy.

Besides, trainers and youth activists will be equipped with information about how to take part in tourism activities at different levels sustainably. This guidebook focuses on integrating “responsible tourism” into educational program and activities in order to change learners’ awareness and action. Hence, learners can apply this into their future career and spread to their community where they live, study and work.

Furthermore, this guidebook is not designed for trainers and youth activists only, it is a simple tool for every individuals and organizations who seek to understand and integrate topics related to ecological lifestyle into extracurricular, training or educational activities for young people. No matter who you are or where you work, you can be an inspirer to your community.

The compilation team hope to receive comments and suggestions from individuals and organizations to better revise and publicize this guidebook in upcoming times.

The compilation team C&E Center

CONTENTS

01 02

INTRODUCTION 6 Tourism and different types of tourism 7 Tourism 7 Different types of tourism 8 The current tourism situation 10 Tourism situation in the world 10 Tourism situation in vietnam 14 The impact of tourism to environment and community 16 Stakeholders in tourism 18

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING RESPONSIBLE TOURISM INTO EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS RESPONSIBLE TOURISM 21 Responsible tourism 21 Definition 21 Characteristics of responsible tourism 21 Benefits of responsible tourism 22 How to develop responsible tourism?

25 Why should responsible tourism be integrated into education? 27

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METHODOLOGY TO INTEGRATE RESPONSIBLE TOURISM INTO EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR YOUTH 28 Forms of integration 29 Integration into teaching plan, exercise, research 29 Integration into training activities 30 Integration into field trips 30 Integration into events 31 Integration methods for training 32 Experiential learning cycle 32 Sample lesson 34 Best practices analysis 36 Debate 39 Negotiation 42

04 05 06

TRAINING PROGRAM RECOMMENDATION 45 No 1: overview about tourism and responsible tourism 46 No 2: responsible tourism and local development 47 No 3: be a smart tourist 49 No 4: field trip – responsible tourism model 51

INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATIONS AND REFERENCES ABOUT RESPONSIBLE TOURISM 52

APPENDIX 56 Stakeholders round-table | negotiation table Tourism route

57 59

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PART

01 Introduction

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TOURISM AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOURISM Tourism

Nowadays, tourism has become a popular mean of entertainment all over the world, including Vietnam. However, up to now, the definition of tourism has not been completely unified not only in Vietnam but also in the world.

Given specific circumstances and research perspectives, each person has a different understanding of tourism. Consequently, there are as many definitions as the number of research authors.

According to the World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, Tourism is a socio – cultural – economical phenomenon that comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business and other purposes. These people are so-called tourists.

Scholars who compiled the encyclopaedia of Vietnam divided the two basic contents of tourism into two separate sections. According to these experts, the first meaning of this word is “A kind of relaxing holiday and positive visit outside of human’s residence for the purpose of leisure, entertainment, visiting scenic, historical or cultural spots ...”. By the second definition, tourism is considered to be “a highly effective integrated business in terms of improving the understanding of nature, traditional history and ethnic culture, thereby contributing to increasing the local’s love for their country as well as foreigners’ friendship with the nation. Economically speaking, tourism is a very effective business area, which can be considered as a form of export of goods and services on the spot. Therefore it is highly focused in every country’s development.”

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Different types of tourism

Tourism activities can be classified to different types depending on certain criteria. Following are types of tourism based on the objectives of the trip.

LEISURE TOURISM

People who travel for the purpose of leisure, changing environment or seeking to get away from their daily lives habit are using leisure tourism. Leisure tourism itself can be separated into different types as follows: ADVENTURE TOURISM This is considered to be a form of tourism with elements of discovery and intensive emotional experience from the trip to places with rough and highly dangered terrains. Accompanying adventure tourism is adventure sports that are tailored to suit each type of travel. In Vietnam, there are some areas that is investing on this type of tourism such as: river crossing rowing in La Ba river – Da Lat, adventure mountain climbing in Ngu Hanh Son – Da Nang, bungee jumping in Nha Trang,…

CULTURAL TOURISM Cultural tourism is a set of activities related to the culture of a nation or region, especially history, art, architecture, religion and other factors that form lifestyle of the people living there.

This form of tourism includes trips within urban area, especially to cities that have rich history or unique culture. It also can include tourism in countryside showing traditions of native community culture, their values and lifestyle. In Vietnam, this form of tourism grows strongly in provinces that still preserve their cultural festivals well such as Hue, Phu Yen, the Northern delta,…

ECO – TOURISM This is a form of tourism that depends on natural values in integration with local culture with community engagement towards sustainability. Eco-tourism aims to preserve eco-system while educate tourists about environmental protection.

Nowadays, eco-tourism has been developing and becomes a trend in many countries including Vietnam. To name some ecotourism sites in Vietnam: Cuc Phuong national forest, Trang An – Ninh Binh, Gao Giong - Dong Thap,…

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BUSINESS TOURISM

This is a type of tourism on the purpose of work or business.

Typical examples of this are meeting with partners, product providers; expanding market; establishing new partnership; teambuilding trip for employees.

VISITING FRIENDS OR FAMILIES

The purpose of the trip might be to join a wedding, birthday party or simply to visit relatives that you have not met for a long time.

MEDICAL TOURISM

This type of tourism is for people traveling for healthcare. The destinations can be hot stream or places with good climate for health recovering. In recent years, it started to include people travelling to plastic surgery hospitals or beauty spas.

RELIGION TOURISM

It is defined as spiritual or pilgrimage tourism. For example, a pilgrimage to sacred places or cultural heritage‌

EDUCATION TOURISM

Tourists travel with the main objective is to attend education related events, to research, to develop professional capacity.

For example: attending workshops, field-trips or training courses‌

VOLUNTEER TOURISM

This type of tourism include charity or volunteer activities such as clean up, supporting areas that are in crisis or medical support in another country.

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THE CURRENT TOURISM SITUATION Tourism situation in the world

Being one of the biggest economy in the world, tourism is creating jobs, boosting export and prosperity everywhere. Even though it faces many challenges in recent years due to the unstable economics, politics, diseases and natural disasters, tourism shows its economic recovery in 2016, contributing 3.1% to GDP and provided 6 million jobs to people living in tourism areas.

According to a research of World Travel and Tourism Council conducted in over 185 countries and 26 regions, tourism has created: 7.6 BILLION US DOLLAR (equivalent to 10.2% global GDP) 10,2% 292 MILLION JOBS IN 2016 (equivalent to 10% global jobs) 10% 6.6% TOTAL GLOBAL EXPORT

6,6% 30% TOTAL GLOBAL SERVICE EXPORT 30% 0%

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90% 100%

There are more challenges and difficulties projected in the future, however, tourism will keep developing as a leading economy contributing to the development of many countries all over the world.

TENDENCIES IN GLOBAL TOURISM TOURISM MARKET In the past few decades, North America and Europe dominated tourism market, but that situation will not last for long. Estimatedly, until 2030, most of the growth in global tourism will come from Africa, Asia and Middle East. This will encourage development and job opportunities in these regions. The new markets is not only a potential market source but also attractive destinations. From 2016 to 2026, 10 fastest growing markets for tourism spending are projected to be India, Angola, Uganda, Brunei, Thailand, China, Myanmar, Oman, Mozambique and Vietnam.

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ELIMINATE VISA BARRIER The 21st century tourists have high expectation on the easy access of tourist spots as well as convenient transportation among countries. In 2015, tourist attractions around the world require 61% the population to have visa before departure. Meanwhile in 2008 this number was 77%. This is a noticeable improvement of tourism industry to reduce the barrier of having visa.

The barriers in tourism does not work like any other commercial barriers and it prevents growth. To eliminate tourism visa at bilateral level will increase travelling among two countries. Some solutions from bilateral to regional have been done to reduce tourism barriers, allow economic development and create jobs including Schengen agreement, US Global Entry Program, APEC Business Travel Card. Different regional agreements are on the negotiation table for ASEAN, the Pacific Alliance and an idea of African visa was proposed by The African Alliance as well.

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN TOURISM A complete model for Smart Travel including Smart Visas, Smart Border, security procedure and smart infrastructure will revolutionize tourism and travel in the same way that cell phone revotionized the telecommunications industry. Furthermore, these technology application models will help increase security and reduce government’s spending while increasing experience for tourists.

