Stormwater Management and Landscape Performance: Salvation Army Kroc Community Center

Re-assessing Green Stormwater Infrastructure and Landscape Performance Benefits of The Salvation Army Kroc Community Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2014 Spring Semester Taylor Keegan Professor: Emily McCoy LAN ARC 8852 | Temple University School of Environmental Design

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Abstract

Landscapes require comprehensive management plans and post-occupancy

attention to measure the longevity and effectiveness of landscape performance.

The primary purpose of this study is to revisit the original stormwater performance assessment on the Salvation Army Kroc Community Center and reassess the effectiveness of the current green stormwater infrastructure; this will be done through expanding on the previously established model-based assumptions by using instrumentation and landscape monitoring to evaluate performance. This study seeks to inform designers and regulatory agencies on how the performance of these green infrastructure practices change over time in response to management practices and how monitoring devices can be incorporated in any stormwater project to assess performance and advise management practices.

Table of Contents Introduction p. 4

Literature Review p. 6 2.1 Overview, History of the SAKCC + City of Philadelphia 2.2 Ecosystem Services + Stormwater Managment 2.3 Adaptive Stormwater Managment 2.4 Prescriptions for Stormwater Managment Research

Methodology p. 17 3.1 Overview 3.2 Research Schedule

Final Discussion p. 20 4.1 Significance 4.2 Dissemination 4.3 Conclusion

Works Cited p. 21

Appendix

p. 24 Construction Documents, SAKCC

1. Introduction

Due to rapid development and changes in climate, we are observing record amounts of

flooding along our coasts and across the country. Additionally, combined sewer overflows systems (CSO’s), as found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, are under increasing pressure from the EPA to reduce runoff and decrease the amount of stormwater that enters the sewer system, thus preventing sewer overflows. The city of Philadelphia is making a concerted effort to alleviate the stresses of flooding and influx of pollution from stormwater runoff in the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers by decreasing the amount of impervious surfaces and increasing locations where stormwater can be infiltrated on site.

By looking at the Salvation Army Kroc Community Center in the framework of understanding

design and maintenance, we can draw conclusions from how the site is functioning and use it to implement smarter and more efficient design strategies. In order to understand how a landscape is performing, it needs to be monitored over time, incorporating adaptive management strategies and the use of updated technologies. This analysis revisits the original assumptions reported by

by Myers (2014) and found in the Post Construction Stormwater Management Report prepared by Duffield Associates in July, 2008. This report relied in stormwater models using HydroCAD such as the TR-55 and TR-21. The paper seeks to understand if the Salvation Army Kroc Community Center (SAKCC) performing according to the original stormwater quantity assessments established by Duffield Associates (2010)? In aiming to understand how effective the landscape manages stormwater and how the maintenance strategies are helping or hindering its performance, this study hypothesizes that the quantity standards are being met, and that the site is over performing based on soils not being factored into the original storage capacity of the landscape.

In the following pages, BMPs will be reviewed along with a summary of similar landscapes

within the region as a baseline for developing the methodology and justification for this study. The literature review will also provide a brief overview of how ecosystem services, adaptive management and BMPs play a crucial role in establishing a triple bottom line approach to revitalized urban landscapes.

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Figure1. Rendering of SAKCC photo from Plan Philly

Figure3. Stormwater Design, photo from Temple University

Figure2. Night walk, photo from LAF

Figure4. Raingarden, photo from Andropogon Associates

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2. Literature Review 1.1 Overview and History of the SAKCC + City of Philadelphia

The SAKCC is located in Northwest Philadelphia on a former steel-manufacturing site owned

and operated by Budd Company. Not unlike many of the neighboring sites, this landscape leaves a legacy typical of a former industrial warehouse, as well as a parking lot and highly contaminated soils.

Currently the SAKCC is home to a community center, an athletic field, a community garden, and a community gathering space.

Understanding stormwater management specifically in Philadelphia is important as it is one

of the primary focuses of the Philadelphia Greenworks Plan, which aims to re-establish stormwater infrastructure to meet federal standards. Collaboration between Philadelphia Water Department, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S Environmental Protection agency has led to the Green City, Clean Waters and the Adaptive Management Plan. This plan specifically aims to reduce the amount of grey infrastructure development and focus on green infrastructure, such as the landscape designed for the SAKCC. Since Greenworks began in 2012, Philadelphia Parks and Recreation has added more than 133 acres of new park space (Greenworks Plan 2012, p. 17). Understanding how each of these acres are performing on a landscape level establishes opportunities for enhanced ecosystem services, and more productive landscapes in urban centers.

