elements of typography

typetalk:: workshop on typography at Artlab, Chennai using type Tarun Deep Girdher Associate Sr. Faculty, Graphic Design Head, Printing Labs National Institute of Design Ahmedabad

.

Day 3 . 26 sep 2007

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

today, we shall understand the factors influencing our decisions while using type.

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

selection of typeface / font Serif or Sans serif ? warm ornamental industrial playful geometric

oldstyle / transistional / modern / egyptian / grotesque / geometric / humanist / script / decorative

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

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case?

UPPERCASE / ALL CAPITALS? all small letter / lower case? small caps?

Sentence Case?

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

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size? inches

0

1

points

picas

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

With the advent of desktop publishing, the point became exactly 1/72 of an inch. Picas are another unit of measurement used for type. One pica has 12 points.

1 pica = 12 points, 6 picas = 1 inch, 72 points = 1 inch.

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Originally, the term type size or point size referred to the height of the metal body that held the characters. This was slightly larger than the distance from the highest to the lowest feature in the design. A traditional point is approximately 1/72 of an inch or 0.1384 inch.

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ghxM type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

cap height x - height type height

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size? for body text - 9 to 12 pts for captions - 12 to 18 pts for headilines - 16 to 24 pts for display - above 24 pts how is type size measured?

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

Typefaces that have very long ascenders and descenders look smaller than other typefaces when both are printed at the same point size.

100pt Bernhard Modern 100pt Trebuchet MS

hjpnok hjpnok type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

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type style?

Gill Sans Light Gill Sans Light Italic Gill Sans Regular Gill Sans Italic GIll Sans Bold Gill Sans Bold Italics Gill Sans Extra Bold Gill Sans Exra Bold Dislpay Gill Sans Ultra Bold

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

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alignment It is the organization of text into columns with hard or soft edges. The four basic styles of alignment define the fundamental architecture of typographic layout.

• Justified (both left and right aligned) • Flush left (align left, ragged right) • Flush right (align right, ragged left) • Centered

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

© tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

alignment LEFT align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling. Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment.

Justified text aligns on both the left and right hand

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

CENTRE align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling. Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment. Justified text aligns on both the left and right hand sides and is used in newspapers,

RIGHT align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling.

Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment. Justified text aligns on both the left and right hand sides and is used in newspapers,

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

alignment justified align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling. Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment.

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Forced justified align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents.

Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment.

Justified text aligns on both the left and right hand sides and is used in newspapers,

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

alignment justified align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling. Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment.

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

left align The alignment of the text within text blocks contributes to the tone of your documents. When text is aligned to one margin and ragged on the other, it can create an informal feeling. Left aligned text is easier to read than right aligned text. Avoid right alignment unless it is appropriate as a design treatment. Justified text aligns on both the left and right hand sides and is used in newspapers,

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

spaces Type is defined by the space around it, whether between letters, words, or lines. it also depends on the design of the font character space ~ kerning word space ~ tracking line space ~ leading paragraph space

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

spaces . counterform arial

avantgarde

gill sans

impact

aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

spaces . counterform caslon

baskerville

bodoni

boton

aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx aeghkmnopsx

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

spaces . kerning The term kerning refers to adjusting the space between two letters. If letters in a typeface are spaced too uniformly, they make a pattern that doesn’t look uniform enough. Gaps occur, for example, around letters whose forms angle outward or frame an open space (W, Y, V, T, L).

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

AVInai LTigho AVInai LTigho

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spaces . tracking Adjusting the spacing across a word, line, or column of text is called tracking, also known as letterspacing. It is common practice to letterspace capitals and small capitals, which appear more regal when standing apart.

By slightly expanding the tracking across a body of text, you can create a more airy field. Negative tracking is rarely desirable. This device should be used sparingly, to adjust one or more lines of justified type.

normal tracking

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Adjusting the spacing across a word, line, or column of text is called tracking, also known as letterspacing. It is common practice to letterspace capitals and small capitals, which appear more regal when standing apart. By slightly expanding the tracking across a body of text, you can create a more airy field. Negative tracking is rarely desirable.

