Landscape Logics: Structuring the Dispersed Urbanization in Banjarbaru, Indonesia

LANDSCAPE LOGICS : STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA MD TAREK MORAD I r 0435504

Master of Human Settlements (MaHS), Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning, KU Leuven

PROMOTER Guido Geenen STUDIO TEAM Guido Geenen Tom Van Mieghem Stefanie Dens SUPPORTING STUDIO TEAM Bruno De Meulder Cynthia Susilo

June, 2015 KU LEUVEN Faculty of Engineering Science Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning Kasteelpark Arenberg 1 box 2200 3001 HEVERLEE, Belgium

This Paper entitled ‘LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA’ is submitted by Md Tarek Morad, student id r0435504, Academic year20142015 as a supplimentary document of MaHS, MaUSP Spring Design Studio 2015, Banjarmasin, Indonesia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Human Settlement (MaHS)

LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 3

PREFACE

Banjar Bakula is the strategic region of South Kalimantan, Indonesia composed of Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, and parts of Banjar regency and Barito Kuala. Among these regions, Banjarmasin is known to be a “River City� because of its proximity to the Barito River and Martapura River. Banjarbaru is the new administrative center of the South Kalimantan Province. Water has a close relation with this region considering ecological, transportation, production, spatial and social aspects. Presence of Trishakti deep-water port and Ahmed Yani Airport is an important catalyst for the economic development of this region in both local and global context. Like many other Asian cities, the post-colonial development in Banjar Bakula focuses on road based urbanization. Cities are growing rapidly with road based infrastructural development, where water ways are neglected. Though the contemporary urban development is far away from its water based origins, it serves the region and the inhabitants. From the fieldwork it is merely visible that the territory had various Landscape reasoning as a basis, from which it has been evolved. Apparently the Landscape logic is the missing link between emerging dispersed urbanization and lack of identity of the region. As a supplementary document for graduation thesis studio, this paper illustrates alternative adaptive strategies for Landscape network in Banjarbaru city to preserve and protect the natural conditions. At the same time this network can guide the future urbanization process of this city.

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CONTENTS Part 1_Banjarmasin Studio 2015, Banjarbaru Group 6 1. Project_ Green armature 7 1.1 Expoling the diver[C]ity in Banjarbakula 7 1.2 Challanges_ Addressing the problems 7 1.3 Framing an adhesive green armature 12 Part 2_ Landscape logics: Strucuturing the dispersed urbanization in Banjarbaru, Indonesia 22 2. Context 23 2.1 Hydro city to road city 23 2.2 Low Land to High Land 25 2.3 In to the water 27 3. The Case: Banjarbaru 29 3.1 The emerging territory 29 3.2 Reading diver[C]ity 30 3.3 Landscape Logics 33 4. Strategies 35 4.1 Landscape as strucutre for development 35 4.2 LU design strategies for Banjarbaru 37 5. Conclusion 42 References 42

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PART 1_ BANJARMASIN STUDIO 2015, BANJARBARU GROUP

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1. PROJECT_GREEN ARMATURE

1.1 EXPLORING THE DIVER[C]ITY IN BANJARBAKULA Water and infrastructure the structural elements of the territory, are forming two main spines which guide urbanization, connecting the core of Banjarmasin to the core of Banjarbaru and Martapura City. Martapura River as a soft, natural spine is shaping a productive landscape where the settlement is a linear development along the riverfront that strongly relates to the productive land. While Ahmad Yani Road as the rigid, constructed spine is the carrier of an intense urbanization, concentrating in length various functions.

Urban tissue as this interplay of water and road has different forms along Banjarbakula. This relation is producing a wide variety of identities; a collection of diverse urbanities is creating a mosaic of characters and interrelations. Different growth rhythms and structures characterize urbanization. Banjarmasin has a continuous urban development that started primarily along a grid of rivers, canals and roads filling gradually the gaps. Banjarbaru was planned and established, as an urban center, followed afterwards by new clustered developments, forming a dispersed city.

