ATELIER D. J.M. de LAMINNE A. GILLET & PARTNERS BIOCLIMATICS AND LIGHTING
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EdizioniTecno
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With the participation of the architects de Laminne JosĂŠMaria de Potter Lue Geldof Thierry Henrard Bruno Quoilin Etienne Lion Michel Ingineers and inginners architect Broeckx Patrick De Halleux JeanMarie Gillet AndrĂŠ and de Brouwer Claire Dussart Christine Weckering Jean-Marie
BIOCLIMATICS AND LIGHTING
EdizioniTecno
INTRODUCTION ATELIER D S.C. is a team c o m p o s e d of: Architects Decorators Thermician and Stability Engineers. Such a pluridisciplinary a p p r o a c h of the projects allows, from the start, a detailed analysis and leads to the designing of a specific and complete solution. In this way, the first sketch will try to encompass as many technical elements as possible in order to avoid later on tasks overlaying, doublĂŠ uses and useless complexity. The aim of the team is better integration of man in his environment. From old building rehabilitation to totally new and highly technological industriai conception, its experience has been developed step by step so as to get a thorough knowhow in bioclimatic matters, supported by numerous patents. Its experience and knowledge are nothing else than pure application of elementary physical principles, such as - nothing is lost, nothing is gained, everything is transformed - heat is a traveling energy - thermal fluxes flow from hot to cold points - any building has in its surrounding, more than five times its heating load
A heat pump is not at ali a heating device but rather an appliance for the transfer of thermal energy, taking up low temperature heat from the environment at its "cold source" and emitting it, at a higher temperature, in the dwelling for instance, through its "hot source". The energy consumed for its working is the only real expense of the system and is totally refrieved, as heat, in the hot source emission.
départ chauffape
SOURCE CHAUDE air I n t é r l e u r eau
retour chauffape
expanelon
SOURCE FROIDE air e x t f i r l e u r eau terre énergle de p r o c e s s u s
LE
RENDEMENT
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LA
POMPE
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CHALEUR:
l a pompe 3 chaleur est un appareil économlque par exellence. l a chaleur cédée et dlffusée dans la maison, est toujours un multiple (Te la chaleur gratuite captée dans la nature. C'est ce rapport qu'on appetle dans le métier " coefflctent de performance " et qui varie de 2 3 4 dans la pratlque
oooooo oooooo chaleur gratuite captéc dans la nature
+ • • • • • • énergie nécessaire au fonctlonnement du compresseur
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cmocmo chaleur dlffusée dans l'habltation
LITTLE BIG ONE PYRAMID OF THE AUDIOVISUAL
This pyramid built with steel and glass, located in a scientific park at the entry of Brussels, harbours the offices and studios of a Belgian group active in audiovisual creation and production. The pyramidal architecture serves the objectives of the project: - to provide a forum of meeting for communication actors; - to optimize in internai arrangements the aspects of comfort, acoustical and thermal insulation as well as tire safety; - to create a recognisable mark of a company which is active in advanced technologies of the image. A sophisticated system of bioclimatization combines solar energy, heat recovery and energy Storage. The steel pyramidal structure fulfils hearing, functional as well as aesthetic functions. It is m a d e by bi-and three dimensionai lattice girders, rafters ans purlins with tubular hollow sections. The structure of the building which has a square base is built around a concrete centrai core and is supported by the concrete earthretaining walls of the basement which are buried for a large part. The floors are made of concrete poured on profiled galvanized steel sheeting and are incorporating heating radiation net-works. The floors are supported by bidimensional lattice girders fixed in the centrai core and s u s p e n d e d to the structure of the pyramid. This completely waterfilled structure is designed to transfer the bioclimatic energy as well as to supply the net of sprinklers mounted in the tubular elements as a active protection measure against fire. The two north sides of the roof are covered with insulated panels with an external prepainted profiled steel skin, whereas the two south sides are built as a doublĂŠ wall glazed skin, two-thirds of which being opaque and insulated and one third translucent. t h e total floor area of the building is 6 900 m2, 2 900 m2 of which being o c c u p i e d by offices. In spite of highly sophisticated preliminary studies in relation whith bioclimatization, a cost efficient construction and mostly a cost efficient use feature the building. The client has been enthusiastic and played a leading role in adopting new ideas, methods and technology consistent with proven performance.
