Koreana Spring 2008 (English) by The Korea Foundation

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BEAUTY OF KOREA

Eyeglass Case

ot that long ago, eyeglasses were thought of as a kind of

an eyeglass case that was attached to their belt. For a woman of

luxury item, which was highly valued and handled with

means, an elaborately decorated eyeglass case served as a fash-

great care. And due to its fragile nature, with lens of glass

ion accessory.

and a delicate frame, a protective case was essential for proper care and extended usage. It is not known when eyeglasses were first introduced to

Cases included a simple sheath, into which the glasses would be tucked, while more expensive versions included a hing ed cover and container bottom . A lightweight and durable

Korea, but based on historical references, its arrival is presumed

material, such as paulownia wood or mulberry paper (hanji) was

to have occurred around the time of the Japanese invasions of

ideal for making a case, whose surface could be covered with

Korea , from 1592 to 1598. At that time, since glasses were owned

fabric, leather, or shark skin, and at' times decorated with gem-

and used by only high-class individuals, most Koreans thought

stones.

this device was bizarre as well as impractical.

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In addition, eyeglass cases were often adorned with exquisite

Moreover, even those who could afford to have glasses would

embroidery of symbols associated with wishes for longevity and

usually feel self-conscious when wearing them, and thus tended

good fortune, especially the ten sipjangsaeng characters, includ-

to hide them inside their clothing. As the use of glasses became

ing the turtle, crane, deer, and bullocho, a legendary herb of eter-

more widespread and those who wore glasses came to be associ-

nal youth . The ume blossom, which is known to bloom in late win-

ated with the elite class of society, eyeglass users started to wear

ter, was another popular decorative motif. Ii> Spri ng 2008 I Ko rea na 3

Korean a Korean Art & Culture

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Donguibogam. a comprehen sive

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pra ctices of East Asia.

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Korea's Traditional Medicine Introduction to Korea 's Traditional Medicine Shin Joon-shik

14 Three Popular Appl ications of Korea 's Traditional Medicine Ko Changnam

24 Outlook for Korea's Traditional Medic ine Chae Yoon-jung

array of diagn oses and prescriptions

for all ma nner of illn ess or ailment. Eve n today, it serves as a va luable source of informat ion on the med ical

25-volume med ical journal compiled by Heo Jun in 1610 during the mid-J oseon pe ri od. offe rs a wide

Published quarterly by Th e Kor ea Foundation

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Treasure Trove of Goryeo Celadon Recovered from the Sea

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INTERVIEW .... oi

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Exquisite Gold Artifacts of the Silla Kingdom

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CUISINE

Rice Porridge [Juk]: A Practical Source of Nutrition 80

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JOURNEYS IN KOREAN LITERATURE

© The Korea Foundation 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the p~or permission of the Kqrea Foundation. The opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily represent those of the editors of Koreana or the Korea Foundation.

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Koreana Internet Website

LIVING

Pet Ownership in Korea Rapidly Proliferates

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Koreana. registered as a quarterly magazine with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism !Registration No. Ba-1033, dated Aug. 8, 19871. is also published in Chinese, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, Japanese. and German

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Korea's Traditional Medicine Traditional medicine has long been a part of everyday life in Korea, helping to keep Koreans hale and hearty. Among foreigners without a proper knowledge of Korean culture, however, Korea's traditional medicine is often misunderstood as being an identical or closely related offshoot of Chinese traditional medicine. Nowadays, with Oriental medicine being increasingly accepted as an alternative medical treatment, it would be helpful to understand the history of Korea's traditional medicine, along with its distinctions from Chinese medicine, and to highlight modern-day clinics and medical centers in Korea that specialize in traditional medicine, in order to demonstrate its significant potential to develop into a part of the healthcare system of the future.

A variety of natural herbs used in the preparation of herbal medicine. Sanc heon g Museum of Herbal Med ici ne.

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Introduction to

Korea's Traditional Medicine From the time the first people arrived on the Korean Peninsula, Koreans have continuously developed and refined their medical knowledge. After a long period of developing its medical practices through exchanges with nearby countries, the establishment of a uniquely Korean system of medicine was attained in the early 17th century, with the publication of the Oonguibogam (Exemplar of Korean Medicine). Shin Joon-shik General Director, Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine Seo Heun-kang Photog rapher

Section of a diagram that depicts the acupuncture points related to the body's circulatory system and flow of energy.

orea's traditional medicine, which has advanced in line with the progress of the Korean people, is the result of their collective wisdom. Although ancient Koreans are known to have learned much from neighboring countries, such as China, they developed their own medicine, which was better matched to their lifestyle and physical constitution, rather than simply following Chinese medicine.

Ancient Korean Medicine From the time the first people arrived on the Korean Peninsula, Koreans have continuously developed and refined their medical knowledge. Early on, this was related mainly to remedial treatment, such as easing a pain or tending to an injury, along with knowing what foods were good for their health. In particular, due to its powerful influences, nature became an object of worship and ritual practices. This animistic belief later evolved into shamanism, which reinforced a notion that all things have a spirit. Related to this, a physical ailment was thought to be caused by the influence of evil spirits, for which

a shaman was needed to provide a remedy. Evidence of ancient Korean medicine can be found in the Dangun myth, in which mugwort and garlic are prescribed. The Dangun creation myth, which is said to recount the origin of the Korean people, is recorded in several historical journals, including Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms ( Samgungnyusa), which was written during the Goryeo period (918-1392). This account of the birth of the original Korean nation, Old Joseon (2333-108 B.C.), tells a story about a bear and a tiger who, after appealing to the gods to allow them to take on human form, were told to eat mugwort and garlic. This incidence provides insight into how ancient Koreans recognized the efficacy of herbal medicine. Even the foremost Chinese medical journal, Shen Nang Ben Cao Jing (Shen Nang Materia Medica), contains no such reference to mugwort or garlic. Compiled during the Later Han Dynasty (25-220) and the Three Kingdoms period (220-280) of China, this journal describes the uses for 365 medicines. The lack of any reference

Porcelain mortar and pestle used to grind herbal ingredients for the preparation of herbal medicine 2 Cases used by practitioners of Korea's traditional medicine to store their acupuncture needles 3 An ancient medical illustration that shows how the vital organs of the body are related to the body's flow of energy 4 Visitors to the Sancheong Museum of Herbal Medicine can learn about the history of Korea's tradi tional medicine and experience various treatments.

10 Korean a I Spring 2008

The scholar Heo Jun (1539-1615), who lived during the mid-Joseon period, compiled the

Donguibogam, which is regarded as one of the most outstanding achievements of Oriental medicine.

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reference to mugwort or garlic would seem to verify the independent development of Korea's traditional medicine. During Korea's Three Kingdoms period (57 B.C.- A.D. 668), there was significant exchange with countries abroad, such that foreign influences eventually permeated Korean culture and medicine. In particular, medical knowledge from China and India supplemented the foundation of traditional medicine that had been handed down from the Old Joseon period, which spurred further developments in Korea. This trend continued into the Unified Silla period (676-935), with Korean medicine being blended with Chinese and Indian medicine, and then local-

ized. Thereafter, during the Goryeo period (918-1392), a variety of medicinal ingredients were introduced to Korea by China's Song Dynasty (960-1279) as well as Arab merchants, which contributed to a notable expansion of Korea's medical knowledge. Korea's Unique Traditional Medicine Korea began to establish a truly unique traditional medicine during the Goryeo period, due primarily to a lack of development of Chinese medicine, upon the founding of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), and a subsequent decline in the value of Korea-China medical exchange. Thus, a Korean form of medi-

cine, which was tailored to the local circumstances, began to thrive, which in eluded the publication of various medical journals, such as Jejungiphyobang (Introductory Guide to Medicine for the General Public), Eouihwallyobang (Essential Guide to Mastering Medicine), and Hyangyakgugeupbang ( Guide to Korean Medicine and First Aid). These publications included medical knowledge from China's Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty,~and elsewhere:• but also documented extensive research findings of medicinal ingredients indigenous to Korea, along with showing the significant advancement of Korea's traditional medicine since the Old Joseon period. The uniqueness of Korean medicine, Sp ri ng 2008

I Koreana 11

Pages of Oonguibogam, an exte nsive med ical journa l co mpiled by Heo Jun in 1610, during the mid-Joseon period.

12 Koreana I Spring 2008

which had emerged during the late Goryeo period, was continued in the Joseon period (1392-1910). For example, the first training system for nurses was instituted during the reign of Joseon's King Taejong (r. 1400-1418), while during King Sejong's reign (r. 1418-1450) measures were adopted to promote the development of a variety of Korean medicinal ingredients. These efforts were systematized and published in Hyangyakjipseongbang ( Cumulative Guide to Korean Medicine).

In addition, through continuous exchanges with China, Chinese medicine was developed on the basis of Korean medical knowledge, with the results being published in Uibangyuchwi ( Classification of the Medical Arts). Thereafter, several medical journals were introduced from Ming Dynasty China (13681644), along with specialized medical texts, which included detailed accounts of clinical experiences, being written in Korea. In the mid-Joseon period, the scholar Heo Jun (1539-1615) compiled the Donguibogam (Exemplar of Korean Medicine), which is regarded as one of the

most outstanding achievements of Oriental medicine. Comprising a summary of Oriental medicine, based on Korea's traditional medicine, and a medical text that systematized the concepts that had been handed down from generation to generation, it was widely distributed throughout Korea, China, and Japan, and is used as a reference even today. During the late Joseon period, in the 19th century, as greater emphasis was placed on practicality, positivistic schools of thought began to emerge, leading to the categorization and specialization of knowledge. As such, treatment methods, which were practical and convenient for everyday life, were promoted in an effort to improve the welfare of the common people.

Around this time, Yi Jema developed his unique system of constitutional medicine ("medicine of the four physical constitutions"), which best exemplifies the indigenous nature of Korea's traditional medicine. Under this innovative system, people are categorized into four types of physical constitutions. At that time, medical treatment was based on the principles of yin and yang and the five elements, such that a "yin" person would be prescribed a treatment of warmth, and a "yang" person treated with cold. However, Yi Jema opened a new horizon in Korean medicine by first determining a person's type of constitution, and then diagnosing the problem and prescribing the most appropriate treatment. Medicine of the Future Amid the introduction of Western medicine and the period of.Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), Korea's traditional medicine fell on hard times. Imperial Japan's efforts to eradicate Korean culture, as well as Korea's traditional medicine, led to a 40-year suspension of academic research and development of traditional medicine in Korea. Shortly after this period of suppression came to an end with Korea's liberation from Japan, the National Medical Treatment Law was enacted in 1951, which established a system for practitioners of traditional medicine that was supported by the government and the public. And, by the 1970s, the value of Korea's traditional medicine, such as acupuncture treatment, was widely recognized by medical clinics, along with a diverse range of academic research being undertaken in this field. In response to growing global interest in traditional medicine, the World Health Organization has been sponsoring the research of traditional medicine in countries around the world, which

included efforts to designate international standards for acupuncture treatment. In 1987, an international conference was hosted in Korea for the purpose of promoting standardized terminology for traditional medicine. With the foundation of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine in 1994, the Korean government adopted an institutional framework for the promotion of Korea's traditional medicine and the support of related research activities. Today, 11 colleges of Korea's traditional medicine are leading the way in actively advancing the applications and technology of Korea's traditional medicine. There are those who might be critical of Korea's traditional medicine for its empirical nature or its roots in traditional Chinese medicine. And others regard it as more of a health supplement than a medical science. Nonetheless, Western medicine, despite its myriad advances over the years, does not have all the answers for new diseases, which have emerged as a result of our disregard for nature and the environment, while the side effects of chemical substances, including synthetic medicines, continue to pose increasingly serious problems, such as antibioti~-resistant bacteria. Around the world, ever more people are recognizing the need for a new understanding of human life and healthcare treatment, along with realizing that there are limitations to Western medicine. Related to this situation, expectations have been growing for Korea's traditional medicine to play a more prominent role in Âˇglobal medical science. To this end, in-depth research eff6lrts must be accelerated and intensified. Through bold experimentation and critical analysis, Korea's traditional medicine has the potential to emerge at the forefront of the world's medical science, for the benefit of all humankind. fJ Spring 2008 I Koreana 13

cu puncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine are the most popular applications of Korea's traditional medicine, which represent a synthesis of research of the medical and natural sciences, along with being rooted in Eastern philosophy. Adherents of traditional medicine in Korea are known to advise: "Use acupuncture first, moxibustion second, and herbal medicine third." These three practices, which are the most effective applications of Korea's traditional medicine, are prescribed separately and in combination for medical treatment, depending on the individual's particular disorder and physical condition.

Principles of Acupuncture For an understanding of acupuncture treatment, it is necessary to be familiar with its principles of meridians and acupuncture points. According to the underlying concepts of Korea's traditional medicine, the human body consists of five vital organs and six viscera,

which function in harmony in a healthy body. But this harmonious interaction can be disrupted by a physical affliction or disease. Within the body, there is an energy-flow system, which regulates organ function that extends from the head to the feet, and laterally from the chest area into the arms. These channels, along which energy flows through the body, are known as meridians. Acupuncture points are specified areas for stimulation, and 365 such points are located all around the human body. In Korean acupuncture, needles made from refined metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum, are inserted into the skin to stimulate the internal tissue, or they can be placed on the skin for surface stimulation. These treatments help to accelerate healing and promote proper health. When a person becomes ill and regular energy flow along the meridians is interrupted, acupuncture treatmem can remedy an illness or restore a normal physical condition. Based on an overall

1- Acco rding to acup un cture treatment, the human body has 365 "ac upuncture po in ts ," into wh ich ac upu ncture nee dles are inserted to stim ulate the body' s vital energy [gil. 2 Acu pu nctu re sti m ulates th e body's circu latory system, major org ans, and energy flow, in order to treat a pa tient' s illness or ailment. 3 A va ri ety of needles is use d fo r ac upuncture treatm ent, which depe nd s on the particular in divi dual an d physical pro blem.

16 Koreana I Sp ri ng 2008

Spring 2008 I K reana 17

examination and diagnosis, the physician will insert needles into the patient's acupuncture points that are conducive to treating the particular ailment. During the insertion of needles, the doctor will have the patient assume various positions, including lying on his back, front, or side, or sitting in a chair, either upright, leaning to one side, or facing forward with both hands under his chin. The patient's position and acupuncture points are determined by the treatment methods that can most effectively remedy the related physical problem. The treatment is often focused around the afflicted area of the body, but can also involve seemingly unaffected areas

18 Koreana I Spring 2008

not clearly associated with the disorder. Of note, restoration of the body's proper energy flow is all-important. Depending on the ailment, periodic treatment may be necessary, or the acupuncture procedures can be combined with physical therapy and the prescription of herbal medicine. Acupuncture treatment is efficacious for a wide range of situations, including the treatment of disease, diagnosis of physical disorders, and as a remedial/ preventative measure related to such fields as internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, psychiatry, surgery, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. Moreover, it can take effect

For mox ibustion treatment , smolde ring Artemisia materials are placed onto th e s kin's surface to provid e heat th era py and energy stimulation.

