March 2021 by The Affair Magazine

CURRENT AFFAIRS IN A WAY YOU'LL LOVE

Sahithi Lingampalli

founder tech and artwork co-director

vice executive layout co-director

Kavya Gurunath

Shrawani Pradhan

vice executive science co-director

Geethikaa Tarra

art & media, opinion codirector

Inchara J

science and layout co-director

Vrinda Gandhi

vice executive marketing/finances director

Neve Walker

politics & world events director

Samita Pandit

lifestyle co-director

Taruni Manam

vice executive lifestyle co-director

Manushri Bapat

art & media director (on break)

Nivi Chozhan

tech co-director

Evelyn Chen

artwork co-director

Harvi Karatha

editing co-director

meet the directors Uday Lingampalli editing co-director

COVER BY SAHITHI LINGAMPALLI

Aathmika Radhachandran public relations co-director

Ashmita Annamalai

public relations co-director

Yaj Jhajhria

podcast co-director

meet the staff

WRITERS: Alda Nasywa Anvitha Mattapalli Ashna Ahmed Cindy Zhang Geethikaa Tarra Hafiza Samath Hans Yang Inchara J Kavya Gurunath Laya Vijay Maya Krolik Neve Walker Nivi Chozhan Parker McElroy Samita Pandit Sierra Tan Taruni Manam Thejo Tattala Yaj Jhajhria ARTISTS: Evelyn Chen Juee Deshmukh Nivi Chozhan Sahithi Lingampalli Sharon Pan Thejo Tattala

EDITORS: Aarav Navani Alice Fan Anvitha Mattapalli Arushi Patil Cindy Zhang Dominique Suniadji Geethikaa Tarra Hans Yang Harvi Karatha Inchara J Jason Liu Jeet Parikh Jenny Tang Kavya Gurunath Laya Vijay Manushri Bapat Mridula Divakar Myint Myat Theingi Neve Walker Nivi Chozhan Samita Pandit Shoffana Sundaramoorthy Taruni Manam Uday Lingampalli

LAYOUT DESIGNERS:

Aathmika Radhachandran Arushi Patil Inchara J Nivi Chozhan Sahithi Lingampalli Shoffana Sundaramoorthy Sierra Tan Tristan Castro Vrinda Gandhi PUBLIC RELATIONS: Aathmika Radhachandran Abigail Manuella Dominique Suniadji Laya Vijay Nivi Chozhan Cal Shin-Koh Sierra Tan Vrinda Gandhi

contents

ART & MEDIA

53 KĪLAUEA’S NEW ERUPTION

THE TRUE CRIME CRAZE

59 LIFESTYLE

FROM STEM TO STEAM

61 PROCRASTINATION: HOW TO

NEW AND TRENDING THIS MONTH

UNLEARN THE ART OF DOING

POLITICS

THINGS TOMORROW

CANADA'S HIDDEN OPPRESSION

64 HOW IMPORTANT IS A MINDSET?

PUTIN VS. NAVALNY: THE

67 HOW TO MAKE BOSTON CREAM

STRUGGLE FOR RUSSIA’S FUTURE 25

ISLAMIC TERRORISM IN NIGERIA

XENOPHOBIA AND THE RECURRING REFLECTION OF THE TERM "YELLOW PERIL"

HEADLINES WE COULDN'T COVER

TECH & DESIGN

PERSEVERANCE, THE ROVER

HOW 3D PRINTING SAVE ANIMAL LIVES

PIE 71 OPINION 73 IS SOCIAL MEDIA HARMFUL? 79 SHOULD WE TEACH CRITICAL RACE THEORY IN SCHOOLS? 81 WHAT BOOK HAS THE MOST ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF MODERN SOCIETY AND IT’S MOTIFS, THEMES, AND UNDERLYING COMPLEXITY?

WHAT IS SECTION 230?

SCIENCE

STELLAR EVOLUTION, EXPLAINED

A NEW SPACE RACE

87 MEMBER OF THE MONTH

SCIENCE BEHIND LUCK

89 SPONSORS

83 DO DRESS CODES CREATE A HARMFUL MENTALITY?

art

media

the true

crime craze

More people than ever are interested in true crime and why people do terrible things. This article will explain a timeline of how it started and how it has affected modern culture.

page 7-8

fro

STEM to

A look into how S STEAM and w

art

media

new and trending

this month

A quick glimpse of what this month presented in terms of media.

page 11-13

o STEAM

TEM has become what STEAM is.

page 9-10

written by Hafiza Samath edited by Geethikaa Tarra, Shoffana Sundaramoorthy, & Harvi Karatha There has been a rising trend (not only among teens) but among young adults, working adults, and even elders regarding true crime. Everyone is obsessed with crime movies, podcasts, documentaries, etc. However, what exactly is the reasoning behind the international, cross-generational obsession with true crime stories? Psychologist Dr. Meg Arroll laid down that our obsession with crime stories stems from allowing us to explore the darker side of nature in a safe way. (Thorp, C, 2019) Psychologist Emma Kenny believed that watching crime shows can “trigger chemical reactions in our bodies, while also affirming our moral views about right and wrong”. (Cooper, KL, 2019). Author Caitlin Rother said, “We want some insight into the psychology of a killer, partly so we can learn how to protect our families and ourselves, but also because we are simply fascinated by aberrant behaviour and the many paths that twisted perceptions can take.” (Thorp, C, 2019)

the CRIME Dr. Elizabeth Rutha, a licensed clinical psychologist at Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago, told AHC Health News that our fascination begins when we are young. Even as kids, we are drawn to the tension between good and evil: crime embodies our fascination with that dynamic. The true crime craze could also have started because of the constant crime news portrayed in the media everywhere around the world. Since the ‘50s, we have been bombarded with accounts of crime stories that probably came to real fruition in the ‘70s. Dr. Michael Mantell, former chief psychologist of the San Diego Police Department, said in 2009 that

true CRAZE “our fascination with crime is equaled by our fear of crime.” Later, he noted that “The media understands, if it bleeds, it leads. And probably 25 to 30 percent of most television news today deals with crime particularly personal crime and murder.” (McCarthy, E, 2018) Evolutionary psychologists state that we are interested on these stories as murder, rape and theft are a significant part in human society since our hunter-gatherer days (Widerquist, K & S. McCall, G, 2017). It is in our nature to be aware and responsive to criminal misdemeanors. By nature, we would want to discover the ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’ and ‘where’ so that we are able to find out what makes one a criminal to better protect ourselves and others around us against them.

art & layout by Sahithi Lingampalli Various studies have shown that women in particular seem to love true crime, and psychologists are confident that it’s because they are obtaining tips on ways to increase their chances of survival if they find themselves immersed in a dangerous situation. (McCarthy, E, 2018). A study published in 2010 (McCarthy, E, 2018) found that women were more keen than men to true crime books that has tips on how to defend themselves against attackers; they were more likely to be interested in books that contained information about a killer’s motives than men; and also they were more likely to select books that had female victims. Amanda Vicary, the study's lead author, told the Huffington Post (Smith, P, 2018) that “by learning about murders—who is more likely to be a murderer, how do these crimes happen, who are the victims, etc.— people are also learning about ways to prevent becoming a victim themselves.” As such, it is now evident that we’re a nation of true crime addicts. The popularity of this genre can be due to our natural human interest making us curious about the dark and the different, but it’s fascinating to see that it can also be because we want to learn how to protect ourselves from harm.

written by Anvitha Mattapalli edited by Dominique Suniadji & Uday Lingampalli

We’ve all heard of STEM: science, technology, engineering and mathematics. These fields are evident in every aspect of our daily lives. It is through enhancement and innovation in these fields that will move our nation and world forward, both in bridging gender gaps and taking on global challenges. Now, many people are advocating to include the arts literature, music, drama and visual arts - in STEM. Others are more hesitant in changing the original STEM. Each side has ample evidence and reasoning to support their claims, and it is only through understanding both sides that we will be able to decide which direction to take STEM in. Those who support including the arts in STEM argue that the roots of STEM come from analyzing and applying knowledge in real-life situations. The arts can only further amplify these ideas. Art is more than words on a paper or colors on a canvas; it is an example of creative thinking. Art provides a unique understanding of the world and portrayal of knowledge. Art also suggests new and creative methods to solve problems, corresponding

FROM

TO ST directly to the initial idea behind STEM. An example of this would be architects, who use STEM as well as art to construct their shelters, businesses, stores, hotels and more. They actively use art in addition to STEM in their careers to improve the world. Supporters of STEAM also recognize the unique background each individual has and aims to include all. As Dr. Azi Jamalian, head of education strategy at LittleBits, states, “Incorporating design, art, and reading into STEM is a way for anyone, regardless of their technical ability, to be exposed to [STEAM] in a highly impactful and engaging way. It should be accessible to everyone no matter what their background, gender, or comfort level with technology is” (Trachta, 2018). Individuals may not be as exposed to technology due to their background, but still have the problem solving skills and qualities that STEM advocates for. Adding the arts is a way to respect others and include them in opportunities that they deserve. Others believe that including the

STEM

TEAM

arts in STEM takes away from bridging the gender gap, the other integral idea behind STEM. In 2019, only 29% of workers in STEM industries were female. Their salaries were roughly 11% less than their male counterparts (Catalyst, 2020). Highlighting STEM as its own acronym advocates to bridge the gender gap in these fields. The arts, on the other hand, are split almost evenly: 50% male, 50% female (Nine Dot Arts, 2016). The arts have no gender gap, while science, technology, engineering and mathematics have glaringly disproportionate gender ratios. Because STEM works towards bridging the gender gaps they have while the arts don’t have gender gaps to bridge, some claim that including the arts in STEM would take away from this key aspect.

layout by Shoffana Sundaramoorthy art by Evelyn Chen

Moreover, those who oppose STEAM dig into how the arts would contribute to STEM. Arts would be responsible not for painting, writing and acting, but for creative thinking and problem solving. Many argue that these skills are already embedded in STEM. They do not need to be highlighted as part of the arts, because they pertain to all STEM fields. Many also realize that the majority of US companies repeatedly request Congress, such as through the STEM Jobs Act, to offer permanent residency to foreign individuals with STEM degrees. Experts in STEM are needed during these times and are currently in shortage. There are no such requests for foreign individuals with art degrees. STEAM supporters claim that the arts will include more people and enhance problem solving skills, while STEM supporters claim that the arts will blind the public from gender gap issues and repeat skills necessary for STEM. Despite your view on STEM vs STEAM, we can all agree that the arts play an important role in our lives and are worth pursuing.

new and tr

mon LAST WEEK

Up Cardi B

Streets

Dynamite

On the Ground

Baila Conmigo

New

Re-Enter

Doja Cat

BTS

Rose

Selena Gomez and Rauw Alejandro

PEAK

WKS ON CHART

music movies

Price $8

(PG, 96% Rotten Tomatoes, 7.5/10 IMDb)

Seat No. 56A

Raya & The Last Dragon Admit 1 Ticket No. 532856

ending this rending

nth

by Ashmita Annamalai layout by Vrinda Gandhi

Ginny & Georgia (68% Rotten Tomatoes, 7.3/10 IMDb, ⅗ Common Sense Media)

True Beauty (8.1/10 IMDb) Love Alarm (7.3/10 IMDb)

shows

WandaVision (91% Rotten Tomatoes, 8.2/10 IMDb)