Study sketch of south view, solar collectors integrateci in roof slopes and giazed solar skin on out-of-ground fagades.
Extended perspective of the three floors inside the pyramid. The other two lewels devoted to technical appliances and to the
studios, are buried for acoustical and electrical protection against interference from the radars of the nearby airport.
Transparent perspective showing interior floors array. A corner of the square base has been lifted and
streched as a signal for the main entrance of the building.
Forms, situation and perspective of the entrance hall induce the visitor to go down to the centre, bypassing on its walk
temporary picture exhibitions. Thanks to the space fluidity, the visitor take pad at once to the interior life of the premises.
Every working place is open to the perspective covered by the roof slopes in which solar collectors
are integrated, so that plentyfull scattered naturai lighting is provided everywhere.
Theater, even situateci in the south corner and open unto the center of the pyramid, can ben completely isolated and out blackened. Sound and display
studlos located underground, are of peak technology as much for the structural as for the equipment conception.
The structure is composed of hollow aluminium finned tubes, filled occasionaly with water for solar heat collection, and welded steel net-
works filled with sprinklage water. This water increases considerably the thermal and acoustical inedia of the premises.
Integrateci in the south-east and the south-west slopes of the roof, the solar collectors are composed of - an outer single glass cover carried by
- interparietal, cylindrical, hollow, finned aluminium rafters hearing underneath - either polycarbonate doublĂŠ walled sheetings
- or insulated panels Between polycarbonate and glass are set aluminium tilted wings the purpose of which is to avoid direct sun rays penetration and
overheating during summer month. As soon as interparietal air is heated by the sun, it is exhausted and blown, if necessary, in the general
ventilation system. If its temperature rises above a preset level, it is vented outside and, when useful, cistern water is pumped through the rafters in order to
stare excess solar energy for further use.
The transfer of energy is done by two beat pumps: One is devoted only to the transfer of heat extracted from TV studios and computer rooms to the cistern
water. The other either takes heat from the cistern water and transfer it to the radiant floor networks or to the ventilation system, or take it from the
t I p l : low pressure line
„ expansion valve t r e f r i g e r a n f tank S U condenser
Ppump
hpl: high pressure line
. refrigerane line E evaporator C condenser Norfn
Soufh
TV
STUOIO
CISTERN Fig 1 : General s c h e m a t i c layout of building a n d c p p l i a n c e s
ventilation air and throw it in the cistern water.
Besides its thermal inedia, the irrigated structure itself-protected against tire hazard by its water content, acts as a piping net-work for tire protection spinklers.
L A S T R U C T U R E IRRIGUEE A U G M E N T E L ' i N E R T I E
THERMIQUE
B A R R E S EN T R A C T I O N D ' E G A L E R E S I S T A N C E
193.7
S=45,3
cm2
S=46,7
poids/mct.=35,5 INERTE
cm2
S=46,7
poids/mct.=36,4
kg/mct.
kg/mct.
cm2
poids/mct.=61,2
kg/mct.
THERMIQUE 18
KJ/K°
x
6,78 18,4
KJ/K°
x6.63
122 K J / K ° USAQE RECUPERATION SPRINKLAGE
D'ENERGIE
OFFICE-SUPPLIES STORE CATALA IN DROGENBOS
Approximately 10 000 m2 of offices, workshops, stores ... on 3 levels. Organization of the unit and functions: by stages. Workshops, stores and services at ground leel... offices spread over three floors. This structure is conducive to visual and aural contact between individuals, while preserving the possibility of seclusion, moreover this enables a pooling of the functions. Therefore the combining of the administrative, technical and manufacturing functions facilitates interaction between the differend links in the production process. When the Calata project was being devised, the prohibitive costs in energy led to the construction of a building which would "trap the sun". The industriai space is surrounded by factories covered sheds to such an extend that the shed is often symbol. Difficulties in lighting and of summer over heating justified this. This same need for up-to-date comfort and ambience, led the architects and engineers of workshop D first of ali to modify the orientation of the shed, and then at a later stage its shape. The surrounding buildings it are (indeed facing north). To turn the sheds around means to expose the premises to sun beam through the fully southfacing glass partition. From September to May the penetration of the sun will be quite intensive. It will thoroughly penetrate each room, located on different levels as mezzanines (resembling a staircase). In order to control the solar effect, w e have chosen aluminium finis. From the a c c o m p a n y i n g pictures one can see dĂŠtails of the fins and of the year round position of the sun in the sky. In grey tint we have shown the period while premises are totally shaded. The bright zone represents the time at which the glass partition captures the sun's rays, either totally or partially. One can see that the glass partition will be totally shaded from 21 March to 21 September. Undeniably, this system cuts heating costs. With a sensation of "visible" warmth, one is tempted to say "it is sunny", for it is warm in winter a n d cool in summer evoking a feeling of comfort, clarity, spaciousness etc... "The ambience" varies according to each day, each season - staff productivity seems to improve through this contact with the outside world.