In order to understand how stormwater management and urbanization plays into ecosystem services

by Carpenter et al (2009), Myers (2014, Nicholson et al. (2009), and R.S. de Groot et al. (2005) are reviewed. Adaptive Management strategies and conclusions were formed out discussions provided by Pahl-Wostl (2006), Hull (DATE) and the City of Philadelphia. Taking the case studies, and theories in ecosystem services and adaptive management, the methodology was formed out of discussions with Dr. Laura Toran of Temple University’s Environmental Science Department, prescriptions set forth by the Green City Clean Waters Comprehensive Monitoring Plan (2012), and the Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring Manual (2009).

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Figure5. Native plantings, photo from the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF)

2.2. Ecosystem Services + Stormwater Managment

The importance of measuring ecosystem services in an urban context is becoming

increasingly important as more than half of the world’s population currently lives in an urban environment, and the natural world is being recognized as a means to provide ecological services to localized regions, such as cities. Additionally, by comparing the SAKCC to other landscapes attempting to address different aspects of ecosystem services at a landscape scale, we can compare strategies and synthesize performance data to make predictions and conclusions.

In reviewing journals and articles on measuring ecosystem services, limited information can

be found on ecosystem service measurements specifically within an urban context, and scale was discussed as a weakness in effectively determining ecosystem services (de Groot et al 2010, p.

264). Furthermore, in no discussions except for Myers (2014) was aesthetic factored into ecosystem services, which contributes to perceived cultural value of a landscape. The Salvation Army Kroc Community Center slides into these gaps by looking at stormwater management as a means to

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ecosystem services at a landscape scale and accounts for how the landscape provides ecosystem services to the local community and the greater Philadelphia region.

In addressing ecosystem services within an urban context, both Bolund and Hunhammer

(1999) and Tratalos et al. (2007) speak to issues of density and how urbanization has changed our landscapes through fragmentation, alteration of habitat, and how cities claim ecosystem support areas 500-1000 times the area of the city itself (Bolund and Hunhammer 1999, p. 293). Issues of land use and stormwater most overtly overlap within these two studies as the two topics are highly interrelated.

What we witness at within Philadelphia are centuries of development and degradation of ecosystem services, specifically related to water. The Landscape Architecture Foundation acknowledges our mismanagement of stormwater and how it is contributing to the degradation of ecosystem services.

Through conducting a range of large scale assessments to individual case studies, we can gain a broader understanding of how to maximize ecosystem services within an urban context.

2.3 Adaptive Stormwater Managment

Currently water management is going through a transition that requires a look at new

assumptions involving technical solutions and adaptive management approaches. Pahl-Wostl (2006) calls for more collaborative decision making, decentralized, and more flexible management approaches, and open and shared information sources that link science and decision-making.

Furthermore, the Green City, Clean Waters encourages use of the Implementation and Adaptive Management Plan (2011), which essentially describes how the Philadelphia Water Department will undertake the Clean City, Clean Waters Program.

As the iterative policy cycle would require larger scale studies, we use the results here as a

small portion of a greater accumulation of data that would inform the next state of the process, which is assessment of policy based on the results. For the more general Adaptive Management process, this study uses the scope of the analysis to formulate individualized adaptive management prescriptions and inform future design.

Furthermore, although this study looks specifically at the stormwater assessments and

landscape performance, it takes a social-ecological justification that accounts for the environmental, 8

ASSESS PROBLEM

ADJUST U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR TECHNICAL GUIDE via HULL (2008)

POLICY IMPLIMENTATION

DESIGN

MONITOR + EVALUATE POLICY FORMATION

PAHL-WOSTL (2008) IMPLEMENT POLICY ASSESSMENT

GOAL SETTING

Figure6. Adaptive Managment based on Pahl-Wostl (2006) and Hull (2008)

economic, and social impacts that the performance has at the landscape and city-wide scale. This also strongly links with how Myers (2014) looked at the SAKCC through the lens of valances and ecosystem services, which also addresses that the landscape does not operate in isolated functions.

