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ÝĀċúĕôŃòúċ ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúąĄĘĊėĊĔõüĕâĕĆĄĕéĕâģâŇþłĕ øĔĨèĠøŇčĄĔąġýĆĕöúĘħĄüěČąŋğĆėħĄĄĘâĕĆþĈĜâāĚëāĔüûěŋûĔîîĕĎĕĆ ğëŇü ãňĕĊ ãňĕĊġā÷ Ģüãöēğ÷ĘąĊâĔüģâŇþłĕéēĐĐâĎĕĐĕĎĕĆâėüĠĈēģ÷ňĄĕéėââėüāĚëāĔüûěŋýĕèčŇĊüúĘħøâĎĈŇüĢüģĆŇüĕãĐèĄüěČąŋ ğĄĚħĐğĊĈĕ ÿŇĕüģþĄüěČąŋğĆėħĄĄĘåĊĕĄÿĜâāĔüâĔýģâŇþłĕğĎĈŇĕüĔĨü éęèåė÷úĘħéēüĬĕģâŇþłĕĄĕğĈĘĨąèğþŎüčĔøĊŋğĈĘĨąèĢüýňĕü (ģâŇýňĕü) ğāĚħĐğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆ

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øŇĐĄĕĄüěČąŋģ÷ňčèĔ ğâøğĎĦüāćøėâĆĆĄġ÷ąûĆĆĄëĕøėãĐèģâŇúéĘħ ēøŇĐčĜâň üĔ ğāĚĐħ Ġč÷èåĊĕĄ ğþŎüéŇĕĀĜè Ġč÷èâĕĆĎĊèĠĎüĐĕöĕğãø ĠĈēĠč÷èâĕĆĎĊèĠĎüøĔĊğĄĘąĎĆĚĐåĜÿŇ čĄ ĄüěČąŋéèę üĬĕ ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüãĐèģâŇúĄĘħ åĘ ĊĕĄğþŎüüĔâčĜüň ĘĨ ĄĕğþŎüâėéâĆĆĄüĔüúüĕâĕĆąĕĄĊŇĕèĎĈĔèéĕâĎĄ÷ć÷ĜâĕĈ úĬĕģĆŇ úĬĕüĕĠĈňĊ ìęèħ åĊĕĄýĔüğúėèúĘģħ ÷ňéĕââėéâĆĆĄüĔüúüĕâĕĆĎĆĚĐâĕĆëüģâŇüğĘĨ Đè úĬĕĢĎňģâŇúĘħ ğĈĘąĨ èģĊňùâĜ āĔõüĕéĕâģâŇýĕň üĄĕğþŎüģâŇëü ĠĈēāĔõüĕøŇĐĥ ģþøĕĄåĊĕĄøňĐèâĕĆãĐèĄüěČąŋ éĕâĎüĔèčĚĐ Cock Fighting All OverThe World (C.A. FINSTERBUSCH, 1980, 50) ĠĈēĎüĔèčĚĐ Poultry Breeding and Genetics (R.D. Crawford, 1990, 50)ĆĊĄúĔĨèâĕĆāĜ÷åěą ĠĈâğþĈĘąħ üþĆēčýâĕĆöŋâýĔ ÿĜĆň ĎňĜ ĈĕąúŇĕü úĬĕĢĎňúĆĕýĊŇĕ øňüâĬĕğüė÷ãĐèģâŇāüĚĨ ğĄĚĐèĐąĜĠŇ ùýĈěĄŇ ĠĄŇüĕĬĨ ġãè ĠĈēĈěĄŇ ĠĄŇüĕĬĨ ģúâĆĘč ąĜğĂĆøėč ìęħèĎĄĕąùęèĠùýþĆēğúċéĘüøĐüĢøň ýĆėğĊöĄöôĈąĜüĕü þĆēğúċāĄŇĕ ĈĕĊ âĔĄāĜëĕ ğĊĘą÷üĕĄ ģúą ĠĈēĐĘâ÷ňĕüĎüęħè åĚĐýĆėğĊöĠùýøēĊĔüĐĐâĈĕè þĆēğúċĐėĆĔâ úĘħĄĘþłĕĐě÷ĄčĄýĜĆöŋ ğĄĚĐħ þĆēĄĕö 300-400 þĿâĐŇ ü ĢüþĆēğúċģúąčĄĔąĐąěûąĕ ģ÷ňĄúĘ ĎĕĆéĕâþĆēğúċîĘþħ üłě ğãňĕ ĄĕëŇĊąģúąúĬĕâĕĆĆýâĔýāĄŇĕ ĠĈňĊéĕâüĔüĨ ğĄĚĐħ âĈĔýþĆēğúċâĦø÷ė ğĐĕģâŇëüģúąâĈĔýģþ÷ňĊą ġ÷ą ğĎĦüĊŇĕğþŎüģâŇëüúĘĠħ ãĦèĠĆè ğþŎüüĔâčĜň ìęèħ åüĢüþĆēğúċîĘþħ üłě ğĆĘąâģâŇëüģúąĊŇĕ ģâŇúĎĕĆ ĎĆĚĐģâŇ čąĕĄ (Siam) ĠĈēéĕâģâŇ Siam úĘħîĘħþěłüğĆĘąâĐĐâğčĘąè Si-am ģþğþŎü Sha-moġ÷ąþŌééěýĔü ģâŇëüúĘħğĈĘĨąèĢüþĆēğúċîĘħþěłü (Shamo) éēĢëňĢüâĕĆëüģâŇĠĈēýĆėġăåğüĚĨĐ ìęħèĄĘĆĕåĕĠāèĄĕâ ĢüğĊĈĕĢâĈňğåĘąèâĔüúĕèþĆēğúċĐėüğ÷Ęąģ÷ňüĕĬ ģâŇëüčąĕĄ (Siam) ģþāĔõüĕğþŎüģâŇĐüė ğ÷Ęą ğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Indian Game Cock øŇĐĄĕ þĆēğúċĐĔèâćČìęèħ ğþŎüğéňĕĐĕöĕüėåĄģ÷ňüĕĬ ģâŇ Indian Game Cock ģþāĔõüĕğþŎüøňüâĬĕğüė÷ģâŇğüĚĐĨ ğāĆĕēģâŇëüğþŎüģâŇúĠĘħ ãĦèĠĆè ĄĘâĈňĕĄğüĚĐĨ ĐâĠĈēüŇĐèĄĕâ ĆčëĕøėĐĆŇĐą čĕĄĕĆùāĔõüĕğþŎüģâŇğüĚĐĨ ģ÷ň÷Ę ìęèħ ģâŇğüĚĐĨ úĘĐħ èĔ âćČāĔõüĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ ģâŇåĐĆŋüëė (Cornish) ġ÷ąĄĘ Color – Cornish ĠĈē White – Cornish čĬĕĎĆĔýģâŇ White – Cornish ìęèħ ĄĘĐøĔ ĆĕâĕĆĠĈâğüĚĐĨ ÷Ę ģ÷ňùâĜ üĬĕģþĢëňğþŎüøňüâĬĕğüė÷ãĐèģâŇğüĚĐĨ ĢüþŌééěýüĔ üĔüħ ğĐè