Study sketch: the log fagade perspective has been purposely broken by an unhooking which shown the mairi entrance.
Naturai lighting is provided through aluminium winglets array of which tilting ans spacing have been computed in
order to allow maximum solar penetration at the winter solstice and no direct sun rays from aprii to september.
The industriai area is often characterized by piants with shed roofs, in such an extent that the shed has become a symbol. At the time of the first
big piants, the shed justified itself because of problems related to luminous and temperature constants, which vary according to the types of industry.
Lighting difficulties and those related to hot and cold air conditionning, explained it indeed. Today energetica! necessities, needs in terms of comfort and
ambience have brought architects and engineers of Atelier D to first modify the shed orientation and them to alter its shape in a later stage.
THERMAL DIODE
Transfer between fluids is more commonly done by sensible heat, that is to say without any fluid state alteration. Such a transfer is reversible. If a liquid/gas phase changing of the fluid is used and gravity as a liquid back flushing motor, the transfer is made irreversible. This is the thermal diode effect which allows to transfer heat between two media one way, without any valve or clack valve.
COISDEIVSEl
Application of the thermal diode effect to diurnal climatization supposes that a sufficient thermal inedia of the building dampers the ambient temperature fluctuations. Otherwise another phase change material must be provided, the fusion of which occurs during daytime and absorbs the excess of heat present in the dwelling. Solidification during night is obtain by the thermal diiode action.
In this drawing, cold water is pumped from the adjacent canal and flows through the evaporator of the heat pump. Energy is transfered to the condensor where water flowing through the floor net-works is heated. Advantage is taken of desuperheating and undercooling of the refrigerant loop to heat also water for domestic uses. During summer, a large part of the later function is assumed by the water solar collectors integrated in the south roof. Other cold sources are available in the neighbourhood of many buildings, namely - underground sail, optimum depth: 1,5 m - solar heat either direct or through a buffer system - ambient air, the least economical except when boosted by solar radiation.
THE ROVIENNES HOUSES
"Collective Housing" with a social aim. In the last years, the rise in housing charges has brought down the fundamental social aim of this type of housing: That everybody should have access to pleasant living conditions. In our climate, heating in winter accounts for a major portion of these maintenance charges. "The bioclimatic architecture" will have as its aim to reduce as much as possible these fees by applying its fundamental principes: an optimizating of the insulating properties of the building and capitalizing on the naturai advantages to be found in its environment. This project is divided into two parts: 20 and 16 apartments respectively and 3 commercial areas having a total area of around 3 400 m2 plus 20 underground parking plats and 30 individuai cellar-rooms. This whole unit will be streched East/West. It is proposed that each apartment will be facing South, thus exposed in great part to the sun, and protected by an adjoining greenhouse, which will shield the whole facade. Te glass facade is continous and has a 30° tilting. Each apartment will therefore have its own private section of the greenhouse in the form of a terrace, in order to benefit to a maximum from the sun's rays in winter. At the bottom of this greenhouse, there is a winter communal garden, totalizing of 300 m2 for both blocks. This winter garden will mean that each apartment will have ist own small praivate garden; a cellar-room will also be built on to it. This idea is already enjoying much success in Sweden and Denmark; moreover it is of occupational interest for the tenants. This can also serve as a meeting "pool". We have seen the various financial, social and psychological advantages to it. The thermal charge, controlied by virtue of the insulated envelope and because of its (trapezium) shape and its orientation, is operated by an economical heating system. Furthermore, the South facing facades covered by glass partitions with a vertical incline of 30° constitute glazed-annexes, which fulfill the dual function of absorbing the sun and of thermal insulation. The proposed heating system is constituted by the lowtemperature radiant floors. It will not be possible for the tenants to interfere with the system. The energy necessary will be found in the nearby canal by means of electrical heat p u m p s of the water/water type which also generate sanitary hot water acting as a winter back-up. A combined heating system with 100 m2 of solar collectors integrated in the south roof is anticipated.