In order to reach Smart Travel approach, the tourism industry is depending on technology and digitizing to create a safe and continuous experience for tourists. Changes in the last decade has lead to the remarkable increase of auto-technology to bring safety and convenience to tourists. With the current technology, tourists can book their flight and check booking online, go through ticket gate automatically or even check their flight itinerary by electronic equipment. These techniques should be applied to continue improving border security and make travelling easier.

HEADING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Rio +20 highlights that well designed and well managed tourism can contribute to the sustainable development of economics, society and environment. Being one of the biggest economy in the world,

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tourism plays an important role in developing sustainable environment, green growth and climate change adaptation and mitigation.

In the World Tourism Day 2015 (Sep 27th), The Secretary-General of United Nations Ban KiMoon sent the message: “With more than one billion international tourists now traveling the world each year, tourism has become a powerful and transformative force that is making a genuine difference in the lives of millions of people. The potential of tourism for sustainable development is considerable. As one of the world’s leading employment sectors, tourism provides important livelihood opportunities, helping to alleviate poverty and drive inclusive development. As tourism revolves around encounters between different peoples, the sector can foster multicultural understanding and raise awareness on the need to preserve cultural and natural heritage. As the world prepares to adopt a new sustainable development agenda, tourism should be recognized for its ability to create jobs, promote local culture and products and champion the conservation and sustainable use of marine and terrestrial habitats.”

Not only people working in development field can realize the importance of tourism in sustainable development, tourists themselves are starting to have a positive overview about this issue. A series of market researches show the attention of tourists to products and service that are environmentally friendly and respect local culture. According to readers survey of Condé Nast Traveller magazine, one of the world leading magazines on tourism and hospitality, 93% people think that tourist agencies should have environmental responsibility, 58% stated that their accommodation choice is affected by whether the hotel supports local community or not. Survey of TripAdvisor (the largest international website about tourism information) with more than 700 American tourists about eco-tourism in 2012 shows that 57% travellers said they usually make environmentally friendly decisions by choosing accommodation, transportation or food source. Furthermore, Jenny Rushmore – director of responsible travel at TripAdvisor said that “Green initiatives are an increasing priority for hospitality businesses that are trying to reduce their environmental footprint. Our survey shows that TripAdvisor travellers are interested in eco-friendly practices, but hungry for more information about which green plans and policies are actually in place.”

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Which countries

HAS THE MOST TRAVELLERS TO VIETNAM? THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS TO VIETNAM IN 8 MONTHS OF 2017

(theo số liệu thống kê của Tổng cục du lịch Việt Nam)

> 8.000.000 Increase 129,7% visitors

over the same period in 2016

THE NUMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS TO VIETNAM IN 8 MONTHS OF 2017

AMERICAS 565.169 visitors

AFRICA 23.191 visitors

EUROPE 1.278.996 visitors

ASIA

6.324.994 visitors

AUSTRALIA

280.029 visitors

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

BY AIR > 7.000.000 visitors

ON LAND > 1.000.000 visitors

BY WATERWAY > 100.000 visitors

TOP 3 COUNTRIES HAVE THE MOST TOURISTS TO VIETNAM IN 8 MONTHS OF 2017

CHINA

KOREA

THE UNITED STATES

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Tourism situation in vietnam With abundant natural resources and cultural heritages together with being on top of friendly and safe tourism charts, the tourism sector in Vietnam is having many chances to score with travellers and step up its development.

According to statistics of Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, the number of domestic tourists continues to increase every year, from over 11,000 visitors in 2000 to over 60,000 in 2016. The growth rate during 16 years even reached 48% in 2015.

According to the annual report on Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2016 in Vietnam of the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) published on March 2016, total contribution of tourism to Vietnam GDP includes: THE TOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO GDP WAS 584,884 BILLION VND IN 2015 (13.9% of GDP) 13,9% DIRECTLY SUPPORTED 2,783,000 JOBS (5.2% of total employment) 11,2% THE TOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO EMPLOYMENT, INCLUDING JOBS INDIRECTLY SUPPORTED, WAS 11.2% OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT (6,035,500 jobs)

5,2% INVESTMENT IN 2015 WAS 113,497 BILLION VND (10.4% of total investment) 10,4% 0%

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These impressive and potential numbers show that Vietnam Tourism is having a promising future.

However, it will have to face certain challenges and difficulties ahead, especially in the context of growing globalization and localization. The level of competency is rising, more complicated and not limited in national level but become regional level.

Another issue not only Tourism sector but also other related sectors needs to concern about is how to harmonize between extracting tourism potentials while ensuring the preservation of natural resources, heritage values, environmental protection as well as local cultural beauty.

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The negative impact of mass tourism on famous tourism sites in Vietnam is clear to see. Take an example of Ha Long By – one of the world natural wonders recognized by UNESCO. Currently, at some tourist spots such as Thien Cung, Dau Go, Sung Sot cave… the intensive and frequent concentration of tourist boat and ferries affected surrounding ecological environment badly. When ships’ rudders spin they stirred the mud and negatively effected the bottom ecosystem with coral reef and other creatures. Not mentioning the oil leaked from ships, boats used to transport passengers and goods on the bay pollutes the water environment. Even though the awareness and responsibility of ship owners and tourists towards environment has been raised and local authority put in more management, it is unavoidable that waste and waste water from tourists and transportation being disposed to the bay. Furthermore, business and service infrastructure o the bay hold certain threat of polluting the bay with their waste as well.

Another typical example is Fanxipan: to meet the tourists’ demand, the Fanxipan Cable Car system has been built and launched. It became easier to conquer “the roof of Indochina”.

In the past, there were only several dozen people reach Fanxipan peak everyday on foot.

Nowadays, with the support of the cable car system, the number went up to thousands. Too many visitors left a lot of consequences such as more thrash and low quality sanitary system.

Especially a number of irresponsible tourists came and wrote on the peak point, which not only ruined the image of Vietnam tourism but also hurt nation pride.

In addition, a growing number of tourists coming to Sapa drags along the escalating construction of many resorts and tourism spots which destroys nature. Together with that, the changes in traditional lifestyle and custom of local people effectively ruined their native culture. Some tourists going back to Sapa after ten years showed great pity to an old Sapa which was not urbanized strongly as it is now.

FANSIPAN 3.143m

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The impact of tourism to environment and community Tourism can provide jobs and prosperity for a region. Many developing countries focus on tourism to be prosperous and improves the lives of their people. However, a large amount of tourists going to one place can have both positive and negative impact on the region.

POSITIVE IMPACT

NEGATIVE IMPACT LOCAL ECONOMY

• Create job opportunity: via working directly in tourism sector or indirect sectors related to tourism such as retail or transportation.

• Create development opportunity for small business, especially in rural areas.

• Create more income from tax (airport, hotel…) and this budget can be used to reconstruct schools, houses, hospitals…

• Some tourism jobs are seasonal and low paid • Tourism development does not only depend on local context but also on basic infrastructure such as road, tourism center, accommodation…

These fee are usually given to the government.

• Tourism raises the price of local real estate, goods and service.

• Profit from tourism does not always go to the local community. A big part of them will be leaked to international cooperation such as restaurant chains, hotel brand..

• Some destinations depend heavily on tourism can easily by affected by events like terrorist attack, natural disaster and economic breakdown.

SOCIETY • Tourism improves infrastructure and recreational facilities, brining benefits to local community.

• Tourism activities encourage the preservation traditional custom, handicrafts and festivals • Tourism helps different cultures exchange and raise the awareness of the public about poverty and human right • Guarantee livelihoods by creating jobs for local people

• Activities of tourists might have negative impact on the quality of local people’s life • Local people can be relocated out of their land to take land for new hotels. They might even be banned from public beaches due to construction of resorts.

• The introduction of foreign culture of tourists can effect traditional culture negatively

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POSITIVE IMPACT

NEGATIVE IMPACT ENVIRONMENT

• Eco-tourism can help conserve wild animals and natural resources • Tourism generates finance budget for conservation activities via entrance fee and guiding fee • By creating alternative livelihoods, tourism reduces issues like overhunting, overfishing and deforestation in developing countries.

• Raise awareness of local people and tourists about the value of nature and the sensibility of eco-systems.

• Tourism poses a threat to natural resources and culture of a region by causing water pollution, loss of eco-balance, affecting lives of animals and plants due to over-extraction • Hotels and tourist companies have high level of water and energy usage which put a burden and pressure on natural resources at destinations. Bad management together with consumption for tourism activities worsen the problems of waste and pollution.

• Constructions with poor architecture ruin the landscape and destroy space values.