Although stormwater management practices have been measured more thoroughly,

understanding how stormwater management practices work with the larger landscape has had little methodogical attention. Recently, the Landscape Architecture Foundation has established “Case Study Investigations” which provide a baseline for incorporating learning processes into the conceptual and goal setting stages of designing a landscape. This is crucial for the discipline of Landscape Architecture as it allows for what Pahl-Wostl calls for: the “learning processes should become an integral part of any management regime and should be included in the design of adaptive policies and an important adaptive strategy rather than emerging by chance” (Pahl-Wostl 2006, p. 18).

In Pahl-Wostl’s closing statements, she asserts, “adaptive and integrated water management

is essential in order to guarantee a sustainable management of the world’s water resources” (PahlWostl 2006, p.19). She also further states that climate change has exposed water situations and revealed vulnerabilities and adaptive and integrated management will only work if there are structural changes in existing water management regions. Understanding this at the landscape scale, in a major 9

Figure7. Kroc Community Center photo from Andropogon Associates

city that has made political and economic adjustments to accommodate the changing water trends is the beginning of changing societal norms and creating a baseline for the learning processes that will create long term sustainability.

Briefly comparing Pahl-Wostl’s theory with Hull (2008), Hull also encourages social learning

as means to improve adaptive managment strategies. She asserts that adaptive managment “provides a powerful opportunity for stakeholders to learn about cultural and ecological systems, respect and influence on another’s values and collaboratively craft scenarios and motivate actions that lead society toward a sustainable future.” (Hull 2008, p. 4) Overall, adaptive managment will not only provide a better understanding of how effectively a landscape is performing, but also a feedback for stewardship and creative solutions in creating sustainable outcomes.

2.4 Prescriptions for Stormwater Managment Research

Throughout Philadelphia multiple studies on stormwater management have been conducted to

better understand BMPs and how to prepare Philadelphia for future storm events. So far, Philadelphia has taken the available information and created legislation that encourages both the private and public, large and small to reduce grey infrastructure across the county. To understand the best way to study stormwater management in the context of adaptive management five examples were reviewed: Shoemaker Green, Temple University Ambler Wetland Garden, The Thomas Jefferson University Lubert Plaza, Pennswood Village, and the Cusano Environmental Education Center. These five landscape studies were chosen for comparison based on the proximity to the SAKCC, and the 10

Figure8. Pennswood Village Drive, photo from Landscape Architecture Foundation

availably information provided by the Landscape Architecture Foundation Performance Series briefs and presentations provided by the two individuals utilizing instrumentation to study Shoemaker Green and the available information from the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF) and discussions with professionals in the field Although these landscapes were studied for other benefits such as wildlife and ecological diversity, this study will review the stormwater quantity monitoring that was established and how it may have increased awareness or informed adaptive management strategies.

PENNSWOOD VILLAGE

Pennswood Village, located in Newtown PA, is former turf field converted into a meadow and

wetland surroundign a retirement community. According to the Landscape Architecture Foundation, the Pennswood Village was able to reduce the peak rate of stormwater runoff by 53%, 64%, and 69% for the 2,10, and 100 year storms (Pennswood Village, Landscape Architecture Foundation).

Furthermore, “The pre- and post-construction stormwater management report was completed by Pickering Corts and Summerson, the project’s civil engineer. Standard TR-55 methodologies were utilized to calculate the discharges. The predevelopment discharges, calculated to be 55.39 cubic feet per second (cfs), 133, 11 cfs and 249.38 cfs for the 2,10 and 100-year storm events respectively” (Pennswood Village Regional Stormwater Management System, 2014). Similar to the SAKCC, the assumptions were based off of the TR-55 methodologies, not oninstrumentation or in-field 11

measurements. This landscape is especially effective as serving as an educational tool for the local

Figure9. Lubert Plaza from Andropogon Associates

residents, which is important in increasing the potential for adaptive management. When populations are more educated about their surroundings stewardship increases, and people are more likely to get involved in the long term success of a landscape. According to the LAF “79% of survey respondents said they were aware that the wetland landscape captures and treats stormwater from on and off site, greatly reducing impacts to the Neshamany Creek” (Pennswood Village Regional Stormwater Management System, 2014).

THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY

According to the LAF, the Thomas Jefferson University Lubert Plaza, captures and reuses up

to 17,700 gallons of air conditioning condensate for irrigation and captures and detains up to 1.25” of stormwater runoff from the Hamilton building (“Thomas Jefferson University Lubert Plaza”, 2014).

Each of these measurements was collected using models; both the volume for the condensate and Hamilton building runoff was computed based on data provided in contract documents according to the cistern’s dimensions and storage capacity. Neither one utilized in-field data collection or observations to understand if the performance of the landscape is meeting the standards it claims.

Although the landscape is mitigating water, it appears to rely heavily on “grey infrastructure” rather than the “green infrastructure” that the Clean City, Clean Waters heavily advocates for in its regulations.

Furthermore, this study does not assess how the landscape itself is performing. Factoring variables such as how water in the cisterns may be recirculating through the landscape or how much water the actual landscape is collecting will improve and inform future design strategies.

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CUSANO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTER

The Cusano Environmental Education Center is a nature preserve located in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania. It is similar to the Pennswood Village in that it is a larger, more natural landscape and it aims to reduce the pressures on the nearby Darby Creek by mitigating runoff through more appropriate vegetation and small changes in topography. According to the Landscape Architecture Foundation, This landscape reduced stormwater runoff generation by 30% by creating meadow instead of a standard lawn (Cusano Environmental Education Center, 2014). This data is based on a curve number methodology from Urban Hydrology for Small watersheds TR55 Roger Cronshey et al, USDA NRCS, June 1986. A second important conclusion of looking into this landscape is the CEEC avoided $2,560

Figure10. CEEC, photo Andropogon Associates

Figure11. Ambler Wetland Garden from Temple University

in annual mowing costs by creating meadow instead of a standard lawn (Cusano Environmental Education Center, 2014). Understanding the cost differences in managing landscapes also inform adaptive management strategies, as many landscapes are driven by a bottom line. Understanding what is the most beneficial for the environment and more feasible for a client will lead to more productive landscapes across the board.

TEMPLE UNVIERSITY AMBLER WETLAND GARDEN

The Temple University Ambler Wetland Garden originated as a design build project for the 13

Figure12. Shoemaker Green, photo The Daily Pennsylvanian

Figure13. Shoemaker Green, photo McGraw Hill Construction

Figure14. Shoemaker Green, photo Andropogon Associates

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Philadelphia Flower Show that was then made permanent on the Temple University Ambler campus.

The undergraduate Landscape Architecture Department and utilized native plantings and small changes in topography designed the project. This project aimed to collect stormwater from Cottage Hall and the nearby campus area to infiltrate water rather than discharge it offsite. Dr. Laura Toran of the Temple University Environmental Science Department studied this landscape. She found that the landscape, although beautiful, was not functioning appropriately in mitigating the amount of water originally assumed when it was installed. Dr. Toran used instrumentation and visual landscape monitoring when formulating conclusions about landscape performance.

SHOEMAKER GREEN

Shoemaker Green, located on the University of Pennsylvania Campus, is the most recent

landscape constructed out of those reviewed, and its utilizing both modeling assumptions and instrumentation to understand the performance of the landscape. This landscape not only collects stormwater from four of the surrounding academic buildings but it infiltrates this water, and the water that falls directly onto the landscape by taking through a series of raingardens, bioswales, and cisterns before making its way to the Philadelphia CSO. This landscape was designed to handle 87,0000 gallons of runoff per year from the building. The surface runoff and condensate and roof runoff is directed to a perforated distribution Pipe in a subsurface bed under the common lawn. IT also takes the water from Lawn runoff and the subsurface bed to the cistern to the storm sewer. It also takes surface runoff to the rain garden for storage and then the water if directed to the cistern. Furthermore, in order to infiltrate the first 1� of stormwater on site, the Tennis Court storage bed needed to be 836 cubic feet, but was designed to almost twice that amount making the subsurface bed capacity 1,771 cubic feet.