2 Mox ibustion treatment mate ri als are made from highly refin ed Arte mi s ia. Tod ay, a wid e variety of mox ibustion therapy materials is avai lable at pha rm acy and reta il outlets.

relatively quickly, is highly effective and economical, and the simple procedures are relatively pain-free and without side effects. Unique Acupuncture Methods To optimize the efficacy of acupuncture treatment, practitioners of Korea's traditional medicine must consider four basic questions: first, whether to treat the disease or treat the patient; second, whether the treatment should be topical or holistic; third, whether the treatment should focus on the root of the problem or on relieving the symptomatic conditions; and fourth, whether it is necessary to strengthen a deficiency or eliminate negative energy. It is also essential to select the proper needles and acupuncture points, based on a patient's particular situation. The most common needles are as fine as a strand of hair and can be inserted with little discomfort. At times, an inserted needle is tapped, like a thin nail, or twirled to stimulate a wider area. Certain methods call for applying ceramic

pieces onto the skin, heating a needle prior to insertion, or inserting a needle and then withdrawing it to extract a small amount of blood. Traditional medicine practices that are unique to Korea include Sa-am acupuncture, constitutional acupuncture, single-needle acupuncture, and medicinal acupuncture. Sa-am acupuncture is very unique in that physical ailments are treated with the insertion of needles into only areas of the arm, below the elbow, and the leg, below the knee . Under this treatment, inserted needles are manipulated by hand to influence the energy flow and to diagnose the patient's specific condition. Of note, this method is popular for its ability to provide quick relief. As for constitutional acupuncture, it is based on a system that categorizes the physical constitution into four types: Taeyang (large yang), Taeeum (large yin), Soyang (small yang), and Soeum (small yin). In this case, a treatment method is determined by an individual's type of constitution as well as the related

disorder. Another treatment is singleneedle acupuncture that involves the insertion of only one needle into a designated acupuncture point. Under aqua-acupuncture, the treatment includes the insertion of needles and injection of herbal medicine. The prescribed herbal medicine is made into a form that can be applied by syringe and theri. injected into the acupuncture points where needles are also inserted. This combined treatment, which helps to produce immediate benefits for a variety of health problems, has gained wide acceptance in Korea. Moreover, in keeping with the advancement of modern science, herbal medicine prescriptions have been standardized, along with assuring the sterilization of all acupuncture needles and syringes. Moxibustion A less-known treatment is moxibustion, in which mugwort is applied to areas of the body, and then burned, to provide remedial benefits through heat stimulation and infusion of the mugSp ri ng 2008

I Koreana

wort ingredients. Moxibustion is thought to have originated in primitive times, when clumps of twigs or grass were likely used. Over time, mugwort emerged as the primary ingredient according to China's oldest medical text, the Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi Neijing), written during the Han Dynasty (3rd century B.C. - A.D. 3rd century), which includes a reference to "treatment with needles and mugwort." Mugwort is harvested annually, from March to May. Fresh and thickstemmed mugwort plants are gathered, then dried in the sun, and ground into a powder with a mortar and pestle. This coarse powder is passed through a sieve to remove any stems or foreign objects, ,I several times, until only a refined mug< o rt powder remains. The powder, known as moxa, is tamped into a mold to produce small cone-shaped forms. Moxibustion treatment utilizes the heat from burning the moxa cones and infusion of the mugwort's ingredients, which affect the entire body. This process can help to improve the body's

circulation and metabolism, eliminate negative energy, and boost positive energy, in addition to relieving fever and providing warmth. Moxibustion treatment includes direct and indirect applications. For direct application, the bottom of a moxa cone is placed onto the skin surface and burned, whereas for indirect treatment, the subject area is first covered with another material, such as a paste of soy bean, ginger, garlic, yellow earth, or salt. Above all, careful attention is necessary to prevent burning the skin of a patient, who might fall asleep or experience a loss of sensation. Even with indirect treatment, the heat must be regulated to prevent blistering, while direct moxibustion is not applied to the face or the abdomen of a pregnant woman, or for a patient with a cold. Oriental Herbal Medicine Korea's traditional medicine differs from Western medicine in that it places much emphasis on a patient's symptoms, and treatment methods are prescribed according to the particulars of

According to a fundamental concept of Korea's traditional medicine, for proper health, the body must maintain an overall harmony, which, if disrupted by disease, needs to be restored. The diagnosis and treatment of a physical ailment or disease thus requires a complex process that reflects the interaction of the body's internal organs and systems.

20 Korea na I Spring 2008

Ginseng has long been prized for its exce ptional medicinal efficacy. It has the ab ility to boost energy, streng th en the immune system, aid dig est ion, and promote a sense of ca lmness. 2 In the Korea 's trad itiona l medicine, prescribed medicine must be prepared with the utmost preci sion to opt imize its remedial effect.

the individual and his affliction. Korea's traditional medicine was originally known as a "medicine of symptoms," with the treatment being based on a physical examination and evaluation of the patient's constitution and specific symptoms. Thus, traditional medicine practitioners need to understand a patient's regular conditions, such as sensitivity to cold or excessive perspiration. Principles of traditional medicine call for an assessment of eight symptoms, which are grouped into four pairs: cold/hot, deficiency/sufficiency, large/ small, and yin/yang. Even if a patient might exhibit symptoms usually associ-

ated with a known disorder, a traditional medicine physician will conduct his diagnosis in accordance with the symptom groupings and prescribe an appropriate treatment. It is also important to detect if any negative energy might be entering a patient's body, and to consider such characteristics of the patient's physique, face type, personality, and lifestyle, in an effort to determine the most effective treatment for each individual. The ingredients included in a prescription of herbal medicine are determined by the desired effect. Medicinal ingredients used in Korea's traditional

Sp ri ng 2008

I Koreana 21

medicine each have a variety of effects. For example, ginseng is an effective treatment to provide warmth, reinforce the body's energy flow, relieve fatigue, bolster the immune system, soothe anxiety, aid digestion and relieve thirst. The ingredients of herbal medicine are commonly categorized by four characteristics-hot, warm, cool, and cold-and five tastes-sour, bitter, sweet, spicy, and salty. According to Western science, the active ingredients of a medicine are what matters most. On the other hand, in Korea's traditional medicine, the efficacy of a prescribed medicine is maximized by properly combining a number of separate ingredients. In situations when Korea's traditional medicine alone is not effective enough, Western medicine can also be applied in order to pro-

duce a more powerful treatment. This has long been a common practice in Korea, while combined Oriental-Western treatment has gained increasing popularity in Japan as well. Commercialization of Herbal Medicine Because of the natural ingredients of herbal medicine, it is dispensed in a wide variety of forms. For example, herbal decoctions are produced by boiling herbal ingredients in water and retaining the liquid, which are primarily used for serious diseases. Medicine in powdered form is usually made by grinding up dry ingredients, which can be combined with a filler material, such as flour and honey, and shaped into round pills, for more convenient handling and portability.

Distilled medicine, which is often prescribed to treat illnesses of young children, is obtained by collecting a specified amount of steam from boiling medicinal ingredients. In addition, extract forms are the result of boiling ingredients, allowing the moisture to evaporate, and freeze-drying the residue. For skin disorders and boils, an adhesive patch, coated with powdered ingredients, is applied to the problem areas. Nowadays, Oriental herbal medicine products are being manufactured under commercial processes similar to that of Western-style medicine so that they can be used more easily by consumers. This includes herbal-based capsules, liquid forms, patches for joint and muscle pain, ointments, creams, and sprays. ~

Herbal decoct ions, wh ich are primarily presc ribed for the treat ment of se riou s diseases, are pre pared by boi li ng va ri ous medi cinal in gredients in wate r an d th en using the co nce ntra ted liqui d.

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22 Koreana I Spri ng 2008

Red Pepper Tea Red pepper tea is recommended for those with low resistance who are prone to catching a cold when the seasons change. Red pepper is a key ingredient of Korea's food culture, including its representative kimchi, wh ich contains a high content of capsaicin, making it an effective dietary aid and anti-carcinogen . It can also help to overcome fatigue by accelerating the body's metabolism. Red pepper tea can stimulate blood circulation, thus making it ideal for women who experience a sense of co ldness. It is high in sugar, as well as vitamins A and C. As a tea, the red pepper takes on a less spicy and sweeter taste, along with producing a surprisingly pleasant flavor and aroma.

Omija Tea The primary ingredient of this tea is omija, which is known as the "fruit of five flavors" (Maximowiczia chinesis), because it is said to combine five flavors (omi): sweet, sour, salty, spicy, and bitter. Omija is high in malic acid and tartaric acid, giving it a sharp, pungent tartness, for which it is known. It is served mainly for medicinal purposes. According to traditional Korea n medicine, omija is effective for maintaining proper lung and kidney functions. As for its pharmacological properties, it is helpful to strengthen the heart and keep the gall bladder and stomach healthy. It can also suppress staphylococcus and the bacteria related to anthrax, influenza, dysentery, and cholera.

Opuntia Tea Opuntia tea is made from a cactus of the Opuntia genus. In Korea, it is called the "100-year cactus" as well as the "palm cactus," which is found in the wild on Jejudo Island. Its name is based on a notion that someone who consumes this cactus will live to the age of 100. Opuntia tea is high in antioxidant flavonoids, which inhibit the aging process and are als,o effective in preventing geriatric diseases, like cancer. It has thus been highlighted as a medicinal health tea in Korea, in line with the recent "wel lness" phenomenon of Korean society. Opuntia tea is recommended to provide relief from fever, bronchial asthma, indigestion, stomach cramps, and poor blood circulation.

Chrysanthemum Tea Chrysanthemum tea is made by brewing the flower's dried petals. The tea has a sweet yet spicy taste. Chrysanthemum blossoms are known for their strong fragrance and delightful colors. In Korea's traditional medicine, the tea is used primarily to treat colds and fever, pneumonia, bronchitis, headaches, gastritis, and enteritis. In particular, people with bloodshot or strained eyes, due to staring at a computer screen for endless hours, can get a measure of relief from regular intake of chrysanthemum tea. Because chrysanthemum tea provides the body with warmth and can help to suppress your appetite, it has gained popularity among young women, for weight control, in addition to being effective for the treatment of respiratory disorders, inflammation of the lymph nodes, and a sore throat.

Spring 2008 I Korea na

Kyung Hee University's Korean Med ical History Museum.

anyak, or Korea's herbal medicine, is often thought to be associated with folk remedies. But Korea's traditional medicine is entirely different. Whereas a folk remedy might identify a particular herb that can be used to treat an ailment, Korea's traditional medicine represents a pharmacological system of treatment, which is based on long-term clinical research. Although practitioners of Korea's traditional medicine respect the wisdom of folk remedies, they are more concerned with overcoming the tendency of modern Western medicine to be skeptical of traditional approaches to medicine, which are often lumped together as peripheral therapy that exists on the fringe of mainstream medicine. To Korea's traditional medicine specialists, their practices simply represent a

different branch of medical science, which has been established as an independent system based on its own principles. In particular, Korea's traditional medicine views the body as an integrated whole and places much emphasis on preventive measures to promote proper health. Western medicine, on the other hand, focuses on treating the body's anatomical parts and applying a bacteriological approach to destroy bacteria in order to cure a disease. Recently, Korea's traditional medicine has attracted growing attention as the limitations of Western medicine have become apparent in regard to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and its shortcomings in curing chronic diseases. New lifestyle trends that emphasize personal well-being and envi-

Âˇ.

ronmental awareness have also contributed to increased interest in the traditional methods of maintaining good health, through enhancement of vital energy and reinforcement of the body's immunity. Holistic Approach to Treatment As for the fundamental concepts of Korea's traditional medicine, Shin JoonShik, managing director of the Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine, explains: "The Korea's traditional medicine practiced today is based essentially on the theories of traditional medical science, which view illnesses as a kind of confrontation between jeonggi, positive energy, and sagi, negative energy." But, negative energy alone does not necessarily lead to disease; problems can arise when the negative energy is stronger than the body's vital energy. So, even when the level of negative energy is low, you can develop an illness if your body's

vital energy is weaker, on a relative basis. Traditional treatment thus focuses on enhancement and maintenance of the body's life force. Under this approach, if the underlying problem is properly addressed, the related symptoms will be eliminated. Korea's traditional medicine views the human body as an integrated entity, while symptoms are considered in relation to the body's overall functions. For example, for a person with a dry mouth, reddened eyes, headache, sleeplessness due to stifled breathing, and constipation, a physician of Western medicine would tend to regulate fever with a fever reducer, relieve a headache with a painkiller, induce sleep with a sleeping pill, and prescribe a treatment for constipation. On the other hand, a practitioner of Korea's traditional medicine would diagnose these conditions as a hyper state of excessive yang energy, and prescribe a remedy with motherwort,

Amidst the fast - rising popularity of a natural, healt h-consc ious lifestyle, there has been an increased interest in traditiona l Korean med icine, which uses herbs and natural ingredients to maintain the body's proper health . Hand acupu nct ure is a contemporary form of trea tm ent that uses newly deve loped needles to gen tly stimulate the hand 's strateg ic acupu nct ure points. Many patients pra ise its absence of pain and si de effects.

Spring 2008 I Koreana 27

A carefully prepared diet can do much to help promote proper health. Along with acupuncture, herbal medicine, and moxibustion, Korea's traditional medicine also includes a dietary therapy, known as yakseon, which helps to keep you healthy by prescribing foods that are prepared with medicinal ingredients. These foods, which can be prepared easily at home, serve as a preventative treatment against disease.

Eat Your Way to Good Health

which is effective for reducing body heat and diarrhea. By assessing the overall state of the bodily functions, all the symptoms can be treated. For someone suffering from chills, stomachache, severe headache, and acute diarrhea, an herbal decoction of ginseng, white atractylodes tuber, dried ginger, licorice, and aconite root would be prescribed to block the entry of cold energy into the body. This would provide the body with warmth, while all the symptoms could be treated without the need for a separate medication for each condition. "Unlike Western drugs, based on individual active ingredients, herbal medicine is comprised of natural materials with complex molecular structures, which can make it difficult to dearly identify its efficacy," noted Shin. "Today, Korea's traditional medicine focuses on improving the basic condition of the body by prescribing a combination of herbal ingredients that is b.ased on long-term clinical studies." With an emphasis on enhancing

Treatment for allergies or atopic diseases Avoid sugar, honey, and jam, as well as spicy ingredients such as chili pepper. Avoid vegetables with strong flavors, such as wild herbs and bamboo sprouts. Eggs, milk, and soybean are three major contributors to allergic reactions and should be taken with caution. Recommended foods include locally-grown seasonal vegetables, seaweed, and brown

28 Korea na I Spring 2008

physical stamina, concepts of Korea's traditional medicine are centered on a unique perception of the human body. Gi (chi), or vital energy, eum-yang (yinyang in Chinese) and heo-sil, or depletion-restoration, are traditional concepts that make up the theoretical foundation of Korea's traditional medicine. Illness occurs when gi, the body's vital energy or life force, becomes depleted. Moreover, a person's gi is determined not only by your internal energy level, but also the life force factors related to your everyday diet and personal habits. The ideal way to maintain your body's vital energy is to maintain a tranquil mindset, consume foods that provide adequate nutrition, and minimize mental stress. Under the eum-yang concept, the body's organs are divided into eum and yang, which must remain in balance to avoid illness. As for the concept of heosil, heo can be defined as a state of depletion, in which a person's vital energy is weakened, that calls for a treatment to

Constipation Aloe juice and herbal tea are often beneficial, while baked pumpkin is also highly recommended. (Remove seeds and peel off rind. Cut pumpkin into 1-centimeter cubes. Driz~le vegetable oil onto a heated pan, then add butter, garlic, and cubed pumpkin. Season with salt and black pepper. Bake at a low temperature.)

bolster the body's vitality; whereas sil refers to a state of ill health that requires a prescribed treatment. The sasang theory, of four body types, is a typological approach to medicine that is unique to Korea. It divides people into four types based on the characteristics of their physique: taeyang (big yang), taeeum (big eum), soyang (small yang) and soeum (small eum). The sizes of individual organs tend to vary according to each type, which is a factor in determining personality, pathological characteristics, and prescribing treatment methods. In the case of a soyang type, with a well-developed upper torso and yang energy, this individual is typically quick in action; a soeum person, with a welldeveloped lower body, is focused and patient but susceptible to digestive ailments; a taeyang individual possesses a relatively strong upper body but often has a weak back and legs, which makes walking long distances difficult; while a taeeum type has a strong, well-rounded

Common cold

body, and is said to be easygoing and generous. According to related research, a majority of French people would be classified as soyang type, as compared to the tendencies of Japanese (soeum) and Italians (taeeum). Yakseon Dietary Therapy Recently, Korea's traditional medicine has been proven to be highly effective for treating various conditions, including lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and rheumatism, as well as immunological disorders such as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, which often persist despite the treatments prescribed by Western medicine. It has also been found successful for treating menopausal conditions, vaginal discharge, and vertigo, common ailments of women, and restoring the vitality of a weakened body. . A carefully prepared diet can do much to help promote proper health. Along with acupuncture, herbal medi-

Hypertension

cine, and moxibustion, Korea's traditional medicine practices also include a dietary therapy, known as yakseon, which helps to keep you healthy through the preparation of foods that include medicinal ingredients. These foods, which can be prepared easily at home, serve as a preventative treatment against disease. Organic foods and other natural products are now readily available at markets in Korea, which make the preparation of yakseon foods more convenient. Restaurants that specialize in yakseon cuisine can also be found these days, which serve a wide range of dishes that include beans, wild herbs, templestyle fare, and dishes with bamboo and chicken prepared with medicinal herbs. These restaurants are especially popular among foreign tourists hoping to enjoy the distinctive flavors of Korea and realize healthful benefits as well. Among Koreans, herbal and restorative medicines are the two most popular traditional methods of maintaining

Cystitis

Pear and radish juice are helpful for people

Reduce salt intake. Fish is better than meat,

Blanched asparagus is beneficial

suffering from fever, sore throat, and swollen

but avoid pickled fish. Tomato, celery, and wa-

for treating cystitis. (Cut off the

tongue. Cinnamon tea with ginger is effective

ter parsley are desirable. Stir-fried celery is

asparagus roots. Peel the skin up

for treating the chills, headache, fatigue, and

recommended. (Cut celery into oblong slices

to 7 centimeters above the

fever. Arrowroot tea is also recommended.

and stir-fry with sesame oil. Season with soy

roots. Blanch completely, but

sauce and sugar.)

do not rinse. Cut the asparagus while _hot, and season with butter, soy sauce, and sesame.)