The Penthouse: War in Life (8.1/10 IMDb) Love Alarm Season 2 (not released yet, but confirmed)

television

Grammy Awards

this month

trending new and

references the true crime craze

Cooper, KL. (2019, April 1). Is our growing obsession with true crime a problem? BBC. Retrieved From: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47474996 McCarthy, E. (2018, October 10). 12 Reasons We Love True Crime, According to the Experts. Mental Floss. Retrieved From: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/633948/gifts-true-crime-fans?utm_content=infinitescroll1 Smith, P. (2018, April 05). This Is Your Brain On True Crime Stories. Huffpost. Retrieved From: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/psychological-reasons-you-love-true-crime-stories_n_5ac39559e4b09712fec4b143 Thorpe, C. (2019, September 9). Why are we obsessed with true crime? The Telegraph. Retrieved From: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/a-confession/why-do-we-love-true-crime/ Widerquist, K & S. McCall, G. (2017). Nasty & Brutish? An Empirical Assessment of the Violence Hypothesis. The Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved From: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0523b.13?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

from STEM to STEAM

Catalyst. (2020, August 4). Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Quick Take. Retrieved from https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem/ Nine Dot Arts. (2016, May 31). Gender in the art world, a look at the NUMBERS. Retrieved from https://ninedotarts.com/gender-in-the-art-world-a-look-at-the-numbers/ Dunning, B. (2013, May 14). Can We Be Clear on Something? It’s STEM, Not STEAM. Skepticblog. Retrieved from https://www.skepticblog.org/2013/03/14/stem-not-steam/ Feldman, A. (2015, June 16). Why we need to put the arts into STEM education. Slate Magazine. Retrieved from https://slate.com/technology/2015/06/steam-vs-stem-why-we-need-to-put-the-arts-into-stem-education.html Shelley. (2020, August 1). What is STEM? What is STEAM? The key is integration. Steam Powered Family. Retrieved from https://www.steampoweredfamily.com/education/what-is-stem/ Trachta, A. (2018, April 25). STEM vs. STEAM vs. STREAM: What's the Difference? Niche. Retrieved from https://www.niche.com/blog/stem-vs-steam-vs-stream/

new and trending this month

The Hot 100 Chart. Billboard. (n.d.). https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100. IMDb.com. (n.d.). Ratings, Reviews, and Where to Watch the Best Movies & TV Shows. IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/. Movies: TV Shows: Movie Trailers: Reviews. Rotten Tomatoes. (n.d.). https://www.rottentomatoes.com/. Reviews for what your kids want to watch (before they watch it): Common Sense Media. Common Sense Media: Ratings, reviews, and advice. (n.d.). https://www.commonsensemedia.org/.

politi world

canada's hidden history of oppression

putin vs. navalny

Canada has been just as awful to minorities as the United States, we’re just better at hiding it. This article will talk about all of the ways that the Canadian government has harmed minorities; such as internment camps and residential schools.

Alexei Navalny has been sent to the infamous N2 labor camp in Russia by Putin’s government, following much media attention over his poisoning and subsequent return to Russia. This article discusses who Navalny is, why Putin hates him, how he ended up here, and what could happen moving forward.

ics & events islamic terrorism in nigeria

xenophobia & the term "yellow peril"

Following the kidnapping of over 300 students from a boarding school in Nigeria, this article will discuss how the rise of Boko Haram and other jihadist groups in West Africa have come up and the effects they have had on Nigeria.

The abuse Asians are facing in the U.S. have been brought to light after a German radio host made various racial comments towards the Korean band BTS. This article will focus on the impact of the racial comments and the deeper racial implication, & the abuse the Asian community experiences during the Pandemic.

canada's hidden history of oppression by parker mcelroy edited by neve walker, uday lingampalli, & harvi karatha art by juee deshmukh layout by sahithi lingampalli to the rest of the world,

Canada is seen as the place where Americans go to get away from racism and sexism but still be in a place with a similar culture. Canada is pictured as a sort of utopia where the Prime Minister goes to pride parades, and everyone gets along. The truth could not be farther away from that. Sure, Canada is pretty cool, but what the rest of the world doesn't see is its dark history that has been covered up for centuries, effectively stopping any progress being made towards owning their mistakes and reconciling with the affected groups. The most well-known example of Canada being less than great is probably residential schools. What Canadian students learn is that residential schools were governmentsponsored schools meant to assimilate Indigenous people into the

Western world by teaching them English and educating them about Western culture. What they don’t learn in school is that the children were torn away from their families and taken to these schools to be brutally beaten and even sexually abused any time they spoke in their native language or did not meet the school expectations. An estimated 6,000 children died in residential schools as a result of abuse, malnutrition or escape attempts in harsh weather. Over 130 residential schools operated in Canada beginning in 1831. The last residential school closed in 1996. An often overlooked part of Canadian history are the Japanese internment camps that were operated during World War 2. The history of anti-Asian discrimination in Canada is not taught in schools. From personal research, you can learn that after Pearl Harbor, the Canadian federal government shut down Japanese owned establishments, and confiscated cameras and short-wave radios belonging to Japanese people. In 1942, the federal government removed approximately 23,000 Japanese-Canadians from the British Columbia coast and sent them to camps in B.C where they were forced

to work and were treated inhumanely, much like the concentration camps in Europe and America. Of the 23,000 people removed from their homes, over 75% of them were Canadian citizens, many of them being born in Canada and never having stepped foot in Japan. An apology from the federal government was not issued until 1988. Like America, Canada also has a history of segregation. Although slavery was made illegal in 1834, segregation lasted for much longer. When public schools were created in the early 1800’s, the provincial governments made separate schools for black students and tampered with zone boundaries to keep black students from attending white schools. The last racially segregated school closed in 1983. Land ownership deeds often included clauses that prevented the sale or lease of the land to people of color, and major cities passed legislation that prevented black families from purchasing homes outside of a certain area. Black adults were forced to work in service jobs instead of higher-paying sectors, even if they had the necessary education. Although Jim Crow laws didn't exist in Canada, redlining and other racially discriminatory practices did, and they have affected our culture in much the same way that segregation practices affected America.

These topics and many more are all things that were monumentally important to the development of the government and minority communities across Canada, yet they are almost always left out of the history books. Although the outside world views Canada as having overcome its shameful past, Canadians never really dealt with it in the first place. Racially motivated police brutality still exists, like in the case of Regis Korchinski-Paquet, and Indigenous people face disproportionate amounts of homelessness and addiction as a result of trauma that was left buried. Canada needs to start owning up to its mistakes, and it starts with acknowledging them and informing the world.

THE

STRUG

One hundred kilometers east of Moscow, Russia, in a field just south of the town of Pokrov, lies a complex of drab gray buildings. Enclosed within a corrugated fence and layers of razor wire, the only entrance to this facility is a small gate down a long unpaved road from the town, blocked by formidable guards and dogs. This compound is Russia’s most notorious prison camp, known as Vladimir Oblast’s Corrective Colony No. 2, or by its initials in Russian, IK-2. Behind these walls, numerous unspeakable acts and horrifying human rights violations have occurred, on a spectrum from beatings to what countless former inmates have referred to as a ‘system of psychological torture’.

This direct successor of the Soviet Union’s gulags bans reading, writing, and often speaking in order to deprive inmates of their senses, voice, and by extension, their humanity. And hidden in this prison colony by the cement, cameras, and razor wire, is Alexei Navalny, a man whose plight captured the world’s attention, right before he disappeared from our eyes. Having just survived a nearly lethal poisoning by a nerve agent, he is the one man Putin fears the most, and his imprisonment in IK-2 is the president’s way of isolating him from the world. Yet there is a reason Navalny and the thousands of people supporting him keep on fighting against the status quo in Russia. Because the reality is that Putin’s government is a lot more ugly than it seems, not just for foreign countries, but also for Russians themselves.

FOR

GGLE THE PUTIN PREDICAMENT Vladimir Putin became the president of Russia in 1999, on the eve of the new millennium, succeeding former Soviet politician Boris Yeltsin. He had formerly been a spy for the KGB, the USSR’s infamous intelligence agency, working as an undercover informant in East Germany. He entered public office in the immediate aftermath of the Soviet Union’s collapse, with the new Russian Federation weak, and having lost control of most business interests formerly controlled by the Soviet Communist Party. These many businesses are quickly taken by a handful of extremely wealthy men who become even richer now due to this opportunity. These billionaires are known as oligarchs, and they gain a massive amount of political power. Putin, now serving as a low-level public officer, discreetly surrounds himself with important individuals and makes strategic alliances with these billionaires and crime bosses.

He becomes very close to Yeltsin and begins to shape his governmental philosophy with his espionage background. He brutally suppresses an insurgency in Chechnya, killing thousands, but controlling the information flow to the public so as to make him extremely popular and a household Russian name. When Yeltsin steps down, Putin wins the election to replace him, with a landslide. Immediately following his ascension to the top, Putin suppressed the media and reformed the legal system to be easily susceptible to direct influence from his office. He was able to control the oligarchy through this, by imprisoning any billionaire who opposed him on false charges

In this way, he has control over the power of the oligarchs, and in return, both Putin and the billionaires treat themselves to huge amounts of money from the Russian taxpayers. While the Russian media claims that Putin lives a modest life without many luxuries, this propaganda machine controlled by his government manages to gloss over Putin’s lavish mansions and palaces all over the country, not to mention all of the other extravagant facets of his life, such as his $700,000 USD wristwatch collection. Through his grip on the media, he has established a personality cult centered around him, with many Russians believing he is a world-class marksman, horseback rider, and diver. Essentially, Putin’s entire government and his power structure are fundamentally reliant on enormous amounts of corruption, embezzlement, and sedition. In addition, his activities all over the world are deeply concerning, including the invasion of Crimea, Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, and interference in the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections.

Many have attempted to speak out against these practices, but Putin has been lethal in his response. Alexander Litvinenko, one of the early critics of Putin’s regime, was poisoned by the radioactive isotope polonium-210, dying 22 days later in London from radiation poisoning. After massive protests in 2011 led by many prominent opposition leaders, most of these figures disappeared. Most notably, critic Boris Nemtsov was murdered with four bullets to his back on a bridge right next to the Kremlin. In fact, after the 2011 protests, only one main opposition leader remained.

This man was

NAVALNY'S RISE Back in 2000, in the midst of Putin’s initial renovation of the Russian government, 24-year-old lawyer Alexei Navalny is a recent university graduate and joins the Yabloko political party. However, as Putin seizes power, he also changes the political landscape to secure his power. In order to prevent anyone from defeating him and his party in the election, election races are manipulated so that the only candidates are, his party and a bunch of weak contrasting candidates from puppet parties, controlled by Putin. In this way, Putin is able to split the vote of anyone opposing him, and guarantee his victory.

Before this, however, in 2006, Navalny began a blog where he made posts specifically targeting Putin. Over the years, these posts eventually evolved to become less of some random blog, and more professional investigative journalism. In 2010, he published his findings of $4 billion USD having been stolen from Transneft, a state-owned pipeline company. He provided evidence from internal documents that he had gained access to, by becoming a minor shareholder in the corporation, which provided conclusive proof of taxpayer money being diverted to offshore accounts, to the oligarchs controlling Transneft.

The next year, the tension caused massive protests to break out in Russia, after which Navalny was the only one of the aforementioned opposition leaders who was not arrested or killed. Many, including the mother of Boris Nemstov, believed Navalny to be in great danger of being eliminated next. However, he continued to grow his following and spread his message, building a larger online presence with his YouTube channel. Currently, this channel has 6.52 million subscribers and 1.1 billion total views. On it, Navalny posts damning videos exposing seemingly every aspect of the Russian government to have malfeasance and fraud ingrained in itself. From mayoral elections to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, nothing is safe from his lens of anticorruption. His videos became extremely popular in Russia, each one receiving over one million hits. In 2018, he announced his candidacy for that year’s presidential election, not to win, but to make a statement against Putin. Even after dropping out, he encouraged what he called “Smart Voting”, or uniting the opposition vote to one puppet candidate in order to destabilize Putin’s power. All of this activity had worried the Russian government, and Navalny got into some legal issues over the years, most notably when they tried to arrest him on false charges of embezzlement.

due to Russian doctors faking blood test results, Navalny was flown out to Berlin, where he recovered for the next few months. After investigating his own murder and pretending to be a Russian intelligence officer in order to get a confession over the phone from the agent who poisoned him, Navalny decided it was time to return to Russia to face his certain arrest and incite dissent. Sure enough, police arrested him on false embezzlement charges again immediately after he landed in Moscow, and he was sentenced to two years and eight months in the IK-2 prison camp, where he is today. In a message sent from inside the prison, he describes the conditions as not as bad as they used to be, but inhumane nonetheless. His detention has sparked outrage throughout Russia, with the largest protests since 2011 occurring all over the nation, met with brutal resistance from law enforcement.