ôüčúċìęÚĻ÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàęðû éĕâãňĐĄĜĈúĕèčùėøėãĐèâĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ ĢüþĿ 2555 þĆēğúċģúąĄĘéĬĕüĊüģâŇúĔĨèĎĄ÷ 384,182,720 øĔĊ ĠĈēĄĘğâČøĆâĆÿĜň ğĈĘĨąèģâŇúĔĨèĎĄ÷ 2,881,612 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ġ÷ąģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘþĆėĄĕöâĕĆğĈĘĨąèĄĕâğþŎüĐĔü÷Ĕý 2 ĆĐèéĕâģâŇğüĚĨĐ åĚĐ ĄĘéĬĕüĊü 82,290,312 øĔĊ åė÷ğþŎüĆňĐąĈē 21 ãĐèéĬĕüĊüģâŇúĔĨèĎĄ÷ ĠĈēğâČøĆâĆúĘħğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘéĬĕüĊüĄĕâúĘħčě÷ åĚĐ 2,838,312 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü åė÷ğþŎüĆňĐąĈē 98 ãĐèéĬĕüĊüğâČøĆâĆúĔĨèĎĄ÷ ÷ĔèĠč÷èĢüøĕĆĕèúĘħ 1 ĠĈēğĄĚħĐāėéĕĆöĕãňĐĄĜĈéĬĕüĊüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè úĘħğĈĘĨąèĢüþĆēğúċģúąğþĆĘąýğúĘąýąňĐüĎĈĔèğþŎüğĊĈĕ 10 þĿ āýĊŇĕ éĬĕüĊüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúąĄĘĠüĊġüňĄğāėħĄãęĨüåė÷ğþŎüĆňĐąĈē 30 ġ÷ąĢüþĿ 2546 ĄĘģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéĬĕüĊü 63.1 ĈňĕüøĔĊ ĠĈēĢüþĿ 2555 ĄĘģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéĬĕüĊü 82.3 ĈňĕüøĔĊ ÷ĔèĠč÷èĢüâĆĕĂăĕāúĘħ 1 µ¦µ ¸É 1 ε ª Å n¨³Á ¬ ¦ ¦ ¼oÁ¨¸Ê¥ Å n e 2555 ĆĕąâĕĆ éĬĕüĊü(øĔĊ) ğâČøĆâĆ(åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü)

ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè 82,290,082 2,838,312

ģâŇğüĚĨĐ 225,930,564 42,029

ģâŇģãŇ 51,124,240 56,394

ģâŇğüĚĨĐāĔüûěŋ 21,631,230 5,907

ģâŇģãŇāĔüûěŋ 3,206,604 6,113

úĘħĄĕ : âĈěŇĄčĕĆčüğúċĠĈēãňĐĄĜĈčùėøė ċĜüąŋčĕĆčüğúċ âĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ (2556)

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ĆĊĄ 384,182,720 2,881,612

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úĘħĄĕ : âĈěŇĄčĕĆčüğúċĠĈēãňĐĄĜĈčùėøė ċĜüąŋčĕĆčüğúċ âĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ (2556)

éĬĕüĊüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĠĈēğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèĠýŇèğþŎüĆĕąăĕåøĕĄãňĐĄĜĈúĕèčùėøėãĐèâĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ ĢüþĿ 2555 üĔĨü ăĕåúĘħĄĘ âĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĕâúĘħčě÷ åĚĐ ăĕåøēĊĔüĐĐâğêĘąèğĎüĚĐ ĄĘģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéĬĕüĊü 34,998,723 øĔĊ åė÷ğþŎüĆňĐąĈē 42.53 ãĐè éĬĕüĊüģâŇāĨĚüğĄĚĐèúĔĨèþĆēğúċ ĠĈēĄĘğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĕâùęè 1,414,802 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ĆĐèĈèĄĕģ÷ňĠâŇ ăĕåğĎüĚĐ ăĕå Ģøň ĠĈēăĕåâĈĕè øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ÷ĔèĠč÷èĢüøĕĆĕèúĘħ 2 µ¦µ ¸É 2 ε ª Å n¡ºÊ Á¤º° ¨³Á ¬ ¦ ¦ ¼oÁ¨¸Ê¥ ¦µ¥£µ e 2555 ăĕå ğĎüĚĐ øēĊĔüĐĐâğêĘąèğĎüĚĐ âĈĕè Ģøň ĆĊĄ

éĬĕüĊüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè (øĔĊ) 25,234,01 34,998,723 10,967,646 11,089,694 82,290,082

ğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąè (åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü) 720,313 1,414,802 329,519 373,678 2,838,312

úĘħĄĕ : âĈěŇĄčĕĆčüğúċĠĈēãňĐĄĜĈčùėøė ċĜüąŋčĕĆčüğúċ âĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ (2556)