This device should be used sparingly, to adjust one or more lines of justified type.

extra tracking

Adjusting the spacing across a word, line, or column of text is called tracking, also known as letterspacing. It is common practice to letterspace capitals and small capitals, which appear more regal when standing apart. By slightly expanding the tracking across a body of text, you can create a more airy field. Negative tracking is rarely desirable. This device should be used sparingly, to adjust one or more lines of justified type.

negative tracking

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spaces . leading Leading is the vertical distance between lines of type and is measured in points. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the next line of text.

madras artlab pvt. ltd. national institute of design madras artlab pvt. ltd. national institute of design type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

madras artlab pvt. ltd. national institute of design madras artlab pvt. ltd. national institute of design type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the next line of text. Too much leading causes the eye to jump from line to line and is disruptive to reading. Too little leading creates dark, uninviting color that may cause the eye

Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the next line of text. Too much leading causes the eye to jump from line to line and is disruptive to reading. Too little leading creates dark, uninviting color that may cause the eye to skip a line when scanning to find the next one.

Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the next line of text. Too much leading causes the eye to jump from line to line and is disruptive to reading. Too little leading creates dark, uninviting color that may cause the eye to skip a line when scanning to find the next one.

Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the next line of text. Too much leading causes the eye to jump from line to line and is disruptive to reading. Too little leading creates dark, uninviting color that may cause the eye to skip a line when scanning to find the next one.

frutiger roman 12/18

frutiger roman 12/auto

frutiger roman 12/solid

to skip a line when scanning to find the next one. frutiger roman 12/24

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

column width sentence v/s line As lines of text get long, it can be difficult for the reader to move from the end of one line to the beginning of the next.

On the other hand, short line lengths break up the text and interrupt the reader.

The ideal line length depends on the design of the typeface, type size, line spacing, and length of the copy.

As lines of text get long, it can be difficult for the reader to move from the end of one line to the beginning of the next. On the other hand, short line lengths break up the text and interrupt the reader.

The ideal line length depends on the design of the typeface, type size, line spacing, and length of the copy.

Generally, a line should have 55 to 60 characters, or 9 to 12 words in the line (not sentence), for optimal readability.

Generally, a line should have 55 to 60 characters, or 9 to 12 words, for optimal readability.

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

we looked at font

letterspace

case

word space

type style

line space

type size

alignment column width

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

now let us look at some examples of how these typographic elements are used -

type talk : august 2007 : artlab chennai

Š tarun deep girdher . tarundg@gmail.com

Action is the key... to do something different, something better. You’ve to get started.

To create meaning, by emphasizing key elements of the given phrase to bring its message across in a clear manner.

The typeface to be used was provided (Goudy Old Style / Frutiger).

Variable emphasis was created using several components of typography, viz size orientation weight posture

to

c A

n o i t

ey‌

ek

h t s i

do

so

m

eth

in

dif

g

, t n e fer something

You’ve to

better.

get starterd.

Action is the key‌ t, to do something differen something better.

get started.

You’ve to

Action is the key...

to do

something different,

somethingbetter.

you’ve to

get started.

Action is the key...

to do

something different,

somethingbetter.

you have to

get started.

Action is

the key...

to do something different, something better.

You have to

get started.

Action is

the key...

to do

something different,

something

You

have

better.

get started. to

T URUS Brave, blunt ans pulls no punches.