In order to meet the 1� volume requirement the rain garden needs to be 1,097 cubic feet,

with the permitted capacity without soils is 1,125 feet: the total capacity including soils is 2,561 cubic feet. This measurement, understood through collecting data instrumentation, factors in the soils for

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SAKCC

SHOEMAKER GREEN

SIZE: 13 acres FORMER USE: Brownfield, recently industrial CURRENT USE: public garden , Recration + Open Space TYPES OF BMP: Cisterns, bioswales, rain gardens,

porous pavements engineered soil mixes

MEASURED STORMWATER:

SIZE: 3.75 acres FORMER USE: GREY FIELD, recently PAVED RECREATION CURRENT USE: ACADEMIC + Open Space TYPES OF BMP: Rain gardens, INFILTRATION TRENCHES

SMART DRAIN, BIO-CISTERNS, BIOSWALES

MEASURED STORMWATER:

QUANITITY:* LAF FOUNDATION FINDINGS VIA MARY QUALITY: *LAF FOUNDATION FINDINGS VIA ANDREW

QUANITITY: *Contact Penn student via donna QUALITY: *Contact Penn student via donna

Figure15. Baseline information on the SACC and Shoemaker Green in Philadelphia

infiltrating, doubling what the modeling claims would have established. The type of data collected from this landscape is what this analysis attempts to establish for the SAKCC. Moving into looking more specifically at how the Shoemaker Green, which presents the most holistic understanding of landscape performance, and the SAKCC relate, Figure 15 demonstrates the basic points for each landscape.

For the SAKCC, “Post construction stormwater performance for varying rainfall events was

estimated by applying standard hydraulic and hydraulic engineering calculations using HydroCAD software. This software uses simplified procedures for estimating runoff and peak discharges in small watersheds…The Philadelphia Water Department requires this methodology for flood control calculations and it “is the most widely used methodology in southeast Pennsylvania for the design of stormwater infiltration/detention (Myers 2014: Meier 2013). Ultimately, both of these landscapes were designed to reduce the amount of water that enters into the city stormwater sewer system.

Each of these landscapes were designed to meet that goal, and modeling was used to project those assumptions. For Shoemaker Green, testing the original calculations has opened up opportunities for smarter design and adaptive management practices. By creating an opportunity to measure the SAKCC utilizing instrumentation, it will also open up opportunities for adaptive management, education, and smarter design strategies.

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3. Methods 3.1 Overview

The SAKCC was designed to address the growing concern of stormwater management

and includes two cisterns, several bioswales and rain gardens and utilizes porous pavements and engineered soils for maximum infiltration. The four rain gardens manage much of the stormwater runoff from the site from and porous parking lot; three of the rain gardens are unlined, the fourth rain garden located on the street site building is lined due to pre-construction soil contamination . Additionally, the three acre rooftop of the SAKCC gathers the most stormwater on site. Fifty four percent of the stormwater from the roof is collected by the street-side rain gardens; the remaining water in addition to water from the air conditioner condensate is channeled off the building into the cisterns to be utilized for the irrigation system and then overflows into the rain gardens on site (Myers 2014, p. 188) . The original data is based upon the Post Construction Stormwater Management Report, July 2008, prepared for the project by Duffield Associates, Inc. This report claims that overall the volume of runoff captured from the stormwater infrastructure is 1� of water over the total area of the site, and that the cistern and rain gardens provide storage for up to 2� of runoff from the roof and athletic fields.

This analysis aims to reassess these claims by looking at the site over a longer period of

time, and utilizing instrumentation rather than modeling to understand landscape performance. It is hypothesized that the landscape is able to treat more than the 1� of storm water, since the Philadelphia Water Department allows for only 25% storage capacity of soils in the stormwater calculations.

Figure16. SAKCC, photo from the Salvation Army

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The objective is to accumulate weather data on site to estimate water fall and then measure flows at the lowest rain garden to observe what quantity of water overflows or is filtered through the rain gardens before leaving the site. Four CTD sensors, a drain gauge and a rain gauge are necessary to do an appropriate sample of the site. By looking at Figure 17, the location of the data logger as well as the sensors and drain gauge are outlined. The EM50 data logger will be located on the community center roof along with the ERCN-100 rain gauge; this is to prevent opportunities for vandalism. One CTD sensor will be placed in Rain Garden B, which will account for water filtered from Cistern A and Rain Garden A. In order to estimate the total amount of water is filtered through the rain gardens, a final CTD sensors will be placed at the top and bottom of Rain Garden D. Futhermore, to understand differences and similaries between the lined and unlined raingardens, two CTD censors will be placed at the north end of the site at the high and low portions of the lined raingarden. The data will be processed with Decagon’s ECHO2 Utility software by extracting information logged by the EM50 data logger, which will be programmed to take information every 15 minutes. This project will be implemented over a calendar year to understand the landscape in four seasons and increase the likelihood of capturing large and small storms. Due to the urban environment of this site, it will be visited weekly basis to log data and ensure that the instruments have not been disturbed.