Spri ng 2008 I Koreana 29

Today, the hos pitals tha t specialize in Korea 's tra di tional medi cin e are equip ped with th e latest in faci lities an d tec hno logy, whi ch enab le scientific diag nosis and trea tm ent. The re are also a number of hos pita ls that offe r a join t treatme nt system by s pecialists with tra ining in Western medi cine as we ll as traditi onal medicine.

good health. Herbal medicine is only dispensed in accordance with a proper prescription. Restorative medicine is not for the treatment of illness but a kind of invigorant. It is used to accelerate the healing process after surgery or to boost the vitality of someone in a weakened physical state. Nowadays, people are increasingly having comprehensive check-ups and requesting individualized prescriptions for restorative medicine. Modernization Efforts The Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal (http://www.koreantk.com), which was launched in December 2007, represents a noteworthy milestone in the promotion of Korea's traditional medicine. Administered by the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the website offers a comprehensive database on Korea's traditional medicine, including a wide range of categorized information on medicinal ingredients and symptoms, along with access to related academic papers. Recent studies and clinical 30 Koreana I Sp rin g 2008

findings of hospitals and universities are continuously posted on the websi_te. In line with the efforts to establish a more systematic approach to the practices of Korea's traditional medicine, related hospitals are undergoing a constant modernization process. Of particular note, Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine, which specializes in the treatment of back pain, has attracted considerable public attention by developing an innovative technology to treat spinal disc problems without surgery, which has resulted in an 84.6 percent success rate for treating herniated lumbar discs. The hospital has also acquired a patent for a new material that helps to regenerate spinal tissue. The number of patients from abroad who have taken advantage of this traditional treatment has risen dramatically, amounting to more than 3,000 foreigners thus far. Today, the close collaboration between practitioners of Korea's traditional medicine and Western medicine is a truly remarkable development. For example, the East-West Neo Medical Cen-

ter at Kyung Hee University is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, such as CT and MRI units, that are used for a more comprehensive diagnosis, prior to applying traditional treatments, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and lifestyle management. At these clinics, a patient is evaluated and treated by a joint team of Western and traditional m'edicine practitioners who can complement each other's area of specialty. Surgery is undertaken when needed and traditional treatments are prescribed for overall health enhancement. Universities and research institutes are also actively conducting diverse research on medicinal herbs and beneficial food ingredients. Various folk remedies, which have long been dismissed as simply beliefs in superstition or mysticism, are now being re~ssessed from a's cientific approach, which has already resulted in new treatment methods. Through the further integration of Western and traditional medicine practices, a bright outlook indeed lies ahead for the future of Korea's traditional medicine. Ill

Foreigners Who Praise Korea's Traditional Medicine Among the foreign diplomatic corps serving in Korea, Austrian Ambassador Wilhelm Donko and Mexican Ambassador Leandro Arellano are two prominent advocates of Korea's traditional medicine. Although Ambassador Donko and Ambassador Arellano experienced different ailments, sharp back pain and a herniated disk of the neck, respectively, they were both successfully treated by practitioners of Korea's traditional medicine. In fact, they have regularly visited Oriental medicine hospitals during their stay in Korea. The number of foreigners who have sought treatment at hospitals of Oriental medicine in Korea has increased rapidly. At the Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine, the number of foreign patients jumped by 300 percent after it opened an international clinic, which is staffed by medical personnel with fluency in foreign languages, in 2006. By nationality, Japanese made up the largest group of foreigners at 29 percent, followed by Americans (24 percent), Germans (12 percent), French (9 percent), Canadians (7 percent), and British (7 percent). What types of treatment do these patients receive at hospitals of Oriental medicine? According to Raimund Royer, director of the Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine's international clinic: "Most of our patients visit the hospital for treatment of herniated disks, without the need for surgery. We have steadily increased the rate of successful treatment through acupuncture, herbal medicine, and our unique Chuna manipulation therapy. These treatments are less costly than surgery, and our patients invariably exl:)ress great satisfaction." ~

Spri ng 2008 I Koreana 31

Thousands of pieces of celadon ceramics, from the Goryeo period [918-1392]. have recently been recovered from the seas off KoreaÂˇ s west coast. This excavation project got underway after a local fisherman caught a webfoot octopus that had a celadon plate wrapped in its tentacles. This accidental discovery eventually led to an archeological gold mine: a sunken Goryeo transport ship with its cargo of celadon works still intact. Moon Whan-suk Director, Underwater Excavation Division, Nati onal Maritime Museum Ahn Hong-beom Photographer

n May 18, 2007, a fisherman, Kim Yong-cheol,

. To secure the project site, the Cultural Heritage

made his way to the waters off Daeseom

Administration designated the area a cultural pre-

Island, nearby the Taean region of Chung-

serve, where all fishing and diving activities were pro-

cheongnam-do Province, in search of webfoot octo-

hibited. Thereafter, an extensive excavation effort was

pus. There, much to his bewilderment, he brought up

systematically conducted from July to October 2007.

a webfoot octopus that had a lovely green-colored

This period was selected because of the optimal con-

Goryeo-era celadon plate clasped tightly in its tenta-

ditions, including favorable currents, tidal action, and

cles. Upon his return to port, Kim notified the Taean-

underwater visibility and temperature.

gun office of his finding. During the spring spawning

The excavation began with the collection of relics

season, the webfoot octopus is known to grab onto

lying on the seafloor so that they would not be carried

shells to provide protection for their eggs. But in this

away by the currents or covered up with sediment. On

particular instance, the webfoot octopus had instead

the third day, a diver brought up a large earthenware

wrapped its tentacles around a celadon plate from

container, which was commonly used in the kitchen

the Goryeo period (918-1392]. This accidental discov-

of seafaring vessels. On board the project ship, the

ery eventually led to an archeological gold mine: a

diver gleefully announced that he had uncovered a

sunken Goryeo transport ship with much of its cargo

Goryeo transport ship, with a celadon cargo, that had

of celadon works still intact. .

sunk onto the sea floor. Indeed, this was a noteworthy discovery, and only the third of its kind.

Taean Excavation Project Underwater archeology focuses on the study of human artifacts from the seafloor, riverbeds , and tideland areas. Underwater excavation requires spe-

The size of the original ship was difficult to ascertain because only the main cargo hold area remained on the sea floor. Above all, because the celadon cargo had been carefully packed for the voyage, most of the

cialized scientific methods and technologies that are

ceramic works were recovered in perfect condition.

entirely different from the excavation efforts under-

For the most part, straw had been placed between

taken on land.

individual pieces, which were packed into wooden

In late May 2007, the National Maritime Muse-

boxes bound with cord. The excavation team handled

um's Underwater Excavation Division launched an

each piece with great care, rinsing off any sediment

emergency preliminary investigation to get a better

before carefully packing them up for delivery to the

understanding of the actual conditions surrounding

National Maritime Museum, for evaluation and

the proposed project area, before commencing a full-

preservation .

scale excavation effort. This preliminary investigation

ous ceramics scattered along the seabed, lying at a

Korea's Underwater Archeology Since prehistoric times, the surrounding seas have been a source of livelihood for the Korean peo-

depth of about 12 meters.

ple as well as a conduit to promote cultural exchange.

resulted in the recovery of nine pieces of Goryeo celadon, along with a finding that there were numer-

Sp ri ng 2008 I Koreana

A Bronze Age rock carving [National Treasure No.

fishermen occasionally brought up in their fishing

285]. located in Bangudae, Daegok-ri, Ulsan, shows

nets must have been burial items related to people

petroglyphs of people in a boat hunting for whales.

who had been laid to rest at sea. As such, there was a

Koreans became known for their seafaring exploits

kind of taboo against their removal. Moreover, since

during the Unified Silla period [676-935]. particularly,

the pieces would often be disfigured by sediment or

during the late ninth century, when General Jang Bo-

debris, they were simply discarded. But, in the case of

ga [?-846]. Korea's foremost ocean explorer, effec-

this Shinan fisherman, he brought the porcelain

tively controlled the maritime trade routes of North-

items home with him. His relatives reported the find-

east Asia .

ing to local government officials; however, no action

During the Three Kingdoms [57 B.C.-A.D . 935)

was taken because the officials dismissed the possi-

and Goryeo [918-1392] periods, as well as the Joseon

bility that valuable ceramic wares might have been

Dynasty [1392-1910] era, the seas served as Korea's

transported by ship.

primary conduit for cultural exchange. Korea's exten-

Later, underwater cultural relics looters who had

sive maritime trade can be confirmed by historical

heard about the incident. began to search the area

records and shipwrecked vessels, which have yielded

and recovered numerous porcelain works , which

a bounty of artifacts.

were sold to antique stores and foreign buyers. A for-

In May 1975, in the sea off Shinan-gun, Jeol-

mal excavation of the area only began after the police

lanam-do Province, a fisherman recovered several

discovered that these looters had made off with hun-

pieces of ancient porcelain wares entangled in his

dreds of ceramic items. Despite this jumbled situa-

fishing net. This discovery eventually led to the launch

tion, the efforts to excavate the so-called Shi nan trea-

of underwater exploration in Korea. However, at the

sure ship did manage to get underway in earnest.

outset, no one was aware that such an abundance of artifacts would be found on the seafloor here. People long believed that the ceramic wares that

34 Koreana I Spring 2008

Overall, the excavation of the Shinan ship involved 10 large-scale projects, which were conducted from 1976 through 1984. The recovered artifacts included

20,000 pieces of Chinese Song and Yuan Dynasty

technology, professional specialists, and exc avation

ceramics, 28 tons of coins, and about 1,000 rosewood

processes. Early on, due to a shortage of experi -

items, in addition to the ship itself. A balance beam,

enced manpower, the project teams relied heavily

engraved with the name of the port from which the

on assistance from the Korean navy, especially for

ship had set sail, and a bill of lading with "ship to

divers. How eve r, the expertise acquired from a

address" of a Japanese temple, were also found.

growing number of excavation projects led to the

Subsequent research determined that the Shinan

creation of a ci vilian underwater exca vation team,

ship had been wrecked and sunk while en route from

following a project conducted at Biando Island, Gun-

Ningbo, China to the port of Hakata in Kyushu, Japan.

san, in 2002. Thereafter, an Underwater Excavation

The recovery of the ship and its cargo provided

Division was established in March 200 7, which

valuable insight into Korea 's maritime technology

serves as the national organization responsible for

during the Joseon period, which had previously been

overseeing the excavation and preservation of

based solely on information contained in historical

underwater artifacts.

documents, and a better understanding of the maritime trade routes of East Asia at that time. The excavation of the Shinan ship, which was referred to as the

Results of the Taean Project The seas around Daeseom Island, in Taean-gun,

"discovery of the century, " sparked keen interest in

where the Goryeo transport ship with its cargo of

underwater excavation in Korea . Thus far, underwa-

celadon wares was recovered , had long been known

ter excavation efforts have yielded some 88,000 relics

as the "sea route of dizzily flowing currents, " because

from 14 sites, which included the excavation of two

of the many ships that ran aground in this area due to

Chinese ships and six Korean ships of the Goryeo

the powerful and treacherous currents. In fact, in a

period .

desire to assure the safe passage of shipping vessels,

After much trial and tribulation, Korea 's under-

the area was renamed the "sea route of safety and

water archeology sector now boasts state-of-the-art

prosperity." Moreover, efforts were undertaken during

2 3

So me 20,000 pieces of celadon wa res have recove red from the so-ca lle d Taean shi p, whi ch is expected to yield even more arti facts when the excavation process resumes. Goryeo celadon sees the lig ht of day after lying of the ocea n floo r for some 900 years. The staff of the Nationa l Ma ritim e Museum carefully handle the recove red Goryeo celadon wa res to assure thei r proper preservation. Wooden labels, attached to the crates of the Taean ship's cargo , have provided a wealt h of information about the sh ipment , includi ng the se nding/rece ivin g parties and th e ship 's port of departu re/arrival.

Sp ri ng 2008

I Ko reana 35

Since prehistoric times, the surrounding seas have served as a source of livelihood for the Korean people as well as a conduit to promote cultural exchange. KoreaÂˇs extensive maritime trade can be confirmed by historical records and shipwrecked vessels, which have yielded a bounty of artifacts.

1-2 The celadon pieces recovered from the Taean ship included high-quality wares, likely intended for the royal court or aristocratic households, along with everyday tableware items, such as plates, bowls, and cups. 3 A melon-shaped ewer 4 A toad -shaped ink stone. This one-of-a-kind relic features details of the toad's face and body that are depicted with iron-oxide underglaze and white slip. 5 An incense burner crafted in the shape of a lion with a humorous expression.

Koreana

I Spring

2008

the Goryeo and early Joseon periods to build an alternate sea channel, so as to reduce the number of s hipwrecks there. This reality has been confirmed by historical documents and the discovery of several su nken ships in the area. The fact that the Taean coast project, which began with a celadon plate brought up with an webfoot octopus, led to the recovery of such a huge volume of rare celadon works, the related media attention became so frenzied that it resulted in a "'Goryeo celadon treasure ship" phenomenon. Of notable importance, the excavation efforts shed new light on the production, delivery, and demand for celadon during the Goryeo era. Goryeo celadon wares accounted for a majority of the artifacts excavated from the area, but variou s everyday items were also recovered . Although there are differences in the patterns and colors, all of the celadon works are thought to have been created in the mid-12th century, at Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do Province, which was the center of Goryeo celadon production at that time. The excavated pieces are of an excellent quality, which suggests that they were produced for the royal court or aristocrats. The recovered items include a number of unique pieces, such as a vessel in the s hape of a melon, an ink stone that looks like a toad, and an incense burner in the form of a lion. Numerous barittae, the tableware used by Buddhist monks, were found as well, which provide a glimpse into the lifestyle of monks and the influence exercised by Buddhist temples during the Goryeo era. Of note, mokgan !wooden labels written in ink] of the Goryeo period were also recovered from the ship. They were the first Goryeo period mokgan ever found under water. The mokgan indicated that the cargo

was being shipped from Tamjin !modern-day Gangjin] to Gaegyeong lthe Goryeo capital, today's Gaeseongl. Also, the mokgan contained a message from the sender about the quantity of the shipment of celadon wares and his signature. The mokgan thus serve as a valuable source of information about the place of production, port of departure, type of transaction, quantity of shipment, as well as persons in charge of transportation. Only the ship's cargo hold is recoverable, as the other sections have been dispersed by the ocean currents . Current plans call for efforts to lift the cargo hold to be undertaken during warmer weather. At the start of the excavation process, it was necessary to place sand bags on the floor of the cargo hold to immobilize the structure. The Taean excavation that began with the discovery of a webfoot octopus grasping a Goryeo celadon plate is comparable with the Shinan ship recovery in terms of quantity and quality of relics recovered. This excavation is significant in that the recovering of 12thcentury Goryeo celadon in large quantities has shed new light on the study of Goryeo celadon. It is anticipated that further research will reveal the structure of the excavated ship. Moreover, th is undertaking is expected to contribute to the recovery of other ships that plied GoryeoÂˇs sea routes along the southwest coast. The recovery of this ship and its contents has also allowed great advancements in terms of the study of the methods used to sh ip Goryeo celadon, mokgan, and relics in general. If/ Spring 2008

I Koreana 37

INTERVIEW

Choi Man-lin Expression of Universal Sentiments with Simple Forms Choi Man-lin is the Korean modern artist who has pioneered abstract sculpture. Since graduating from Seoul National University's Department of Sculpture, he has gone on to produce works that express the genesis, transformation, and energy flow of the universe. Though he might be over 70 today, he remains passionately dedicated to pursuing his artistic concepts based on an Asian perspective . Choi Tae-man Art Cr itic Ahn Hong- beom Photographer

uite simply, Choi's childhood can be

and gayageum [long 12-string zither] maestro

described as a time of extreme pain and

Hwang Byung-ki.

suffering . Born in 1935, during the period of

Choi was inspired to pursue a career in art by

Japanese colonial rule, he experienced the social

his teacher Park Seung-gu, who had been men-

upheaval of the tumultuous times : Japanese

tored by Kim Bok-jin, a pioneer of Korean modern

oppression, national liberation, division of the

. sculpture and graduate of the Tokyo Academy of

Korean Peninsula, despotism, and the Korean

Fine Arts. Sensing the artistic talent of his young

War. Naturally, all this while, his foremost con-

student, Park sought to develop Choi into a sculp-

cern was survival. Nevertheless, he was relatively

tor. Choi remembers his teacher as being thought-

more fortunate than his parents, who spent the

ful and attentive: "During a modeling lesson, I was

better years of their life under Japanese colonial

careless and a clump of clay fell onto the floor. He

rule, which prohibited use of the Korean language

came to me quietly and picked it up. Then he told

as part of its so-called assimilation policy. There-

me: Think of clay as flesh and handle it with care.Âˇ

after, when Korea gained liberation from Japan,

Under Park 's guidance, I acquired a dream of

he was able to enroll at Kyunggi Middle School,

becoming a sculptor."

one of the country's most prominent schools.

