THINKING ABOUT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
A
C
B
D
Figure 4.9 A: Broadacre; B: New Town development in the UK; C: Planned community, Orange County, California; D: Smart Growth neighborhood.
favoring instead individual automobile transport. The streets followed a non-grid, more serpentine, curvilinear layout featuring cul-de-sacs. Limited access into a neighborhood often included gated access, thus restricting connectivity to other neighborhoods and town centers. Each neighborhood, if large enough, included schools and parks. The higher-end (real estate price range) developments might feature a golf course and recreation center accessible primarily to the individual community. With the rise in energy costs, the rising demand of urban citizens for healthier living options, and the growing popularity and need for more responsible uses and conservation of natural resources (air, water, and land), land planning shifted emphasis. This shift in thinking on how cities should develop (or even be re-imagined) saw the emergence of Smart Growth, and similar land development theories such as New Urbanism and Sustainable Development emerged late in the twentieth and into the twenty-first century. Smart Growth and New Urbanism (Figure 4.9D) were a late twentieth-century approach to land planning that concentrated urban and suburban growth to achieve public transit-oriented, compact, walkable, and mixed-use communities. Proponents of Smart Growth planning understood urban growth would continue but should be accommodated in a comprehensive way with a more healthy and sustainable approach as opposed to unchecked, urban sprawl.
Modernism and Contemporary Themes Modernism was a movement that permeated the full spectrum of the arts in the twentieth century. In general, proponents of the 76
