Hinduism
Harappan Civilization • The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. • The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. • Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, and steatite have been found at excavation sites. Fig 92. The "dancing girl of Mohenjo Daro“ www.wikipedia.org 51
Manuscripts • Palm-leaf manuscript was a durable instrument for communicating Indian religious thought for over 2,000 years. The manuscript was intended to preserve and disseminate Indian sacred texts in the service of religion, as well as the great literary epics. • The earliest Jain illuminated manuscripts are inscribed and painted on prepared palmleaves and bound with cords passing through holes in the folios.
Fig 93. Page from a Kalpasutra manuscript, late 15th - early 16th century www.vam.ac.uk
Fig 94. Ashtasahashirika Prajnaparamita (Perfection of Wisdom)(12th century) www.c1.staticflickr.com 53
Temples
Fig 97. Vaitheeswaran Koil, Tamil Nadu www.wikipedia.org
Fig 95. Meenakshi Amman temple, Madurai www.wikipedia.org Fig 96. Jagannath Temple, Puri, Orissa www.wikipedia.org
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Mauryan Empire • The Empire was founded in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India
Fig 98. Ashoka Pillar (250 BCE) www.wikipedia.org
Fig 100. Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh www.wikipedia.org Fig 99. Mauryan architecture in the Barabar Mounts. (3rd century BCE) www.wikipedia.org 55
Gupta Empire • An ancient Indian empire, founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta, which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. • Magnificent architecture, sculptures and paintings • Inspired by Buddhism
Fig 101. A Terracotta relief panel of a meditating Buddha www.wikipedia.org
Fig 102. Rock-cut temples at Ellora www.wikipedia.org
Fig 103. Khajuraho temples www.wikipedia.org 56
Gandharas, Gandharvas and Madhuras • In Hinduism, the Gandharvas are male nature spirits, husbands of the Apsaras. Some are part animal, usually a bird or horse. They have superb musical skills. • Gandhara art, style of Buddhist visual art that developed in what is now northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century ce. • Mathura art, style of Buddhist visual art that flourished in the trading and pilgrimage centre of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD. Images were made in the mottled red sandstone
Fig 104. Gandharva (right) with an Apsara, 10th century www.wikipedia.org
Fig 105. Buddha statue, in the Gandhara style(2nd century) www.britannica.com
Fig 106. Loving Couple or Mithuna Clay Sculpture in Madhura style(1st-2nd Century) www.blogspot.com 57
Mughal Miniatures • The Mughal vision of art depicted India and Islam in an Indian idiom. • They were the art of elite in medieval India.
Fig 107. Mughal Emperor Babur (1483-1530) www.indiapicks.com
Fig 108. Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-1605), www.indiapicks.com
Fig 109. Wine and Verses ( 1620 A.D) www.indiapicks.com
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Rajput Miniatures • Depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Krishna’s life, beautiful landscapes, and humans. • Brushes used were very fine.
Fig 110. An 18th-century Rajput painting Nihâl Chand. www.wikipedia.org
Fig 111. Rajput miniature painting of mythical bird. (early 19th c) www.mughalart.net
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Deccani Miniatures • The style is a sensitive, highly integrated blend of indigenous and foreign art forms. • Deccani colours are rich and luminous, and much use is made of gold and white.
Fig 112. Deccani miniature (mid-18th century) www.britannica.com
Fig 113. Sultan Abdulla Qutb Shah(circa 1940 A.D) www.indiapicks.com
Fig 114. Chand Bibi (c.1800*) (BL) www.wikipedia.org 510
Pahari miniatures • Known for their soft touch, serenity, lyricism, spontaneity, inherent symbolism, superb sense of composition, minute details and a deep feeling for human emotions • Originated from the lower Himalayan hills and the plains of Punjab from the early 17th to mid-19th century.
Fig 116. Radha celebrating Holi, ca 1788. www.wikipedia.org Fig 115. Krishna dallying with Gopis, Basohli, 1730 A.D., www.indiapicks.com
Fig 117. Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka. ca 1775-1790 www.wikipedia.org
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British Architecture in India • The British who left a lasting impact on the India architecture. • Followed various architectural styles within India like Gothic, Imperial, Christian, English Renaissance and Victorian.
Fig 118. St Andrew’s(1818) www.victorianweb.org
Fig 119. St Philomena's Church (also known as St Joseph's Cathedral). 1930s. www.victorianweb.org
Fig 120. The Gateway of India (In December of 1924) www.trails.com
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Fig 121. Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus(1878) www.housing.com
Fig 122. Prince of Wales Museum(1905) www.mumbailocal.net 62
Indian Artists
Fig 123. Tagore performing the title role in Valmiki Pratibha (1881) www.wikipedia.org Fig 125. Saraswati www.wikipedia.org
Fig 124. Shakuntala www.wikipedia.org 63
Islamic Art and Architecture • Focused on the depiction of patterns and Arabic calligraphy • The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort.
Fig 126. Taj Mahal, Agra www.wikipedia.org
Fig 128. Qutab Minar(1230 A.D.) www.indiapicks.com
Fig 127. The Haji Ali Dargah, Mumbai. www.wikipedia.org
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Conclusion Learning the history of art and the eras has been very thrilling. We explored the story of how humans have behaved, thought, and interacted across the ages and also the appreciation of architectural and interior design forms through the centuries and its applications in the modern context. We have understood the historical aspects of Art and Design
Limitations • Researching was time consuming because of the large volume of data. • Many a times getting the timeline of a particular art movement was difficult. • Different sources gave different information on the same topic. So there was difficulty in choosing the right one.
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