ÝđìăúóĊîčÛĆàęÚĻ÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàęðû 1. ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèčĕĄĕĆùğĈĘĨąèþĈŇĐąĠĈēĎĕĐĕĎĕĆâėüğĐèøĕĄûĆĆĄëĕøėģ÷ň ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèğþŎüčĔøĊŋúĘħğĈĘĨąèèŇĕą ģĄŇğčĘąğĊĈĕĢü âĕĆğĈĘĨąè÷ĜĄĕâ ģĄŇéĬĕğþŎüøňĐèčĆňĕèġĆèğĆĚĐüĢĎîŇġøĎĆĚĐĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇğüĚĨĐĠĈēģâŇģãŇ ğâČøĆâĆ ýĕèĆĕąéēčĆňĕèġĆèğĆĚĐüĢĎňģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèèŇĕąĥ ğāĘąèğāĚħĐĢĎňģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèčĕĄĕĆùğãňĕģþĎĈýĠ÷÷ĎĈýĀü ĠĈēüĐüĢüøĐüâĈĕè åĚüģ÷ňğúŇĕüĔĨü čŇĊüøĐüâĈĕèĊĔüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéēĐĐâåěňąğãĘħąĎĕĐĕĎĕĆâėüøĕĄûĆĆĄëĕøė ëĐýâėüĎüĐüĠĈēĠĄĈè ìęħèğþŎüâĕĆ ëŇĊąĈ÷þĆėĄĕöċĔøĆĜāĚëĢĎňĠâŇğâČøĆâĆ÷ňĊąĐĘâúĕèĎüęħè 2. ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèčĕĄĕĆùĂŌâģãŇĠĈēğĈĘĨąèĈĜâğĐèģ÷ň ĠĄŇģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéēĄĘĈĔâČöēāėğċČüĘĨúĘħĠøâøŇĕèéĕâĠĄŇģâŇğüĚĨĐĠĈēģâŇģãŇ ġ÷ąĠĄŇģâŇ 1 øĔĊ éēĢĎňģãŇþĆēĄĕö 10-12 ĂĐèøŇĐëě÷ ìęħèĠĄŇģâŇéēââģãŇúĔĨèĎĄ÷ģĊňéüâĊŇĕģãŇéēĂŌâĐĐâğþŎüøĔĊ ġ÷ąğêĈĘħą éēģ÷ňĈĜâģâŇþĆēĄĕö 8-10 øĔĊøŇĐëě÷ ğĄĚħĐĈĜâģâŇĂŌâĐĐâĠĈňĊ ĢüøĐüâĈĕèĊĔü ĠĄŇģâŇéēāĕĈĜâģâŇĐĐâåěňąğãĘħąğāĚħĐ ĀŀâĢĎňĈĜâĆĜňéĔââĕĆĎĕĐĕĎĕĆâėü ĠĈēĢüøĐüâĈĕèåĚü ĠĄŇģâŇéēâĕèþĿâĐĐâââĈĜâģĊňğāĚħĐĢĎňåĊĕĄĐýĐěŇü ¥ ¥

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3. ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘåĊĕĄøňĕüúĕüġĆåģ÷ň÷Ę ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèğþŎüčĔøĊŋúĘħĠãĦèĠĆè úüúĕüøŇĐâĕĆğþĈĘħąüĠþĈèãĐèčăĕā÷ėüĂŃĕ Đĕâĕċ ĠĈē÷ňĊąåĊĕĄúĘħğþŎüčĔøĊŋāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéęèĄĘåĊĕĄúüúĕüøŇĐġĆåøŇĕèĥ ĢüúňĐèùėħüģ÷ň÷Ę 4. ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘĆčëĕøėĐĆŇĐą ğüĚĨĐĠüŇü ĠĈēģãĄĔüüňĐą ğüĚĨĐãĐèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèğþŎüġþĆøĘüåěöăĕā÷ĘúĘħÿĜňýĆėġăåĢĎňåĊĕĄ üėąĄğþŎüĐąŇĕèĄĕâ ğüĚħĐèéĕâğüĚĨĐĄĘĈĔâČöēĠüŇü ģĄŇğĎüĘąĊĎĆĚĐąěŇąéüğâėüģþ ģãĄĔüüňĐą úĬĕĢĎňğĄĚħĐüĬĕģþþĆēâĐýĐĕĎĕĆĠĈňĊ ĄĘĆčëĕøėĐĆŇĐą øĈĐ÷éüğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆþĈĐ÷ăĔąéĕâčĕĆāėČ ğāĆĕēâĕĆğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĨĚüğĄĚĐèĢëňĐĕĎĕĆéĕâûĆĆĄëĕøėğþŎüĎĈĔâ ģĄŇĄĘ âĕĆĢëňčĕĆğĆŇèâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøĢ÷ĥ ìęħèÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèüĐâéĕâĄĘġþĆøĘüåěöăĕā÷ĘģĊňýĆėġăåĢüåĆĔĊğĆĚĐüĠĈňĊ ąĔèčĕĄĕĆùüĬĕ ģþéĬĕĎüŇĕąğþŎüčėüåňĕģ÷ňĆĕåĕ÷Ę÷ňĊą 5. ģâŇāüĚĨ ğĄĚĐèčĕĄĕĆùĀŀâìňĐĄğþŎüģâŇâďĘ ĕğāĚĐħ ğāėĄħ ĄĜĈåŇĕģ÷ň ģâŇāüĚĨ ğĄĚĐèğþŎüčĔøĊŋúĄĘħ úĘ ĕŇ úĕèĐèĐĕé čèŇĕ čĘčüĔ ĠĈēčĔ÷čŇĊü čĊąèĕĄ øĈĐ÷éüĄĘüėčĔąğþŎüüĔâčĜňġ÷ąûĆĆĄëĕøė âĈŇĕĊåĚĐ ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèøĔĊÿĜňéēøŇĐčĜňâĔüğāĚħĐĠč÷èåĊĕĄğþŎüéŇĕĀĜè Ġč÷èâĕĆ ĎĊèĠĎüĐĕöĕğãø ĠĈēĠč÷èâĕĆĎĊèĠĎüøĔĊğĄĘąĎĆĚĐåĜŇÿčĄ ğâČøĆâĆéęèčĔèğâøĠĈēåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâģâŇøĔĊÿĜňúĘħĄĘĈĔâČöēĠĈēğëėèëü ÷Ę üĬĕĄĕĀŀâìňĐĄğāĚħĐğþŎüģâŇâĘďĕĠĈēüĬĕĐĐâĠãŇèãĔüğþŎüâėéâĆĆĄüĔüúüĕâĕĆąĕĄĊŇĕèéĕââĕĆúĬĕèĕüøŇĐģþ ìęħèüĐâéĕâÿĜňğĈĘĨąè éēģ÷ňåĊĕĄčüěâčüĕĄğāĈė÷ğāĈėüéĕââėéâĆĆĄüĔüúüĕâĕĆ÷ĔèâĈŇĕĊĠĈňĊ ùňĕĄĘÿĜňčüĢéøňĐèâĕĆìĚĨĐģâŇâĘďĕĀĿĄĚĐ÷Ę ÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇâĘďĕ øĔĊüĔĨüĥ ąĔèčĕĄĕĆùãĕąğþŎüĆĕąģ÷ňğčĆėĄĢĎňâĔýåĆĐýåĆĔĊģ÷ňĐĘâ÷ňĊą ĠĈēùňĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèøĔĊĢ÷ģ÷ňÿŇĕüâĕĆåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâĠĈēĀŀâìňĐĄ éüğþŎüģâŇâĘďĕĠĈňĊéēčĕĄĕĆùãĕąģ÷ňĆĕåĕ÷ĘâĊŇĕâĕĆãĕąğþŎüģâŇğüĚĨĐĎĈĕąĆňĐąğúŇĕğĈąúĘğ÷ĘąĊ