The poisoning and arrest of Alexei Navalny have made headlines all across the world, with intense international condemnation. Most nations have made statements calling for Navalny’s release and a full investigation into the attempt on his life. The United States, in addition to their attempts to interfere in their 2020 presidential election, have imposed sanctions on Russia due to their treatment of Navalny, with President Joe Biden calling Putin “a killer”. The reaction to this development has been larger than ever before for Russia, and the flame that Navalny ignited is not about to be extinguished now. There is a cultural and political revolution brewing in Russia, and the longer Putin tries to stop it,

YAJ JHAJHRIA NEVE WALKER & UDAY LINGAMPALLI INCHARA J SAHITHI LINGAMPALLI

Islamic Terrorism in Nigeria

Islamic extremist groups have been on the rise in the last couple of decades. Groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS have made mainstream media through dangerous actions like 9/11, assassinations, and hostage situations. Most of the time, these groups only gain attention in western media when there is an attack on a western country, but violence occurs in other parts of the world as well without getting acknowledged, and the effects are devastating.

Boko Haram is one such group. Founded in 2002, the group believes that corruption in Nigeria is caused by western influences and vows to uproot it at all costs. Boko Haram has been at the center of massive acts of violence in Nigeria. In 2010, the group bombed Christian neighborhoods, and in 2011, a suicide bomber crashed into the United Nations in Abuja. All of their attacks have been enacted under the guise of freeing Nigeria from the shackles of westernization, but they have also harmed pedestrians who are native to their country.

Africa has, unfortunately, been used as a sort of base of operations by extremist groups for years now, and that phenomenon has only grown as the groups themselves have. Poorer regions in Africa have been specifically targeted by these terrorist groups because they often have little to no means to fight back against these invasions, making them easy targets. Because of the influence of these extremist groups in Africa, new groups have begun to appear that focus solely on what they believe to be injustices in their countries.

ISIS, Boko Haram, and Al-Qaeda are all groups that formed based on Jihadism, a western word used to describe Islamic terrorism. The word “jihad” is used in Islam to describe the struggle that Muslims go through to defend their faith, but it has been used in mainstream media as a negative term that almost ostracizes their religion. Muslims believe in nonviolence, like many religions and only sporadically use “jihad” to describe a just war. It is important to note this because the terror enacted by these groups has contributed greatly to global Islamophobia, even though they go directly against the beliefs of Islam.

These groups have been on the rise since the devastating effects of the Cold War on the globe, and they will most likely continue to grow. The role that religion has continued to play in politics and the leadership in Nigeria (after it was colonized) have only fuelled the fire of domestic and global terrorism. The actions of Islamic extremists have instilled terror in the Nigerian people and a global stigma around the Islamic religion and Africa as a whole.

The solution to this problem is not obvious, but continued bombings and counter-terrorism attacks by the West are hurting innocent civilians more than the terrorists themselves. The general public needs to make efforts to educate themselves about this situation and place pressure on their governments to work with the affected countries and not against them because nothing has changed, and if we don't act soon, nothing will.

written by Parker McElroy edited by Neve Walker, Harvi Karatha, & Cindy Zhang layout by Aathmika Radhachandran art by Sharon Pan

Xenophobia

and the Recurring Reflect

Racism has been around for centuries, and only seems to be getting worse, as its effects extend across many different communities. Racism is especially prominent in many industries where people like to separate Western from Foreign— namely, the music industry. A German host on Bayern3 Radio, Matthias Matuschik, found himself under fire after making several racist comments towards K-Pop group, BTS. The host started off by deriding BTS’s cover of Fix You by Coldplay as “blasphemy” and compared the boyband to COVID-19, referring to them as “some crappy virus that hopefully will have a vaccine for it soon as well”. This the only racial comment he made. However, following the segment, Matuschik did not issue an apology, instead claiming that he has “nothing against South Korea” and that audiences “can’t accuse [him] of xenophobia only because this boy band is from South Korea”. Matuschik continued his defense by saying, “I have a car from South Korea. I have the coolest car around.”

He went on to add that BTS “will be vacationing in North Korea for the next 20 years” as a “self-punishment” for the cover. Following these remarks, the radio station sent out apologies that enraged people around the world even more. An apology from the radio station read, “This is his personal opinion of taste, regardless of the band’s origin and cultural background. You don’t have to share this taste, just like the quite rough expression.” The radio show then asserted that, due to Matuschik’s involvement in charity work, he could not exhibit any xenophobic or racist behavior. Instead of quelling anger from audiences, these statements from the radio station further incensed people. Comments on Twitter read, “Had a long FaceTime call with my Cousins from the US today who asked me if everything was okay with that German radio host. So you’re telling me people across the world know and the Germans still don’t bother to care?” “The fact that the “made in Korea” car owner hasn’t been fired is alarming. Hate crimes towards Asians are increasing day by day, what he said might reinforce more hates towards Asians.”

tion of the Term “Yellow Peril” written by Neve Walker & Ashna Ahmed edited by Cindy Zhang layout by Arushi Patil art by Nivi Chozan

The comments made by the radio host and “apologies” by the radio show have been trending on Twitter by the hashtags: “#Bayern3Racist” “#RacismIsNotAnOpinion” “#RacismBayern3”. Many Western artists such as Halsey, LAUV, Max, and Zara Larsson have also stepped up to defend BTS and the Asian community. Because of the outbreak of COVID19, there have been new waves of racism against the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, as many have faced discrimination, violence, and harassment from the public. AAPI children and students have also been experiencing harassment due to incendiary statements blaming the outbreak of COVID-19 on China. Sadly, it is not uncommon for marginalized groups to be targeted during disease outbreaks. In fact, the AAPI community faced similar discrimination as a result of the 2003 SARS outbreak. Although viruses don’t discriminate between race, ethnicity, nationality, or immigration status, racism and misinformation does.

headlines we couldn't cover

Gun Sales In 2020, gun sales jumped by 64%, nearly 20,000 dead

Deportations Despite the political crisis in Haiti, deportations rise under Biden administration.

COVID-19 Health system risks collapse in Brazil as COVID death toll exceeds 300k.

Death Penalty Virginia becomes first southern state to abolish death penalty.

Suez Canal Ship stuck in Suez Canal costs the global economy 400 million an hour

layout by vrinda gandhi

references canada's hidden history of oppression Miller, J.R. (2012, October 10). Residential schools in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools Facing History and Ourselves. (n.d.) Punishment and Abuse. Retrieved from: https://www.facinghistory.org/stolen-lives-indigenous-peoples-canada-and-indian-residential-schools/chapter4/punishment-and-abuse McRae, M. (n.d.) Japanese Canadian internment and the struggle for redress. Canadian Museum for Human Rights. Retrieved from: https://humanrights.ca/story/japanese-canadian-internment-and-the-struggle-forredress#:~:text=Approximately%2012%2C000%20people%20were%20forced,of%20war%20camps%20in%20Ontario. Henry, N.L. (2019, May 28). Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada

putin vs. navalny Troianovski, A. (2021, March 19). Navalny Greets Supporters From Prison: ‘Our Friendly Concentration Camp.’. The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/world/europe/aleksei-navalny-prison-instagram.html Merz, T. (2021, March 18). 'Takes one to know one': Putin-Biden spat escalates after 'killer' accusation. The Guardian. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/18/putin-wishes-biden-good-health-as-officials-demand-us-apology

islamic terrorism in nigeria

ALVI, H. (2019). Terrorism in Africa: The Rise of Islamist Extremism and Jihadism. Insight Turkey, 21(1), 111-132. Retrieved March 21, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26776050 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 26). Boko Haram. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boko-Haram Gladstone, R., & Specia, M. (2020, November 14). Nigeria's Police Brutality Crisis: What's Happening Now. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/sars-nigeria-police.html#link-60f46e39. Islam. History. (2018, January 5). https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam. Kkienerm. (0AD). Counter-Terrorism Approchaes: The African region. UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-5/key-issues/african-region.html Moss, K. (2018). (rep.). Nigerian Terror: The Rise of Boko Haram (pp. 2–122). Harrisonburg, VA: James Madison University.

xenophobia & the term "yellow peril" CBC/Radio Canada. (2021, February 27). German radio station apologizes after host compares K-pop band BTS to coronavirus. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/german-radio-host-bts-kpop-coronavirus-comparison-1.5930416. Lee, M. (2021, March 9). Coronavirus fears show how 'model minority' Asian Americans become the 'yellow peril'. NBCNews. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/coronavirus-fears-show-how-model-minority-asian-americans-become-yellowncna1151671. Somos, C. (2021, February 26). BTS fans decry German radio host's racist rant about the K-pop group. CTVNews. https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/bts-fans-decry-german-radio-host-s-racist-rant-about-the-k-pop-group-1.5325721. Song, S. (2021, March 2). The Deeper Racial Implications of Comparing BTS to COVID-19. PAPER. https://www.papermag.com/racial-implications-bts-covid-19-2650849282.html?rebelltitem=8#rebelltitem8.

tech & desig Perseverance, the Rover The tech from Perseverance and how it will prove to be the most advanced rover we’ve ever made and how it can help us.

pg 33-36

How 3D Printing Save Animal Lives Over the last couple of years, advancements in prosthetics and 3D printing have helped give animals like Mr. Stubbs the alligator and Triumph the koala a second chance, this article explores how.

pg 37-38

& n What is Section 230? Section 230 has been mentioned a ton in modern media, but few know what it actually is. This article will cover what it is and why it's important.

pg 39-41

perseve the February 18, 2021 11:50 UTC A small, socially-distanced congregation hunches over a room filled with computers. Sweat beads on their foreheads as an announcer rattles off readings over a speakerphone. Silence, then a roar. Perseverance has landed. Since that ground-breaking day, Perseverance (or Percy for short) has been the center of media attention as a pillar for modern space exploration. Even though Perseverance is less capable than a smartphone, it still packs a punch in terms of the level of engineering and ingenuity that went into its design (1). Here is a comprehensive look at all the major parts and their functionality in the mission to find alien life.

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Power To power all the various tools and components for the whole mission, Perseverance uses a sample of plutonium. This radioactive chemical gives off heat as it undergoes a process called radioactive decay. This heat is then converted inside the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) into electricity for the rover to use. This same system has been used in previous missions such as on the Curiosity rover, both the Voyager missions and many more.

Ingenuity

SHERLOC

One of the highlights of the mission is the small aircraft that tagged along for the ride called Ingenuity (nicknamed Ginny). It was the first helicopter to take flight on the martian surface. This is particularly important because the atmosphere of Mars is only about 1% as dense as on earth, making initial lift-off much harder to accomplish (4). To solve this, the blades spin up to 2400 rotations per minute.

Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals, or SHERLOC for short, is a set of high resolution cameras and lasers angled toward the ground that aim to detect signs of biochemistry. It allows for chemical components to be recognized and provides a short term analysis of the soil compared to the more in depth samples mentioned in the Drill section.