In 1949, when he was just 14 years old, Choi submitted an entry to the first National Art Exhibi-

Learning to Handle Clay

Ko rea na

I Spri ng 2008

tion. And when his sculpture Face received an

After its opening in 1899, Kyunggi Middle

award, this attracted much public attention . His

School was converted into a si x-year educational

formal education as a sculptor began with his

institution in 1946, which was like a combined

enrollment in Seoul National University in 1954.

middle school and high school of today. Graduates

To comply with the urging of his parents, he first

of the school included a number of renowned

applied for admission to the Department of Eco-

artists, such as the video artist Paik Nam June

nomics; however, he later changed his mind to

,----L_ 1

!- -- - - -- - -Âˇ-,- - -- -

follow his dream, and instead entered the College of Fine Arts. In 1958, he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in sculpture.

Early Works: Eve Series From 1956, while still a college student, Choi' s sculptural works were exhibited. This included Autumn and Woman at the National Arts Exhibi-

tion of Korea [1956). and Mother and Son, the following year. In particular, Mother and Son shows an emphasis on the linear form, rather than three-dimensional features, through a simplified representation of slender figures. This expressive focus on emotional attachment, which is characteristic of Choi, is also evident in his creation of the Eve series in 1958 and thereafter. With a kind of primitive nature, which combines delicacy with

substance, each work in the series exposes the artist's appreciation of life, as well as his bewil-

ject a powerful life-energy by revealing the pri-

derment and anxiety about the times.

mordial nature of clay.

The Eve series was not inspired by Western

The rugged surfaces and distorted forms, with

contemporary sculpture but instead is rooted in

parts randomly lopped off, seem to represent a

primitive art forms. In the early days of his artistic

fundamental human existence free of redundan-

career, he was influenced by the Venus of Willen-

cy. The works in the Eve series exude a sense of

dorf, a Paleolithic stone statuette discovered in

great relief, like that which results when freed

1909 at a site along the Danube River in Austria.

from a state of extreme anxiety or tension . This

The figurine is thought to have served as a symbol

might be Choi's way of expressing the state of

of abundance and fecundity. In stark contrast to

human existence.

the "Venus" of its name, the figure is far from

The artist, however, is hesitant to acknowl-

beautiful, based on modern aesthetic standards.

edge any such abstruse interpretation. He notes:

The figure has no facial features and only nominal

"It is an emotional extravagance to describe these

limbs, but the body parts related to reproduction

works, created out of the desperate need to sur-

are vividly depicted, indicating its relationship to

vive that I had endured in difficult times, with high-

fertility. Similarly, Choi's Eve series deals with the

ly abstract concepts like existentialism or ontol-

basic essence of human life.

ogy. Nevertheless, these works are meaningful

The works in the series are characterized by textures that optimize the properties of clay.

0 [04-5-01 1. bronze . 33 X30X 27 cm , 2004 2 0 [02-7-03 ]. bro nze, 17 x 13 x 14 cm, 2002 3 0 [00-7-021. bronze . 130X90X 240 cm, 2000

for their existence alone and the potential to bring about change in our notion of beauty."

Though each work ignores the mainstream con-

His choice of the title Eve has little to do with

cepts of Western-style classical sculpture, such

religion . He thinks of Eve not as the mother of

as harmony, symmetry, and proportion, they pro-

humankind, according to the Bible, but rather as a Spring 2008 I Ko reana 41

0107-4-011. bro nze . 50 X32 X38 cm, 2007

universal human who is destined to suffer from

vibrancy of Oriental calligraphy. In the Sun and

the original sin of a worldly existence . In this

Moon series, which portray abstract images of a

sense, Eve is also a manifestation of Choi's per-

Korean totem pole, Choi approached abstract art

sonal struggles during the dark periods of Korea's

from a point of view that deviated from influences

early modern history. Likewise, his works show

of the West.

that he is somewhat less interested in aesthetic

In particular, his efforts were concentrated

expression of the human body than in an explo-

on three-dimensional renderings of the brush

ration of the essence of the human condition.

strokes of calligraphic characters. Choi

At the outset of Choi's art career, Korea was

explained: "While feeling uncertain about the

only beginning to recover from the utter devasta-

direction of my work, I visited a calligraphy exhi-

tion of the Korean War. The desperate struggle

bition and discovered the unique beauty of the

and harsh reality was like a living hell for the

ancient script. All of a sudden, I decided to create

Korean people. In his Eve series, however, he

the strokes in three-dimensional forms, which

sought to convey his refusal to give up hope,

resulted in this series."

despite such dire circumstances, as well as his

While being inspired by one of the most tradi-

optimism for recovery. In this way, the Eve series

tional forms of Korean art, he adopted original

represents a reconstructive, rather than decon-

applications to his sculptural works . But he was

structive, process of human beings, together with

not indifferent to the trends of contemporary art

reflecting his artistic sensibilities.

nor did he reject them outright. Rather, he sought to create an artistic language of his own. There-

From Traditional to Abstract Influences of Korea's traditional culture are also evident in Choi Man-lin's works. This includes his efforts to appreciate the identity of Korean art, as reflected in his master's degree thesis on Korea's traditional masks, as well as the ways in which his subsequent works, after the Eve series, incorporated principles of Eastern thought, in regard to humankind and the universe. Although the title of a work does not necessarily define its meaning, Choi's works in this period - Heaven (1965). Earth (1965). Darkness (1966). Yellow(1967). Yin (1969). and Yang (1969). and the series Sun and Moon and Placenta - all represent his attempts to return to Korea 's cultural roots and to shift his emphasis from antagonism to reconciliation. In Choi 's transition to abstract sculpture, his works began to feature more fundamental and philosophical themes. For example, he sought to express the restrained but potent 42 Korean a I Spring 2008

after, he created the Placenta series, featuring forms that resembled human organs. The forms, however, are not simply replications of body parts; they represent the human body as a microcosm of the universe and the cycle of life.

Process of Self-transformation With a deepened respect for the dignity of human life, he realized that life is much more than a physical existence, which involves a more fundamental and transcendental realm. This realization led him to further simplify his forms, as represented by his O series, with a hollowed out interior within a well-defined outline. His recent works, which are all titled "O," typically take the shape of a globular form . The ambiguity of the title "O" can refer to beginning or end, absence or presence, the finite or the infinite. As the artist explained, the title " could be interpreted as the number zero, the 'nonexistence Âˇ

of Taoism, or the 'emptinessÂˇ [sunyata] of Buddhism .

ÂˇoÂˇ

can even mean the Pythagorean

Monad, the symbol that Greek philosophers used to refer to the true nature of things." Being simple, yet distinctively defined, his globular forms symbolize a source of existence, something vast enough to embrace the universe. Moreover, these works are notably inclusive in that they are open to various interpretations, though the artist himself resists any kind of conceptualization. Like untitled pieces of music, each work of the O series does not have a title so as to not restrict its intrinsic character. Choi seems to adopt a new theme roughly every decade. However, this does not mean that he simply conforms to a basic pattern for a tenyear period. He has rejected any form of categorization, along with preferring to work alone. Every ten years or so, he has established a structural framework and then later demolished it with a thorough, if not painful, process of self-transformation. He has sought to reveal the subtle elegance of Korean folk art, the essence of form of calligraphy, and the forms that can express universal sentiments based on Eastern principles. This approach is the result of his refusal to indulge in fleeting trends, while striving to infuse his aesthetic language with Korean culture. For Choi, his love of Korea's indigenous art motivated him to organize a series of exhibitions of early Korean modern art while he was serving as director of Korea 's National Museum of Contemporary Art. However, he does not have a grand vision about the direction in which Korean art should be headed. Rather, he continues to listen to his inner voice and contemplate the world around him. His recent works express an "aesthetics of emptiness," which embraces the universe with the simplest forms possible. II) S pring 2008 I Korea na 43

Kim Hae-ja Each and Every Stitch Must be Perfect Among the various types of Korea's traditional clothing, quilted garments especially require much attention to detail, as well as extreme patience and dedication. But with the arrival of the modern sewing machine, traditional quilting has practically disappeared altogether. Nonetheless, Kim Hae-ja remains steadfastly committed to the traditional ways of her chosen craft. Lee Min Young Freelance Writer

I Joo Byoung-soo Photograph er

he term nubi refers to quilted clothing as well as the

and courtesans are depicted in quilted clothing . In Joseon

sewing techniques used in their creation. Quilted clothing

Dynasty documents that recorded the type and number of items

is made by placing a cotton lining between two pieces of

used at court events, several kinds of quilting are mentioned:

fabric, which are sewn together with close stitching. Because the lining provides a layer of insulation, they are ideal for protection

omongnubi [inset stitching]. napjangnubi [surface stitching]. and jannubi [fine stitching).

against the cold . Quilting was used to make everyday garments,

A notable example of quilted protective wear is the armor

protective armor for soldiers, clothing for monks, and bedding

worn by a figure seen in a wall mural of Gamsinchong, a

items. But with the arrival of the modern sewing machine, tradi-

Goguryeo-era tomb. The garment is likely quilted, based on the

tional quilting, once an integral aspect of everyday life in Korea ,

diagonal and horizontal lines depicted on the clothing. Over the

has practically disappeared altogether. Despite this unfortunate

years, a number of quilted artifacts have been accumulated, such

situation, quilting artisan Kim Hae-ja, who has been designated

as armor and helmets made with cotton or paper lining, for pro-

Important Intangible Cultural Property No. 107, remains stead-

tection in combat and against the cold. Buddhist monks have long

fastly committed to the traditional ways of her chosen craft.

worn quilted robes , while patchwork garments often appear weatherworn due to regular wear. It seems plausible that quilted

Background of Quilting in Korea Usually, cotton was used for the lining, but occasionally ani-

garments were first adopted by Buddhist monks, and then the common people, as a result of their practicality and durability.

mal fur or leather would be used. The first known artifact related to quilting was a typical quilted garment recovered in April 1974,

Kim Hae-ja's Introduction to Quilting

from a Joseon-period tomb of the Lee clan from Gwangju. In

Born in Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, quilting arti-

June 1981, 16 pieces of quilted clothing, made with leather with-

san Kim Hae-ja learned to sew from her late teens. After her

out cotton lining, were excavated from a Joseon-period tomb of

father died, the family experienced financial difficulty, so Kim's

Tamneunggun, a member of the Lee clan of Jeonju.

mother relocated the family to Seoul. The family lived off the

Quilted clothing is largely divided into cold-weather wear,

sewing work that her mother took in, and Kim learned to sew by

protective armor, and religious attire. In the works of the genre

helping out her mother. Meanwhile, she also attended a fashion

painter Shin Yun-bok, of the late Joseon Dynasty period, scholars

design school and began to make hanbok [KoreaÂˇs traditional Spring 2008 I Koreana 45

In the past, pC'ople put so much care and effort into making quilted clothing for the elderly for their 60th birthday, newborn babies, young men taking the c1v1l service examination, and soldiers being sent of1 to war. In this sense, a quilted garMent 1s much more than something to be worn; 1t i!:. d manifestation of the maker's heartfelt sentiments.

design school and began to make hanbok [Korea's traditional

Thanks to her ardent dedication, Kim's efforts were hand-

dress]. In this process, she acquired an interest in quilting and

somely rewarded at the 17th Korea Annual Traditional Handicraft

sought out knowledgeable artisans to learn the finer points of this

Art Exhibition, held in 1992. Kim entered a quilted garment with

craft.

stitches sewn at intervals of 0.3 millimeters, which received the

Kim developed an intimate attachment to quilting in her late

Prime Minister's Award, along with revealing to the public the

twenties after meeting Hwang Sin-gyeong, who was in charge of

exquisite artistry of traditional quilting. Then in 1996, she was

making the monks' garments at Sudeoksa Temple. "When I was

recognized as the quilting master of Korea, for which she was

learning about how to make the monk robes, it dawned on me:

bestowed the title of Important Intangible Cultural Property No.

This can be a kind of high fashion. Fur-like mink is heavy, where-

107.

as quilted garments are light and warm , which makes them highly functional. That's when I decided to use quilting to create new fashions," Kim explains. Hwang's quilting teacher was a Buddhist nun named Seon-

Making a Quilted Garment Kim uses only natural materials to make quilted clothing, including the fabric and dyes. First, she dyes silk with natural

bok, a former court lady who had worked in the chimbang, the

materials, such as tetterwort, sappanwood, and charcoal. "The

needlework workshop of the royal palace . Following the collapse

colors that come from natural materials can't be replicated with

of the Great Han Empire, Seonbok became a nun at a Buddhist

anything else. Natural dyes are healthier for the wearer and have

temple, where her quilting skills were applied to the making of

a subtle fragrance," she notes.

Buddhist attire. She taught the quilting art to Hwang, who in turn passed it on to Kim, in what seemed like a pre-destined process.

To make a garment, the dyed fabric is cut into sections and lines are drawn to mark the stitching . The drawing of lines is not

Driven by a desire to create new quilting works, Kim started

necessary for a hanbok or formal Western clothing, but for a

to make quilted hanbok, along with quilted formal wear that were

quilted item it is helpful to outline the spacing between lines. The

featured at an exhibition. With few existing examples to learn

lines are sewn, one stitch at a time, all by hand. Types of quilting

from, her efforts to duplicate traditional garments were a matter

can be classified according to the spacing between the lines: an

of trial and error. She visited every museum with exhibits of quilted

interval of 0.5-1.0 centimeters is used for jannubi [fine stitching).

garments to research the traditional techniques. And in doing so,

up to 2.5 centimeters for jungnubi [medium stitching). and up to

she made a remarkable discovery of a technique called oltwigigi,

5.0 centimeters for deumunnubi [loose stitching].

of which no written records remain.