2.2 Research Schedule

This research will take place over at least one calendar year to understand the landscape

in four seasons and increase the likelihood of capturing large and small storms. Due to the urban environment of this site, it will be visited weekly basis to log data and ensure that the instruments have not been disturbed. Also, this project is being designed so it can be continued by Temple University after the one year period proposed above.

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CTD Sensor Data Logger Rain Gauge

Figure17. Overlay of instrumentation location on Stormwater CDs. CDs supploed by Andropogon Associates

Figure18. SAKCC section explaining stormwater managment practices photo from Andropogon Associates

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4. Final Discussion 4.1 Significance

This project is significant because there has been little research on green infrastructure

projects to-date, specifically utilizing instrumentation to measure the effectiveness of assessments made with modeling instruments. Studies such as these will inform design and maintenance best practices of these systems. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the value of monitoring equipment as a part of any green infrastructure design in order to inform maintenance practices and provide opportunities for expansion or repetition of methods on other sites similar to the Kroc Community Center.

4.2 Dissemination

Temple University, Andropogon, and the Landscape Architecture Foundation are the primary

audiences for the results. In conjunction with the existing information on the project in the Landscape Performance series at the Landscape Architecture Foundation, this will be submitted as a continuation of the previous research. The project will be submitted to the Society for Ecological Restoration and American Society for Landscape Architecture conferences.

4.3 Conclusion + Implications

This study aims to fill a gap, both in academic literature and in the field of environmental design

and stormwater managment. Not only will this study be a precedent for understanding landscape performance, it will establish a baseline for creating landscapes that are made to be researched and understood. As so many landscapes have been found to measure assessments based on modeling, the importance of testing those assumptions is crucial in legitimacy and informing best practices for design and managment. In short, this study aims to create more opportunities and educate others on the implications of testing assumptions with site-level data, but it will also create awareness and add to the ever growing database for stormwater managment and mitigation. Through dissemination, and working with local firms this research will be helpful in creating more efficient landscapes.

Bolund, P., & Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological economics, 20

5. Works Cited 29(2), 293-301.

Carpenter, S. R., Mooney, H. A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R. S., Diaz, S., ... & Whyte, A. (2009). Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(5), 1305-1312.

“Cusano Environmental Education Center” Landscape Performance Series. Landscape Architecture Foundation Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www.lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performanceseries/case-studies/case-study/377/pdf/ De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making.

Ecological Complexity,7(3), 260-272.

Hull, Bruce. (2008). “Adaptive Management” In Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy (pp. 3-6). Macmillan Reference.

Myers, M. (2013). Multivalent Landscape The Salvation Army Kroc Community Center Case Study.

Landscape Journal, 32(2), 183-198.

Nicholson, E., Mace, G. M., Armsworth, P. R., Atkinson, G., Buckle, S., Clements, T., ... & Milner Gulland, E. J. (2009). Priority research areas for ecosystem services in a changing world. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(6), 1139-1144.

Pahl-Wostl, C. (2008). Requirements for adaptive water management. InAdaptive and integrated water management (pp. 1-22). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

“Post Construction Stormwater Management Report.” Duffield Associates, Inc. July 2008.

“Pennswood Village Regional Stormwater Management System.” Landscape Performance Series.

Landscape Architecture Foundation Accessed May 1, 2014. http://lafoundation.org/research/ landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/486/pdf/ “Salvation Army Kroc Community Center.” Landscape Performance Series. Landscape Architecture

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Foundation Accessed January 13, 2014. http://www.lafoundation.org/research/landscapeperformance-series/case-studies/case-study/376/ “Shoemaker Green” Sustainable Sites Initiative. Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www.sustainablesites. org/caseimages/show.php?id=56 “Thomas Jefferson University Lubert Plaza” Landscape Performance Series. Landscape Architecture Foundation Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www.lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performanceseries/case-studies/case-study/375/pdf/

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6. Appendix

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