• Mass tourism following quantities usually causes damage to current construction and relics. When tourists gather too crowded at one relic, it creates physical and chemical impact (from gases, breath, noise…), which together with climate and weather will cause the deterioration, destruction of the ancient architecture.

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Stakeholders in tourism Stakeholders include individuals, small groups, big groups or organizations, enterprises and the government. Each stakeholder has impact on the others and on tourism development.

GOVERNMENT Governments play an important role in tourism development.

They create planning for tourism at national level. National planning requires suitable policies to be designed and executed. The responsibility of government includes, and is not limited in, establishing and maintaining infrastructure such as road, railway, harbour; promoting destinations to domestic and international tourists; ensuring security and the safety of tourists.

LOCAL AUTHORITY Local authority is an important part of tourism development at one certain place. They manage local tourism center, provide infrastructure and service to support tourism and control the effect of tourism in their area. They understand the best about the uniqueness of the area as well as know how to create true experience for travellers.

TRAVEL AGENCIES AND TOURIST SERVICE COMPANIES Travel agencies and tourist service companies are those who bring tourists to a destination. They also provide services related to accommodation, food and assistance to tourists during the trip.

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TOURISTS This is the most important stakeholder in tourism. They are the ones using tourism service and bring huge impact to the destination. Tourists are effective communication channel for tourist spots and tourist agencies, they help to attract more people visiting the place. Besides, tourists can evaluate the quality of products and service they receive from tourist agencies and companies.

LOCAL PEOPLE Local people have the right to stand against any tourism development they find irrelevant to their area and their life. Therefore, they need to be involved more actively in decision making when necessary. Local people have their unique values and culture which can add on to any tourist attractions. Tourists can benefit from experience with local people in different ways.

MEDIA The media not only has the mission of publicizing information but also relates to connecting with the public to encourage a better understand of tourist destination and help tourists to explore more. This is the stakeholder that support the communication of tourism policies from government of local authority to local people and tourists.

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS: NGO(S), UNIVERSITIES. They are the ones that can propose research and consultancy on solutions to develop sustainable tourism. Education and communication about sustainable development issues to young people is very important and it is not the responsibility of universities only, non-governmental organizations can join in as well. Besides, universities will educate people who will join the human force of tourism service and can improve the quality of tourism sector.

PART

02 The importance of integrating responsible tourism into educational programs

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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM Definition The definition of responsible tourism was first introduced in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Cape Town, South Africa in 2002. This type of tourism is built based on the principle foundation of sustainable tourism including: • Sustainable use of natural resources • Respect, preserve and promote the authenticity in culture-society • Guarantee long-term economic benefits and the equality in resource allocation among stakeholders.

It requires everyone from government to local people and tourists to actively involve and bring positive changes via decision making and application of activities in order to optimize economic, social and environmental benefits while mitigating related negative impacts. Therefore, responsible tourism is more like an approach than a destination, with the long-term result is creating a better living environment for local people, improving natural, cultural and social conditions and building an interesting destination for tourists.

Characteristics of responsible tourism • minimises negative economic, environmental and social impacts; • generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host communities • improves working conditions and access to the industry; • involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life changes; • makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of the world’s diversity; • provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues; • provides access for people with disabilities and the disadvantaged; • is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.

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Benefits of responsible tourism The core of responsible tourism is the principle of sustainable tourism which, according to UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), includes:

SOCIETY

ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMICS

Hence, responsible tourism has certain impact these three factors.

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM BRINGS SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT Environment is an essential part of tourism. Both nature environment (ocean, forest, waterfall, mountain, river‌) and man-made environment (historical heritage or relic) need to be preserved and protected. Applying responsible tourism will contribute to biodiversity reservation as well as ancient values and culture preservation. In a deeper look, responsible tourism requires a scientifically and consciously extraction of natural resources, guarantees the regeneration of these resources for future generations. For example, Gansbaai, used to be a small fishing village no one knows of, became one of the most attractive tourism spots in South Africa when it applied responsible tourism. By creating experiential activities closely connected to nature without over-extraction such as cage diving with sharks, kayaking, whale watching, horse riding or long hike, Gansbaai is seen as a region of diverse eco-system and has been well-known all over the world in the past 20 years.

Furthermore, protecting the environment does not solely means protecting rare animals and plants living in the area, but it also creates many benefits for human: no pollution in water, air and soil.

Guarantee the harmony in living environment for other creatures means doing the same for human.

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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM PROTECTS THE AUTHENTICITY OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES When an area is turned into tourist spot, there will be certain impact from tourists on the culture and communities there. Local people might have to face traffic jam due to tourist vehicles, overload in town or city due to too many tourists, crime rate might go up, new language and culture will come and there might be people move in to do tourism service.

A typical example is Sapa, one of the most famous tourist attractions in Vietnam, many ethnic families force their children to go sell souvenirs for money instead of going to school. Even worse, kids might not know Vietnamese but they learnt the street kind of English to talk with tourists. Or in Huong pagoda, a culture and religion system in Vietnam, each year thousands of people come here in the beginning of the year. Together with that, hundreds of tourist vans and motorbikes gather at one place causing serious traffic jam. Moreover, stealing and dragging tourists happen because some people make use of the crowd and careless of tourists.

Responsible tourism will help avoid these negative changes, at the same time bring on positive changes such as supporting the exchange between local culture and new foreign cultures without losing its identity. This manifests in introduction of service organization methods, new knowledge and skills for local labour to improve their professionalism and attract service to the area. It will not only guarantees jobs for local people but also gives tourist a realistic and friendly view of the place.

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM DEVELOPS ECONOMICS SUSTAINABLY The last and not less important element of sustainable development is economics. The assurance of income from tourism in a destination helps improve living condition and development of the area, which should be considered in tourism management. When tourist agencies or resorts are invested by outsiders, they will get most of the profit from tourism. Responsible tourism brings the profit back to support the local people and contribute to local economy.

In fact, considering a long term impact, responsible tourism benefits every stakeholder, not only for service and resorts investors, for local communities but also for tourists.

For local people: • Support local economy in different ways, create chances for business and stimulate the development of local business both directly and indirectly

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• Create opportunities both directly and indirectly for job, income, money exchange as well as bring more taxes for the local authority • Create an environment for community to take part in tourism more actively, generate income from tourism and by that, reduce poverty for the local.

For travel agencies or tourism enterprises • Tourists like the feeling when they are contributing to the environment, supporting local people both socially and economically. Therefore applying principles of responsible tourism will raise enterprises’ reputation and make them stand out from other competitors, help them attract more customers.

• Efficient use of energy helps enterprises save money. Executing good working conditions brings them a cheerful and effective work force. Preserving nature in tourist sites increases the chance tourists will come back and keeps their long-term relationships.

For tourists • Spending money on the trip more effectively and meaningfully. Their money will be spent on true and authentic experience of culture and nature that will meet their expectation.

How to develop responsible tourism?

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TOURISTS The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that, with proper investment and policies, nature and cultural heritages in tourism destinations will be protected. However, the awareness of tourists contributes to maintain and keep the culture and environment in these places from being ruined.

- Learn about your destination A bit of research about where you are going will enrich your trip. Besides, this is the foundation for a trip that respects culture, protects environment and supports host communities. How can a traveller accomplish all that without understand a little bit about the history or culture of the destination? It can be done simply by reading some articles, talking to someone has experience, reading some books or looking up information on the internet, this will bring you surprising and positive travel experience.

- Choose a suitable tourism service agency which has responsible tourism policies No matter which support service you purchase when travelling such as hotel booking, ticket booking, tour booking‌ pay attention to the sustainability or sustainable tourism related policies on their website.

If an agency does not have the information you are seeking for about policies to sustainably contribute to the community, ask them directly. Let them know that supporting local economy, protecting environment and respecting local culture are important to you when you travel and ask how they are implementing these policies.

- Respect local custom, culture and lifestyle Some traditional cultures might be very different from yours. Therefore, you should understand and respect it, or at least do not negatively affect the local people. This shows your politeness.

Besides, spend time to enjoy local music, art and explore their cuisine.

The experience and feeling about these culture differences will make your trip more meaningful and unique. Spend time to know the local people and the way they live. You might be surprised at what you can learn when you open your mind to new things - Consider the impact of your appearance to the destination Think about what you will leave behind after the trip. Always collect your own thrash, it will not only keep the view but also support the preservation there. These impacts are not limited in environment, it can be impact on local lifestyle, culture or economy.