Study sketch as viewed accross the canal from which the necessary energy is taken.
Building nr 1:20 dwellings. Ali the living rooms are facing south. They have openings
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to the sun space which has the doublĂŠ role of solar energy coilection and thermal insulation.
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Building nr 2: 16 dweilings. From their balconies, the occupants have a view on the winter garden at the bottom of the greenhouse.
General vlew of the two buildings with their south looking glazed areas.
• radiant floor — Freon 22 — w a ter
20 Lodgings
West fagade of building nr 1 The underlaid scheme shows sun rays incidence at
winter solstice and a general sketch of the radiant floors and domestic hot water system.
Principles of air circulation. Winter: minimum bygienic air intake and thermocirculation by buoyancy. Summer: fresh air aspiration through greenhouse Mid-season: preheating of fresh air by greenhouse effect.
THE CANAL + PROJECT BELGIUM
The proposed implantation had to correspond to the following parameters: - Proximity of highways - Proximity of R.T.B. and audiovisual c o n c e r n e d companies - Contact by herzian network with the R.T.B. tower for 24 out of 24 hours emissions. - Possibility of extensions - Short implimentation delay essential The choice has been set on the rehabilitation of an old building implimented by the "Société Général des Chemins de Fer Economiques" dating b a c k t o 1911 and located Chaussée de Louvain. The originai character of the Street fagade has been preserved in its global appearance with a touch of contemporary dynamic. The new entrance, on the left side, has been designed so as not to alter the general character. The existing back fagade has been w r a p p e d in a glazed sunspace; Seen from the parkplot, the various levels of the building and their optimal intercommunications appear trough the glazed structure. Moreover the opening of the existing windows unto this unique volume reorganizes the whole building toward a new, cheerfull and luminous space; Naturai convective ventilation helps to minimize the heating load of the premises. Thus thermal comfort is provide by: - Transfer of "greenhouse effect" to every s;paces during winter. Glazed areas, vertical and in the roof, totalized nearly 550 m 2 . Useful solar gains cover 41 % of the heating load. - Evacuation of the extra summer heat by naturai ventilation through openings provided in the fagade and at the top of the sunspace. - Limitation of the direct solar gains in summer by an originai sunshading system: preoriented aluminium louvers the tilting of which is designed so as to allow maximum solar allowance in winter, minimum in summer. These louvers totalizing 315 m 2 of panels, shade totaly the sunspace from aprii the 10th until s e p t e m b e r t h e 1 st.
Study sketch: This drawing has been fancied by night in order to show the transparence of the
glazing and the sieving of light through the solar winglets.
The originai character of the fagade has been preserved in general with an inset anyhow of a contemporary dynamic.
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Fagade's conception is aimed at the preservation of its 19th century character. Final result quite originai reaiizes
the philosophy of a TV chain: " Communication, comfort and look.
The entrance hall is in direct communication with an aerated staircase with open access to any floor. The rea! metamorphosis of this building results from
the superposition of a glass wall over the south fagade, truly a solar trap, with tilted aluminium winglets in order to avoid overheating.
The Amazone is an exchanger devised for the transfer or material or of heat between gas and liquid by direct contact. The liquid is transported through a bundle of synthetic cables; (diameter 2 mm) stretched vertically. The liquid, rain-water in this case, distributed from the top of the device, forms continuous cylindrical sheeth flowing at an uniform peripheral speed of 0,4 to 1m/ sec. The gas, the ouside air in this case, mixes closely with the liquid and circulates in a perpendicular fashion between the cables. It takes on humidity by causing a portion of the water, with which it has come into contact to evaporate adiabatically. The latent heat of evaporation is taken from the air and lowers its temperature.