Martapura forms a linear compact city with a strong central big mosque and market developed in parallel roads. The lack of a strong urban identity is giving space to a composition of rural and urban elements. This coexistence produces a gradient of R-urbanity in a changing balance. The existing and emerging centers and urbanities record the urban tensions in the area and the urban catalysts; the developing port, the university, the airport, the regional administrative center.

1.2 CHALLENGES_ ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS The complex of Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru is about to face a dramatic change as a doubling in population is expected by 2030.

This increase in population is also translated into a need for more productive land, a need for higher density urban development in order to protect the agricultural areas and the productive landscape. While the juxtaposition of local and global elements is already apparent, as an intense urbanization is in process, a shift in polarity between the two urban cores is taking place. Instead of one urban agglomeration, Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru are developing as two collaborating cities.

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STRATEGY

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LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 9

Under a growing population and higher ambitions the city is going through transition, presenting an opportunity to introduce new urbanities as well as strengthen present urbanities. An issue of up-scaling the existing urban qualities and projecting the new ones is prominent. Under this framework, which is the potential for the city to contain higher density? How to accommodate the needs of the growing population while protecting the most fertile land from an undefined urban sprawl?

The relation of high land and low land

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A gradient of R-urbanity in the existing and emerging centers that drive urbanization

Soil types_ preserve and protect the fertile land

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TOPOGRAPHY

1.3 FRAMING AN ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE Developed on the foothills, the city of Banjarbaru is located in highlands and good soil conditions, on a hilly island surrounded by wetlands. The city has the capacity and the potential to accommodate a doubling in population and is about to face a rapid shift in scale as the new urban block is the cluster, a homogeneous patch of new housing. The lack of structure of the dispersed development is resulting in lack of identity; a fragmented settlement is expanding, lacking in connectivity and without public space. The emerging patchwork is producing a fragmented and dispersed urbanity that shows no concern or respect for the ecological corridors. The developed drainage system is resulting in a dry city, where flooding forms an exception and is mostly accidental.

However, the existing green flows inside the city of Banjarbaru are currently part of this fragmented dispersion, or being suppressed from the expanding urban tissue. The hidden potential of these flows is crucial for the existing and emerging city, as they can constitute the new adhesive public spaces of porosity in a dense structure. They form the ecological corridors and work together with the drainage system, while at the same time, connecting with the waterscape. The main guideline for these flows is the hilly topography of the area that creates a complex terrain of ridges and valleys which is imprinted in the contemporary city.

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LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 13

THE RELATION OF BUILT AND OPEN SPACE

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LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 15

RIDGES AND VALLEYS_ SUB-WATERSHEDS AND SADDLES

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ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE

LEGEND urban green natural green, high vegetation productive green wetland green social forestry low vegetation agro-pockets density new functions new density continuity of green system

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A concentration of amenities along Ahmad Yani road defines the current civic spine of Banjarbaru. While the upcoming regional road forms a bypass for the city, Trikora road constitutes a collector of new amenities that along with A.Yani form a double civic spine. In this regard the potential of the existing could be articulated with new attractors and new programs as supporting elements of the ecological dynamics of the city. The public space is the structure for the emerging city, a network of public parks act as an inner urban-rural interface and as a part of an ecological system that contributes to the natural water purification process and low land reservoirs for water. Upgrading the existing tissue with new mixed typologies, integrating housing and agriculture, high density with open spaces and nature forms the strategy to connect the landscape through the city, address the issue of the fragmented dispersion while protecting the agricultural landscape.

This ecological system of collective spaces in the city forms the adhesive green armature that strengthens three different urbanities, providing at the same time a grid that directs the growth in different ways; the agro_city, the airport_city and the administrative_city. The green armature is integrating urban agro-pockets with a series of green boulevards and a network of linear transversal parks. The green lines are interconnecting elements of multiple urban scales while stimulating high density around. The existing mosque is gaining high importance as it’s the catalyst of the emerging urbanization. The densification process through the adhesive green armature is a strategy to strengthen the sense of urbanity in the context of each identity. The public space that concentrates collective services is a device for directing the future urbanization process in Banjarbaru, as it structures a civic meaning for the void, addressing compactness and permeability.