TRAVEL AGENCIES AND TOURISM SERVICE ENTERPRISES Travel agencies and tourism service enterprises can support and develop sustainable tourism by having relevant regulations and policies such as: - Restaurants and hotels can install suitable waste water treatment system and spinning water filter system.

- Recruit and educate local people for their tourism activities - Do not over-exploit local tourism - Minimize the use of natural resources - Have a proper construction plan, use environmentally friendly materials

LOCAL AUTHORITY In order to promote responsible tourism, the contribution of local authority and the government is crucial.

- Tourism development projects have to match with the needs and conditions of local communities - Planning management solutions can be designed to allocate tourism to avoice concentration and inequality.

- Environment assessment and ecological preservation need to be applied sufficiently and strictly in development planning - Organize trainings to build tourism skills for local people - Have clear regulations and punishments to stakeholders in tourism, from tourist, local people to service enterprises.

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WHY SHOULD RESPONSIBLE TOURISM BE INTEGRATED INTO EDUCATION? The number of young people travelling is growing rapidly and they became the biggest and strongest market in tourism. According to UNWTO, in 2015 there is 25% of international tourists in the age of 15 – 29 coming from many different countries and regions. Another joint research of WYSE Travel Confederation and UNWTO shows that the total revenue of tourism coming from young tourists was 190 billion USD in 2009 and have escalated to 286 billion USD 5 years after. According to the projection of UNWTO, in 2020 the number of young tourists will increase to 370 million. They are young and have big impact on tourism with their motto of “live like a local” in favor of authentic experience. The importance of this target group was recognized by the United Nations as the main force for social change and development. Therefore, more than any other market target, youth is leading transformation and opening the way to responsible tourism.

Besides, in the age of tourism development, young people is not just an important part of the market but also the resources for transformation and revolution. Almost young people are either studying or just starting their career. Therefore the change within them can happen easily. Especially with those who study or work in tourism related major such as tour guide, restaurant/hotel manager, tour operator…, it is even easier for them to apply responsible tourism into their future career.

As a result, integrating responsible tourism into education is essential. This will help young people, one of the potential market for tourism, have a multi-angle perspective of responsible tourism, leading to changing their awareness and action, and inspire the community towards action for sustainable tourism in every aspect.

PART

03 Methodology to integrate responsible tourism into educational activities for youth

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This guidebook not only focuses on providing information about the topic “Responsible Tourism” but also pay attention to the procedure and tools to design trainings and activities about sustainable food consumption. Models and skills to organize activities like these will not only help changing awareness and actions of young people but also orient their vision in the future when they play different roles in the society.

However, behaviour change and vision formation are not easy and can not be rewarded with result in short-sighted time. This requires the investment of hard work, consistence and appropriate methodology. For an individual and a community to take action on responsible tourism, they need to have basic understanding, know how to act as well as have strong motivation and desire to take part in. We can equip this to others by education, trainings or simply integrating information into other activities in a smart way.

FORMS OF INTEGRATION The topic “responsible tourism” is very close to the life of young people who are keen to explore new things, discover new lands and are one of the most potential market targets of tourism. Youth can play different roles in this industry during their lives and also in their future career. Therefore, the integration of this topic into programs and activities for young people both in and out of formal education has a significant importance in the education of responsible tourism and ecological lifestyle.

Following are suggestions on some forms of integration that teachers, trainers and planners can use to bring the topic “responsible tourism” to young people in a practical and exciting way.

INTEGRATION INTO TEACHING PLAN, EXERCISE, RESEARCH Topic “responsible tourism” can be analyzed under different angles and has a correlation with many fields from economics, environment, production to technology, tourism, art…

Therefore, the possibility to integrate this content into teaching subject is very potential. Professors, teachers can use this topic as examples or give supporting information for the lecture depending on the specific lessons. For example: introduction of marketing strategy of high-class resorts in a lesson about marketing; comparison between mass tourism and responsible tourism in a lesson about environment; guideline in building an eco-hotel with the least environmental impact in a lesson about architecture;…

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Besides, in order to let students approach actively with this topic, teachers can assign exercises or orientation to look into, research more about the topic such as assignment to design logo for a travel agency with orientation to apply responsible tourism into their tours, research about the food supply chain of a resort,…

In many cases, personal research, scientific research for students can be used to integrate topics related to “responsible tourism”. For example: scientific research on “Impact of tourism on Ly Son island” or “The potential of applying energy saving system in resort A”, …

INTEGRATION INTO TRAINING ACTIVITIES Extra-curriculum training is an effective way to introduce deeper about a certain topic to students. Depending on specific conditions in terms of human resources, time, venue, finance…, these training can be organized accordingly. For example, in limited time and resource condition, trainer can organize a short sharing in about 2-3 hours on the topic “What is responsible tourism?” at a location inside the university. With the same topic, you can hold a talk show inviting a tourism expert to come and share with students in about 2 hours, or organize a game integrating information about responsible tourism.

One characteristic of this method is that the number of participants should be limited because it can interfere with the quality of the class. Depending on specific method being used, each training should have around 30-40 participants.

The more interactive activities there are, the less people should be involved. With a talk show or a movie show, the number of participants can be bigger.

In the next section, we will introduce in details some suitable methods to use in training course about “responsible tourism”.

INTEGRATION INTO FIELD TRIPS This is a highly practical activity which usually attracts the participation of many students. A field trip usually lasts for at least half a day (without transportation time) and can be limited in the number of participants due to the specific

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location of the trip. A field trip requires more investment in preparation and organization because the visiting venue is usually outside of university. Practical activities should be designed so that students can experience directly in the field.

In case sustainable tourism models are not available in the area, trainers can organize for students to visit, analyze and comment on an existing model and propose solutions to make the model more sustainable.

Depending on the actual local conditions and available resources, trainer can choose from a diverse range of locations such as: Choosing models based on type of tourism: • Experiential tourism: organic garden, garden-housing, farm, handicraft factory,…

• Eco-tourism: national park, eco tourism site, natural reserve center…

• Cultural tourism: traditional villages, cultural destination,…

Choosing models based on topics: Visiting a restaurant to learn and practice about food processing or waste treatment; visiting a hotel or resort to observe the environmentally friendly design or how they use energy,…

INTEGRATION INTO EVENTS This is a familiar form of integrating a topic to students in university since they usually have extra-curriculum events happening during all school year. These events can be varied from competition, exhibition to fair, performances or a combination of different forms. Events usually have a big communication impact and can reach a much bigger audience than training courses or field trips.

Another interesting point of integrating into events is that students can participate from the planning and organizing process along with teachers. This will help them to improve their personal skills and have a better chance to research about the theme or main topic of the event.

Some event examples: a journaling contest about responsible tourism, an exhibition on green tourism,…

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In 2014, an event series about responsible tourism named “Green travel for the future” was organized in Da Nang and Quang Nam. It includes several events: a photo contest “I Travel”, a training on responsible tourism and a festival “Green travel for the future” organized on Pham Van Dong beach in Da Nang.

INTEGRATION METHODS FOR TRAINING There are many facilitation methods to deliver information to learners. Facilitation methods will help learners brainstorm, give ideas actively and increase their ability to absorb the lesson. Here are recommendation of some effective methods, you can look for other tools as well.

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING CYCLE One highly recommended method that can increase the efficiency of training and integration is experiential learning cycle, or it can be called “lessons translate into actions” (Felicia, 2011). David Kolb, an American theory educationist proposed 4 steps of experiential learning model, that is:

TRẢI NGHIỆM

ÁP DỤNG

KHÁI QUÁT BÀI HỌC

PHÂN TÍCH

How can we design a training based on this learning model?

First and foremost, the role of trainer/teacher or facilitator (hereafter we will use the word “trainer” for short) is to assist participants to learn and apply the lesson correctly. Therefore, before designing an integrated lesson plan, trainer needs to clarify what the core focus of the training is.

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Trainer can follow this step-by-step guide:

01

02

03

04

05

Analyze participants Where are they? How is their attitude towards this topic, are they eager to learn? How much do they know about the topic? How much have they practiced or applied?

What do they need to learn and how do they want to learn?

Step 2: Identify objectives of the lesson The learning objectives need to be very clear so that you can design its content easily and appropriately. For example: what should learners receive after 45 minutes, after 90 minutes?

In order to identify the objectives, you need to answer two questions: what are the objectives? (skill or knowledge, or both?) at which level?

For example: the objective can be that students will understand the concept or they understand and can repeat or they understand and can explain from their point of view?