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intellegent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

THE BULL APRIL 20 - MAY 20

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull PLANET: POSITIVE TRAITS:

are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

VENUS

HONEST, LOYAL, PRACTICAL, DETERMINED, AFFECTIONATE

NEGATIVE TRAITS:

MATERIALISTIC, STUBBORN, POSSESSIVE, RESENTFUL

Sign of the builder and the earth we stand on

richa bhargava

10.02.05

typography II

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull

are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

Planet: Venus Positive traits: honest, loyal, practical, determined, affectionate Negative traits: materialistic, stubborn, possessive, resentful

richa bhargava

10.02.05

typography II

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull

the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON

Planet: Venus Positive traits: honest, loyal, practical, determined, affectionate Negative traits: materialistic, stubborn, possessive, resentful

richa bhargava

10.02.05

typography II

richa bhargava 10.02.05 typography II

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

Positive traits: honest, loyal, determined, practical, affectionate

Negative traits: materialistic, stubborn, possessive, resentful

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON PLANET: VENUS

richa bhargava 10.02.05 typography II

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

Planet: Venus

Positive traits: Negative traits:

honest, loyal, materialistic, determined, stubborn, practical, possessive, affectionate resentful

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON

richa bhargava 10.02.05 typography II

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and

Planet: Venus Positive traits: honest, loyal, determined, practical,

stubborn and must have his or her own way,

affectionate

no matter what.

Negative traits:

Brave, blunt and pulls no punches.

materialistic, Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the

stubborn,

things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans

possessive,

are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge

resentful

which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

April 20 - May 20

TAURUS the bull

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON

Taurus knows what it wants and is not afraid to go after it in the most direct way. Taurus is powerful and stubborn and must have his or her own way, no matter what.

Independence, self reliance, a strong will are the things you would expect from Taurus, but Taureans are also highly intelligent, thirsting for knowledge which they store away for future reference should the opportunity arise to put it into practical use. They are also very generous and are in their element when ďŹ ghting for a lost cause, as they are always the last to give up.

Positive traits: honest, loyal, determined, practical, affectionate

Negative traits: materialistic, stubborn, possessive, resentful

TAURUS the bull April 20 - May 20

SIGN OF THE BUILDER AND THE EARTH WE STAND ON

sunil samuel

goudy normal, frutiger bold

23-09-05

Ingredients: buffalo milk : 2 litres sugar : 150 gm tatari : 250 gm pista(shredded) : 15 gm

Procedure:

Bring milk to boil and add tatari. Keep till grains of milk are seen on ladle. Add sugar and reduce for about 45 minutes.

When fat separates and reduced milk leaves the sides of wok, transfer it to a tray and leave it to cool. Cut into desired shapes

22nd sept 05

Frutiger and Goudy

Sapna Kshirsagar

and serve chilled. Garnish with chopped pista.

Kalakand

500 gm sugar 4 tbsp. ghee 2 tbsp. elaichi powder 1/4 tsp.

H a l w a K a a r a j G

Ingredients: carrots (grated)

Cook

leave water and start getting

away from fire. Add khoya and elaichi and mix

almond and

well.

Garnish fried almonds and cashewnuts.

Procedure:

30gm

Priyanka

ed.

Add ghee and cook for five minutes. Cool for five minutes

(grated) 100gm

for garnish)

boil Stir

till dry.

khoya pindi

cashewnuts (fried

sugar and carrot in a kadai. The carrot will

Frutiger and Goudy Old- Style

22-09-05

Cook

Procedure:

sugar and carrot in a kadai. The carrot Ingredients:

will leave water and start getting boiled.

Add

Stir

till dry.

carrots (grated) 500 gm sugar 4 tbsp. ghee 2 tbsp.

ghee and cook for five minutes.

Cool

elaichi powder 1/4 tsp. khoya pindi (grated) 100 gm

minutes away from fire. Add khoya and elaichi and

for five

mix

almond and cashewnut (fried for garnish) 100 gm

well.

Garnish

with fried almonds and cashewnuts.

Gajar Ka Halwa

assign. no. 5B niti mody

frutiger + goudy

23.09.05

buffalo milk sugar tatari

pista(shredded)

Procedure:

Ingredients:

Kalakand 2 litres 250 gm 150 gm 15 gm

Bring milk to boil and add tartari. Keep stirring till grains of milk are seen on ladle. Add sugar and reduce for about 45 minutes.When fat separates and reduced milk leaves the sides of wok, transfer it to a trey and leave it to cool. Cut into desired shapes and serve chilled.Garnish with chopped pista.

