بعض العلاقات الفيزيائية

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‫‪C° = ( °F - 32 ) x 5 /9‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ درﺟﺘﻰ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻔﻬﺮﻧﺎﻳﺘﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪F° = ( 9 / 5 x C° ) + 32‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎن ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ هﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس آﻠﻔﻦ وهﻮ اﻟﺬى ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ‪ °٢٧٣.١٥-‬م‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس راﻧﻜﻦ وهﻮ اﻟﺬى ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ‪ °٤٦٠-‬ف‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪K = °C + 273.15‬‬ ‫‪R = °F + 460.0‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪):‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (rho‬ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺎ هﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻄﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ rho‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫‪kg/m3‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ )‪ (w‬ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻮزن ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬أى اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮة ﺟﺬب اﻷرض ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤًﺎ ﻣﻘﺪارﻩ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ وﺣﺪات ﻗﻮة ‪ ،‬ووﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪SI‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪N/m3 .‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎن آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪w = rho . g‬‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (rho‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ )‪ (w‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ )‪ (g‬اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬى ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ )‪ (v‬هﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬى ﺗﺸﻐﻠﻪ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫‪m3/kg‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪ SI .‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬أى أن ‪:‬‬


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