Drill

Mast

The reason for Perseverance’s exploration to Mars is to extract samples from the ground in search of life. For this reason, NASA chose the Octavia E. Butler LandingJezero Crater as the landing location to prove previous theories regarding the existence of water. However, in order to obtain these samples, Perseverance uses a rotary percussive drill to bore into the soil or rock. Then, it packages the samples for a future mission to bring back to earth where more comprehensive studies can be done on these first samples from another planet in a lab environment.

The mast contains another set of cameras and sensors. These are elevated to a height resembling that of a human to provide a view of Mars as if we were right there.

written by Maya Krolik edited by Jeet Parikh, Harvi Karatha, & Nivi Chozhan layout by Inchara J art by Juee Deshmukh

RIMFAX Also known as Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment, RIMFAX uses radar to peel away the geographic layers of Mars and understand the layers not visible to the other sensors on the rover. Such instrumentation has never been placed on Mars which is all the more exciting since RIMFAX is also able to detect ice and water up to 30 feet below the ground(Author, year).

There are hundreds of more tiny surprises hidden among the delicate machinery of Perseverance and Ingenuity, and these components are the game changers that will open up new possibilities in space exploration. The discoveries and challenges that we as humans will make on the surface of Mars are bound to take us into the depths of space.

Other name(s)

Mars 2020 rover, Percy

Manufacturer

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Length

2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)

Diameter

2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)

Height

2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)

Launch mass

1,025 kg (2,260 lb)

Power

110 W (0.15 hp)

H O W

S A V E S

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A N I M

written by pa When you think of prosthetics, you think of an arm or a leg, but what about a tail? Just like humans, animals come in all shapes and sizes, and sometimes they suffer through tragedies that leave them requiring extra help to accomplish daily tasks. Advancements in animal prosthetics have helped many different animals get back to living their normal lives, even if it may take some getting used to. Much like human prosthetics, animal prosthetics are tailored to the user and come in all different types of materials. In the past, wheels have been immensely popular for pets without legs. This can be seen in the case of an Indian star tortoise who lost her front right leg in a mongoose attack, or the many, many dogs who use wheelchairs to get around. With 3D printing becoming more advanced and accessible, prosthetics can be tailored even better and become more suitable for the specific animal.

More versatile prosthetics means a wider variety of ailments that can be alleviated. A good example of this is tortoise shells. A tortoise’s shell is its main protection against the outside world, and they can get very sick or even die if their shell is damaged. With 3D scanning and printing technologies, we are able to scan the remaining shell to tailor the prosthetic and print out an exact replica that will keep the tortoise safe. This has been seen in the case of a tortoise in Brazil who was unfortunately injured in a forest fire and got a custom painted 3D shell, as well as in the case of George the tortoise, who got run over by a car and was featured on TV getting fitted with his new duds. 3D printing has also helped create more flexible prosthetics for a wider variety of animals. Just look at Mr. Stubbs, the alligator. Mr. Stubbs lost his tail while being trafficked illegally, and was rescued in 2013.

P R I N T I N G

M A L S

L I V E S

arker mcelroy Humans started fitting Mr. Stubbs with tails as soon as he was rescued, but there wasn't a ton of access to reliable 3D printing technology. It was mostly trial and error with different methods, like casting the tail of a dead alligator, before gaining access to a 3D scanner. They used this to create a tail for Stubbs in much the same fashion as the shell that was made for George. Another, more recent example of prosthetic success is Triumph, the koala. Triumph was born without a foot and was brought to a rescue center when he was found next to his dying mother. Triumph's caretaker attempted to order a prosthetic from an American company, but the company was unable to succeed. Eventually, a dentist made a design that was able to provide grip for climbing while fitting Triumph perfectly, and Triumph has become a whole new koala since.

Prosthetics are tricky, and animal prosthetics are no exception. If the new leg is too long or the tail is too heavy, it will throw the animal completely off-balance, and make it that much harder to get around. Even though animal prosthetics can be an expensive and arduous process, I think we can all agree that our furry (or not furry) friends deserve only the best. Providing prosthetics for endangered species, such as the Indian star turtle, can also help preserve ecosystems and help protect the species from further injuries. Prosthetics have come so far for humans and animals alike, and in the future this technology will be able to help even more creatures all across the globe. E D I T E D

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In 1996, the US Senate passed a piece of legislation famously known as the 26 words that created the internet: the Provision of the Communication Decency Act (Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act).

The 1996 Communications Decency Act is a landmark U.S. law that protects social media companies such as Twitter and Facebook from the content

liability of their users’ posts. The tech industry claims that the provision allows the internet to flourish. However, critics say companies aren’t doing enough to combat harmful content and are going too far with censorship.

Section 230 also offers a legal shield to bloggers who act as intermediaries by hosting comments on their blogs. Under this law, bloggers are not liable for comments left by readers, the work of guest bloggers, tips sent via email or the information received through RSS, Really Simple Syndication, feeds. This legal protection can still hold even if a blogger is aware of the objectionable content or makes editorial judgments. (Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d) Whenever there are discussions in regards to the

statute, its defenders—including many tech companies—argue that any alteration could hamper online discussion. There is also a concern that the law’s immunity is too broad. Websites trading in revenge pornography, hate speech or personal information to harass people online receive the same immunity as sites like Wikipedia (Suzor, NP, 2019).“ It gives immunity to people who do not earn it and are not worthy of it,” (Wakabayashi, D, 2019) said a law professor at Boston University who had written extensively on the subject. Sen. Ron Wyden and Rep. Chris Cox built Section 230 so that website owners could moderate sites without worrying about legal liability (Stewart, E, 2019). Although the law covers many sites and services (including news outlets that have

comment sections), the law is particularly crucial for social media networks. The section also gives social media sites the ability to regulate content (such as hate speech) on their platforms: "No provider or user of an interactive computer service... shall be held liable on account of any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected" (Legal information Institute, n.d).This specific text protects social media sites against claims from people who say the First Amendment gives them the power to post whatever they would like (as long as it's not illegal) without it being entirely removed off the internet.

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Too many Democrats, the law allows tech companies to avoid doing more to reduce hate speech and disinformation online. To Trump and some other Republicans, it shields tech

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However, there is opposition to the law; both the former president of the U.S Donald Trump and the current president, Joe Biden have called for the repeal of Section 230. Nancy Pelosi, an American Politician, has called the law a “gift” to the tech industry that could be taken away (Bovard, R, 2021).

companies from the consequences of censoring conservative voices (Morisson, S, 2021). Joe Biden is less vocal than Trump about Section 230, yet he is not a fan of the law. In January 2020, Biden proposed revoking Section 230 completely (Newton, C, 2020). Biden hasn’t advanced a specific agenda for this legislation since the election. In December 2020, however, a Biden advisor suggested “throwing out” Section 230 and developing new legislation by emphasizing that the rule allowed children to view disturbing material online.

references Perseverance, the Rover NASA. (n.d.). Learn About the Rover. NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/. NASA. (n.d.). Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Exploration (RIMFAX). NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/rimfax/. Tran, T. (2021, February 20). NASA's New Mars Rover Is Less Powerful Than Many Smartphones. Futurism. https://futurism.com/the-byte/nasas-new-mars-rover-is-less-powerful-than-many-smartphones. Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, March 24). Perseverance (rover). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_(rover). Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, March 26). Ingenuity (helicopter). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter).

How 3D Printing Save Animal Lives Ashworth, B. (2020, December 21). Pet Prosthetics Get a Boost From 3D Printing. WIRED. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/story/pet-prosthetics-3d-printing/ Howard, BC. (2016, June 17). Amputee Tortoise Gets Moving With Wheels. National Geographic. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/turle-with-wheels-indian-star-tortoise-chennai-zoo Webb, K. (2018, March 30). Acreage tortoise with 3-D printed shell to be featured on Nat Geo Wild. FHN Radio. Retrieved from: https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/acreage-tortoise-with-printed-shell-featured-nat-geowild/cNOUtczsdyGFY4U3fcdYrO/ Thorbecke, C. (2016, May 23). Tortoise Burned in Fire Gets Custom 3-D-Printed Shell. ABC News. Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/International/tortoise-burned-fire-custom-3d-printed-shell/story?id=39306133 Hertzberg, R. (2018, August 14). How 3D Printing Helped Mr. Stubbs, The Tailless Alligator. National Geographic. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/alligator-tailless-mr-stubbs-prosthetic-tail-news Hsu, C. & Burton, M. Triumph the koala climbs and runs with prosthetic foot made by Australian dentist. CTV News. Retrieved from: https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/triumph-the-koala-climbs-and-runs-with-prosthetic-foot-made-by-australian-dentist1.5318699

What is Section 230? Electronic Frontier Foundation. (n.d). CDA 230 The most important law protecting internet speech. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved From: https://www.eff.org/issues/cda230 Suzor, NP. (2019). Lawless: The secret rules that govern our digital lives. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved From https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/ack26/download Wakabayushi, D. (2019, August 09). Legal Shield for Websites Rattles Under Onslaught of Hate Speech. The New York Times. Retrieved From: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/technology/section-230-hate-speech.html Stewart, E. (2019, May 16). Ron Wyden wrote the law that built the internet. He still stands by it — and everything it’s brought with it. The Vox. Retrieved From: https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/16/18626779/ron-wyden-section-230-facebook-regulations-neutrality Legal information institute (n.d). 47 U.S. Code § 230 - Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material. Cornell Law School. Retrieved From: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230 Bovard, R. (2021, January 27). Section 230 protects Big Tech from lawsuits. But it was never supposed to be bulletproof. Yahoo! News. Retrieved From: https://ca.news.yahoo.com/section-230-protects-big-tech-110026335.html Morisson, S. (2021, January 11). How the Capitol riot revived calls to reform Section 230. Vox. Retrieved From: https://www.vox.com/recode/22221135/capitol-riot-section-230-twitter-hawley-democrats Newton, C. (2020, December 29). Everything you need to know about Section 230; The most important law for online speech. The Verge. Retrieved From: https://www.theverge.com/21273768/section-230-explained-internet-speech-law-definition-guide-free-moderation

s c i e n c e 43

Stellar Evolution, Explained The life of a star and about how stars’ lives pass and the way understanding these stars will help us move forward with space exploration.

page 45-48

A new space race Half a century after the original space race to the moon, a new frontier has captured global attention; Mars. Many countries are now racing against each other to see who can land on the red planet first.

page 49-59

the science behind luck This article will cover if luck is real, what luck really is, and whether people can get luckier.

page 51-52

Kīlauea's new eruption After a 35-year-long volcanic eruption, Kīlauea in Hawai’i has been silent for three years. That is, until now. This article is about the latest eruption, it’s similarities to previous volcanic events in Kīlauea, and the dangers it could pose to the Big Island.

page 53-57

stellar evolution,

e x p l a i n e d 45

Stellar evolution. The name itself, which means the evolution of a star, seems pretty self-explanatory. While stellar evolution may not mean anything except the cycle of a star, the ideas and theories it opens to the world of theoretical physics are far more immense.

Let’s begin with some preliminary information. A star is a ball of gas. When stars die, they can create neutron stars (which are the collapsed core of supergiant stars), black holes, or simply dissipate. Stars release elements that are beneficial to our solar system when they die. However, there are 6 stages to this cycle, and each stage reveals more and more about our ever-expanding universe.

stage

The first stage of stellar evolution is, quite predictably, the beginning of its existence: otherwise known as its birth. To break this down further, a molecular cloud collapses and creates smaller regions that become the star’s core. This is called a protostar. Protostars rotate quicker, and this increases the temperature of the star while these protostars liquidize. Planets may form out of this process; however, this is stellar evolution, not planetary evolution.