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DIVERCITY OF GREEN

Productive Green

Urban Green

Natural Green

Wetland Green LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 21

PART 2_ LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA

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2. CONTEXT

2.1 HIDRO CITY TO ROAD CITY Banjarmasin, provincial capital of South Kalimantan, Indonesia was founded in 1526 and is known as a “River City”. Situated at the junction of two prominent rivers, Barito and Martapura, this city also has many small rivers and canals. The Rivers have always been a key factor in the development process of the city. The organic feature of water system allowed a variant kind of growth pattern for the city; later roads and other transportation infrastructure shaped the rapid urbanization. Interweaving of water and road system let the development to take place in-between the gap as a continuous process.

From the very early stage, the development of Banjarmasin initiated nearby rivers. Under Muslim rule the city was known as Bandarmasih kingdom (Hikayat Banjar). Rivers were important part of everyday life of the inhabitants. The rivers have served as means of transportation, trade, and water sources for drinking, cooking, and bathing (Seman, 1982). Due to geological position Kingdom Banjar formed trade center and the river, Barito influenced the trading by connecting with other regions of Kalimantan and beyond. First settlement started in the bank of Kuin River. In present

day it is known as Kuin River Kampung development. In 17th century the Dutch started trade in Banjarmasin because of pepper, which was expensive and not available in Europe. Later Dutch colonized the city and that triggered the development of the city structure. For trading and irrigation facility the Dutch colonizer introduced canal system which integrated with existing rivers. Fort Tatas was established in the west bank of Martapura River as an administrative center of the Dutch. Few transportation infrastructures were built for land access from the water network. Rivers and canals were primary attractions for development of settlements at that time.

In 1860 the Dutch took over the whole territory including Kingdom and colonized the area. Kingdom was shifted near Martapura city. Land based development started during the Dutch colonization period. But it was not major and canalization process expanded outside the Fort Tatas area. As a trade center, Banjarmasin attracted many other traders of different nationalities like Chinese, Arabic etc. These groups of people settled themselves on the east bank of Martapura River. New infrastructure “Coen Bridge” was constructed to connect the west side and east side of Martapura River.

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After independence, land use of Banjarmasin started to change.

Previously Fort Tatas was the main administrative center of the city. During post-independence period, new land uses developed along both sides of Martapura River. Settlements were developing alongside both rivers and roads. No canal was constructed after independence. Road based infrastructure and development took place instead of river and canal based development. To cope with massive production scale and global demands, roads were more prioritized modes of transportation. So many bridges were built to connect different activities. In 1981, Masjid Sabilal Muhtadin was built on the same site of Fort Tatas as the city’s main civic space. Martapura remained as a main artery of the city but small rivers started to disappear because houses were built on them.

More planned housing estates were built by government and private developers. Riverfronts were completely neglected and were occupied by kampong or the illegal migrants. Developments were turning their back to the rivers. Inside the city, many rivers and canals disappeared because of encroachment and pollution of river water. Due to importance of commercial activities, the ratio of residential and commercial land use was changing. Motorized, overcrowded traffic were found in the major streets of the city.

Private vehicles started to get more appreciations by inhabitants as mode of transport, for the lack of well-organized public transport system in the city. Water based vehicles were not in use intensively. This development process led Banjarmasin to become a compact city in present days, with lots of problem regarding drainage, waste management, flooding etc.

2.2 LOW LAND TO HIGH LAND

It is said that Banjarmasin once had 107 rivers, creeks and canals that animated the flat, swampy delta, which is 0.16 m below sea level (Derden, Geenen, 2013). Geologically Banjarbaru is comparatively in the high land and is less prone to flooding. This strategic location allowed new developments in Banjarbaru and it became an attraction point for urbanization very soon.