COMPETITION FOR THE BELGIAN PAVILLION AT SEVILLE
On the basis of the specifications and themes outlined in the competition rules, we were seeking a conception which on one hand could have a symbolic character, and that on the other could fulfill the necessities for comfort and the requirements for spaciousness and communications. 1 The symbol The presentation of Belgium integrated in the EEC with its own particular characteristics is expressed by the symbolic nature of the project: the entwinning of a trihedron (the 3 communities) into a revolving circle (Europe), as well as the colours of the representative structures of Europe and Belgium. The prominent image of our country w e sought to portray was one of a country in search of progress, as it moves into the future, in doing so w e are consistent with the theme of the fair, and in giving expression to our recent discoveries we are presenting innovative technological ideas. 2 The bioclimatic c o n c e p t The objective of which is to guarantee comfort of the occupants for the duration fo the fair, while preserving and exploiting the particular characteristics of the environnement a n d the climate. Thus, the data recorded near the sise of the fair and for the proposed dates of the presentation led to the conclusion that only cooling of the premises would be necessary. The architectural c o n c e p t was carefully designed so as to avoid any thermal interference from the outside. The apertures necessary to bring naturai light into the building were reduced to cater only for ventilation purposes for the premises taking into account the revolving doors at the entrances, thus avoiding unwanted streams of hot air. Moreover w e arranged for the ventilation by means of an innovative evaporation mechanism, a Belgian concept, the AMAZONE, maufactured under licence by the company s.a. Toussaint Nyssenne in Dison (see further on). A giant metallic tree not only irrigable, but also which presents various opportunities in terms of stability, security, fires, thermodynamic situations...
CONTRIBUTES TO THE REALIZATION OF THE FOLLOWING TWO FORMS: 1. The Revolving Circle which is used for the parasol and allows for the premises to be put in the shade during hot spells, as well as the forum with its steps cut into the ground itself. This location is thus almost constantly in the shade. It is surrounded by water pools at the same level as the access routes and highways. By virtue of the fact that they evaporate, these create a micro-climate within the bounds of the amphitheatre. These water planes will be covered with aquatic plants, together with the reflection of the giant umbrella thrown across. 2. The pyramid which is fitted into the "revolving circle", stabilises the volume while at the same time fitting together and is implanted into the ground as though trying to spread its roots. This pyramid takes up a quarter of the area built and facing South puts the "Revolving circles" in the shade. The South face of this facade is made up of a layer of aluminum, bronze, zinc and steel in the shape of Belgium (as seen from the ground). It will shine as trough emitting a sign to the exterior, drawing the attention of the passerby. Almost opaque, it will emit only a few beams of light, which in the inside will point to objects in specific directions. The basement of the pyramid, protected from the sun, well insulated and occulted, was conceived of as a labyrinth, in which there are murai depictions of Belgium (expositions). This will in turn lead to an area designed to be pleasing to the individuai. A restaurant looks onto this area. These final two areas will also be accessible outside of the officiai fair hours.
In the prevew pages study sketch showing the top with tight effects through the exterior transparent envelope equipped with AMAZONE through which tight is
scattered by the synthetic cables. In these pages the maquette of the betgian paviiiion.
The pyramid which fits together with the top brings forth Belgium shape and is treated as a signal appealing the glimse of the paser-by.
With thanks of "Atelier D s.c." to: M. M. M. M.
Dauzun for L.B.O. D'Haeyer for Catala Paris for Canal + Monseux for Maisons Roviennes
and Entreprises Jacques Delens M. Cussac M. Streel L.B.O.
Building contractor Photograph Scale Model hyper-realistic pictures.
Tecno spa 20121 Milano (Italy) via Bigli 22 tel. 02 790341 fax 02 784484 Tecno Bruxelles 60 avenue Louise tel. 02/5136757 tx 64493 fax 02/5130548 Edizioni Tecno 20039 Varedo - Milano via Milano 12 tel. 0362 5899 fax 0362 583279
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