The temperature of the protostar increases to a temperature where nuclear reactions commence. Here, hydrogen is converted into helium, and a star is born.

stage

After all the hydrogen in the core of the star has been transformed into helium, the core contracts, and this raises the temperature of the star again. This creates a shell of hydrogen around the core. The increasing temperature from the core will cause the star to expand and increase in luminosity, the measure of electromagnetic light. This causes the star to become a red giant. For example, our Sun is a red giant. Another type of star is a blue giant, which is brighter and more intense in luminosity compared to red giants.

stages

stage

4&5

This stage depends on the overall solar mass of the star. If the star is less than 8 solar masses, then the carbon core will never burn. This results in a rickety situation between the helium and hydrogen shells as they are cast out and ionized, creating a planetary nebula. If the star is greater than 8 solar masses, the carbon core will burn and will eventually turn into iron.

Gradually the helium will burn into carbon, and if the star is smaller than about 2.2 solar masses (the mass of the sun), the core will ignite spontaneously. If the star is bigger, the action of igniting will be less severe. Once the helium has all burned into carbon, a helium shell will surround the carbon core and that helium shell is surrounded by the hydrogen shell.

Iron cannot be burned under these circumstances, and the star collapses onto its core under the influence of gravity. The next step depends on the mass of the core. If the mass is less than 3 times the mass of our sun, the core will become a neutron star. Since the collapse of the core has been prevented, the core will blow apart in a supernova explosion. If the core is greater than the 8 solar masses, the star will collapse onto itself and transform into a stellar black hole. This isn’t the same as a supermassive black hole, which is at the center of all galaxies.

Now that we’ve covered the 6 stages of stellar evolution, we can answer the following question: Why is stellar evolution important? Stars are the source of every element that exists in the universe. Carbon, oxygen, silver, gold or any natural element in the periodic table is a result of stellar evolution. At a simpler level, stars have given us the building blocks to create life as we know it. Along with these, every stage in a star’s life is an important component in creating planets, other stars, and even galaxies.

By understanding stellar evolution, we can begin to understand how this universe was created and how the order of it came to be as it is today. For now, however, we know that every human on Earth has some part of a star in them. In fact, every carbonbased living being on this planet has a part of a star in them. In a way, we’re all made of stardust, and we can learn more by understanding stellar evolution.

written by

layout by

Inchara J.

edited by Kavya

art by

Inchara J.

Sharon Pan

Gurunath, Harvi Karatha, & Aarav Navani

A New Space Race

written By Parker McElroy Edited by Inchara J., Alice Fan, & Mridula Divakar 1969 was a wild year-The Beatles gave their last public performance, the Manson family terrorized Los Angeles, and the infamous Woodstock music festival took place. The most notable thing, however, was the Moon landing, which signaled the end of a decadeslong space race. Almost everybody knows the broad strokes of the space race; the USSR and America get into a contest fuelled by spite to see who can get to the Moon first and, spoiler alert, America wins. What people don't often realize about the space race is that it created ground-breaking technology at an alarming pace, effectively catapulting the world as we knew it far past what it should have been by the time the ’70s rolled around. The space race began in 1955 when the USSR challenged the US by saying that they could get to space faster and ended in 1975, when the US and USSR worked together on the Apollo-Soyuz mission. In twenty years, the space race saw the entire world go from knowing nothing about space to having individuals from different countries living in a space station for extended periods of time. To put that into perspective, there were twentysix years between the invention of the radio and the invention of the television.

Since the end of the space race, space exploration has evolved steadily We now have the International Space Station (ISS), a place that helps fuel scientific achievements and promotes international relations, and more countries have their own space agencies so that NASA and Roscosmos aren't the only players anymore. Space exploration has advanced, but we haven't gone back to the moon since the space race ended. With more technology at our fingertips than ever before not only has NASA been looking at going back to the moon, but multiple space agencies are setting their sights on a new frontier: Mars.

layout by tristan castro Art by thejo tattala Mars has been at the forefront of space exploration for a while now. Since the Pathfinder rover landed in 1992, we have learned more about the red planet than we ever could have dreamed of. Multiple countries have launched many more rovers and satellites to Mars, and with this new onslaught of information, the world has collectively decided that Mars is the place to be for humans as well. The potential of liquid water and an atmosphere that is similar to Earth’s own atmosphere makes it perfect for colonization. With the new prospect of colonizing Mars, more players have been introduced to the final frontier. Commercial companies such as SpaceX and Boeing have made partnerships with different space agencies in order to further the technology used in space exploration, and countries like China and the United Arab Emirates have launched their own landers and orbiters to secure their place at the proverbial table. For the

first time since 1975, we are witnessing a global appetite for space exploration that could advance our interstellar knowledge more than we have in decades. This new space race has NASA creating the Artemis program, a new era of moon missions, in order to develop and test colonization technologies that could be used on Mars. This renewed era of space exploration has also seen unlikely alliances form, such as Russia and China teaming up to create a moon base. New countries, like the United Arab Emirates, have joined the space industry and all of these new technologies are paving the way for commercialized space endeavors, like a space hotel. Mars has sparked something in the global population that we haven't seen in a very long time and the world will flourish because of it.

science behind written by Kavya Gurunath edited by Inchara J, Laya Vijay, Jeet Parikh layout by Sierra Tan art by Evelyn Chen

Around St. Patrick’s day, we hear the phrase “the luck of the Irish” and people collect lucky four-leaf clovers. Are the Irish really luckier than the rest of us? Do four-leaf clovers bring good luck? We consider luck to be an unexplainable phenomenon that acts on people randomly. However, luck can actually be explained through science.

what is luck? Luck is a combination of probability and psychology. One of our mind’s main functions is to make sense of the randomness and chance events that occur in our lives. Let’s take an example scenario. Say you and a friend stay up all night studying for a test. But, while taking the test, you know none of the answers while your friend knows all the answers. In this situation, we would consider your

friend to be more ‘lucky’ than you ar But really, this is a chance even Perhaps your friend got a differen version of the test than you di Maybe your friend had a cup of coffe in the morning that allowed her to b more alert for the test. Your friend exceptional performance is influence by chance. This doesn’t mean you friend is better than you are. On outstanding or poor test doesn reflect your actual ability. Luck is ho the human brain interprets rando events to make sense unpredictable occurrences.

are lucky streaks real?

Winning or lucky streaks are rea which can be seen in the example o bets. A person who wins two bets in row is more likely to win another be than someone who has lost two bets

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in a row. We expect that we will lose the next time when we win two bets in a row, so we tend to make safer bets, or stay more cautious, thus increasing our chances of winning. However, someone who has been losing for a long time thinks that they must win soon and make more risky bets, causing them to lose more money. So lucky and unlucky streaks are caused by how our brain works.

are superstitions and good luck charms real? Superstitions, such as the number 13 is bad luck while plucking a fourleaf clover is good luck, are just spread to us by society and the media. As mentioned before, our brains look for patterns in coincidence. So, if something bad happens to you on Friday the 13th, your brain’s search to find a pattern or a reason why something bad happened to you leads you to believe that bad things happen on Friday the 13th. Good luck charms, however, are proven to help make a task easier to do. However, the charm itself doesn’t provide them with extra luck. Rather, the idea of having something with them that will ‘help’ them makes them relax and do better on the task at hand.

how do you increase your luck? Richard Wiseman, a professor of psychology, has four principles when it comes to increasing your luck and having more good things happen to you. Maximize opportunities. When you expose yourself to new people and new circumstances, you increase the chances of something good happening to you. Follow your hunches. Your brain and body detect patterns you can’t. According to Professor Yanlong Sun, your brain can “pick up some very subtle yet important statistical structures in the environment” that you may not consciously notice. Therefore, following your gut could lead to luck. Expect good things to happen to you. Optimism makes people more likely to work through something. When people believe that everything is going to work out alright, they tend to persevere through whatever life throws at them. Turn bad luck into good luck. “Lucky” people don’t give up when something bad happens to them. They believe that things will work out in the long run, and something that seems bad right now might lead to something better. Hopefully, you can use these steps to increase the “luck” in your life. Good luck!

written by yaj jhajhria

edited by

anvitha mattapalli, kavya gurunath, & alice fan

Hawaiʻi is known for quite a few things in American culture, such as its perfect weather, beautiful scenery, and amazing beaches. Its 10.4 million annual visitors generally come for these attractions, but one out of every ten visitors come for something else (O’Connor, 2021). Among Hawaiʻi’s natural beauties is the reason it exists in the first place. It is the reason the islands have the greatest black sand beaches in the world, why they sustain such lush vegetation, and how they ended up in the isolated location that they are. It is Hawai’i’s volcanism, which is both the creation and dereliction of this

kīlau new er land. Hawaiʻi’s volcanic activity is among the most intriguing in the world, and has long been intensely studied by many of the world’s geologists. Yet today, only two volcanoes remain active on the islands: Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. The former has presented its fair share of challenges, erupting shortly after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. This eruption nearly cut off the military base’s water supply and raised concerns of the Japanese using the eruption to their advantage in a subsequent attack (intext citation). Since 1984, Mauna Loa has not had any activity, but Kīlauea-the youngest and most dramatic of the Hawaiian volcanoes. It makes up the southeastern region of the Big Island, and its activity in recent years has earned itself significant press coverage.

The Geology of Kīlauea Hawaiʻi is an archipelago centrally located in the Pacific Ocean about 4,000 kilometers west of San Francisco and 6,500 kilometers east of Tokyo. For an extremely active

volcanic re unusual. N areas, such Japan, exp location a tectonic pl of Earth’s magma co However, H located in Plate, far boundaries puzzled the 1963 when Tuzo Wilso theory. Th how a serie

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egion, this in itself is highly Nearly all other volcanic h as Iceland, Indonesia, and perience this due to their at boundaries between ates, which are the pieces crust that are moved by onvection in the mantle. Hawaiʻi is not like this. It is the middle of the Pacific away from any plate s. The presence of Hawaiʻi e geologic community until n Canadian geologist John on presented his hotspot his theory demonstrated es of islands were created

layout by

sahithi lingampalli

through volcanic activity in the middle of nowhere, on which only two volcanoes remained. Essentially, Hawaiʻi is located on a hotspot, a region where a plume of superheated magma lies underneath the surface, in the mantle. This plume expands upward, similar to a mushroom cloud in a nuclear blast, and makes it through the lithosphere in a volcanic eruption. The forceful movement is strong enough to break through the solid lithosphere in the middle of a tectonic plate. This action takes place over millions of years and continues today in Hawaiʻi. However, while the plates may move on the Earth’s surface and create volcanic

events at plate boundaries, hotspots stay in place as they are based in the mantle. This causes a significant distinction between hotspot activity and tectonic activity--how tectonic activities appear to stay in place with the land where they are while hotspots appear to move. But this apparent motion is from the reference frame of the Earth’s moving surface, and in actuality, it is the plates that are moving over the hotspot that cause different portions of the Earth’s crust to be affected by it at a time. The older Hawaiian islands, which are more northeast of the Big Island, used to be on the location where the Big Island currently is. Over time, these islands moved farther away from each other. The main island of Hawaiʻi is currently where the hotspot is and will eventually move away when a new one is formed. This means that Kīlauea is closest to being directly above the hotspot and is at very high volcanic levels as a result. The volcano is fed from the hotspot it lies over and has a large magma reservoir inland below its summit of Kīlauea Caldera. From there, magma travels through chambers and feeds various fissures and spots on the surface where it erupts. The lava flows out to sea, expanding the island. An observed pattern is the changing locations of Kīlauea’s eruptive spots as lava begins to erupt closer and closer to the ocean. Early modern records show