However, Banjarbaru became an administrative center and Banjarmasin’s developments approached more towards industry and port related activities. Initially the new city had specific land use structure but it was not implemented later. Achmad Yani road played a vital role to structure the city. Many important public amenities like Airport, Hospitals, Schools and Mosques are plugged in with this major artery of the territory. It shaped the development in a linear way. A. Yani road also worked as a connector between Trishakti port and whole Kalimantan region. Development along this road meant a shift from Local to Global scenario. It is evident that every major Asian city accepted the Global presence in their economy, production and urban development. Banjarbakula too is not an exception.

In present day, the city is spreading towards west, north and south. New dispersed development is encroaching agricultural land causing imbalance between productive landscape and settlements. Moreover Indonesia government took decision to set the new provincial administrative center in Banjarbaru, which is located in southeast of present Banjarbaru city in a higher land.

This will thrive the new urbanization process towards east of the city. At this moment Banjarbakula is in the transformation regarding urbanization, shifting the center, polarized development etc.

In 1950, Indonesia government established a new planned city named Banjarbaru. It is located 35 kilometers southeast of Banjarmasin, connected by a major regional road Jalan Jendral Achmad Yani. The aim was to plan a new city as an administrative center for the Banjarmasin.

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2.3 IN TO THE WATER Banjarmasin and the greater region of Banjarbakula are part of a territory structured by water in the watershed of the Barito River System (Water Urbanism Studio Banjarmasin 2015). Banjarmasin sits on Barito River’s downstream and the concurrences of Martapura River and Barito River set different types of challenges for the territory. Tidal fluctuation, saline intrusion, rise of water level during rainy season are major problems of the region. The water hierarchy is from the Barito River starting from central ridges of South Kalimantan, the Martapura River formed by the meeting of Riam Kanan and Riam Kiwa, the structured irrigation canals, numerous secondary and tertiary small rivers and storm water drainage system (Water Urbanism Studio Banjarmasin 2015).The combination of natural and artificial water system structures the territory.

The hybrid nature of water system has strong relation with land, regarding everyday life of the inhabitants. People of the region appropriates this relationship by means of production, trading and transportation. Rapid urbanization is transforming the balance between water and land. Cutting of the hilly area, deforestation, landfill etc. are changing the topography. Capable water storage swamps are altered into landfill for construction. Food production rate is decreasing because of this. The mining areas on the edge of Banjarbau are mostly abandoned and filled up with rainfall water creating a new source of contaminated water. Moreover apparently, the mining and quarries in the eastern mountain range pollute the Martapura River in a serious way (Banjarmasin Fieldtrip Guide Book).

affecting the food production and everyday life of people. Spontaneous development and encroachment of river bank interrupt the natural ways of water. Sedimentation impacts natural water stream network as an outcome of deforestation in High land.

Declination in permeable land is resulting in lower ground water table. On the other hand in dry season, contrasting sequences occur. The presence of water in Peat soil gives scope of growing specific kind of vegetation which is good for the topography. Similarly water acts as a protective system for Gambut soil. Gambut soil without water causes fire in the dry season and raises serious issues like smoke, haze etc. posing threats to local public health.

Regarding geological feature, Banjarmasin and its periphery’s soil has less foundation capacities. Apparently, higher land in Banjarbaru is suitable to build but the city itself has diverse landscape pattern and logic. In order to restructure existing and guide future urbanization, the territory needs comprehensive strategies which could support the water and land synthesis.