In this process, the oltwigigi technique is applied. A strand is

"Quilting is not so much about functional clothing, but rather

pulled out from the end and then the fabric is sewn along the line.

an expression of the Korean people's sentiments. It is an art that

In the past, she would draw out the lines herself. But when she

calls for great tenacity and perseverance . Yet it is pure and

managed to revive a method that had been forgotten for 100

straightforward. To do this work, you must first clear your mind,

years, everyone began to adopt this technique due to its conve-

then concentrate fully," Kim notes.

nience and accuracy. Then, the fabric is cut to fit the wearer,

Koreana

I Spring

2008

along with the sections being lined with cotton. The amount of

the entire surface, but rather than skill, an emphasis is placed on

cotton lining is adjusted according to the desired thickness of the

meticulous craftsmanship," Kim points out. The most noteworthy

completed garment.

characteristic of Korea's traditional quilting is its combination of

路路Then comes the actual sewing. First, I baste over the areas

technique and practicality. The patience and perseverance need-

that will be quilted. That way, the lines will be straight and spaced

ed to make quilted clothing are also a reflection of the underlying

at even intervals,"路 according to Kim. After the basting, the real

essence of the Korean people.

quilting begins. Each line is sewn three times, beginning with

These days, Korea's representative quilted garments have

wide stitches along the basted lines. It is then stitched again, and

been gaining considerable recognition on the international scene.

the other parts completed in accordance with the garment's

At the International Great Quilt Festival, held in Tokyo in 2002,

intended function. "" Hand stitched quilting is much warmer and has better air

Kim 's works received high marks for their impressive color and graceful delicacy. Also, at the Korean Textiles and Fashion Expo,

circulation than machine-sewn garments:路 Kim notes. "' Ifs so

held at Wuxi, China, Kim not only exhibited her quilted works but

strong, the threads won't unravel easily. In the past, people put so

also had the honor of presenting a solo fashion show of Korea's

much care and effort into making quilted clothing for the elderly

traditional clothing.

for their 60th birthday, newborn babies, young men taking the

It is Kim's dream to further promote quilting so that it can

civil service examination, and soldiers being sent off to war. In

gain a solid foothold in the international cultura l scene. For this

this sense, a quilted garment is much more than something to be

reason, she lectures at several universities, and also teaches

worn; it is a manifestation of the maker's heartfelt sentiments."

individual students at her workroom . Believing that preservation

Sustaining the Quilting Tradition

is building a quilting-culture institute.

of this aspect of Korea's cultural legacy is her responsibility, she "'The quilting lines form an elegant design, better than any

"I want to make traditional quilting known to as many people

decorative pattern. It is also representative of the cultural tradi-

as possible. To make quilted clothing you must clear your mind

tions of the women's quarters. In many countries around the

and sew each stitch with the utmost concentration, which con-

world, people make quilted garments, but they are different from

tributes greatly to your self-development. It is my ardent dream

those of Korea. Most often, partial quilting is the norm, and the

to introduce young people to this art, which can teach them to

form itself requires refined skills. Korean quilting is applied over

have the right attitude toward life, " says Kim Hae-ja. fi>

In the past, quilting was used to make a variety of traditional garments, including durumagi, a long ove rcoat, and chimajeogori, a woman's two-part dress ensemble. Quilted garments are created entire ly by han d, whi ch requires extreme patience and dedication. Made only with natural mate rials, th e fabric and dyes of traditional quilted cloth ing are not only healthier for the wea rer, but also delicate in co lor, with a subtle sce nt.

48 Koreana I Spring 2008

Spring 2008

I Koreana 49

MASTERPIECES

Exquisite Gold Artifacts of the Silla Kingdom During the fourth to the sixth century, the gold-ware culture of Silla flourished . The gold crown and girdle recovered from Hwangnamdaechong, an ancient Silla tomb nearby the city of Gyeongju, exemplify the masterful craftsmanship of the goldsmith artisans of this period. Song Yi-chung Director, Department of Archaeology, National Museum of Korea Photographs Courtesy of the National Museum of Korea

t the outset of the Christian era, the world was beset by consid-

The "Gold Crown with Pendant s..

erable turmoil. In the West, the Roman Empire was being

/Nat ional Treasure No. 1911 is similar in form to ot her Silla go ld crowns .

established, while in Asia, China experienced a period of politi-

cal upheaval with the fall of the Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 8) and the rise of the Later Han Dynasty [25 -220). Meanwhile, the Korean Peninsula was going through a process of change as well, due to the emergence of three competing states: Goguryeo [37 B.C.-A.D . 668). Baekje (18 B.C.-A.D. 660), and Silla (57 B.C .-A.D. 935). While China experienced a more frequent turnover of dynasties, these three Korean kingdoms each survived for some 600 years. enabling them to implement bureaucratic government systems and develop advanced cultures. Of note, over the course of its 1,000year existence, the Silla Kingdom managed to defeat its rival states and expand its reign over the entire peninsula.

Riches of the Silla Tumuli The initial rulers of Silla were related to the Bak [Pak, Park) clan, but Later rulers included those from the Seok and Kim (Gim) clans. Early on, they were bestowed Korean-style titles, such as Geosogan, /sageum, and Maripgan, but then adopted the Chinese title "wang" (king). However, Silla did designate Korean titles for court officials. Thanks to the stability of its government, the people of Silla were able to develop a notably refined culture, as evidenced by the masterfully crafted artifacts, many of pure gold, that have been excavated from Silla tombs scattered around Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province. Such noteworthy relics have not been found in every tumulus, but five of the typical Silla eart hen-mound tombs have yielded sets of a gold crown and belt. Hwangnamdaechong is the Largest of the Silla tumuli that have been excavated by an archaeological team . It is actually a pair of 50 Koreana I Spring 2008

bu t noticeab ly more resp lende nt . It was recove red from the nort hern mound of Hwa ngn amdaec hong. a double-tomb w ith a nort hern grave mound, in whic h a male was interred. and a southe rn grave mound for a wo man. w here a crown !Trea sure No. 631 J was also found .

ART REVIEW

In Korean Art, a Void Is Not Exactly Empty The "void" is one of the most distinctive Korean, or Asian, artistic characteristics. "Void in Korean Art," the recent exhibition presented at the Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art (November 2007 to April 2008). offers an in - depth exploration of this theme through the display of traditional and modern Korean art works. Lim Youngju Staff Writer, Culture Desk, The KyungHyang Shinmun

Photographs Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art

Koreana I Spring 2008

Sp ri ng 2008 I Ko reana 55

n the dictionary, "void" is defined as an

Transcending Time and Space "The exhibition is intended to highlight

works coming from the Leeum·s own col-

"empty space." In painting, it refers to the areas other than the depicted

the void, a symbol of Asian values, as

borrowed from the National Museum of

lection, along with additional selections

images, which have intentionally been left

expressed in a wide range of works that

Contemporary Art and private collectors,

unpainted. From a perspective of West-

encompass traditional and contemporary

··The Void in Korean Art" offers a

ern-style art, a blank or uncolored space

art," explained Lee Joan, deputy director

panoramic overview of artistic genres,

is thought to be unfinished. In Western

of Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art. In

including Gaya earthenware, Goryeo

art, there is an emphasis on the forms

fact, the exhibition features a variety of 28

celadon, white Joseon porcelain wares,

and images that are visually perceptible.

traditional and 33 contemporary works of

ink paintings, calligraphic works , folk

In contrast, in the ink painting of Asia, the

Korean art. Whereas most exhibitions are

paintings, early modern and contempo-

void, or blank space, can be just as signifi-

organized around a specific period, trend,

rary art, photography, and video art.

cant as the depicted images and lines.

or artist, this exhibition features artifacts

Moreover, the exhibition can be said to

from the fourth-century Gaya Kingdom

have created a new definition of Korean

[42-562) alongside works as recent as

art, in terms of the manifestation of the

2007, all related to the overall theme of

void of these works.

Traditional Ink Paintings In Asian art, the term ··unpainted painting" is used to express the aesthetic con-

the void .

This exhibition is also noteworthy for

cept of the void. Because Asian ink paint-

The works also represent a variety of

its departure from the conventional lay-

ings focus more on depicting an essence

genres, including paintings and photogra-

outs usually seen for this kind of display

than visible forms, the void is seen as an

phy, as well as examples of calligraphy,

of art works. The gallery area is segregat-

ideal method to express a world that can-

ceramics, and sculpture. ·void in Korean

ed into sections that relate to various

not be perceived by the physical senses. As

Art" thus departs from the mainstream

functions and settings, with areas resem-

such, the void is used to reveal an unseen

conventions of art appreciation . Period or

bling the interior of a room, an alley, or

inner realm, based on an approach that

trend is not a factor as long as the work

pedestrian walkway. Through the efforts

certain expressions can be better conveyed

contributes to a revelation, or creation, of

of architect Seung Hyo-sang, the exhibi-

the void among the visitors. Exhibitions of

tion hall was transformed to give visitors

this kind, which can combine a broad

a sense of strolling through a traditional

test of time, is readily evident in tradition-

spectrum of works, of the traditional and

Korean garden.

al art forms, including buncheong ceram-

the contemporary arts under a singular

As one of Korea ·s most distinguished architects, Seung has accumulated an

through omission or implication. This concept, which has endured the

ics, white porcelain, folk paintings, and

theme, have recently gained popularity

the works of Kim Hong-do [1745-?) and

around the world . Of note, integrating

impressive oeuvre based on his architec-

other prominent Joseon painters, as well

works from differing periods or cultures

tural philosophy that centers on a ··beauty

as a diversity of modern works, such as

into a cohesive presentation can serve to

of poverty," which well reflects the aes-

those of Paik Nam June [1932-2006) and

broaden our artistic perspective. This

thetics of the void. For this exhibition, to

Suh Do-ho [b. 1962). If the application of

innovative approach has also been

approach various works, visitors must

the void was an artistic technique alone, it

embraced by the critics, in conjunction

walk across a path of white pebbles, or

would have been abandoned a long time

with a recent emphasis on interdiscipli-

step onto the surface of a hardwood floor,

ago. However, the void is a unique philo-

nary research in the methodology of art

thereby creating several kinds of natural

sophical principle, rooted in the culture of

history studies.

environments within the exhibition area .

East Asia [including that of Korea). which

As for the Leeum, it was able to orga-

Overall, the exhibition organizers

has long been reflected, explicitly and

nize an exhibition of this notable scale and

sought to eliminate or minimize the barri-

implicitly, in the art of this region . The void

scope because it houses such an exten-

ers that can stand in the way of the pub-

is a space that mediates between the visi-

sive collection, which includes works of

lic's appreciation of art works. After all, in

ble and the invisible, along with accentu-

traditional, early modern, and contempo-

this case, a true sense of the void can only

ating the presence of visible images.

rary art. With a majority of the featured

be realized through heartfelt sentiments,

56 Koreana I Sp ri ng 2008

TV Buddha by Pa ik Nam June. video installation. 75x89x206 cm, 1974, 2002, Gyeongg i Cultural Fou nd at ion

rather than rational thought . In this

Western civilization is criticized for

As for Asian thought, men and nature are

regard, Lee Joon noted: "All you need to

regarding nature as a resource that can

regarded as one. Humankind should thus

keep in mind as you step into the exhibi-

be exploited, which has contributed to

respect the laws of nature and assimilate

tion hall is that you are there to experi-

today's destruction of our natural envi-

the ways of nature -the origin of life and

ence the und erlying essence of the void."

ronment. Moreover, it is noted that West-

the universe -with which people should

ern art tended to focus on portraits, while

strive to coexist in harmony.

Nature, Freedom, Imagination To organize a multifaceted exhibition

landscape renderings figured more

of the va riou s applications of the void, the

The East and the West maintain their

void . For example, ink painting by Jeong

displayed works are categorized into

own aesthetic values. In Asian landscape

Seon (1676-1759]. /'vft. Geumgang Seen

three themes: nature, freedom, and

painting, humans do not dominate nature;

from Danballyeong Pass (1711) creates a

imagination. In the "Nature" section,

they are simply a part of a natural scene.

straightforward yet powerful impression

prominently in Asian art.

This section features scenes of nature, which inherently embody the beauty of the

Sp ring 2008 I Koreana

Clearing After the Rain at Mt. lnwang by Jeo ng Seo n, Joseo n Dynasty, 1751, ink pa inting , 79.2 X 138.2 cm, National Trea sure No. 216, Leeu m , Samsung Museum of Art. White Porcelain Jar with Underglaze Iron-Painted Rope Design, Joseon Dynasty, 15th-16th ce ntury, hei gh t: 31.4 cm , diameter of mo uth: 7.0 cm , of base: 10.6 cm , Treasure No. 1060, Nat iona l Muse um of Korea.

Koreana

I Spring

2008

of the mountain peaks against a backdrop of the sky, which is rendered as a void . Left

In contrast, A Laundry Woman-Yamuna River, India [2000), a film by Kimsooja

unpainted, the sky takes on a deeper and

[b . 1957). immerses viewers in a spatial

broader appearance.

void of the river, through the image of a

In a black-and-white photograph from

woman standing perfectly still with her

the Pine Tree series [2006) of Bae Bien-U

back to the camera, gazing upon the river,

[b. 1950), the imagery of stately pine trees

which flows by endlessly.

shrouded by an early morning mist pro-

The

second

section,

entitled

duces a soothing sentiment, much like the

"Freedom, " seeks to present a world of

healing power of nature. Taken at dawn,

pristine nature , untouched by human

the early morning sunlight enhances the

influences, which exemplifies a true sense

depth of the pine trees, while the hazy sky,

of spiritual freedom, which can be attained

as well as the fields and mountains in the

through religious as well as artistic pur-

distance, create a void-like effect. The jet-

suits. From Line [1979). a painting by Lee

black trunks of the pine trees appear

Ufan [b . 1936), vividly demonstrates that

three-dimensional against the misty back-

the painting process itself can be an

ground.

expression of a free spirit. Through the

In the traditional ink painting of Asia, the void is used to reveal an unseen inner realm, based on an approach that certain expressions can be better conveyed through omission or implication. To present a multifaceted exhibition of the various applications of the void, the displayed works are categorized into three themes: nature, freedom, and imagination.

painting of simple lines, the artist experi-

the realistically portrayed

ences a state of immersion, transcending

mountain peak and the lake

reality.

area, which was left unpaint-

Other works in this section express a

ed . Because the lake area is

form of freedom that is derived from sim-

blank, viewers must wonder

plicity. These includ a 15th- to 16th-centu-

whether the water level has

ry Joseon Dynasty white porcelain jar dec-

dropped out of sight or if the

orated with the image of a loosely draped

lake is filled to the brim, with a

rope, rendered in under-glaze iron,

mysterious creature lying be-

around the jar's neck. Another Joseon

neath the surface.

Dynasty white porcelain is notable for its

In a painting, a void is expressed by

plain and overly rotund form, which con-

a blank space, but a void can also result

veys a kind of freedom due to its simplici-

from an incompleteness or omission . A

ty. Through such simplicity, a sincere gen-

good example of this is a 7th-century Silla

erosity of acceptance can be attained . The void is without form or bound-

roof-end tile, with the image of a smiling

In the course of discovering the void,

face, of which only a portion remains. The

viewers are also able to appreciate several

aries : It cannot be touched, perceived, or

missing part is a void that viewers can

masterpieces of Korean art, including four

adequately described with words. In addi-

complete with their imagination.

National Treasures and seven Treasures, saka Sutra [754-755) and Clearing After

ble, physical and spiritual, external and

Void in Everyday Life Some might wonder: 路路isn't it rather

internal, while shaping new relationships.

arbitrary to interpret a broken tile or Bud-

also works by early modern and contem-

Above all, imagination is what makes it

dhist rosaries as expressions of the beau-

porary Korean masters such as Park Sao

possible to express the void as an aesthet-

ty of the void? "In response to this ques-

Keun [1914-1965), Chang Ucchin [1917-

ic element. The void stimulates your imag-

tion, viewers should first reflect on the

1990). and Kim Whan-ki [1913-1974).

ination, creating a resonance between the

aforementioned themes of the void exhibi-

artist and the viewer, related to infinite

tion: nature, freedom, and imagination.

but do not take the time for self-reflec-

possibilities and interpretations.

One of the pleasures of this exhibition is

tion. In this sense, the void is an important

tion, it continuously re-creates the interaction between the visible and the invisi-

including the frontispiece of the Avatamthe Rain at Mt. lnwang [1751). There are

"'Today, we live in material affluence

The third section, "Imagination," focu-

trying to figure out why a simple "full-

spiritual value that we should actively

ses on works that use the void to broaden

moon" jar is exhibited under "Nature, "

contemplate, " commented Hong Ra-hee,

the horizons of your mind. In his untitled

while a self-portrait by 18th-century

director of the Leeum . Perhaps we can

1993 painting, Kim Hong Joo [b . 1945)

Joseon Dynasty painter Yun Du-sea [1668-

acquire a more open-minded outlook by

depicted Cheonji, the crater lake of Mt.