Kīlauea Caldera being the location for eruptions as far back as 1790 when it killed 400 people in the deadliest volcanic eruption in the present-day United States. In the 1970s, there was increased activity at Mauna Ulu, downhill from the summit. Kīlauea most famously saw its largest eruptive episode in an eruption lasting 35 years, from 1983 until 2018 at the Puʻu ʻŌʻō rift zone. Kīlauea became a tourist attraction, and over a million visitors each year came to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park to view the magnificent lava flows from afar. In 2017, towards the end of this eruption, the lava tube from the volcano opened up in a cliff on the Hawaiian coast, creating a waterfall of lava pouring into the ocean. This was likely the anticipation to the eruption’s dramatic end in 2018 when increased magma pressure at Puʻu ʻŌʻō suddenly resulted in the catastrophic formation of a new vent in the lower Puna area. This was devastating to the local area of the new vent, which saw the entire neighborhood of Leilani Estates destroyed by raging flows of lava that buried and burned everything in their path. Shortly afterward, the cone at Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed and the eruption ended. Kīlauea’s past has been a storied and sensational affair. Countless individuals around the world have come to visit it, fascinated by its presence and inner workings. It is certainly unlike any other volcano in

the world, and the juxtaposition of its breathtaking beauty and undeniable danger is captivating. Kīlauea has always been a threat to those around it, having destroyed the village of Kalapana in its 1983 eruption and now threatening countless more communities on the Big Island. A water lake was observed in its Halemaʻumaʻu crater in July 2019, a sign of increasing pressure underneath. Geologists warned of further activity, which came true in December 2020 when an eruption broke out at the summit caldera. A lava lake quickly formed, and it has reached a depth of 216 meters. Nobody can say for certain what Kīlauea has in store for Hawaiʻi. It has always been a fickle and mysterious beast, and that might explain why native Hawaiians believe the goddess Pele lives in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, a deity known for her passion and capriciousness. Volcanology is an obscure study, and Kīlauea will never be fully understood. Even with all of the academics, technology and models that exist to attempt to predict the future, we still remain living at the whims of Pele.

r e f e r e n c e s

Stellar Evolution, Explained Holland, A., & Williams, M. (n.d.). Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of Our Luminous Neighbors. Umich. http://umich.edu/%7Egs265/star.htm#:%7E:text=Stellar%20evolution%2C%20in%20the%20form,new%20stars %20and%20planetary%20systems. Stellar Evolution | COSMOS. (n.d.). Cosmos. https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/s/Stellar+Evolution

A New Space Race Dou, E. (2021, March 10). China and Russia to open moon base, expanding space cooperation. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-russia-moon-base-space/2021/03/10/aa6297488186-11eb-be22-32d331d87530_story.html Gregersen. (n.d.). History of Technology Timeline. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/history-of-technology-timeline M. (n.d.). Mars Pathfinder. NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/pathfinder/ Matthews. (2020, December 31). A Year in History: Timeline of 1969 Events. Historic Newspapers. https://www.historic-newspapers.co.uk/blog/a-year-in-history-timeline-of-1969-events/#Summer Meaker, M. (2021, March 10). First ever luxury space hotel “to open in 2027.” The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2021/03/10/first-ever-luxury-space-hotel-open-2027/ Space Race Timeline. (n.d.). Royal Museums Greenwich. https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline

Science Behind Luck Barker, E. (2016, April 17). How to become luckier, according to science. The Week. https://theweek.com/articles/617478/how-become-luckier-according-science It’s Okay To Be Smart. (2017, March 17). What Is Luck? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNBXaHT2ebE Ossola, A. (2015, March 17). The Science Of Luck. Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/luck-real/ R. (2019, April 12). Is 13 really that unlucky? | The Psychology of Extraordinary Beliefs. OSU.Edu. https://u.osu.edu/vanzandt/2019/04/12/is-13-really-that-unlucky/

the Kīlauea's new eruption O’Connor, C. (2021, February 14). Visitors to Hawaii reached an all-time high in 2019. Pacific Business News. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2020/01/29/number-of-hawaii-visitors-increased-to-morethan.html

page 61-63 Procrastination is the act of delaying something of importance. This article dives into why students procrastinate and steps to break this behavior.

page 64-66 This article shows exactly how a mindset can really change a person and their work ethic. Also shows the difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset.

page 67-69 This recipe shows how to make the perfect Boston cream pie, an American dessert

Procrastination is a word that numerous people are familiar with, but many don’t truly understand the consequences of cultivating this negligent behavior. Procrastination, no matter how easy it may seem in the beginning, will always lead to inadequate results. Moreover, it will also leave lasting effects on both your mental and physical health. Luckily, there are ways to end this behavior and construct superior habits in its place.

Why We Procrastinate: In order to eliminate this behavior, we must first recognize the reasons why we feel so compelled to procrastinate. It’s a common misconception that procrastination is driven from a habitual laziness. When we procrastinate, we tend to put off an important task, even while knowing that it probably isn't a good idea.

Contrary to common belief, procrastination is actually an emotion management issue, not a time management problem (Lieberman, 2019). It is created as a way to cope with bad moods such as anxiety, boredom, frustration, resentment, and much more. Procrastination allows us to focus on fixing our bad moods immediately, rather than completing the task at hand. This could be due to the nature of the task, whether it could be considered monotonous or not. Alternatively, the task could be bringing out deeper feelings in us such as self-doubt or insecurity. These feelings cause us to put our work aside and focus on other, less important tasks. Ultimately, procrastination boils down to a lack of motivation, confidence, and emotional issues.

Effects of Procrastination:

This creates a vicious cycle where the victim suffers from lower grades and now doesn’t have the motivation to change it. Procrastination can also negatively affect sleep cycles. Pulling all-nighters to complete assignments at the last minute can lead to the body suffering immensely, especially when it becomes a recurring habit. In conclusion, procrastination can lead to unachieved goals, lower grades, a loss of sleep, and mental health issues.

How to Stop Procrastinating: So, how do we stop procrastinating? As we learned before, many factors can cause procrastination, hence, there are many solutions for it. Each solution can differentiate based on the person and their reason for procrastinating; however, there are some things that everyone should do.

Procrastination is extremely common, and once this practice starts, many don’t have the drive to change it. A majority of people that procrastinate face higher levels of stress, anxiety, depression, low selfesteem, and fatigue. Procrastination is also linked to “lower grades across 33 studies that included around 38,000 people'' (Terada, 2020). When one procrastinates, they feel more stress from needing to complete the tasks they put off in a short amount of time, which could lead to poor grades.

Firstly, we should take the initiative of realizing when we are falling into patterns of procrastination “pit-stops” and then consciously stopping ourselves. Procrastination can be made harder by removing easily accessible and constant sources of distraction. Secondly, we must figure out why we procrastinate. For example, if you feel overwhelmed with the seemingly huge amount of work you have, try to make mini assignments. These smaller tasks can seem less daunting and completing them can feel less strenuous. If you have a short attention span, or just can’t make use of the time you have to effectively complete work, try the Pomodoro Technique. This technique has people turn off all distractions and complete a solid 25 minutes of work (Ross 2020). At the end of the working time, you can reward yourself with a little break. This allows the 25 minutes of work that you do to be much more productive. If a lack of motivation is stopping you from completing your tasks, try to get a friend or someone who has their own set of goals involved. This will make the overall experience more enjoyable and both of you can hold each other accountable (Chua 2021). Lastly, if you don't know where to start, create a scheduled timeline of your workload.

Although this may be timeconsuming, it will help you organize your work and stay on track. These are just a few of the many solutions that we can use in order to improve our study habits and avoid procrastinating.

Although taking steps towards stopping the habit of procrastination can seem intimidating at first , they can become vital towards achieving success in the future. So start doing today what you would have done tomorrow!

WRITTEN BY TARUNI MANAM

As we start to grow out of our teenage years, we have to deal with many obstacles in our lives. Our mindset plays a significant part in how we deal with the many obstacles of our lives. One common example of an obstacle in a student’s life is when they receive a low grade. The student will oftentimes

become despondent, and will have two choices in front of them: remain stuck in a state of failure, or reflect on what they could have done better. The mindset of a person will influence their decision on what to do after their result.

A mindset is defined as the state of a mind that is established by the attitudes or inclinations of a person (JD, 2014). Mindsets are classified into two main types, which are fixed mindsets and growth mindsets. To differentiate between the two, let’s take the example from above. If the student has a fixed mindset, they will be stuck in a state of failure because they will think that they are not born with enough intelligence. A fixed mindset also explains why many people are lazy. However, if the student has a growth mindset, then they will reflect on what to do next because those with a growth mindset will want to learn and overcome their obstacles.

It is important to note that people usually

have a mix of both fixed and growth mindsets, so when one states that a person has a growth mindset, this means that they have a mindset that has a greater growth to fixed mindset ratio. The ratio of the mindset differs amongst people, and this is due to how people use different mindsets. For example, a person will benefit from having a fixed mindset while following traffic rules when driving but not when creating new inventions as an engineer. The reason for this is that a driver needs to abide by set rules, but an engineer will need to grow from their past inventions. In general, the ratio of having a greater growth mindset compared to having a fixed mindset in life is favorable. The main benefit of having a growth mindset is being mentally healthier. A study amongst Harvard University students concluded that those with growth mindsets were less likely to develop mental illnesses (Schleider, 2019).

Growth mindsets are extremely advantageous in life, so how can you change a fixed mindset to a growth mindset? The answer is staying persistent and valuing effort. Persistence is needed when dealing with any obstacle because one should not give up on their goals. Although obstacles require a lot of time and effort to overcome, if you persist to overcome the obstacle, then you are on the right track to having a growth mindset. Additionally, those with growth mindsets tend to focus more on the effort they put into getting the desired result rather than the result itself. Everyone will feel upset when they work hard for something that produces an unexpected result, but instead of looking only at the result, it is necessary to look beyond and recall the effort put into that result. For example, if a student received a bad grade, the student should reflect back on the effort put into that result and improve upon their studying

methods. Try to maintain a journal and recording your productivity levels over a short period, or setting quantifiable goals. Finally, if you are having trouble changing your mindset, remember that brains are malleable, meaning that brains can change as people learn more. Therefore, everyone has the potential to improve as long as they put in the time and effort. Your mindset is extremely important because it can determine the way a person reacts to an obstacle. Hopefully, you can try to overcome these obstacles by adapting to a growth mindset.

edited by ARUSHI PATIL, JENNY TANG, & SAMITA PANDIT

layout by NIVI CHOZHAN

HOW TO MAKE

BOSTON CREAM PIE INGREDIENTS CREAM FILLING 2 cups milk 6 egg yolks ½ cup sugar (a rough estimate that you can change according to your taste) ⅛ teaspoon salt ¼ cup unsalted butter 2 tsp vanilla extract ¼ cup all-purpose flour SPONGE CAKE 1 ½ cup all-purpose flour 1 cup granulated sugar (add or reduce according to your taste) ⅓ cup unsalted butter ¾ cup milk 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder 1 to 1 ½ teaspoon vanilla extract ½ teaspoon salt 1 large egg CHOCOLATE GANACHE ½ cup heavy whipping cream 2 tbsp corn syrup 1 cup semi-sweet chocolate chips

P CR 1.

w w 2.

MATERIALS Bowls Wire-Whisk Hand-mixer/Stand-mixer Sieve Cake pans (9-inch) Saucepans Plastic Wrap Mesh-strainer Parchment paper Cake Pan grease

w 4.

5. 6.

8. 9.

10.

1. Preheat oven to 350℉. 2. Grease the sides of two 9-inch pans (the sponge cake will only be two layers). Put parchment paper circles at the bottom. 3. In a medium-size bowl, mix salt, all-purpose flour, sugar, and baking powder thoroughly (optional: sift the mixture). Set this bowl aside. 4. In another bowl, whisk vanilla extract, the egg, and milk until the mixture is smooth and consistent. (Do not over mix). 5. In the bowl of a stand or hand mixer, place the dry ingredients with the wet ingredients, alternating between each (starting and ending with the dry). Add butter. Beat on high speed for about 3 minutes. 6. Divide the batter evenly between both pans. 7. Bake for about 30 minutes. The cake should be completely cooked. You can test this by inserting a toothpick at the center and checking to see if it comes out clean. It it comes out clean, it is completely baked. DO NOT OVERBAKE. 8. Let the cakes cool completely.