The dynamics of water and land diverge time to time, season to season. In rainy season, the reverse tidal force, downfall of Martapura River and heavy rainfall of tropic create overflows of water in the region. Water level increases significantly as much as 1 to 3 m, LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 27

1900

1970

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3. THE CASE: BANJARBARU

3.1 THE EMERGING TERRITORY Banjarmasin population grew from 66,000 in 1930, to 444,000 in 1990, 652,000 in 2010 and is expected to double by 2030 (Banjarmasin Fieldtrip Guide Book). Banjarbaru had a population of 199,627 at the 2010 Census; and the latest official estimate is 215,440. The cities are facing dramatic transformation regarding doubling in population, expected to occur by 2030. From the geological point of view Banjarbaru is situated in a higher land and suitable for development. Banjarbaru was a planned city but later cluster developments started to happen and formed a dispersed city. It is emerging spontaneously to face the dynamics of upcoming population. This irrepressible expansion must be guided to shape an ecologically sustainable urbanization. The following notion of population is translated into a need for more productive land and higher density urban development in order to protect the agricultural areas and the productive landscape. While the juxtaposition of local and global elements is already apparent and an intense urbanization is in process, a shift in polarity between the two urban cores is taking place. Instead of one urban agglomeration, Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru are developing as two collaborating cities.

Interweaving infrastructure and water system structure the territory, forming two major spines which lead urbanization. These main spines connect Banjarmasin with different center like Banjarbaru, Martapura city. On the north of Banjarbaru, Martapura River act as a natural soft spine, configuring the productive landscape with settlement which are linear development along the riverbank.

Prominent Achmad Yani road, which divided Banjarbaru in two parts, structures the urbanization in a concentrated, rigid way. The road is an important regional connector. Heterogeneous functions are defining the Achmad Yani as a civic spine of Banjarbaru, whereas Trikora road is emerging as a new parallel civic spine due to rapid growth of urbanization. These two parallel spines can act as guiding elements for the future urbanization of the city.

Existing Public amenities spread along Achmad Yani and Trikora give the strong sense of civic spine in Banjarbaru. Along these two parallel infrastructures, amenities can be defined as Human Matrix and natural landscape which contains vegetation, water channels, and productive land can be Natural Matrix. Whenever the Natural Matrix meets with Human Matrix (interplay or intersection) it creates different conditions and spatial characters. The elements of Matrix are the catalyst of Urbanization

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3.2 READING DIVER[C]ITY The presence, scale, quantity, spatial quality of these elements (orchard, mosques, roads etc.) shape the intensity of urban growth.

Lack of elements creates imbalance like fragmented or dispersed development. Strategies are required to balance Natural and Human Matrix so that they can strengthen the present urbanization and guide the future urbanization process.

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Developed in foothills, Banjarbaru city is situated in a hilly island surrounded by wetland, and has good soil conditions. The city has potential to accommodate future urbanization for doubling in population. The city is about to experience an intense shift in scale as the new urban block is the cluster, a uniform patch of new housing. Imbalance between Natural and Human Matrix creates void in structuring process of urbanization.

Presence of both Urban and Rural characters in dispersed development is the result of this imbalance. Lack of structure in dispersed development is producing lack of identity. Lack of specific identity is giving room to co-existence of urban and rural elements.

From planned condensed part of the city to dispersed settlement in productive landscape, a variety in urban composition is created. Airport itself is a huge void in this structure of the city of Banjarmasin. Variation of density should be primary concern of future growth of the city. Existing density condition in planned city is compact and condensed, where in the other part of the city development is cluster oriented. Presence of public amenities in Achmad Yani and Trikora gives identity of this parallel road as civic spine. Epitome of functions, scale of functions, vicinity of functions, functions’ relationship with nature and infrastructure generate settlement developments. Amenities along with infrastructure could strengthen the existing urbanization and guide future growth.

The urban growth of Banjarbaru is related to geography, different needs of inhabitants and city’s ambition to cope with global challenges. Jalan Achmad Yani is a connector of Banjarmasin with regional territory, which impulses the industrialization along its length. Moreover, in Banjarbaru it is act as civic artery, which stimulate the urbanization process. In Airport area towards north it is holding the co-existence of urban and village characteristics. Mosaic of multiple characters of different growth structures urbanization. Accommodating future population means city needs more functions regarding public amenities, productive land, ecological landscape, and infrastructure. To protect the existing productive land and landscape city needs to be dense in height and compact with proper public spaces. Existing functions and landscape pattern can be future city’s structure of public spaces.