1715), with only the face depicted on a

discovering the 路路empty fullness" of the

Baekdu, with a dramatic contrast between

scroll, is exhibited under "Imagination."

void, an "entity within nothingness." Ill Spri ng 2008 I Korea na 59

DISCOVERING KOREA

Robert Koehler Strives to Publicize the Treasures of Korea Ten years ago, a 23-year-old man from the state of New York, who had spent most of his life in big cities, journeyed to a small rural town in Korea , where he planned to stay for a year. However, over time, his plans changed and he has been living in Korea ever since . In particular, he has been fascinated by the natural beauty of Korea·s scenic countryside, which well complements the lingering traces of traditional Korean culture. He has reveled in the joys of learning about the unknown , and is now a journalist who seeks to share his wonderful experiences in Korea with people all over the world . Park Hyun-sook Freelance Writer I Ahn Hong-beom Photographer

his individual is Robert J. Koehler, 34, the editor

temples gave me quiet time to reflect and listen to

of Seoul, a monthly magazine on the culture

myself. If I had first stayed in a big city, I couldn't have

and lifestyle of Korea, who says: "'It always

lived in this country this long. It is also in Korea that I

makes my heart beat fast to experience Korea face to

met my Mongolian wife. Come to think of it, I indeed

face. I have always hoped to share my deep impres-

have gone through many changes over the last ten

sions of this country, so I even started to learn photog-

years."

raphy. As with humans who grow refined and elegant

He recalls his earlier days in Korea with a gentle

with age, the natural environment and culture of this

smile, which is not unlike the benevolent expression

country, with such a long history, have acquired a

seen on so many of the Buddhist sculptures of Baek-

gracefully archaic beauty. I have a great fondness for

je, one of Korea's ancient kingdoms. The warm smile

Korean tradition and nature, and its 5,000-year history."'

even gives him a natural look in his traditional Korean attire.

Change of Plans According to an old saying, Koreans believe that:

Robert Koehler is the editor of Seoul, an Englishlanguage magazine that mainly targets foreigners

'Ten years is an epoch."" After intending to remain for

residing in Korea . Founded in 2003, it covers various

one year, and instead staying for the past ten years,

aspects of Korean culture and also provides useful

when asked about what changes he has experienced

information about local travel and entertainment. The

during this time, Koehler notes: ··1 feel l"ve matured.

magazine articles are written by three staff reporters,

In my twenties, I liked hanging around with my

including Koehler, and ten or so contributors. As the

friends, having fun and drinking together. I was born

executive editor, his responsibilities include a final

and raised in the city, so I know that city life gives you

review of the articles and supervision of the

few opportunities to ponder upon your life - you are

reporters, along with gathering news material, writ-

just too busy to sit down and have a moment for quiet

ing articles, and taking photographs.

introspection. 'When I first came to Korea, I stayed in a provincial town , whose beautiful landscape and serene

Change of Lifestyle When Koehler arrived in Korea in 1997, he did not Spring 2008 I Koreana 61

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.Joumallsls ·w an ted for Storie,s About St'o ul

"It always makes my heart beat fast to experience Korea face to face. I have always hoped to share my deep impressions of this country, so I even started to learn photography. As with humans who grow refined and ele~ant with age, the natural environment and culture of this country, with such a long history, have acquired a gracefully archaic beauty. I have a great fondness for Korean tradition and nature, and its 5,000-years history."

Robert Koehler's Internet site [http://www.rikoehler. co m] that offers a wea lth of information about Korea has about 2,500 visitors a day.

expect to stay beyond a year. He had a specific goal in mind and a time period for his visit. In particular, he sought to explore the driving force behind the rapid economic development of Korea, which is widely known as the "Miracle on the Han River," and the country's successful democratization. During his junior year at the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University, he studied in Tanzania. After graduation, he planned to return to Africa with the Peace Corps, but the recru itment period had already passed so this meant that he would have to wait until the following year. In the meantime , he decided to visit Korea because he thought it would be helpful to return to Africa after personally experiencing Korea, which many African countries regard as a model for successful economic development. "The first place I stayed in Korea was Mungyeong . In the small, quiet town seated deep in the mountains, I was closer to nature, which made me realize that life in the country was completely different than life in the city. There is something about the mountains, rivers, rice fields, and footpaths of Korea that makes me slow down and take things easy. I didn't feel this way when I lived in a big city, which seemed like a gigantic machine. In the country, I took on a completely different lifestyle, and then slowness, placidity, and introspection became part of my life, none of which I had experienced when living in the city. People were also innocent and warm-hearted. For the first time in my life of 62 Koreana I Sp rin g 2008

over 20 years, I looked back upon the past and then I realized what mattered was to live as a true human." During his stay in Mungyeong, Koehler would often visit Bongjeongsa, a notable Buddhist temple in the neighboring city of Andong. He was captivated by the temple's quiet and peacefulness as well as its graceful natural surroundings. The temple, built in 672 during the Unified Silla period, features a sublime elegance unaffected by the passage of time. It was this aesthetic awakening that led him to tirelessly travel all over the country. He was more attracted to sites with hidden natural beauty than to the well-known tourist destinations. In particular, he would make it a point to visit Buddhist temples and Confucian shrines, where he could catch a glimpse of the spiritual world of Koreans as well as their traditional architecture. Because of this, he soon became known as a "travel maniac." His numerous journeys throughout Korea provided visual pleasure as well as mental stimulation. The Buddhist philosophy he learned about from his visits to temples helped him to understand the path to enlightenment, while his exposure to Confucian culture led him to contemplate about the dignity of the human mind. As a resu lt of these experiences, although he had a Catholic upbringing, Koehler converted to Buddhism. Nowadays, he studies Buddhist scriptures and also visits the Hwagyesa and Jogyesa temples in his neighborhood to attend services with his wife.

Spreading the Word After teaching at a local university, Koehler

controversy over unqualified English teachers.

moved to Seoul five years ago and worked for a news-

ago, when I first came to Seoul, foreigners like me

paper agency as a translator. Around that time, his

were often stared at, but not now. Korea 's recent

friends constantly encouraged Koehler to pursue a ·

change toward a multicultural and multiracial society

"Seoul is a city of dynamic change. Only five years

career in journalism, since this would be an ideal

is especially impressive. Now, what is needed to deal

means for him to advance his cross-cultural interests

with this change is an attitude that considers the for-

and to share the experiences that he has enjoyed in

eign not as ·wrong' but as ·different'- not only in

Korea and Africa .

terms of physical appearance but also values and

Eventually, he became the editor of Seoul, about

lifestyles. With this tolerance and respect for differ-

which he notes: 'Working on the magazine, time

ences, Korean society should make an effort to reach

seems to fly by on a monthly basis. In Korea, use of

a consensus on the direction it is heading for."

the Internet is so widespread it is relatively easy to find sources for articles, although I still need to keep my eyes and ears open all the time. It is important to provide readers with quality information ... Things can be seen in a different light when

The Journey of Life With a warm smile, Koehler describes a wish of his: "I hope the Seoul magazine can help readers to have a problem-free, leisurely, and peaceful life in

viewed with affection. Thanks to his love for Korea

Korea ." Life is often compared to a journey, but in

and astute journalistic sense, Koehler captures many

order for this experience to be rewarding and enrich-

less-noticed facets of Korea and also shares his

ing, you must have a willingness to eschew the com-

insightful thoughts with people all over the world

fort of the well-traveled path and boldly step into the

through his Internet blog site [www.rjkoehler.com). For foreigners with an interest in Korea, his Inter-

unknown, like a river that undergoes constant change from the endless flow of its waters.

net site offers a wealth of information about things

For Robert Koehler, who never misses an oppor-

Korean. With nearly 2,500 visitors a day, his site

tunity to appreciate the treasures of Korea's natural

includes thousands of postings and comments on

scenery and traditional architecture, and who shares

Korea's current events as well as accounts and pic-

his experiences with people around the world via the

tures of his journeys around Korea. His writings cover

Internet to enhance their understanding about Korea,

such topics as North Korean issues, the U.S. troops

his life seems to indeed be an adventurous and won-

stationed in Korea, and commentary on the recent

derful journey. ti Spring 2008 I Ko reana 63

ON THE GLOBAL STAGE

Nah Youn-sun Korea's Premier Female Jazz Singer It would be difficult to identify a turning point in Nah Youn-sun's musical career, in which she has distinguished herself as Korea 's foremost female jazz vocalist. But this hesitancy is due to the fact that she has enjoyed such a wide variety of noteworthy successes. Han Kyong-seok Editor-in-Chief, Ho/Tracks Magazine Photographs Hub Music

n 1995, at the age of 27, Nah Youn-sun [b. 1969) began to

tamed, is based on a voice with a powerful richness and reso-

seriously contemplate the possibility of pursuing a musi-

nance. This vocal depth can create a sense of melancholy

cal career. For most other musical performers who have

deep within a listener. which leaves a lasting impression. In

managed to attain professional success, this kind of decision

fact, this kind of vocal strength can often be overwhelming . As

is invariably made at a much earlier age. In any case, Nah's

for Nah, her delicate tones and high-pitched range seem to be

potential talent was first on display in a musical, in which she

more suited for the lilting cheerfulness of a scat style. Howev-

was cast as a girl from Yanbian. This musical, Line 1, was

er, her music, which is not overly upbeat or downcast. might

directed by the renowned folk musician Kim Min-gi, who also

be described as having a sense of intrigue or mystery.

served as the art director of the Hakchon Theater. At that time, musicals were just beginning to catch on in

The Nah Youn-sun Quintet, which she organized with her various friends, has managed to gracefully harmonize with

Korea, and were nowhere near as popular as they are today.

her mysterious voice, while playing American and European

In fact, if musicals had been as popular at that time, she prob-

forms of jazz. Starting with "Reflect" in 2001, the group later

ably would have become a musical star rather than a jazz

released "Light for the People" [2001). their debut album in

vocalist. However, Nah soon came to realize that the musical

France, as well as "Down by Love " [2003] and "So I Am .....

stage was not for her, and so she packed her bags for France,

[2004). Her performances regularly earned high praise, while

where she was able to refine her talent as a jazz vocalist.

the public media and music magazines began to increasingly feature articles about Nah Youn-sun's music. She was even

Earning Acclaim Abroad Nah Youn-sun boasts a vocal style of her own that sets

nominated as one of nine world music stars by the French music magazine Nova.

her apart from more mainstream jazz vocalists. The conven-

Looking back on that time Nah recalls : "Above all, I think

tional style of a vocalist, to which many listeners are accus-

the reason I received such an honor is because I am Korean.

Korea na I Sp ri ng 2008

Although I don't emphasize the fact that I am Korean, people have a tendency to view my music not as jazz, but as world music. The Nah Youn-sun Quintet features an Israeli on contrabass, an Englishman on vibraphone, and me, a Korean. Thus, the composition of our group seems to make people think that our music is world music rather than jazz." As to whether she is a world musician or a jazz vocalist, there can be no denying that Nah Youn-sun's music maintains an aura of the mysterious . The accolades that she has received since the release of her debut album is rooted largely in a reaction that her music is so refreshingly distinctive from the music emanating from Europe, which is often thought to be rather lacking in creativity. In early 2007, while Nah was in Korea to release her Korean-language album, the French newspaper Les Echoes even compared her to Bjork, the global pop artist from Iceland: "Nah Youn - sun's voice contains elements of both spirituality and determination. No other singer flirts with danger like she does. We tremble before her enthralling voice. Although she is capable of winning over an audience that might prefer a more refined style of music, she is also able to strike a chord with those who appreciate a passionate performer. Whether she sings in English, Korean, or Hebrew, people still find themselves awe-struck."

A Korean Album for her Homeland Despite the growing attention that she attracts wherever she goes in Europe, Nah continues to present concerts in Korea . To this end, she received a Best Jazz & Crossover Award at the inaugural Korean Music Awards in 2004, along with a commendation from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2005 . And in this way, she has begun to build up an enthusiastic fan base in Korea. To introduce her new style in Korea, she decided to release a Korean-language album, "Memory Lane," in Korea in early 2007. " I was originally reluctant to sing in Korean in France because I thought the audiences wouldn't understand what I was singing about. But to my surprise, people seemed to enjoy it when I sang in Korean. I decided to sing in Korean simply because it was easier for me to express my true feelings in my native tongue. I guess the audience was able to understand my sentiments. But whenever I performed a concert in Korea, with the members of our quintet, we would sing in English." Due to the fact that Nah has showcased her talents at mainly European venues, especially those in France, this is undoubtedly a unique phenomenon for a Korean jazz performer. Her "Senoya," which exudes a certain sense of Korean nostalgia, has won over fans in Korea for its lyrical melody. 66 Koreana I Spring 2008

Nah Youn-sun's lyrical voice reflects a sense

able to return here and release a Korean album. Although I

of spirituality as well as personal

will return to France again, I am delighted to have had an

determination . People in the audience will

opportunity to complete a project that meant so much to me."

often quiver upon hearing the vibrancy of her

For Nah, this album project allowed her to produce a Korean

singing. Although she is capable of winning

work and also recharge her energy in Korea .

over an audience that might prefer a more refined style of music, she is also able to strike a chord with those who appreciate a passionate performer.

Fueled

by Passion

Although she may be enjoying a much-deserved break in Korea, there is no doubt that her unbridled passion to perform will eventually Lead her back onto the world stage again . Nah is keenly aware of just how difficult it is for an Asian to succeed as a jazz vocalist. In particular, Nah's jazz songs reflect her own interpretation of the genre, representing a bold

Although foreign audiences might not be able to understand

approach that has enabled her to garner lofty praise, at home

the Korean words, her inner emotions are well conveyed by

and abroad. Her decision to release an English version of the

her dynamic presentation, which has enabled her to claim

"Memory Lane" album had been inspired by her desire to

success on the international stage. In fact, few people readily recognized the name Nah Youn-

demonstrate that the music of a Korean composer could be appreciated as world music.

sun prior to the release of her "Memory Lane" album. In large

Of note, for Nah, the high point of 2007 was her concert

part, this was because, in Korea, "jazz" tends to evoke a sense

appearance in New York City. This memorable performance,

of unfamiliarity and perception that it is a difficult type of music

which was directed by the world-renowned musician Winston

to understand. In addition, Nah only reached out to her Korean

Marsalis and presented as part of the "'Jazz at the Lincoln

fans through her concerts, while shunning more influential

Center" series, culminated with a standing ovation . The audi-

media, like TV, which can reach the broadest spectrum of the

ence at this concert included numerous ambassadors and

population . However, this has all changed noticeably due to the wide-

dignitaries from the United Nations. This event could be regarded as a new chapter in Nah 's career, for, after succeed-

spread popularity of "Memory Lane." As a result of the suc-

ing in Europe, this Korean jazz vocalist is now making a name

cess of this album, which features songs made popular by

for herself among American audiences

Korean performers, Nah's music is now greatly appreciated

"I was 27 years old when I decided to become a musician.

by the general populace. Although the album was labeled as

Although I have since dedicated myself to jazz, 10 years is too

pop music, and features favorite songs that all Koreans know,

short a period in which to completely understand the genre."

her music has managed to retain its jazzy character.

Now 40 years old, Nah might be modest by nature, but the

The album even included a translated version of the song

same cannot be said of her musical aspirations. She continues

"Anak, " written by the Filipino artist Freddie Aguilar. Her

to be driven by an adventurous spirit that challenges her to

album became a smash hit, in spite of a domestic music mar-

tackle new musical genres and worlds.

ket besieged by stagnation, and was hailed as one of the best

The enthusiastic applause that she has received world-

albums of the year by a Korean jazz vocalist. Thereafter, NahÂˇs

wide is neither the result of her being a Korean performer, nor

work began to be mentioned in the same breath as that of

being a jazz vocalist. Rather, it stems from the fact that she

Malo and Woongsan, during discussions of the best jazz

has become an accomplished jazz vocalist who has perse-

recordings of 2007.

vered in her efforts to successfully navigate the inherent

"When I first got into jazz, I really didn't give much thought

obstacles of the jazz world .

to what I wanted to achieve for myself in the future. However,

As she mentioned, her jazz career spans a period of only

there were a lot of things that I wanted to do when I began to

10 years. Moreover, it isÂˇ next to impossible to become a world

perform concerts and release albums. For example, I wanted

artist in such a brief period of time without your own talent,

to release an album that featured only Korean songs . But

creativity, and motivation. But for Nah Youn-sun, she is well on

there were so many times while I was abroad that I wanted to

her way to doing just that. Hers is a resounding echo that

pack it up and return home. Whenever I felt that way, I would

results not from a sudden explosion, but from a relentless

ask myself: Âˇcan I really go back home now?' In the end, I was

stream of gentle ripples. &> Sp ri ng 2008

I Ko reana 67

here are thoughts that naturally give you a sense of comfort, like the smiling face of a loved one or a mother's affectionate warmth. These memories are engraved in your mind, as well as your heart, such that their pleasure can never be diminished. This is similar to how the res-

idents of Jeonju feel toward their city. Jeonju is a rather larg e-size city, but unlike other urban areas, there is no sense of being overwhelmed by the trappings of modernity. Rather, the clusters of traditional-style homes, with graceful tile roofs, create an atmosphere of quiet elegance, while stories of the long ago past still seem to echo.