Step 3: Design experiential activities Experiential exercise is one of the most important indicator defining the success of your lesson. Learners will conclude the lesson points for themselves after going through each experience designed by trainer. Therefore, the experiential exercise needs to be closely related to the topic for learners to be able to analyze. Experiential activities can include: listen, watch, smell, taste, hands-on, feel or deep thinking. However, note that these activities should create emotion, excite learners and make them think deeply.

Step 4: Design analyzing activity and summarize the lesson At this step, trainer will ask questions about the activity for learners to recognize their own experience, come up with deduces and lessons.

Step 5: Design application activity Application activity is the part where trainer can suggest how learners can relate from lesson to reality. The application activity has different levels: relate to real life, apply to act, apply to go deeper into the lesson.

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Sample lesson Topic: “How to be a responsible traveller from the first steps” STEP 1: ANALYZE PARTICIPANTS Our participants are 18-22 year old students who are studying in Hanoi. In terms of attitude, we will try targeting students who are eager to learn but have not had a chance to approach information about responsible tourism. This group of students usually do not research much about sustainable destinations and usually favor their personal needs when preparing for a trip.

Hence, we identify what students should learn are overall and basic information about water shortage, the importance of saving water and how to save water in city life. The lesson should be designed to be cheerful, interactive with both individual and group activities.

STEP 2: IDENTIFY OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON It is difficult to deliver a large amount of information in only 90 minutes and we can not expect students to understand, remember and practice as well. Knowing that all students are new to the topic, we should focus on the main objective of getting students to understand the concept and know how to prepare for a trip in a responsible and sustainable way.

STEP 3: DESIGN EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES Since the message is “prepare for a responsible travel trip from the first steps”, choosing what to bring, what to do and not to do is very important. We can provide numbers about irresponsible, unsustainable tourism. The numbers should surprise or shock students and at the same time have some connection to them so that they can understand better and acknowledge their own actions.

STEP 4: DESIGN ANALYZING ACTIVITY AND SUMMARIZE THE LESSON After the experiential activity, we can ask students some questions to conclude what they learn: • What have you seen? Which part gives you a big impression? (collect their observations after watching a short clip about tourism impact or photos of “what tourists left behind”) • How do you feel? (Check their feeling and attitude towards the topic) • Why the situation is like this? How did we get here? (Let students brainstorm on the causes of tourism’s negative impact) • What can we do? (Let students think of actions they can do, prepare for the next step – Step 5).

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STEP 5: DESIGN APPLICATION ACTIVITY We will design a simple game for participants to play after learning about the topic.

Discussion game: “Make plan for a trip to Sapa in 3 days 2 nights” Via this game, trainer will let participants understand which actions are responsible and which ones are not. For example the transportation choice – which means of transportation is the most environmentally friendly?, are the numbers of stuff they bring along reasonable?, or which activities they can do during the trip to support local community?...

Besides, trainer can add challenge or minimize the number of stuff they will bring on the trip or listing all actions that is good for local community…

Afterwards, we can suggest them to apply this lesson to the next trip they are actually planning to go or design a trip for the whole class coming to a different location. This will stimulate them to brainstorm and come up with more choices other than what have been given from the last example.

You can include group activities in either step 4 or step 5 to let students interactive with each other.

This is a basic example of designing lesson plan using experiential learning model.

Depend on the lesson’s message, the experiential activity will need to be re-designed accordingly.

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BEST PRACTICES ANALYSIS Relevant examples are usually provided as story-telling, best practices or case study. This tool is being used widely nowadays with the same objective of inspiration. Sometimes knowledge about sustainability might be seen as “theorical”, “too idealistic” or even “dreamy”. Therefore, showing true stories with real people doing real actions will help make the sustainable picture become clearer and more realistic. The closer the case to learners’ life context, the more persuasive it would be.

Main values of best practices: • To be examples (to understand complex issues); • To create emotions (learners will interact with real people in real life with true experience); • To be proves (of what has been done of is being done) Using this method, trainers can fulfil many objectives such as: • Draw attention of learners (have you imagine that…?); • Check learners’ knowledge (do you know that…?); • Provide proves for their argument (it shows that…); • Help learners to connect theory and practice; • Develop critical thinking (what would you do in this situation?) and understanding about complex relationship among economics, social and environment in one country; • Raise awareness and encourage actions from learners (what can we do to achieve this?)

Some notes when using this method: • Case-study need to be well prepared and checked for its credibility and update (is it still working? Is it available?)

• Avoid using controversial cases with too many opposite opinions and do not have a credible source to check.

• Even if the lesson time is limited, you should provide enough information for learners to connect from the best practice to themselves and their living condition. Providing more references for learners to research deeper on their own afterwards is highly recommended.

To assist the best practices or case studies, trainers can collect more documents like maps, statistics, professional experience, successful stories, products and services related to organize more activities in class and support deeper research upon a certain topic.

In the following part, we will provide some suggestion of best practices in the topic “responsible tourism” that trainers can use as reference.

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Tourism model that sticks with local traditional job This model not only help preserve and develop traditional culture beauty but also support the development of local economy.

Activities in this model usually include tourists visiting factories or manufacture centers and making traditional handicraft by themselves. Hence, apart from experiencing a local environment, tourists have the chance to experience the process of making that traditional product.

Nowadays, Vietnam is developing this model by organizing tour to traditional villages in the North or handicraft workshop such as Taboo Bamboo workshop in Hoi An, Quang Nam.

Some examples of responsible tourism in Vietnam and in the world Sapa O’Chau Sapa O’Chau was established by Shu Tan, a H’Mong woman growing up in a poor village. Like other H’Mong people in Sapa, she earned a living by selling souvenirs to tourists on the street and is un-educated. In 2007, with the support of 4 Australian volunteers, Shu Tan established Sapa O’Chau following the model of community tourism with the hope to professionalize tourism activities in her hometown and create jobs for people like her.

Activities in Sapa O’Chau were designed based on the cultural foundation and local resources: local tour guide, accommodation, coffee shop, H’mong handicraft shop. Besides, Sapa O’Chau is trying to bring ethnic minorities kids back to school by a comprehensive approach including creating more jobs for parents to earn more money, opening dormitories for children to study in town, giving scholarship for senior students to learn about hotel industry in other town/city of the country.

For more information about Sapa O’Chau, please visit: sapaochau.org

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Bushmans Kloof Hotel, South Africa This is the only five-star hotel nesting in the foothills of Cederberg mountain in South Africa. 55% of their employees are local people. Besides, they support local people a lot via their policies and social welfare. They built community centers, libraries, sport centers, gardens and children healthcare centers. They provide sponsorship for local elementary school and support a healthcare system for all their employees and other families living in the area.

To look for more information about Bushmans Kloof, visit: www.bushmanskloof.co.za/sustainability

Matava, Fiji Matava resort is really living as one with the local community on Fiji Island. This is a great example of how a resort reduces its ecological footprint. Matava has for itself an organic farm that can provide their basic needs. Besides, they do not have any TV, mini-bar or imported furniture inside the resort. All furniture and tools are made by Fiji people, even the aluminium sailing boat. The only thing they have to buy from outside is petrol for boat engine, however, they try to minimize it by using bio-diesel made from coconut in the area.

To look for more information about Matava, visit: matava.com/fiji/ecology

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DEBATE Debate is defined as an argument or discussion expressing different opinions about a certain topic.

A debate occurs between two sides with opposing opinions: Proposition and Opposition about a specific notion, under one certain topic. In another way, two debate sides will bring up a controversial matter and members of each team will need to protect their notion.

Take an example of a debate with the notion “Quang Binh province should build cable car system to Son Doong Cave to develop local tourism”. The proposition team will need to look for arguments and evidences to convince people that this is necessary and should be supported. On the other hand, the opposition team needs to bring out reasons to prove why they disagree with the notion.

Components of a debate • Proposition team: agrees with the notion • Opposition team: disagrees with the notion • A jury (usually with un-even numbers of members, one of them will be time-keeper) • Audience (can be students or members of the other groups that is not involved directly in the debate) • One person to assist the jury in collecting and checking their vote The notion should be sent to teams a few hours to a few days before so that they have time to research and prepare for the debate.

During the debate • No high-tech can be used for the purpose of searching information • No support from others is allowed • Debaters need to cite sources for their evidence • Debaters have to speak the truth • Debaters need to work in teams.

Objectives Debate requires participants to work together in research, looking for information and coming up with evidences to support their arguments. In addition, information given in a debate needs to be correct. Hence, participants will be equipped with a lot of knowledge not only about the notion but also about the bigger topic.