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Amennities concentration along Achmad Yani_ the Civic Spine of Banjarbaru

5 Minutes Walking Circle

Mosques Various Amenities

Infrastructure

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3.3 LANDSCAPE LOGICS Inherent green and blue structure of Banjarbaru could provide balanced urbanization with productive landscapes, simultaneously agricultures and aquacultures (Banjarmasin Fieldtrip Guide Book).

The emerging patchwork is producing a fragmented and dispersed urbanity that shows no concern and respect for the ecological corridors. The existing green and blue matrix is part of the fragmented development or being suppressed by urbanization.

Engineered solution of drainage system made the city dry and is decreasing the habitats of native biodiversity. Hilly topography constitutes of ridges and downstream of the ridges in several directions, which are collection points of urban storm water for the city. Drainage system of Banjarbaru is dependent on these ridges and their downstream in terms of collection, cleaning, retain and discharge. Downstream network has rich native biodiversity and natural vegetation. This vegetation provides a good demonstration of the water quality and soil condition. Together these downstream and natural habitats create a distinguished natural patch in Banjarbaru.

As James Corner narrates “The Location of patches may be beneficial or deleterious to the optimal functioning of a landscape�.

There is a green patch network which is strongly connected with the drainage system of the city. In the core of the city, this patch network remains as backdoor green littered with sewage. At this moment this linear/curvilinear patch network is fragmented because of immense growth of urban tissue. Some of them are connected with each other and flow towards north east to the wetland. Others are isolated but both types of patches have great potential to accommodate diversified ecological habitat.

As human development continues its intrusion into natural environments, the created edges will increasingly form critical points for interactions between human-made and natural habitats (Corner, 1997). Banjarbaru located on hilly topography, is surrounded

by large agriculture land, fish ponds and structured irrigation system in its north. In between productive landscape and city there is a spread watershed due to changes of topography, which is defining the edge condition of the city in the north. On the other hand, in south, mine fields and productive lands act as edge of the city. On both edges, presence of productive activities encourages co-existence of Rural and Urban character. The impact of rapid urban growth is visible on the edges. Cluster development is invading the productive shield of the city. Doubling in population means it will need more productive land also.

Human interactions with landscape are expressed in practice of everyday life. In this case, production and water are the main forces of human and landscape interrelation. Fishing, agricultural activities, small vegetable garden in the backyards are the evidences of appropriation of native landscape. Lack of public space is one of the missing links between nature and human. Mosque is a significant element in Indonesia as majority of population are Muslim. Every neighborhood is articulated with a Mosque and other religious built form. Mosque and natural landscape (water, natural habitat) can be integrated to structure the urbanization.

Natural forms are curvilinear, soft and complex, where human built forms are straight and hard. Infrastructures like roads, railway tracks etc. tend to be absolutely connected, to some extent straight and subject to regular human disturbance. Interplay of infrastructures and nature creates changes in landscape in terms of natural habitat, erosion, sedimentation, topography. Jalan Achamad Yani and Trikora road intersect with natural curvilinear green patches in Banjarbaru. In order to protect existing green patches, there should be protective strategies and policies to guide rapid urbanization.

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THE PROCESS

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4. STRATEGIES

4.1 LANDSCAPE AS STRUCTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT Fundamental problems of the region’s contemporary urban development is top down institutional mechanism of city planning which is not sensible regarding existing ecological and social condition of the region. In some countries these two basic components – ecology and culture – have diverged relatively recently. For example, ecology has matured, and veered away from planning and design. Or economics has become paramount. Or aesthetics. Or sewages and wastes have been considered only an engineering problem. Or flourishing litigation has colored decision-making.

Or local actions have overridden regional thinking and planning. (……) The deeper message is the importance of a new form of linkage between ecology and culture, land and people, nature and humans (Corner, 1997).