5B Asutosh kar

Frutiger light & bold,Goudy old style

22- 09-05

carrots (grated) 500 gm sugar 4 tbsp. ghee 2 tbsp. khoya pindi (grated) 100 gm elaichi powder 1/4 tsp. almond and cashewnut ( fried for garnish) 30 gm

Ingredients:

Gajar Ka Halwa

Procedure:

Cook sugar and carrot in a kadai. The carrot will leave water and start getting boiled. Stir till dry. Add

ghee and cook for five minutes. Cool for five minutes away from fire. Add khoya and elaichi and mix well.

Garnish with fried almonds and cashewnuts.

m.l.b.3 Mugdha Kadam

23 - 09 - 05

a kadai.

The carrot will leave water and start getting boiled. Stir till dry. Add ghee and cook for

Garnish with fried almonds and cashewnuts.

Cook sugar and

Add khoya and elaichi and mix well.

Procedure:

Cool for five minutes away from fire.

500 gm 4 tbsp.

2 tbsp.

1/4 tsp.

30 gm

in

carrots (grated) sugar ghee elaichi powder almond and cashewnut (fried for garnish)

five minutes

carrot

Gajar Ka Halwa

Ingredients:

5B KALPANA

FRUTIGER LIGHT&BOLD ,GOUDY NORMAL &BOLD

23.09.2005

Procedure:

milk 2 litres sugar 150 gm tatari 250 gm pista (shredded) 15 gm

buffalo

Ingredients:

Kalakand

Bring milk to boil and add tatari. Keep stirring till grains of milk are seen on ladle. Add sugar and reduce for about 45 minutes.

When fat separates and reduced milk leaves the sides of wok, transfer it to a tray and leave it to cool.

Cut

into desired shapes and serve chilled.

Garnish with chopped pista.

5b Bindhu Malini

Visual sequence similar using Frutiger bold & light +Goudy Oldstyle bold and normal. refined and coloured.

23rd September 05

Procedure:

milk 2 litres sugar 150 gm tatari 250 gm pista (shredded) 15 gm

buffalo

Ingredients:

Kalakand

Bring milk to boil and add tatari. Keep stirring till grains of milk are seen on ladle. Add sugar and reduce for about 45 minutes.

When fat separates and reduced milk leaves the sides of wok, transfer it to a tray and leave it to cool.

Cut

Bindhu Malini

into desired shapes and serve chilled.

Garnish with chopped pista.

Visual sequence similar using Frutiger bold & light +Goudy Oldstyle bold and normal.

22nd September 05

aga khan rural support programme (india)

Sharing PerSPectiveS on rural DeveloPment

Scaling up rural development interventions: Sharing lessons from BRAC Fazle Hasan abed

Founder Chairperson, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee

A ProgrAmme of the AgA KhAn DeveloPment networK

the need for sharing perspeCtives on ruraL deveLopment as lessons from the field such as these are many, a need was felt to provide a platform for sharing these lessons so that civil society organisations could learn from each other’s experiences. that is why on october 10, 2006, aKrsp (india) organised the inaugural lecture of the Lecture series on ‘sharing perspectives on rural development’ at fiCCi, new delhi to initiate the process of sharing.