Besides, with the principle that everyone has the right to speak their opinion, ask questions, defend their side, debate helps connect participants to each other and to the trainer. Therefore, it encourages peaceful arguments, not criticism and provoking arguments.

Additionally, debate helps learners to see different angles and understand why people with different opinions react the way they do and result in such actions in reality. Hence, multi-dimensional perspective and useful solutions will turn out.

Time Depending on the numbers of participants, the debate style and numbers of notion. Usually each debate takes at least 45 minutes - 1 hour.

Numbers of participant

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Depending on the debate style. The common style is Karl Popper which has 2 teams, each team has 3 official members.

Venue: in the classroom Debate model There are many different debate styles and models, trainer can choose the one the most suit their objectives, the notion and the effect they want to create to participants.

Advantage • Actively support learners to build skills on information synthesis, presentation, critical thinking • Learners will practice active listening and respect others’ opinion • Stimulate and encourage their curiosity Disadvantages • The law of debate usually is quite complicated, therefore it takes time to explain • If participants do not focus and pay attention to their research, the debate will not be productive Karl Popper Debate Karl Popper Debate is popular in universities and colleges in Europe, the US, some Asia Developing countries and international competitions.

Karl Popper is the debate model that focuses on issues that are deeply controversial to develop critical thinking and acceptance of different perspective for participants. In Karl Popper, each team has 3 members and they need to work closely together in order to understand both 2 sides of the notion. Each team will has their chance to bring up their argument and ask questions to their opponent. Judges will provide their feedback, comment for their arguments as well as show them which argument was not reasonable enough, which one was not well-proven or which good argument they might have missed.

The order of debate turns in this model: • A is proposition team: A1, A2, A3 are their debaters in order.

• N is opposition team: N1, N2, N3 are their debaters in order.

• The debate structure is written in the following table from the first debater (A1) to the last one (N3).

DEBATER

DURATION

RESPONSIBILITY

DETAIL

A1

6 minutes

Present all their team’s arguments

Give all definitions, limitations, structure of the debate and all argument points of proposition team

N3 & A1

3 minutes

Questions and Answers

N3 asks, A1 answers

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DEBATER

DURATION

RESPONSIBILITY

DETAIL

N1

6 minutes

Present all their team’s arguments

Give counter-arguments to proposition team Present all argument points of opposition team If any argument is not objected, it means the opposition team agrees with the proposition team in that point

A3 & N1

3 minutes

Questions and Answers

A3 asks, N1 answers

A2

5 minutes

Oppose N1 and support A1

Present their objections to N1’s arguments Support A1 by enhancing his/her arguments, provide more evidence, deepen argument Do not give new argument point

N1 & A2

3 minutes

Questions and Answers

N1 asks, A2 answers

N2

5 minutes

Oppose A2 and support N1

Oppose A2 and support N1 by enhancing his/her arguments, provide more evidence, deepen argument Do not give new argument point

A1 & N2

3 minutes

Questions and Answers

A1 asks, N2 answers

5 minutes

Summarize majors arguments and prove that A should win

Oppose N2 Analyze major arguments to prove that A wins Do not bring new arguments or additions for previous arguments (even evidence)

5 minutes

Summarize majors arguments and prove that B should win

Oppose A3 Analyze major arguments to prove that N wins Do not bring new arguments or additions for previous arguments (even evidence)

A3

N3

Besides, each team has 8 minutes to prepare during the debate time. They can use this 8 minutes before the cross-Q&As section or before their arguments. They can distribute 8 minutes as they want as well.

Trainers can read more about other common debate models such as Parliamentary Debate, Lincoln-Douglas Debate (L-D). bate, Lincoln-Douglas Debate (L-D)...

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NEGOTIATION Negotiation Negotiation is the basic skill to get what we are expecting from others. It is a two-way communication which is designed to settle between us and someone when both sides have opposite interest and mutual interest. According to Oxford dictionary, negotiation means discussions aimed at reaching an agreement among stakeholders.

Stakeholder is the term used to call different target groups that can benefit or be affected by a project, an organization or a strategy. This stakeholder can be either internal or external and can exist at different levels.

For example, the issue is “A project to build a high-class resort by the beach. This is a beautiful intact beach that has not been exploited for tourism yet”. The stakeholders include:

INTERNAL - Project officers - Project managers - Investors

CLIENTS Tourists

PROJECT PARTNERS - Providers - Local authority

EXPANDED IMPACT - Local people - Experts and environmental managers - NGOs

Objectives • Improve critical thinking and arguments about controversial topics, especially the difficult situation in reality • Help participants understand different perspective of the same issue, also understand how a participatory approach will help solve a problem more sustainably Duration At least 2 hours Number of participants Depending on the number of students in the class, divide them into groups.

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Venue: classroom How to organize this activity?

Participants will be separated into groups of different stakeholders to discuss about one context or solve one problem. Each stakeholder will receive a detailed description of their situation, their role, task, their point of view in the context and the condition to solve the problem or the expectation of them when the negotiation ends.

Before the first section begins, the groups have a certain amount of time to discuss and create their negotiation plan that fit their character. There will be at least 2 sections among stakeholders, in between is a short break for them to adjust their plan. In each section, each stakeholder send 1 representative to join the table, they can change this representative in the next section. The negotiation section will be run by a judge.

Firstly, each stakeholder presents their action plan with the context and afterwards they can start asking question and discussing under the facilitation of the judge. After all sections end (or time is run out), the judge will come up with final decision and the result of the negotiation based on initial criteria.

Example of a negotiation Topic: Real estate corporation X sent paper to local authority of province Y proposing to build a highclass resort with tourism activities in the area Z with promising economic benefits.

Stakeholders are: • Local people: who are living inside or around area Z. If the proposal is approved, they will have to re-locate to other places. Their income and daily jobs are dependant on the area.

However company X promised to bring them jobs after they finish building the resort • Local authority Y: you received the proposal from company X. However, the economic development plan in area Z that company X proposed can affect the lives of local people greatly, not to mention that the construction will ruin the natural beauty as well as affect the environment.

Being the representative of the government, local authority Y has the duty to balance between people’s right and tourism development.

• Representative of company X: your company needs to get the permission to build the resort because the economic benefit it will bring is huge. Company X has included geological position, construction issues, local jobs, local economic development into their plan so that it brings them the most profit with the least impact on local people’s lives (under their perspective).

• Tourists: people who go to area Z for travelling or have seen photos of people who have been there. You admire its intact natural beauty and the unique local culture. If company X build a resort in this area, the natural beauty will be in danger. Their natural experience when travelling to area Z might declined while they also can enjoy good service from the high-class resort.

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Agenda The topic can be given beforehand so that stakeholders have time to prepare their opinions and arguments before the negotiation starts.

NO

ACTIVITY

DURATION

CONTENT

1

Explain the rule of negotiation and roles of stakeholders

15 minutes

- What is negotiation?

- What are the role of stakeholders in negotiation table?

- Form groups - Trainer introduce the topic and stakeholders

2

Negotiation – Section 1

35 minutes

Each stakeholder presents their opinions and arguments

3

Break time

15 minutes

During break time, stakeholders can meet up to convince others or try to change the direction of the negotiation to their favor.

They also can choose to not lobbying if they believe in their arguments on the table.

4

Negotiation – Section 2

45 minutes

Stakeholders continue discussing, giving their opinions and convincing others.

5

Summary

15 minutes

Trainer summarize opinions, give feedback and sum up the result.

Advantages • Participants learn different approaches and perspective of the same problem • Practice negotiation skills Disadvantage: only some participants can try the role of representative for each stakeholders.

Other methods can be used effectively in training facilitation are World Café, Nominal Group Technique (NGT), Circle Negotiation, Fast Prioritization… You can read more about these methods in the guidebook “Ecological lifestyle – Trainer guide” published by Center for Development of Community Initiative and Environment with the support from Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (July, 2016).

PART

04 Training program recommendation

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When building a training program, you can use a mixture of different methods and content to integrate the topic effectively. In this guidebook, we would like to introduce some sample lesson plan together with example of methodology so that trainers, teachers can use as references.

NO 1: OVERVIEW ABOUT TOURISM AND RESPONSIBLE TOURISM Objective: Introduce the definition of responsible tourism, models of responsible tourism in Vietnam and in the world. The relationship between different careers and responsible tourism.

Expected Outcome: Participants realize and understand the concept “responsible tourism� and the necessity of responsible tourism in current context and its relationship to other fields and careers.