In this particular condition, Existing Landscape Logics can be taken into account as a strategic opportunity to develop an adaptive alternative scenario, where reciprocity of water, natural habitat, cultural heritage, public amenities and production could attract the urbanization. The design research always begins from a thorough

analysis of local context, the predicted consequences of climate changes and water challenges and thereafter proposes innovative strategies that are context responsive (Yo Kongjian, 2013).

To interpret the problems of fragmented and dispersed development and tackle the challenge of doubling in population, integrative strategies are needed. Water adaptive landscapes should be reconstructed for structuring the existing urbanization. ‘Ecological Infrastructure’ (EI) should be introduced based on existing relation of landscape and water system. EI focuses on three Landscape categories: abiotic processes (mainly water management), biotic processes (native species/biodiversity conservation) and cultural (heritage protection and re-creation) EI works in tandem with landscape ‘security pattern’ (SP) as a powerful tool for open public space conservation…… (Yo Kongjian, 2013). In this case ecological infrastructure, a structuring landscape network, will integrate public space to guide the future expansion of the city.

The EI will work as protective and productive measures to foster threatened landscape networks and will create opportunity to restore, complete the network.

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TOOLBOX_ identifying the potential of the existing_ inserting new supporting elements_ encouraging the ecological dynamics_ avoiding fragmenting practices

Wetland park_ the gate to the water purification area 36

The development of EI and SPs will indicate what kinds of interventions are needed in specific context and these context responsive ecological interventions will determine the identity of the city. The protective and productive measures will effectively determine where not to build.

The fundamental concept of Landscape Urbanism is to get lessons from indigenous forms of urbanization, where interventions work in coincide with nature. It speaks for a soft and adaptive system opposite to the conventional engineering based control techniques. A “soft engineering” approach is advocated as a way to work with the forces of nature, in order to reduce or mitigate the likely impacts of natural disasters, while revised development of cities is to be guided by new interplays of landscape, infrastructure and urbanization (Shannon, 2004). The agencies, who are involved in city development, need to focus on integrated, landscape based strategies to meet the upcoming challenges. According to Landscape Urbanism concept, the aspiration of design exercise is to demonstrate small scale adaptive strategies for landscape. This will address the urbanization of the city with a defined connection between topography, ecology and soils. To achieve this, an adaptive approach based on ecological infrastructure needs to be assigned where certain tools will be applied, in order to create a base for sustainable future Banjarbaru.

4.2 LU DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR BANJARBARU ADHESIVE GREEN ARMATURE Analyzing the different urbanities, fragmented and dispersed settlements, landscape pattern of the city, peril condition, opportunities of the existing green network and need for the integrated ecological infrastructure, it is evident that holistic but site specific strategies are needed. The concept of Adhesive Green Armature is to create connected green and blue network with collective space in order to reconstruct and re-qualify the existing landscape

system. Moreover, Green Armature is the mosaic of different types of ecological features which structures the city to support the present and future challenges. To implement the Green Armature strategies certain tools are applied, identifying the potential of existing, inserting new supportive elements, encouraging the ecological dynamics and avoiding fragmenting practices.

The idea of ‘Adhesive Green Armature’ can be expressed in three site specific scenarios: LU STRATEGY1 _AGRO CITY This urban agro pocket patch, alongside Achmad Yani has potential of integrated urban and rural characters. Instead of cluster development, the proposal is to enhance provisions of high tech agriculture like vertical farming as ecological infrastructure along with orchard farming. Also, due to good soil condition, it is possible to construct interactive social housing with integrated mosque, school and local market, to craft resilient spatial quality.

This is an approach to structure the settlements of the patch.

To give room for more productive land to increase productivity, structuring the settlement is important.

On the edge of agro city, watershed with an existing soft infrastructure can be used as linear social forestry, to create soft and flexible boundary with more rural character. Social forestry can provide opportunities for the inhabitants to participate and increase awareness about protective landscape.