The Mind that Mooted the Idea - Dr Kamla Chowdhry dr Kamla Chowdhry was a valued founder Board member of aKrsp (india) who contributed immensely to institution building in gujarat. her contribution to aKrsp (india) was substantial and a lot of what the organisation is today can be credited to her passion for development and her wisdom in institution building. her passion for issues like nurseries for women, rural sanitation, community forestry etc gave shape to many programmes in aKrsp (india). she believed strongly that aKrsp (india) staff should always be sensitive to the ‘voices’ of the poor and women and should be good ‘listeners’ as well as ‘doers’. during her two decades as a Board member she visited all field areas and encouraged field staff. she was active till the end, and a fortnight prior to her death on January 4, 2006, she attended a meeting at aKf (india) to guide the development of a sanitation programme in gujarat. she helped in building institutions like the ahmedabad textile industry’s research association, the indian institute of management, ahmedabad, the institute of rural management, anand, Centre for science and environment, Centre for Women’s development studies, the vikram sarabhai foundation and the national foundation for india. her contribution to establishing the national Wastelands development Board, government of india, to deal with forestry and degraded lands in the country is invaluable. dr Chowdhry had suggested at a Board meeting that the message of successful experiments in rural developments, in india and elsewhere in the developing world, be better documented and mainstreamed. the discussion culminated with the finalisation of a proposal to hold an annual lecture series on ‘perspectives on rural development’. therefore, the Lecture series has been dedicated to the memory of Late dr. Kamla Chowdhry.

setting the stage

Nasser Munjee Chairperson, aga Khan rural suppor t programme (india)

Mr Nasser Munjee, extended a very warm welcome to Prof Abad Ahmad, Chairperson of the Aga Khan Foundation, Dr Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairperson, Planning Commission, Dr Fazle Hasan Abed, founder and Chairperson, BRAC and Nizamuddin N Ajani, President of His Highness Prince Aga Khan Imami Ismaili Council for India.

He paid a warm tribute to the memory of Dr Kamla Chowdhry, saying that the occasion of the inaugural lecture was tinged with both sadness and joy. Joy because just a year ago, Dr Chowdhry, in her capacity as member of the AKRSP (India) Board had suggested at a Board Meeting that the message of successful experiments in rural developments, in India and elsewhere in the developing world, be better documented and mainstreamed. The discussion culminated with the finalisation of a proposal to hold an annual lecture series on ‘Perspectives on Rural Development’. The nostalgia and hint of sadness stemmed from the fact that she was not there to witness an event, which would have delighted her tremendously.

Recounting her commitment of twenty years to the cause of development in many different dimensions, which included wasteland development, natural resource management, spirituality in development, the central role of gender in development, the role of communication especially local radio in rural areas and recently the impact of sanitation on the family and especially women in rural areas, he said that she brought to each of these initiatives a level of commitment and dedication that was both analytical and passionate.

AKDN’s broad range of far-reaching activities in India and its scope of work can be broadly categorised under the following heads: • • • •

fazle hasan abed | sharing perspectives on rural development

Improving quality of education Sustained efforts in health care Enhancing rural livelihood Improving built environment, especially housing, water supply and sanitation aga khan rural support programme (india)

tHe Year Gone BY

The year 2006 was a milestone for Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India) as it completed five years of the 10-year-long ‘Sustainable Community-based Approach to Livelihood Enhancement’ (SCALE) project to improve the livelihoods of the deprived in rural and resource-poor areas.The organisation’s efforts over the last 22 years were clearly reflected in the way 1,852 community organisations continued planning and working towards the better future they had envisioned for themselves.

ENERGISING COMMUNITIES The guidance and impetus from AKRSP (India) helped the rural communities prioritise their needs and chart a course of action to fulfil them. This year, the supra-level bodies took up AKRSP (India)’s roles of training and building the capacity of the village institutions, which are the basic units of development.

This year, 382 new village organisations were formed. Of these 246 were women’s organisations, keeping in tandem with the aim of actively addressing the issues of women. These groups largely focused their efforts on enhancing savings and rotational credit, reducing drudgery and providing access to drinking water through roof rainwater harvesting structures and water supply schemes.

The communities took a major stride towards self-reliance by accepting full responsibility of their assets. All the 35 water committees formed under the government-funded drinking water project started handling the activities of the groups independently. They ensured effective operation and maintenance and also bore the costs through regular recovery. Canal irrigation societies in south Gujarat also displayed similar maturity in taking over their assets.