Warm Welcome for Visitors Visitors to Jeonju are welcomed by the expansive Honamjeilmun Gate, which extends across ten lanes of the expressway. Completed in 1977, the gate measures some 43 meters in length, with a height of 12.4 meters, making it the largest gate of its kind (single-row pillars) in Korea. The gate's nameplate, in a boldly written script, proclaims Jeonju's history as a key hub of the southwestern region, and its current status as a new cultural center. The community of traditional Korean houses, which is crammed with some 800 traditional-style homes, well embodies the centuries-old character of Jeonju. Within this neighborhood, overnight accommodations are available for visitors. The opportunity to spend the night in the comfort of a room of a traditional house, with bedding spread out on a warm ondol (traditional under-the-floor heating system) floor and papered windows, is a much more pleasurable experience than staying in an ordinary hotel. It seems that time and tradition have stood still in this unassuming neighborhood, whose history is rooted in the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. In the 1930s, the Japanese residing in Jeonju noticeably increased in number and presence . To resist this development, the people of Jeonju sought to build a community of all traditional Korean houses, in an effort to deter the spread of the Japanese intruders. Today, this neighborhood serves as a real- life community and popular attraction for visitors, as well as a vivid testament to the indomitable spirit of independence and national pride of its former residents. As such, visitors can experience the everyday life of tradition-minded Koreans and gain an appreciation of their insightful wisdom . For example, you can experience life in a traditional house and community, play favorite games of long ago, such as yunnori, and learn about such time-honored cultural traditions as pansori, calligraphy, and tea etiquette. And, you can try your hand at brewing up

Jeonju Hanokmaeul, a neighbo rh ood of so me 700 trad iti onal Korea n homes and build ings, is a valua ble cultu ral resource of Jeo nju and the largest vi llage of its kind in Korea . 2 Honamj ei lmun Gate , at the entranc e to Jeonju , is the largest gate supported by a s ingle row of pilla rs in Korea, whic h symbolizes the pri de of loca l residents in JeonjuÂˇs lo ng sta nding traditi ons.

Spring 2008 I Koreana 71

a traditional liquor or making Korean-paper crafts. As you immerse yourself in the richness of Korea 's unique culture, you are likely to develop a strong attachment to the sentiments of the Koreans of long ago. A popular attraction in the neighborhood is Hagindang, a 100-year-old building and well-preserved example of Korea's traditional architecture during the late Joseon Dynasty period. The original structure is said to have included a perimeter that measured 99 kan (a traditional unit of measure equivalent to the distance between support columns). Its charming garden area and pond can be enjoyed in leisure from a strategically situated tea house.

Vestiges of the Joseon Dynasty Omokdae is an ideal vantage point for viewing the entire neighborhood of traditional houses. The sight of endless rows of tile-roofed houses awash in the morning sunlight and wispy mist is a truly memorable scene. Omokdae is also known for its connection to Yi Seong-gye, the founder of the Joseon Dynasty (r. 1392-1398). Leading up to his efforts to establish Joseon, Yi Seong-gye vanquished Japanese marauders from the southwest area of Korea . To celebrate this feat, a banquet was held at Omokdae, where it is said that Yi read a poem that declared his intention to found a Joseon state. If you take the time to make your way up the slope of Omokdae, you can understand how this site could serve as a source of inspiration. At the entrance to the community of traditional houses stands Gyeonggijeon, which houses a portrait of Yi Seong-gye. Portraits of Yi had once been maintained at four sites, including Seoul and 72 Kore a na I Sp ring 2008

Jeonju, but only the portrait at Gyeonggijeon has survived. In this portrait [Treasure No. 931). Yi Seong-gye is depicted with a benevolent demeanor, despite the fact that his victories on the battlefield included the defeat of the Goryeo Dynasty [918-1392). Also on the grounds of Gyeonggijeon are a monument, which contains the placenta and umbilical cord of King Yejong [r. 1468-1469). the eighth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, and an archive where the Joseonwangjosil/ok [Annals of the Joseon Dynasty] were previously stored.

Jeonju Gaeksa, which is known to have been built sometime in the early Joseon period, was used for housing the ancestral tablets of Joseon Kings and holding official ceremonies, in addition to serving as lodging for visiting court officials. This once-revered building, located in the heart of the city, is today a de facto community center, where residents stop by to relax on its comfortable wooden floor, along with being a conveniently located meeting place.

Catholic Martyrs Jeonju is associated intimately with Catholici.s m in Korea. The Jeondong Cathedral, which is situated across the street from Gyeonggijeon, was built on the site where early Catholics in Korea were killed for refusing to observe Confucian ancestral rites. Due to this historic incident, the Jeondong Cathedral is a sacred ground to the Catholic faithful in Korea . The stones, which had been stained with the blood of these martyrs, were used to build the foundation of the church, which attracts a steady stream of visitors, including Catholics on pilgrimages and curious tourists. Indeed, it is ironic for Gyeonggijeon and Jeondong Cathedral to be facing each other across the street, with the former being a venerable shrine of the Joseon Dynasty rulers who sought to persecute the Catholic missionaries, for whom the latter was built in their memory. It thus seems that even deep wounds such as this, which included the spilling of blood, can be healed with the passage of time. Built in 1908, Jeondong Cathedral features elaborate architectural details as a result of its Romanesque style. It was designed by Father V. L. Poisnel, who also oversaw the construction of

Gyeonggijeon. built in 1410. houses the royal portrai t of Yi Seo ng- gye, the fo und er of the Joseon Dynasty Ir. 1392-13981.

2 Jeondo ng Ca th ed ral, built on the site whe re the fi rst Korea n Christian martyr s were exec uted, is a Romanesqu eand Byzantin e-style stru ctu re with gra ceful curves .

Jeondong Cathed ral is adorned with stain ed glass wi nd ows that depict vari ou s Kor ea n Christ ian ma rtyrs. includ ing the first Christian mi ssio nari es who were executed in Korea .

Sp ri ng 2008

I Koreana 73

Myeongdong Cathedral in Seoul. Catholics in Korea refer to Myeongdong Cathedral as the ··father church'" and Jeondong Cathedral as the ··mother church. '" Some 100 workers and parishioners from the Jeonju area participated in the construction. The church has been used as a setting for various films and TV programs due to its eye-catching features, including a high belfry and domed roof, which are must-see subjects for sightseeing visitors. The church is open to one and all. The arcades above the columns and the domed ceiling are exquisite, while the 18 stained-glass widows memorialize martyrs from the Jeonju area. What could be more soothing for a troubled mind than seeing church-goers, wearing white veils, file into the pews amid the melodious sound of the pipe organ . Nearby Jeondong Cathedral is Pungnammun Gate [Treasure No. 308). Originally the southern gate of the four main gates of the wall fortification that surrounded Jeonju, it was built in 1389 during the Goryeo period . Though only parts of the wall remain, the graceful curves of these segments serve to complement the natural landscape. Pungnammun Gate is such a prominent symbol of Jeonju that one of the city"s most popular events is named the Pungnam Festival.

Center of International Culture Jeonju is making efforts to be recognized as a new center of international culture. This includes the Jeonju International Film Festival, which is held annually in April or May. During the festival, the city"s "film district, .. where several multiplex cinemas are located, is a magnet for movie fans and others just out to enjoy the festivities. Due to the festival's emphasis on alternative and independent films, it is especially appealing to film aficionados. In 2007, the Eighth Jeonju International Film Festival featured 185 films from 37 countries. This year's festival is being staged from May 1-9. The movies are shown at the film district; however, the supplemental activities and festive atmosphere are evident throughout the city, including the campus of Chonbuk National University. The Jeonju Sari Festival, held during the autumn in October, is another annual Jeonju event that is well worth seeing . The Jeonju area has long been the home of pansori, a distinctly Korean performing art, which is said to be rooted in the natural abundance and cultural appreciation of the flatlands people of southwestern Korea . Even today, the people of this region are known to have a keen ear for pansori . In 2001, the Jeonju Sari Festival was launched in an effort to introduce Korea's traditional performing arts, such as pansori, to global audiences and to encourage exchanges with a wide diversity of musical cultures of the world through various performances, here and abroad. In 2004, in conjunction with the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity program, a notable concert was presented to highlight the music of nine nations, including Korea, which had received special commendation from UNESCO.

74 Ko rea na I S pri ng 2008

The Jeonj u Interna ti on al Film Festiva l st ri ves to in trodu ce alternat ive and independent films to moviegoe rs in Ko rea. Duri ng thi s ann ual spr in g eve nt, all of Jeo nju revels in a festive atmosp here. The Jeonju So ri Fest iva l is a ma ni festa ti on of Jeo nju· s cultural esse nce , as the home of pansori. Held in au tumn, thi s annu al event blends together Ko rea·s tradi tional music. like pansori , with the music of co un tries from aro und the wo rld.

Jeonju has long been known as a ce nter of Korean cuisine. A Jeonju traditional meal will typically include 30 or so side di shes, together wi th soup, stew, gree ns, and local delicacies. Jeonju is famed for its delectable bibimbap. A rather simple dish of rice mixed togethe r with minced raw bee f and various greens and vegetables, it is a popu lar choice at restaurants among foreigners as well.

Paradise for Food Lovers Jeonju is a paradise for food lovers and widely famed for its bibimbap [rice mixed with vegetables and beef). Of course, bibimbap is a favorite dish and available anywhere in country, but the praise for Jeonju bibimbap is well-deserved . Jeonju is adjacent to the Gimje Plains, perhaps the most productive croplands of Korea, along with being nearby the Yellow Sea, a bountiful source of seafood. And, at the foot of the surrounding mountains, a variety of wild greens is readily available. As such, these fresh and high-quality ingredients are used to prepare a truly delectable bibimbap. Moreover, with Jeonju being the home of the Joseon Dynasty royal family and aristocracy, the area naturally developed a refined cuisine. Along with bibimbap, the hanjeongsik [a Korean table d'hote) of Jeonju is similarly prepared with the freshest ingredients and in accordance with the accumulated knowledge of its advanced food culture, which can be appreciated at the city's numerous restaurants. The most distinguishing characteristic of Jeonju bibimbap is that the rice is cooked with beefbone broth rather than water. It invariably includes minced raw beef, bean sprouts, and a raw egg yolk. You do not necessarily have to find a well-known restaurant to enjoy bibimbap in Jeonju. In fact, you have a better chance of being served a more original Jeonju bibimbap at a regular restaurant. Although bibimbap and hanjeongsik are popular with visitors, the residents tend to prefer simpler dishes, such as bean-sprout soup and rice or basic meals of rice, soup, and various side dishes. The famous restaurants scattered about Jeonju have a constant stream of patrons, drawn by the unique dishes that have developed over the generations. The Jeonju proprietors of food and drink treat their patrons like they were invited house guests. At a neighborhood tavern, an order of makgeolli [rice wine) is accompanied by 15 or more side dishes, for no added charge. And another order would likely include some additional side dishes. For visitors, this kind of hospitality serves to assure that you will have a pleasant stay in Jeonju and return home with lasting memories of its warmhearted people. Iii Spri ng 2008 I Koreana 75

CUISINE

Rice Porridge (Juk) A Practical Source of Nutrition

Korean porridge, or juk, is made by slow-boi l ing rice, or some other grain, in water. Koreans have long enjoyed porridge , for which a wide variety of recipes has been developed. Still a favorite dish today, juk can be served as an appet izer or main course , as well as an easy-to-eat dish for people recovering from surgery, the elderly, and young children . Paik Jae- eun Professor of Food and Nutrition, Bucheon College Bae Jae-hyung Photographer

Shin Dong-joo Cuisine Consultant

he development of a country's food culture is naturally influenced by its agro-fishery conditions. While passing through Korea's countryside, rice fields can be seen almost everywhere you look. And since rice has long been a staple of the Korean diet, a varied assortment of rice

applications have been developed, including bap (steamed rice]. tteok (rice cake]. sikhye (beverage made with fermented rice]. rice wine, and juk. In particular, juk is an especially versatile dish that is often the main course of a basic Korean meal.

Background of Juk Since early times, Koreans have enjoyed juk, which refers to a wide range of porridge dishes prepared by slow-boiling rice, rice mixed with other grains, or some other grain, in water until the grains become soft and viscous, making them easy to digest. In days gone by, when rice was often scarce, various porridge recipes were developed, even before steamed rice became a staple of the Korean diet. When you boil one part of rice with 11/2 parts of water, the result is steamed rice. When one part of rice is boiled in seven parts of water, this becomes porridge. Cooking a small amount of grain in a large quantity of water was a way to stretch the available food so that more mouths could be fed . At the royal household, and homes with elderly family members, it was customary for rice juk to be served at 5:00 a.m ., as chojoban, or first morning meal, to provide nourishment and whet the appetite for breakfast. Invariably, the juk would be accompanied by a type of water kimchi, along with a few side dishes, such as dried pollack flakes or fried kelp. Koreans would say that the daughter-in-law of a respectable family must know how to prepare at least 20 types of juk, which underscores the importance of porridge in the days of long ago. Today, although the availability of food is no longer a concern, rice juk remains popular thanks to its lowcalorie nutrition and ease of digestion. In particular, rice juk is ideal for people recovering from surgery, because it will not strain the digestive system . Nowadays, ever more working people will have rice juk for breakfast since it is simple to prepare and quick to eat. Meanwhile, the number of restaurants specializing in juk has been on the rise, while packaged juk products are now readily available at department stores and supermarkets. Juk is similar to the soup served as part of a Western-style meal, but the two cultures have different staples : rice in the East and wheat in the West. Juk and soup both serve as appetizers before a main course. For juk, the consistency can be thickened by adding more rice or powdered rice, while for Western soup, you might use rou x, a combination of flour and butter. Spring 2008 I Koreana 77

Abalone Juk Ingredients

Abalone (with shelll 300 grams, 1112 cups regular (non-glutinous! rice, 2 tablespoons sesame oil, 8 cups water, 112 tablespoon salt Preparation

1 Wash the rice and soak in water for at least two hours. Drain well. 2 Scrub the abalone shells with a brush before removing the meat from the shell. 3 Slice the meat into thin pieces. 4 Heat a thick pot and coat the bottom with sesame oil. Stir-fry the abalone and then add the soaked rice. Pour in water and cook at medium-high heat. 5 Reduce heat when the mixture comes to a boil. Stir occasionally with a wooden spoon and continue to simmer as the mixture coagulates. 6 Simmer until all the grains of rice are softened, then season with salt. Note , If it is difficult to remove the abalone meat from the s hell, steam the abalone with the shell-side down for a few minutes. The green abalone intestines are generally discarded. But on Jejudo, the intestines are included, which gives the porridge a green color, along with a distinctive aroma and pungent flavor.

Wide Array of Varieties Juk comes in a wide array of varieties, including plain white-rice juk, juk with nuts (pine nut, walnut, or chestnut). vegetable juk (kimchi, mushroom, or pumpkin). meat juk (chicken or beef). seafood juk (abalone, raw oyster, or mussel). juk with herbs or sprouts (bean sprout or curled mallow). and milk juk. At times, medicinal herbs, flower petals, fruit, and roots such as sweet potato are also added. Among the numerous types of juk dishes, abalone juk and pine nut juk are two of the favorites among Koreans, and are thus often served as a treat for dinner guests.