MANAM INURAT & ,DANANAYAJIV AYAL ,UIL NOSAJ

SPONGE CAKE

ALATTAT OJEHT

Place the egg yolks in a bowl and whisk them together using a wire whisk or fork. Set the mixture aside. Place a large saucepan over the stove at medium-heat and heat the milk until it simmers. While the milk is left to simmer, put the egg yolk mixture, salt, and sugar in a bowl. Mix them thoroughly, preferably with a wirewhisk. Sift flour into the bowl (to avoid lumps) and mix until the mixture is consistent. Add extra milk to the mixture to smoothen and temper. Mix the egg yolk mixture into the saucepan with simmering milk. At medium-low heat, whisk the mixture until it thickens. This may take anywhere from 5-8 minutes, based on your mixture. Once it becomes thick, whisk at high speed at medium heat for 1 minute. Bubbles should be bursting on the surface to let all the air trapped in the mixture out. Turn off the stove and remove the pan from the heat. Stir in vanilla extract and butter until mixture is once again consistent. Optional: Strain the mixture using a mesh-strainer before putting it into the bowl to avoid any lumps and ensure a smooth filling.

11. Place the mixture in plastic wrap and then place the wrap in a bowl. Refrigerate until the mixture sets, which can take anywhere from two to four hours.

EDITED BY

EAM FILLING

WRITTEN BY

ROCEDURES

CHOCOLATE GANACHE 1. Pour the chocolate chips and corn syrup into a bowl (alternatively, you can substitute the chocolate chips with 1 cup of finely chopped chocolate). 2. On a saucepan, pour the heavy whipping cream. Let it start to boil, then remove it from the heat. 3. Pour the hot whipping cream into the chocolate bowl. 4. Leave the bowl as it is for 3-4 minutes. 5. Finally, mix the ingredients together until they are smooth and glossy. 6. Let it cool completely.

ART BY

LAYOUT BY

NAHZOHC IVIN

1. Check that the different components are at the correct temperature. The cream should be chilled, and the ganache and cakes should be cooled completely. 2. Check that the cakes are even on both sides. If not, use a knife to gently level the cakes. 3. Place one cake on the cake stand. 4. Spread a medium-thick layer of cream filling on top. 5. Place the second cake on top of the cream, making sure that the cream acts as an adhesive and holds them together. 6. Pour the ganache over the cake in an even layer. It can drip over the sides, to give a more finished look. 7. Enjoy!

IHDNAG ADNIRV

ASSEMBLY

Terrada, Y. (2020, February 11). 3 Reasons Students Procrastinate—and How to Help Them Stop. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.edutopia.org/article/3-reasons-students-procrastinate-and-how-help-them-stop Lieberman, C. (2019, March 25). Why You Procrastinate (It Has Nothing to Do With Self-Control). Retrieved 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/25/smarter-living/why-you-procrastinate-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-selfcontrol.html#:~:text=In%20short%3A%20yes.,%2C%20self%2Ddoubt%20and%20beyond Ross, K. (2020, September 11). 11 Ways to Finally Stop Procrastinating. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.mindful.org/11-ways-to-finally-stop-procrastinating/ Chua, C. (2021, February 11). How to Stop Procrastinating: 11 Practical Ways For Procrastinators. Retrieved 2021 from https://www.lifehack.org/articles/featured/11-practical-ways-to-stop-procrastination.html

Mariama-Arthur, K. (2017, February 24). Why Mindset Mastery Is Vital to Your Success. Entrepreneur. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/285466 The Importance of Mindset. (2011). Retrieved March 21, 2021, from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/mindsets.html#:~:text=Mindsets%20are%20not%20just%20important,do%20s omething%20about%20the%20illness. Cherry, K. C. (2020). Why Cultivating a Growth Mindset Can Boost Your Success. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-mindset-2795025 I. (2020, November 25). Is Growth Mindset The Answer to Students’ Mental Health Problems? InnerDrive. https://blog.innerdrive.co.uk/is-growth-mindset-the-answer-to-students-mental-healthproblems#:%7E:text=In%20a%20study%20on%20university,experience%20anxiety%2C%20depression%20and% 20perfectionism. Jd, By, & Jd. (2014, July 20). What is mindset? Retrieved March 21, 2021, from https://sourcesofinsight.com/what-is-mindset/#:~:text=Mindset.com%20defines%20Mindset%20as,events%2C %20circumstances%20and%20situations.%E2%80%9D

Sally, A., & Sally. (2020, December 08). Boston cream pie. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://sallysbakingaddiction.com/boston-cream-pie/ Kitchens, B. (2019, July 02). Boston cream pie. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/boston-cream-pie/866fb98f-be51-4e87-a746-86f042691094 Sugar, A., Life Love and Sugar, Chris, Lindsay, Angela, Pavithra, . . . Haslego, S. (2021, February 24). Easy Boston cream pie recipe. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.lifeloveandsugar.com/boston-cream-pie/

opinion

is social media harmful? page 73-80

Should we teach critical race theory in schools? page 81-82

What book has the most accurate representation of modern society and it’s motifs, themes, and underlying complexity?

Do dress codes create a harmful mentality? page 83-85

page 81-82

yes written by neve walker

Last week, I spent 20 hours on TikTok. I wasted almost an entire day throughout the week just staring at my phone watching 15 second videos. Because of the excessiveness of watching all these short videos, my attention span has shortened severely. Now, I find it hard to watch Youtube videos or Netflix because I get bored easily. Thankfully, I am an excellent student as well as an athlete, so I am able to manage my time accordingly to finish all my assignments and get good grades. Sadly, not every teenager my age has the self-motivation that I have to finish assignments and study for tests. Throughout the country, students receiving a failing grade have ranged from 38-42%: double and triple the normal amounts. There are many factors which are causing this rising number of failing grades like isolation and depression. Many students have just given up with school, thinking that the amount of effort it would take to get good grades outweighs the benefits. Instead, many students spend zoom

is social med calls on TikTok, Instagram or other social media apps. I have personally seen many Tik Toks from kids my age making jokes about how after they say “here” for attendance, they either turn the volume down or just leave the Zoom call. Being a teenage girl, I look at Instagram throughout the day. Girls often feel pressured to photoshop their bodies to look “thick” or more socially acceptable. I want to go back to cute Instagram where we would post pictures of the food we made or just hang out with friends. I wish we would go back to casual Instagram where we would post cute photos that were more natural. The main objective is to have fun, not just take photos. To be honest, the problem I have with Instagram is not that I’m insecure about the way I look compared to my friends. My problem is that we don't have fun anymore. Although there are many flaws with social media, it is not to blame. It is the people that use it that make it toxic. Social media has the potential to do great things. I personally have an

Instagram website wh written. It that make TikTok for people will blame for e is just not t Netflix ab unrealistic These doc incite fear a of actually We see this say “the da phrase is o into thinkin being that i others. The about socia

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cindy zhang, & harvi karatha

there are many arguments media is bad, and many of valid. It is important to look question whether it is social t is causing the problem, or that are using it.

edited by geethikaa tarra,

account promoting my here I post articles I have is not having self control es us watch TikTok after r hours. Although many say that social media is to every problem with Gen Z, it true. The documentaries on bout social media are and meant to cause fear. cumentaries are made to amongst the public instead informing us of the facts. s all the time like when they angers of social media” that: only meant to scare people ng social media is this evil is made to attack and harm ere is nothing dangerous al media itself.

yes & NO written by cindy zhang

Are video games harmful? Are cell phones harmful? Is social media harmful? While people often try to make generalizations about technology and its associated consequences (both positive and negative), it is generally agreed upon that the key is moderation, and the same applies to social media. It’s true — social media can breed insecurities and has been associated with phenomena like FOMO, or Fear Of Missing Out. But it’s also true that social media can bring people together, be it through feminist Instagram accounts promoting female self-expression or through friends and family sharing exciting highlights from their lives to each other. Much like how the advent of the internet and its library of seemingly infinite information has led many schools to educate students on how to find credible sources, social media must be met with the same degree of caution.

For one, while it’s true that social media is a very effective mechanism of bringing like-minded individuals together (especially in the realm of political advocacy), it’s also true that these same communities can create dangerous echo chambers that have severe consequences. The rise of QAnon has been a particularly prolific example recently. As such, schools should teach students how to snuff out misinformation on social media as a combative measure. This way, we can still keep intact supportive online communities. Another well-documented negative aspect of social media is its tendency to create insecurities in people. While some individuals feel physically insecure after seeing Instagram models, others feel insecure about the quality of their own life after seeing highlight reels of their peers (through no fault of their peers, of course). As such, it is important that people understand how social media is used — it is used as a mechanism to project the best image of oneself possible. While knowing this will by no means eliminate any sense of insecurity, this knowledge can allow you to gain the grounded perspective needed to eventually do so. At the end of the day, social media is simply one of the many facets of people’s lives. Does it have the potential to be harmful? Of course it does. But so does almost every other

thing in our lives. As generic as it sounds, the key really is moderation. While this COVID-19 environment has certainly made it harder, logging off Instagram and experiencing the real world is the most effective mechanism of ridding oneself of any harm caused by social media. Call a friend, talk to your parents— whatever it takes to get yourself off the screen.

edited by geethikaa tarra

yes & NO written by alda nasywa

Do you know social media? Of course, everyone knows the answer to that question. Because according to Statista, the usage of social media in 2020 will reach 3.6 billion people. But you know what? There are impacts of social media, good or bad.

the good 1.

quick access to information 2. great marketing tools 3. online learning, job skills, content discovery 4. as a mode of increasing creativity 5. find new friends and communities (network with other people who share similar interests or ambitions)

the bad 1. is addicting

Using social media is really fun, especially when we feel bored. However, it also has the potential to be addictive. How can one tell, then, if they’re addicted? Pay attention to your social media habits. If you update your status in the middle of the night instead of sleeping, you are likely already in the early phase of social media addiction. For that, you should pay more attention to yourself by caring about your body condition and health.

2. causes mental health troubles Have you ever felt stressed, anxious, or depressed? That is one of the impacts caused by the use of social media.

3. may make you lose sleep Research has found that this can inhibit the body's production of the hormone melatonin, which facilitates sleep. Blue light, which is emitted by smartphone and laptop screens, is said to be the worst culprit

4. friendships in the real world are becoming tenuous So, if this looks right? If we all get busy with our respective gadgets, we won't have enough time for friends.

5. envy According to researchers from Michigan University and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, a great deal of envy can stem from social media usage. The researchers asked 380 students to look at “envy-eliciting” photos and texts from Facebook and Twitter, including posts about buying expensive goods, traveling, relationships, and getting engaged. They found that when we scroll through social media without realizing it, we always do Social Comparison, whether we compare the strengths of others or ours or vice versa.

Then, how do we make modifications so that we get more impact on social media?

1. set a time limit to use social media 2. use social media as a learning medium 3. spend more time with family, offline friends, and yourself

Social media will not be separated from its positive or negative influences, the impact depends on the users themselves. However, teens themselves can limit themselves with excellence, ethics, and norms.

layout by vrinda gandhi

1. opening a forbidden site 2. sending hate comments 3. posting sensitive content Clearly, both good and bad can arise from social media. With the wise use of social media, we can reduce its negative impacts.

edited by geethikaa tarra & cindy zhang

sppa lufesu dednemmocer

things not to do on social media

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Applications for your productivity, can be a to-do list too!