Working in the same direction, three federations set up agricultural tools and equipment libraries to provide support to the marginalised tribal farmers. This facility helped farmers working under difficult farming conditions to take up agriculture as their main occupation. This year, more than 600 tribal farmers ploughed their land for the first time. This initiative reflected on the ability of the federations and the readiness of the government to work directly with the rural organisations.

Besides this, the communities also realised the need to target the needs of the poorest. This year, 318 households reaped the benefits of alternative livelihoods, which are specifically for the landless, who are left out in the course of natural resource development.

. akrsp (India) annual report 2006

To enhance the quality of this growth, 649 trainings and workshops were conducted to build the capacity of the communities.

BEYOND FIELD IMPLEMENTATION These lessons from the field were then disseminated through various trainings conducted by AKRSP (India) Services, which is a growing wing of the organisation.

The Services team of six received support from programme staff who devoted time to share their experience and learning from the field with an external audience. Their efforts helped conduct 128 trainings for 100 NGOs, 40 government departments and 77 community-based organisations.

Village institutions saved Rs 4.6 million and disbursed credit of Rs 9.6 million due to linkages with financial institutions. Access to credit helped meet the immediate and asset-development needs of the community.

Moreover, AKRSP (India) actively contributed to the government’s Hariyali Project under which ‘the correct method of watershed management’ was shared with people of 169 villages. This was a classic example of how NGOs, which are good at developing models, can join hands with the government to scale up development interventions and spread the reach of the benefits.

akrsp (India) annual report 2006

.

deVeLoPIng TrIBaL LIVeLIHoodS

trIBal lIvelIHooDs In maDHYa praDesH

buILdIng ThE CAPACITy of ThE CommunITy Stress was laid on empowering the community to coordinate skill-based trainings and workshops so that they could take on the roles of the organisation over the years.

This year, 46 village-level extension volunteers were developed. Of these, all the 18 volunteers working for the agriculture programme were women. Special emphasis was laid to ensure that half the village development committee members were women and at least one of the office bearers was a woman. Moreover, 44 new women’s groups were also formed to take on women’s issues. This resulted in equal participation of women in all the development work.

To ensure proper implementation of the programme, the various stakeholders – farmers, village institution members, office bearers, extension volunteers, masons and para workers – were trained in programme planning, budgeting, executing as well as responsibility sharing. For this, 56 trainings and 45 exposure visits were conducted for 1,965 villagers. on-fIELd EffoRTS To implement the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, work was initiated in Nivali and Rajpura blocks of Badwani district with support from the Madhya Pradesh Rural Livelihood Programme. Moreover, interaction with the communities and government agencies also began in Khalwa block. Another development was the MoU between the Water Resource Department, MP and AKRSP (India) to initiate PIM in Sihor and Khandwa districts of Madhya Pradesh.

As all the agriculture extension volunteers were women, the impact was manifold was women play a critical role in farming.

The tribal populace of Madhya Pradesh is reaping the benefits of organising for development.

VenTUrIng InTo a neW fIeLd area Having exclusively worked in Gujarat for 20 years, AKRSP (India) decided to extend its work, of building rural partnerships in environmentally fragile and economically backward areas, to the other states of India. After a systematic appraisal of the region, the Khalwa, Khaknar, Pandhana and Jhirinya blocks of south-western Madhya Pradesh were selected for intervention in 2004. Two years later, the predominantly tribal population, which had never before interacted with an NGO, has understood the power of forming people’s collectives and is slowly but steadily moving towards economic empowerment through better natural resource management. deVeLoPIng ParTICIPaTorY STraTegIeS The foundation of strong community organisations was laid in the first two years of implementation. In the third year, the focus was to venture into new regions with time-tested interventions. Interestingly, innovative ideas were also piloted in the field with equal zeal. The strategy was different for different regions as the need of the community was varied. In Dedtalai, increasing irrigated area was the focus, in Pandhana it was experimenting with low-cost livelihood interventions and in Ashapur, impetus was given to participatory irrigation management.

5. akrsp (India) annual report 2006

akrsp (India) annual report 2006

.53

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