Duration: 2.5 hours Agenda DURATION

CONTENT

HOW TO

Depending on the game

5 minutes

Warm-up

Game

5 minutes

Raising - - -

Trainers take answers from 2-3 participants

30 minutes

30 minutes

10 minutes

questions: What is tourism?

Different types of tourism?

The negative impact of tourism?

Overview about tourism, types of tourism and the current impact of tourism on Presentation environment, society and economics Overview about responsible tourism - Clip about the benefit of sustainable tourism in Sapa: https://youtu.be/ RSSPiHC4Ovc - Questions for group discussion: + How do you feel after watching the Best clip? analysis +What changes happened in the lives of people in Sapa to support tourism? + How do you think responsible tourism affect the lives of local people?

Break time

LOGISTICS

Projector, screen

A0 paper Marker practice Projector Screen

Refreshment

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DURATION

CONTENT

HOW TO

20 minutes

Summarize the activities above, give definition of responsible tourism and its Presentation importance

15 minutes

Group activity From the characteristics of responsible tourism, each group need to find 2 real examples that they know: Group work - 1 responsible tourism model – explain it - 1 irresponsible tourism model – explain it

10 minutes

The situation of responsible tourism

10 minutes

Questions and answers

10 minutes

Summarize the lesson, conclude reasons why we need to learn and act on Presentation responsible tourism

5 minutes

15 minutes

Presentation

Lesson evaluation Participants write down plus and minus Plus and minus points of the lesson. Trainer collect these feedback for future reference

LOGISTICS Projector, screen

Board/ paper Marker

A0

Projector, screen

Projector, screen

Small papers

Reserved time

NO 2: RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT Objective Show positive impact of responsible tourism to local sustainable development. Therefore, raising awareness of participants on the importance of responsible tourism, guide them to act more sustainable in their travel in the future

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Expected Outcome Participants will act positively in their future travel, at the same time are aware of contributing to tourism in their own hometown and other places. Those who study tourism major will have a better direction to build tourism sites with less impact on local environment.

Duration: 2.5 hours Agenda DURATION 10 minutes

15 minutes

CONTENT Warm Up Remind participants of the definition of responsible tourism The impact of tourism to environment, culture…

After watching the clip, ask questions: • In the clip, what are the actions of human that affect tourism destinations?

• What are the consequences of those actions to the living environment of local people?

HOW TO Game Watch a video clip For example: “Italy: Cruise Trippers Unwelcome”

35 minutes

The impact of responsible tourism to the local development

15 minutes

Form groups: tourist, travel agency, resort investor, local people, local authority Context: Investors are interested in Son Tra peninsula because they want to build resort and start developing tourism here. As the role of: tourist/travel agency/resort investor/local Negotiation people/ local authority – state your opinions in a meeting with the local authority to develop tourism in Son Tra peninsula while not damaging the environment and improving local lives, at the same time guarantee the benefit of your role

35 minutes

Break time

Presentation

LOGISTICS Following game

Projector and screen

Projector and screen

Reused A4 paper Pen

Refreshment

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DURATION

10 minutes

CONTENT Continue the discussion with the facilitation of local authority (set limited time appropriately)

HOW TO

LOGISTICS

Negotiation

15 minutes

Summarize negotiation activity

Presentation

Board/ Ao Paper Marker

10 minutes

Provide best practices of responsible tourism to see its impact in preserving and improving the local lives

Presentation

Projector and screen

Summarize the lesson. Give recommendations for actions that different stakeholders (individuals, Presentation travel agencies, local authority‌) can do.

Projector and screen

Evaluation Participants write down plus and minus points of the lesson. Trainer collect these feedback for future reference

Small pieces of paper

5 minutes

15 minutes

15 phĂşt

(+) (-) method

Reserved time

NO 3: BE A SMART TOURIST Objective Provide information on how to be responsible tourist; what tourist can do before, during and after a trip to travel more sustainably.

Expected Outcome After the lesson, participants can create a travel plan for themselves or a group which are sustainable, environmentally friendly and preserve local values.

Duration: 2.5 hours

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Agenda DURATION

CONTENT

5 – 10 minutes Warm up

HOW TO Game

LOGISTICS Based on game

5 minutes

Watch video clip Remind participants of the objectives of For example: responsible tourism “Sustainable Raise a question: “What can we do to Tourism – LivItaly be a smart tourist?”

Tours”

Projector and screen

25 minutes

Divide participants into 3 groups discussing 3 stages of a trip (Before – during – after) Group discussion Each group will discuss what they can do to make their trip more responsible and sustainable.

A0/A1 paper Marker

20 minutes

What tourists should do before, during Presentation and after a trip

Projector and screen

15 minutes

Break time

Refreshment

30 minutes

• Each group will choose 3-4 tips from what they have learnt and describe them using body language, they can not use words or sounds.

Reused A4 paper • Other groups will guess what the Game “From Pen tips are, explain why they choose actions to words” those tips and what effect do they make to the responsibility and sustainability of a trip The group guesses and explains the best, win.

15 minutes

Create a sample of a travelling plan that applied knowledge about responsible Presentation tourism in different stages of a trip

Projector and screen

10 minutes

Summarize the lesson.

Give recommendations for actions that different stakeholders (individuals, Presentation travel agencies, local authority…) can do.

Projector and screen

5 minutes

Evaluation Participants write down plus and minus points of the lesson. Trainer collect these feedback for future reference

Small pieces paper

15 minutes

Reserved time

(+) (-) method

of

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NO 4: FIELD TRIP – RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MODEL Objective Learn about a tourism model, have a realistic view of whether we should apply responsible tourism Duration: 3 hours Agenda DURATION

CONTENT

ACTIVITY

LOGISTICS

5 – 10 minutes Warm up

Game

20 minutes

Introduction of the model

S h a r i n g / presentation

10 minutes

Questions and answers

20 minutes

Visit model of Mr Tan Vo in Cam Thanh - Hoi An – Quang Nam: tourism based on local products and traditional handicraft In case there is no responsible tourism model in the area, the field trip can go to any available model and compare it to a responsible model

90 minutes

Practical experience

30 minutes

Discussion about their experience come up Group discussion during the field trip with solutions to apply in their life

Marker

15 minutes

Summary

Evaluation tool

15 minutes

Reserved time

Depending on the activity

Experience or activity

service

Sharing, evaluation

A0 paper

PART

05 Introduction of organizations and references about responsible tourism

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THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO) The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.

As the leading international organization in the field of tourism, UNWTO promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide.

UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, to maximize tourism’s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development worldwide.

UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and works to make tourism an effective tool for development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world.

UNWTO’s membership includes 158 countries, 6 Associate Members and over 500 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities.

For more information about UNWTO, please visit: www2.unwto.org THE WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL (WTTC) The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) was formed in 1991 by a group of Travel & Tourism CEOs who felt that the sector’s contribution to economies and job creation was not being recognised.

Its objectives were to use empirical evidence to promote awareness of Travel & Tourism’s economic contribution; to expand markets in harmony with the environment; and to reduce barriers to growth.

WTTC is the only global body that brings together all major players in the Travel & Tourism sector (airlines, hotels, cruise, car rental, travel agencies, tour operators, GDS, and technology), enabling them to speak with One Voice to governments and international bodies. It is important that WTTC has the broadest geographical representation and includes all aspects of the sector, including organisations that provide vital services to Travel & Tourism.

With Chief Executives of over 150 of the world’s leading Travel & Tourism companies as its members, WTTC has a unique mandate and overview on all matters related to Travel & Tourism. WTTC works to raise awareness of Travel & Tourism as one of the world’s largest sectors, supporting 292 million jobs and generating 10.2% of global GDP. WTTC advocates partnership between the public and private sectors, delivering results that match the needs of economies, local and regional authorities, and local communities, with those of business, based on: Governments recognising Travel & Tourism as a top priority; Business balancing economics with people, culture and environment; A shared pursuit of long-term growth and prosperity.

For more information, please visit: www.wttc.org

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VIETNAM RESPONSIBLE TOURISM TOOLKIT In order to raise awareness about responsible tourism, The EU-funded Environmentally and Socially Responsible Tourism Programme (EU-ESRT) composed Vietnam Responsible Tourism Toolkits to help their partners understand deeply about the social and environmental impact of tourism, the tools and methodologies to minimize negative impacts, increase positive impacts, build a more sustainable tourism sector in the long-run.