To make abalone juk, the meat is removed from the shell, sliced thinly, stir-fried with sesame oil, and then boiled with the soaked rice and water. To preserve the delicate fragrance and taste of abalone, minimal seasoning should be used. Abalone is an expensive shellfish delicacy of Jejudo Island that is prized for its delectable flavor. Abalone juk is recommended for people with a sensitive digestive system and can help breast-feeding mothers to lactate. It is also an effective treatment for a hangover, by absorbing alcohol from the liver and intestines. In addition, abalone juk is said to revitalize people who need a boost of energy, slow down the skin's aging process, and help to lower blood pressure. Made with ground pine nuts and rice, pine nut juk is savory as well as highly nutritious. In traditional Oriental medicine, pine nuts are known as a rich source of nutrition that can also promote vigor and prolong life. In fact, pine nuts, which are comprised of unsaturated fatty acids and various proteins, iron, and vitamin B, are a great health food. As such, it is not surprising that pine nut juk was the most frequently served dish for the pre-breakfast meal (chojobanl. ~ 78

Koreana I Spring 2008

Koreans would say that the daughter-in-law of a respectable family must know how to prepare at least 20

Pine Nut Juk

types of juk, which underscores the

Ingredients

importance of porridge in the days of

1 cup rice, 1/2 cup pine nuts, 6 cups water, moderate amount of salt, honey to taste

long ago. Today, although the availability of food is no longer a concern, rice juk remains popular thanks to its

Preparation

low-calorie nutrition and ease of

Wash the rice and soak in water for at least two hours. Drain well. 2 Trim off the pointy tips of the pine nuts, and measure 6 cups of water. 3 Pour the water into a mortar or blender, and grind the pine nuts and rice separately. 4 Strain the liquid from the ground rice and pine nuts into a thick pot and heat until warm. Add the ground rice, and stir with a wooden spoon as it cooks. 5 When the mixture comes to a boil, slowly add the ground pine nuts, in small amounts. Reduce the heat to prevent lumps from forming. Slowly simmer until the mixture coagulates. 6 Serve the juk while still hot, and season with salt and honey.

digestion.

Note: Pine nut juk can become watery after sitting for a while. To help prevent this, the rice and pine nuts should be ground separately, the mixture should not be stirred continuously while cooking, and the salt should be added after the cooking is completed.

LIVING

Pet Ownership in Korea Rapidly Proliferates The ranks of pet lovers in Korea continue to swell noticeably. The number of pet owners has risen steadily over the past 20 years, such that about one in every five households in Korea now maintains a pet of some kind. Moreover, there is a growing diversity of types of pets, including exotic fish and unusual creatures. Ryu Min Freelance Writer

I Photographs Newsbankimage, Yonhapnews

oday, it would not be unusual to come

KoreaÂˇs pet industry represents a 1.2 trillion

across a store in a commercial district that

won [about $1.27 billion] annual business, accord-

specializes in pet products, including the

ing to 2006 data compiled by the Korea Pet Product

sale of ready-made clothing items for dogs. The

Manufacturers Association. This includes the sales

garments include basic outfits, like a striped body

of pets, pet food, and accessories, as well as the

covering, to high-end products, such as hand-knit

cost of veterinary care and pet grooming. Today, an

pieces and items of 100 percent natural wool. Of

estimated 18 percent of all households in Korea

course, when a family becomes attached to their

maintain a pet of some kind . And while this figure

pet, it is quite natural for such fondness to develop

remains below that of advanced countries, pet

into indulgence, but for many people this kind of

ownership in Korea has proliferated rapidly.

extravagance does seem to be excessive.

The signs of change emerged in 1988, when Purina, the world"s No. 1 maker of pet food, rec-

Rising Status of Pets

Koreana I Sp ri ng 2008

ognized the potential of the Korean market and

At the Seoul International Pet Expo 2007, held

launched various pet-care services. At a time

in December, two noteworthy products were

when most families simply fed the dog with

introduced: a card for recording a pefs DNA and a

scraps from the dinner table, it came as some-

crystal vial for storing a sample of a pefs DNA. In

thing of a shock to realize that you could buy pre-

this way, it is possible to document a pefs identity

pared pet food, including treats such as biscuits

through DNA analysis. Although people might

and gum for dogs. In fact, these days, owners who

question the rationale of providing pets with such

feed their dog leftovers are thought to be ignorant

a high-tech ID service, which is yet to be imple-

of proper pet care.

mented for people, a large majority of pet club

The key factor behind this trend was the eco-

members in Korea strongly favor the concept. In

nomic prosperity that Korea enjoyed after the

this regard, Yu Hui-jae, 46, a visitor to the expo,

1988 Seoul Olympics Games, when a burgeoning

remarked : 'What's the difference between a pet

middle class could afford to keep pets. Moreover,

and a human being, when the pet is part of the

the rapid aging of Korea's society, along with

family?'"

sharp increases in the formation of nuclear fami-

Spring 2008 I Ko reana 81

lies and single-member households, has also

owner and a pet was that of a master and a faithful

contributed to this phenomenon.

servant, with the pet repaying the owner's care

Professor Kim Tae-sik, of the department of

with affectionate loyalty. But the situation is differ-

pet grooming at Dong-A University, noted : "' In the

ent today. Pets are no longer only for the affluent

extended families of the past, there was always a

and they are treated like a family member and

large number of people around, so they didn't

close friend , sharing the everyday lives of the

develop a close attachment to their pets. But with

household occupants.

more families living apart these days, a pet often

In line with these changes, the pet-related

becomes like a member of the family, who is

industry has flourished. In Goyang, Gyeonggi-do

showered with affection ." Along with the rise in

Province, there is a pet kindergarten where dogs

dual-income households, families also maintain

maintain a scheduled routine that includes meal

pets to provide a diversion for children who would

time, play time, afternoon nap, snack time, and

otherwise be left alone.

training classes. And a shuttle bus service is avail-

Many Koreans treat their pet like a member of the family. As such, a pet is coddled, lives a life of luxury, and becomes a center of the family's attention and enjoyment. In fact, with the dizzying array of pet products available these days, many can only shake their head and wonder: "Are pets being treated better than people?"

Like a Member of the Family

that need social training, tutoring sessions are

Daehan Cinema in Jung-gu, Seoul, is a testament

available, while for problem dogs, therapy ses-

to Korea's thriving pet industry. There are some

sions can be arranged with their owners. In oper-

30 pet centers along a 300-meter-long strip, in

ation since September 2006, the kindergarten 's

addition to about 40 pet-related establishments,

current enrollment includes 40 dogs. The fees

such as pet beauty parlors, pet accessory shops,

range from 150,000 won to 400,000 won per

veterinary centers, and even institutes that teach

month, depending on the size of the dog, but no

pet grooming. These pet businesses started to

expense is too much for owners who treat their

congregate in the area from the 1960s, and by the

dogs as they would their own children .

early 2000s they had numbered more than 60, serving as a one-stop pet market.

82 Korea na I Spring 2008

able to pick up/ return the dogs. For those dogs

The pet-store district along Toegyero, nearby

It is also possible to take out pet insurance that provides coverage for the illness or injury of a

"'In the 1970s, a German shepherd might have

dog, from the age of six months to eight years,

cost almost as much as a house, so a pet was a

which can include benefits of up to 20 million won

symbol of wealth, " recalled Kim Su-bong, 49 ,

[about $21,200). Annual premiums, which can

director of the Pet Street Development Associa-

range from 300,000 won to 500 ,000 won [about

tion. In those days, the relationship between a pet

$530) depending on the type of dog, are hardly a

trivial amount, but in fact, sales of pet insurance have been on the rise. Veterinary clinics also attest to the lavish care that owners extend to their pets. Pet owners who bring pets to a clinic for treatment will look every bit as fretful as a parent worried about a sick child . And in the case of a pet emergency, the clinic's 50 percent surcharge for after-hours care is never given a second thought. As an example of how a pet is treated like a member of the family, there are owners who add the family surname to the pet's name, like a man who registered his cat as Lee Yeppi , at a hospital's emergency center . . For owners who desire to pamper their pets, a vast range of luxury services and products is now available, including traditional medicine clinics where pets can undergo acupuncture treatment, pet spas that feature hot springs with herbal additives and mud massages, pet swimming pools, and even MP3 players for pets, adorned with 18K gold and diamonds. These days, the royal treatment for man 's best friend can well exceed what ordinary people might enjoy.

Single Women and Cats By type, dogs account for the largest share of pets in Korea. The dog population amounts to about 5 million, which is 10 percent of the human population of Korea, with the number of related products reaching some 500. But more recently, the cat has been gaining ground , with an estimated 100,000 households now having pet cats. Yun Seon-yeong, a 34-year-old single woman, says that the first thing she does when she gets home from work is to find her two cats. "It is so delightful to have my 'kids' meet me when I come home after a tiring day at work. I like the feeling that someone is waiting for me at home." In her spare time, she visits cat-related Internet communities to keep up with any recent developments. Cat ownership is booming thanks to single women like Yun, in their twenties and thirties. Unlike dogs, cats

2 3

With the fas t-growing population of pet lovers in Korea, various pet-related events, like dog shows, are continuously held around the country. The number of people who keep unusual creatures and exotic reptiles, like lizards and iguanas, as pets, has increased dramatically in recent years. As the pet-related industry continues to flourish, pet grooming has seen a sharp rise in the number of its professional practitioners.

do not bark and they know how to keep themselves clean. More independent than dogs, a lack of attention does not seem to faze them in the least. Young women post photographs of their cats on Internet sites, which they will affectionately refer to as "my baby."

Sp ri ng 2008 I Korea na 83

The Cat Cafe caters to pet owners who love to be accom pani ed by the ir pets, at practica lly any ti me and place. 2 With de li ght and co nsternation, children view s napping turtles, fe rrets, a nd oth er pec uliar anim als at th e Exotic Pet Ex po.

The Corea Cat Club estimates the number of pet cats in Korea at about 400,000. But in the past four years, the number of cat owners has tripled and there are as many as 11 cat-lover Internet clubs, with more than 10,000 members each . 'These days, dogs still outsell cats, but only by a ratio of six to four," explained the owner of a pet store in Chungmuro. With the increasing popularity of cats, a flurry of related businesses has emerged as well. For example, "cat hotels" are regularly booked up during the popular vacation and holiday times, with no vacancies for latecomers. Moreover, the proprietor of a pet accessory store noted : "Just five years ago, few people came to buy things for their cats. But these days cat accessories account for 30 percent of our sales." Exotic Pets

Another notable development is the growing interest in unusual pets, like rare animals, reptiles, and insects. Animals that were unthinkable as pets, just a few years ago, such as the iguana, chameleon, and frill-neck lizard, are now as treasured as a pet dog or cat. In 2006, 55,383 rare animals, including 13,318 reptiles, were authorized for import by the Ministry of Environment , an increase of 62.6 percent from the year before. Popular reptiles include the placid-beard

84 Koreana I Spring 2008

dragon, changeable chameleon, and brilliantly colored leopard gecko . Various snakes are also highly sought, such as the tame Lisbon snake and radiant milk snake of Honduras . In 2006, some 31,572 coral specimens were brought into the country, while the inflow of exotic aquarium fish jumped 18-fold, to 10,506 imported fish . There are also those who enjoy the company of pet insects, which offer low-cost maintenance and require less space . Favorite insect types include stag beetles and larvae that spin cocoons and emerge as moths, which provide a real-life educational experience for children. And there are newcomer pet insects, such as crickets and fireflies . According to the Rural Development Institute, some 100,000 to 150,000 people raise insects. The annual market is valued at around 10 billion won (about $10.63 million). which represents a new income source for rural households. The recent diversification of pets in Korea, while spurring further growth, has not been without its consequences. Similar to advanced countries, abandoned dogs and cats pose a mounting concern, while Korea's relatively immature pet ownership culture has spawned a growing number of problems. Nevertheless, in line with the demographic characteristics of Korean society, pet ownership can be expected to continue to thrive here. â&#x20AC;˘

Journeys in Korean Literature

Park Min-gyu

Much like an alien who appeared out of nowhere, Park Min-gyu suddenly arrived on the Korean literary scene of the 21st century, with works infused with his own brand of unconventional insight and sensibility. Though he deals with the old world, his expressions are fresh and thought-provoking. Indeed, Korean readers have enthusiastically embraced Park"s writing, from the time of his debut through the present day.

CRITIQUE

Park Min-gyu Blends Adroit Humor

with Insightful Criticism Lee Myoung-won Literary Critic

ark Min-gyu has produced two novels and a collection of short stories. As seen in these works, his most noteworthy literary talent is his keen sense of humor. As such, this humor, which does not get overwhelmed or buried in the storytelling, elicits a thoughtful reaction by maintaining a rational distance and restrained sensibility. The world illuminated by Park's writing involves an old order that has come to shape our everyday life of today. In this world, a global system of capitalism has taken hold of people's lives and souls, along with turning everything into an object of ownership. The characters in Park's novels experience a sense of helplessness in this environment, which also includes corruptive aspects. His characters, burdened by financial difficulties and with limited potential for upward mobility, harbor a deep sense of self-resentment and propensity for failure. What can such downtrodden people do in this world that offers so little hope in the way of prospects for a brighter future? By necessity, they are engrossed in a game of survival, in keeping with the existing order. But there is no escape from their grave circumstances, which only worsen even as they exert their utmost efforts.

86 Koreana I Spring 2008

This is certainly the case for Gi-ha, a main character in the short story "Korean Standards." A person of staunch principles, Gi-ha is a democracy activist, a product of Korea's struggle for democratization in the 1980s. But 20 years down the road, he is living a completely fruitless life. He attempts to uphold the convictions of his youth by promoting ecological activism in the countryside, but these efforts totally collapse in the face of reality. This failure is symbolically expressed through a wholly absurd account of an invasion by aliens. For Gi-ha, after having his dreams dashed in the city, he seeks redemption in the countryside, only to face utter despair. His desperation is rooted in the new industrial structure, which has severely damaged the livelihood of country people, along with eroding the personal relationships that rely on trust. Moreover, this state of affairs has taken root due to the notable transformation of people's attitude toward life. The narrator of the story observes: "Quietly, from being someone hoping that society would change, I turned into a person hoping that his office ranking would change." This confession clearly reveals the dramatic shift in the attitude of Koreans, between the 1980s and the 2000s. In the past, the younger generation, who were filled with Utopian ideals, believed that they could change the world, fundamentally and rapidly. But over the course of two decades, this younger generation has become today's middle-age group, who somehow abandoned their dreams along the way. Meanwhile, their lofty hopes have been replaced by an overriding desire to simply survive. In this process, their lives have become unfulfilling and even wretched. But what distinguishes the author's perspective is that, while depicting in detail the extreme desperation, he describes their situation with emotional restraint, thereby enabling readers to maintain a sense of objectivity. This emotional distance and objective perspective are hallmarks of Park's style of humor, which embodies a mature pathos rooted in a dispassionate perception of reality. Another factor that facilitates this style of humor is the author's literary mechanism of not allowing readers to develop an emotional empathy, or personal intimacy, with the characters. On the one hand, he does utilize hyper-realistic expression, but by introducing fantasy elements, such as an alien invasion, he tends to caricaturize the dire circumstances through the involvement of unusual or bizarre incidents. This approach causes Park's readers to give up on the notion of developing an emotional bond with the characters. Moreover, the humorous and unpredictable unfolding of events, along with an absence of personal sentiments, encourage readers to seriously contemplate the reality of their world. That is, the story provokes questions about the underlying motivation for people to accumulate wealth and whether personal relationships are ultimately about gaining an advantage. As for Park, through his humor, he seeks to have readers discover a new prism for viewing reality, based on an objective mindset unclouded by emotional attachment. When the reader attempts to identify with the characters, an unexpected paradoxical situation occurs to disrupt this process as a result of Park's humorous presentation. As such, this humor is best appreciated by those who are not overwhelmed by reality and can thus maintain a rational outlook. Park Min-gyu's writing is characterized by an adroit humor and insightful criticism of reality, along with lending support to people's struggles against suppressive elements. Interestingly, this humor is more universal in nature than it is about a particular Korean style. fi,

Spring 2008 I Koreana 87

The Korea Foundation Seocho P.O. Box 227 Diplomatic Center Building, 2558 Nambusunhwanno, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-863, Korea www.kf.or.kr

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