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This is a soft-care application. Aloe Bud is an application that makes it easy for you to take care of yourself.

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Should we teach critical race theory in schools? Yes: In order to fully understand the concept of critical race theory, it’s important to know its definition and origin. Critical race theory, or CRT, is the view that legal institutions are inherently racist and that race itself, instead of being biologically ground and natural, is a socially constructed concept used by white people, to further their economic and political interests at the expense of people of color (Curry, 2016). Teaching young children about common misconceptions in regards to race and eventually erasing racism, through education, will greatly benefit future generations.

Throughout history, Caucasians have always had the upper hand, and it has been written into law that they have more power. However, instilling and acknowledging this unfortunate reality could change the future. Many children are aware of the Black Lives Matter movement following the death of George Floyd, a black man who was unjustly murdered, by a white cop. This movement is similar to critical race theory in that they share the same underlying concept-- that white supremacy is apparent in the United States.

written by Nivi Chozhan edited by Anvitha Mattapalli, Geethikaa Tarra, Cindy Zhang, & Uday Lingampalli layout by Shoffana Sundaramoorthy art by Sharon Pan

Should we teach critical race theory in schools? People may claim that CRT is ‘AntiAmerican’. However this is not the case. Critical race theory is not propaganda. It’s merely to address systemic racism and use it for educational purposes. Former President Donald Trump issued for any laws surrounding the belief of CRT to be almost nonexistent and not to be taught at schools. Some may say that infusing the education system with this theory will create racial division among peers. However, these critics fail to consider that we are already so divided as a nation, that we cannot make our situation any worse. In addition, this idea would bring all ethnicities, cultures and people together, rather than having our differences tear us apart. It will help us understand racism, the roots of it and with younger generations learning about it, we can hopefully demolish our judgemental views for the future.

In addition, CRT establishes that students can dictate their own lives and identify their own individualities while accepting others. It allows for students to examine themselves,white supremacy, and how we can achieve equality. It also lets students learn about other ethnicities and accept that everyone has their own beliefs and religions. At the same time, they can still live life as one, in unison. It allows for a reliable framework in creating strong individuals that will shape the future and not see one above the other. The concept is not to blame any race, but merely to bring people together and understand one another to make the world a better place. By doing so, younger generations will be able to understand from an early age that everyone is equal and deserves equal opportunities. Rather than being taught about the success and potential of the United States, the education system should also mention slavery and accept their faults. As a whole, we enjoy seeing the heights someone in the black community can go, but we don’t put in any effort, to raise the bar for African Americans in poverty.

What book 81

has the most accura “War makes monsters of men.” This is the standout quote from the Chaos Walking trilogy by Patrick Ness. I’m not going to talk about the “classics” like 1984 or Fahrenheit 451 to represent modern society, but rather this more underrated series, that I discovered a few years back. The Chaos Walking series is set in a dystopian world called New World where the main narrator, Todd, lives in a place called Prentisstown. Prentisstown is devoid of women and children. Todd—about to turn 13 New World years old—is the youngest there. The most interesting fact is that all living creatures can hear each other's thoughts in a stream of images, words and sounds called Noise. I won't go much into the plot so as to avoid spoilers, but I am going to talk about one of the main underlying themes: war and conflict. Conflict is defined as a clash between individuals arising out of a difference in thought processes, attitudes, understanding, interests or sometimes perceptions. (Juneja, n.d.) Much of the Chaos Walking plot revolves around war, where all parties believe what they are doing is right— even if that isn’t the case.

This conflict and lack of understanding changes people, in this case, it’s the main characters Todd and Viola. It gets between them. Its complexity grows and grows as both discover new ideas, circumstances and lies. They have to make difficu lt choices and have to think critically, for as also said by Ness, “we are the choices we make.” (Ness, 2008)

This is where i interesting. As said b in New World pro thoughts and emotio is everywhere, unfi idea for the “Noise idea was that the w pretty noisy place, texts, the Internet, writing until I had a voice, and it e (Corbett, 2010)

Conflicts arise ou anything, especially with social media like

ate representation of

modern society and its

motifs,

ut of anywhere and y in this society, e Twitter or Tiktok.

themes,

and underlying complexity?

When unfiltered, akin to how many people are behind a screen, these conflicts get relentless. To quote Ness again, “The Noise is a man unfiltered, and without a filter, a man is just chaos walking.” (Ness, 2008) In this day and age, with “cancel culture” becoming more prominent, us social media users should think about how conflict and misinformation affects our relationships and internet presence. Conflict is chaos, and chaos is war. Even though this book was written more than 10 years ago, it is becoming ever more relevant now. Also, the movie just came out early March, so do give it a watch if you are interested!

written by Sierra Tan edited by Geethikaa Tarra, Harvi Karatha, & Uday Lingampalli layout by Arushi Patil art by Nivi Chozan

it gets even more before, the “Noise” ojects everyone’s ons, so information ltered. About the ”, Ness said, "The world is already a with cell phones, but I didn't start an idea for Todd's emerged slowly."

Conflicts arise ou anything, especially with social media like

Do Dress Codes Create a Harmful Mentality? edited by Geethikaa Tarra, Arushi Patil, Cindy Zhang, & Uday Lingampalli layout by Tristan Castro art by Sahithi Lingampalli

written by Anvitha Mattapalli TRIGGER WARNING: MENTION OF RAPE No straps. Wear an undershirt. Skirts to the knees. Real pants. No hats. These are just a few of the numerous regulations, under the umbrella of the dress code. While the dress code was first created with genuine intentions— to properly prepare students for the distinction between formal and informal attire, to prevent distraction during activities, and to prevent safety hazards—the manner in which these regulations are implemented creates a harmful mentality for students of all backgrounds. For female students, the dress code has always been an area of concern. Even in the sweltering heat, female students are forced by administrators to cover their breasts

and the majority of their skin. Administrators explain that male students get distracted when seeing female skin. Instead of taking time to instruct the male students on how to control their behavior, administrators instead spend time giving lectures, detention, and even suspensions to female students just because they show their skin. This action clearly prioritizes the males’ education over the females’ as male students must always be in class and can’t afford distraction, while female students are often taken out of class after dressing “inappropriately.” This also perpetuates the belief that female students are responsible for the poor behavior of their male counterparts and need to cover their skin because “boys will be boys.” On a small scale, it doesn’t seem like such an issue, but

when these beliefs are brought into rape culture, when a female victim is accused of “asking for rape” simply because of the way she dresses, it is an issue. It reinforces the belief that female victims are deserving of the heinous crimes posed upon them, which is not valid in any manner. These detrimental effects only continue as the victims of dress code regulations extend to religious groups. Often times, Muslim women are forced to remove their head coverings. They are forced to remove a part of themselves in public for the satisfaction of those around them, instilling the belief that they are not good enough for society and that they need to change who they are as a person to be accepted by society. When asked why they must remove their head coverings, administrators and other such company officials reply with, “because we need to be able to identify you on camera.” When a Muslim woman needs to remove her head covering to be identified by cameras while a non-Muslim can wear a hood over their faces and walk around without being coded by officials, it becomes an issue. The stereotype that all Muslims are terrorists and that we need to keep an active eye on each and every single individual who identifies as Muslim due to the negative connotation of their religion is only further instilled into society. This can cause Muslims to believe that they are unworthy and that there is something wrong with

them when in reality, it’s society that is wrong. The idea of removing head coverings to be identified by cameras further extends to men of color, as they are often forced to remove their head coverings for this reason. Administrators claim that this is for safety measures, but when white men follow the same dressing without being coded, it is no longer about safety. It is about discrimination. It is about furthering the belief that males of color pose a threat to others, are undisciplined and need to be taken care of. It is about criminalizing innocent people because of stereotypes associated with the color of their skin. It is about inequality, it is about privilege and it is about time to put an end to this.

written by Geethikaa Tarra Being abnormally tall, I used to never find shorts that would go to my fingertips or knees. A girl who was 5foot would be able to wear shorts that were the same size as mine, but would go to her mid-thigh. If I wore the same pair of shorts I would have to cover up out of fear since the shorts were comparatively shorter and I would

most likely be the victim of wandering eyes, or in trouble. We all have our own opinions and experiences with dress codes, but many students often have bad ones. Isn't it time for some change? Isn’t it time for girls and boys to express themselves freely, through their wardrobe? Women and men already have to deal with the “world’s dress code,” so why add on school/work dress codes? When we have the courage to wear something bold or revealing, we usually have to deal with being catcalled or judged by others. Dress codes enable this behavior because they create a norm of what you can and cannot wear. Dress codes create a toxic mentality, that oppresses people, and teaches them that it isn’t okay to wear certain clothes. Women at work or school are expected as per dress codes to cover up their chests, thighs, legs, shoulders, etc. Why, you may ask? Because all of these body parts have become so sexualized, that society expects you to cover them up, even if they are natural. Dress codes tell society they should be ashamed for showing shoulders, midriff, legs, chests, etc. Our bodies are natural and should not be a distraction to anyone. Here is my one dress code rule: wear what you want, show whatever skin you want and own your outfit regardless of what people think about it.. Be unapologetic for your body!

references

is social media harmful?

Associated Press. (2020, December 7). US Schools Confront “Off the Rails” Numbers of Failing Grades. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-schools-confront-rails-numbers-failing-grades Beres, D. (2020, November 12). 10 Hidden Negative Effects of Social Media on Your Brain. The Healthy. https://www.thehealthy.com/mental-health/negative-effects-of-social-media/ Brown, J. (2018, January 4). Is social media bad for you? The evidence and the unknowns. BBC Future. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180104-is-social-media-bad-for-you-the-evidence-and-the-unknowns Dalomba, F. (2020, February 3). Social Media: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly. Lifespan. https://www.lifespan.org/lifespan-living/social-media-good-bad-and-ugly Robinson, L. (n.d.). Social Media and Mental Health. HelpGuide.Org. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/social-media-and-mental-health.htm

Should we teach critical race theory in schools?

Critical race theory | Definition & facts. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-race-theory The fear of multiple truths: On teaching about racism in a predominantly white school. (2021, January 31). Phi Delta Kappan. https://kappanonline.org/fear-multiple-truths-teaching-racism-predominantly-white-school-farag/ No, critical race theory isn't 'Anti-American' (Opinion). (2021, January 7). Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/opinion-no-critical-race-theory-isnt-anti-american/2020/10

What book has the most accurate representation of modern society and it’s motifs, themes, and underlying complexity?

Corbett, S. (2010, Jul 19). In Praise of 'Chaos': A Profile of Patrick Ness. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from: https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/profiles/article/43857-in-praise-of-chaos-patrick-ness.html Juneja, P. (n.d.). Understanding Conflict - Meaning and Phases of Conflict. Management Study Guide. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/understanding-conflict.html Goodreads. (n.d.). The Knife of Never Letting Go Quotes. Goodreads. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from: https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/2124180-the-knife-of-never-letting-go Ness, P. (2008). The Knife of Never Letting Go. Candlewick Press.

Do dress codes create a harmful mentality?

Pavlakis, A. & Roegman, R. (2018) How dress codes criminalize males and sexualize females of color. Phi Delta Kappan, 100 (2), 54-58. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from https://kappanonline.org/pavlakis-roegman-dress-codes-gender-race-discrimination/ Smilan-Goldstein, J. (2018, June 5). Do school dress codes privilege boys' education? Public Seminar. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from https://publicseminar.org/2018/06/do-school-dress-codes-privilege-boys-education/ Yeung, W. (2014, May 4). Dress Codes: Foundations of Rape Culture. Berkeley Political Review. Retrieved March 19, 2021, from: https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2014/05/04/dress-codes-foundations-of-rape-culture/

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