This system incorporates agricultural processing unit and market place, alongside Achmad Yani road for everyday use of inhabitants. This also enhances the spatial relation between hard infrastructures with productive landscape.

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Agro-city_ Densify as a strategy to protect the productive landscape

Agro-city_ new typologies combining housing and agriculture 38

Green boulevards upgrading the airport-city

Airport-city_ green boulevards interconnect the multiple urban scales LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 39

Open public space_ the center of the emerging city

High density and the collective space_ the mosque as a catalyst of the emerging urbanization 40

LU STRATEGY2_ AIRPORT CITY The green network opposite the Airport created as series of boulevard structures the territory articulates itself where spatial elements generate within landscape patches. Variety of built-up spaces (ranging from commercial to settlement) is characterized by ecological infrastructure. Linear green network is the location for natural habitats that retain, filter and purify water.

Green urban boulevard incorporates existing blue network as composition of urban park, which articulates urbanization while preserving open space to serve the city’s green needs.

LU STRATEGY3 _EMERGING CITY Existing landscape structure, Mosque and water elements create an irregular grid. This grid gives a frame to create various typological developments and variation with green elements; a robust landscape that provides recreation and productivity. From small scale green patch to series of linear parks, the green network can be interconnected with infrastructure and water system. Intervention of ecological infrastructure (like, community allotment garden) with urban fabric offers cultural and recreation space for the inhabitants.

Mosque is a significant place for the city’s inhabitants as a center for social interaction. Strategies can incorporate mosque as a catalyst of shaping urbanization. Mosques and urban parks structure the surrounding urban fabric with variation of typological development.

LANDSCAPE LOGICS: STRUCTURING THE DISPERSED URBANIZATION IN BANJARBARU, INDONESIA 41

5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

As a whole, the green network is different from place to place in the city, which offers a great possibility to strengthen the identity of the area. In Agro city, soft infrastructures are submerged with large productive landscape, where in the core of the city, its green network is embedded in strong urban grid. These two different patterns can be connected by creating green fingers, which eventually will lead to a bigger, more sustainable green network.

CORNER, James, “Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity” in: George Thompson and Fredrick (eds.) Ecological Design and Planning; New York: John Willey and Sons, 1997, pp. 81-108.

Context responsive ecological infrastructure provides the structure for the city, so that urbanism can be embedded in green network. Urban structure that will shape future development is rooted within the green-blue network, where urban structure is the secondary structure and green-blue structure is basically the primary structure.

D’AURIA, V., MEULDER, Bruno D., SHANNON, K., YU, Kongjian, “Reconsidering Village in the Expanding City- Taihu” in: Bruno De Meulder, Kelly Shannon, Yanliu Lin (eds.) Village in the City, Zurich: Park Books, 2014, pp. 120-161.

DERDEN, Daan, GEENEN, Guido, “River and Road as Warp and Woof” in: Bruno De Meulder, Kelly Shannon (eds.) Water Urbanism East, Zurich: Park Books, 2013, pp. 70-79.

MEULDER, Bruno D., SHANNON, Kelly (eds.), Water Urbanism East, Zurich: Park Books, 2013.

MEULDER, Bruno D., SHANNON, Kelly, LIN, Yanliu (eds.), Village in the City, Zurich: Park Books, 2014.

SHANNON, Kelly, “Eco-Engineering for Water: From Soft to Hard and Back” in: Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M., McGrath, B. (eds.) Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design: Linking Theory and Practice for Sustainable Cities, Future City Series, London: Springer, 2013, (3), pp. 163-182.

YU, Kongjian, “China’s Water Crisis: Projects Leading Policy, Water Urbanism across Scales” in: Bruno De Meulder, Kelly Shannon (eds.) Water Urbanism East, Zurich: Park Books, 2013, pp. 20-47. http://www.turenscape.com/english/index.php http://www.archdaily.com/590066/minghu-wetland-park-turenscape/

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