The Responsible Tourism Toolkit aims to contribute to the implementation of sustainable approach and method for service providers and indirectly for customers. The toolkit will provide trainers and participants with documents so that EU project can organize conferences about responsible tourism with a larger scale of raising awareness and building capacity about responsible tourism.

The toolkit includes documents with lessons about responsible tourism (for learners) supported by documents for trainers. Lesson units are designed into 3 main target groups: tourism management offices, tourism enterprises and host communities. It brings the flexibility for EU project in conference organization because lesson units can be used as foundation for lesson plan that fits with each beneficiary.

Download: vietnamtourism.gov.vn/index.php/printer/16036 TEACHING AND LEARNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE – UNESCO It is a training for trainers program using multimedia method of UNESCO. It includes 100 hours (27 sections) that help trainers develop professionalism about sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is one of the topics in this program.

In sustainable tourism, UNESCO targets: • The rise of tourism • The benefits and problems of mass tourism • The benefits and problems of ecotourism • Being an enlightened traveller • Teaching about ecotourism With the objective of appreciating the benefits and problems arising from various forms of tourism, especially in terms of social equity and the environment; hence, developing a critical awareness of the ways in which tourism can enhance the welfare of people and protect our natural and cultural heritage. Besides, it promotes a personal commitment to forms of tourism that maximise rather than detract from sustainable human development and environmental quality. Furthermore, the program provides planning methodologies as well as lesson plan to apply in reality.

For more information, please visit: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/mod16.html

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BOOK: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AS A FACTOR OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT – VALENTINA CASTEL – LANI & SERENELLA SALA, 2009 This book presents the results of the conference “Sustainable tourism as a factor of local development”, organized by GRISS, Research Unit on Sustainable Development of the Department of Environmental Science in University of Milano Bicocca organized in Monza, Italy in November 2008.

The book contains an interdisciplinary overview of the main topics related to tourism sustainability, where special attention is paid to its role for local development, and a review about the most relevant policies and trends in European Union and worldwide. It gathers the scientific papers presented during the conference and the results of the roundtable about the upcoming event of Expo 2015 and its possible effects on the city of Milan and the Monza and Brianza province. A specific final section is dedicated to a pilot application of the European Charter of Sustainable Tourism in protected areas, a promising methodology to integrate environmental, social and economic sustainability into tourism policies at local scale.

REFERENCE

1. Center for Responsible Travel (CREST), (2013), The Case for Responsible Travel: Trends and Statistics 2. Raj, R. & Morpeth, (2007), Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management 3. The Environmentally and Socially Responsible Tourism Capacity Development Program, (8/2013), Vietnam Responsible Tourism Toolkit 4. TripAdvisor, (2012), TripAdvisor Survey Reveals Travelers Growing Greener 5. United Nations, (2015), Secretary-General Message for 2015 6. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2014), Glossary of tourism terms 7. UNWTO, (2016), The power of youth travel 8. World Economic Forum, (2017), The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, page 3 9. World Summit on Sustainable Development, (2002), Cape Town Declaration 10. World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), (2017), Travel & tourism economic impact 2017, page 1

PART

06 Appendix

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STAKEHOLDERS ROUND-TABLE | NEGOTIATION TABLE Stakeholders round-table (or another name is negotiation table) is a method of mobilizing the participation of students to deal with macro issues. This approach helps students to improve their skills to work effectively and solve specific environmental problems through a hypothetical roundtable conference.

Students will play different roles with various positions in social relationships to provide arguments for solving a problem such as Responsible Tourism. Lecturer/trainer starts with posing a big issue in a notion. For example: Tourists will have to pay environmental protection taxes by 2020. A plenary round-table will then be set up for discussion and resolution, in which students will pay the roles of different stakeholders in the situation.

Photo of a stakeholders’ round-table (Source: C&E)

Preparation: - Round tables, chairs (enough for all participants) - Name tags of stakeholders - Color cards following groups - Bell - An interactive content paper for each stakeholder (backup) Time: 45 minutes

Procedure: a. Form stakeholders Depending on the nature of the problem, the trainer may discuss with students to set up different groups to participate in the round-tables. For example, stakeholders in the notion of “Travelers will pay environmental protection taxes by 2020” can be divided into the following categories: - Chairman: act as the Provincial People’s Committee - Department of Tourism, Department of Natural Resources and Environment - The tour company specializes in organizing tours to foreign countries - Ecotourism Company - People who support the notion - People who do not support the notion Each group (except the one-person chairman) will have members join together. Trainer can provide each group with a different set of color cards for identification in the course of discussion.

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b. Arrange the space for the round-table The round-table shall be organized in the following set: - The main round-table: This is where the debate takes place between all the representatives of stakeholders, with the monitoring of the chairman.

- Team members’ tables: behind each member directly participating in the round-table in the center, there will be tables for their group members. The distance between the main round-table and the team members’ tables is one - two meters.

- A hot seat: When a member wants to switch role for his or her team member at the main round-table, they will carry their color card and sit in the chair. The chairman will observe and find the appropriate time, press the bell to replace the person. This will give all students opportunity to participate in the debate.

Spatial layout is shown in the following image: Hot seat Department of Tourism

Tourism company

Supportive people

Chairman Dep of Natural resource & Environment Eco-tourism company

Un-supportive people

c. Run the round-table The role of the chairman is very important to the success of the round-table. The chairman prepares interactive questions or observes the parties’ progress to provide feedback and reflective questions to participants.

Important notes during the conference: - Follow the chairman’s operation - Do not disrupt while one person is talking - Each statement / conclusion being made should be supported with reason and evidence Participants should: - Be provided with information at least 2 days in advance to prepare - Divide roles in the group so that there will be member to replace the representative when he or she is stuck - The statements / conclusions made can be applied in the following way: • What is the statement / conclusion?

• Why so?

• How to verify / solve?

Team members should have timely support for the spoke-person sitting in the main round-table. The timely support will help the conference take place more fluently and dramatically.

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To increase the tension during the round-table: - The chairman needs to create conflict to call for resolutions - The chairman can scold - Organizers can create unexpected situations such as: demonstrations, accidents... d. Action/Application plan At the end of this round-table, the issue may be resolved or not. However, it is important that trainer and students sit down to review the whole process and to apply the lessons learned.

Trainers can ask questions: - How do you feel about this round-table?

- What did you learn from this round-table?

- What solutions should be taken to promote responsible tourism in Vietnam?

- What actions will the stakeholders take to ensure responsible tourism in Vietnam?

- Through this round-table, what will you apply in life and study?

- What are the next plans of you and/or your group related to the theme of responsible tourism?

TOURISM ROUTE This method helps students to act as a real traveler to learn how responsible tourism feels from actual experience. This method enhances students’ ability to observe and connect different issues.

A tourism route starts from the river bank in Hoi An ancient town (Source: C&E)

Preparation: - A4 / A5 color papers, pen - Discussion paper: A2 / A1 - Contact destination - Scenario of tourist routes - Other logistics: travel insurance, meals...

Procedure: a. Task assignment and grouping Before going, the instructor will provide relevant information about the purpose, destinations, trip safety, exercises, etc. Students will observe, feel and relate to the learning process to create their individual or group reflection upon the end of this tour.

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Trainers will break students into groups according to different purposes for them to explore, such as: ecotourism; waste at tourist sites; social relationships at tourist sites; local cultural values in tourist destinations ... Students can follow a group of interest, trainer ensures a balance in the number of participants in each group.

In particular, the instructor will assign the task of cross-checking the individual behavior of one team’s members from the other team. Each team will have one behavioral supervisor to check another group. By the end of the trip, these supervisors will share specific behaviors that have a positive and negative impact on tourism. For example: positive actions such as carrying a personal water bottle, speaking gently, not littering; negative actions such as turn on the flash photography among wildlife, use nylon bag, drawing on the wall, ... b. Experience the tourism route Trainer can invite inspirational speakers at tourist attractions to share information and interact with students following the topics as required for the group. Trainer need to control the time so that the process is complete with group interaction and personal experience.

Sharing from representative at the site (Source: C&E)

c. Reflection After the interaction with speaker and visiting the destinations, instructor will ask students to spend 15 minutes to reflect on their experience and to share their feelings. Here are some guiding questions: - What impression does this place leave to you?

- What did you learn?

- What will you apply to your studies and life? d. Application In this part, trainer can: - Conclude solutions related to responsible tourism - Share actions should and should not be done in responsible tourism - Summarize ideas and experience that can be applied

The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, not for every man’s greed -Mahatma Gandhi -