ôüĉĕùðÛĆàęÚĻ÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàęðû ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúąčĕĄĕĆùĠýŇèģ÷ňğþŎü 2 þĆēğăú ÷ĔèüĘĨ (1.) ģâŇčĊąèĕĄ ģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúąğþŎüģâŇúĘħĄĘĈĔâČöēčèŇĕèĕĄ ąĚüøĔĊøĆè ĎĕèāěŇè čĘčĔüčĊąèĕĄ úĕèčĄĕåĄĐüěĆĔâČŋ ĠĈēāĔõüĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúą éęèģ÷ňéĬĕĠüâģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèøĕĄčĘčĔüãĐèģâŇĠĈēþĆēâĕċĆĔýĆĐèģĊň 10 čĕąāĔüûěŋ (čĄĕåĄĐüěĆĔâČŋĠĈē āĔõüĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèģúą, 2542ĠĈē2543) ģ÷ňĠâŇ 1.1 čĕąāĔüûěŋğĎĈĚĐĎĕèãĕĊ 1.2 čĕąāĔüûěŋþĆē÷ĜŇĎĕè÷Ĭĕ 1.3 čĕąāĔüûěŋğúĕĎĕèãĕĊ 1.4 čĕąāĔüûěŋĈĕąĎĕèãĕĊ 1.5 čĕąāĔüûěŋüââ÷Ďĕè÷Ĭĕ 1.6 čĕąāĔüûěŋúĐèĠ÷èĎĕè÷Ĭĕ 1.7 čĕąāĔüûěŋþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊ 1.8 čĕąāĔüûěŋğãĘąĊğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊ 1.9 čĕąāĔüûěŋğãĘąĊĎĕè÷Ĭĕ 1.10 čĕąāĔüûěŋüâĠ÷èĎĕèĠ÷è

ęÚĻ÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàăċû÷ĊòñđĿęðû 1.1 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊ ïčĝòÚĢċĕòčí ģâŇğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊĄĘùüėħ âĬĕğüė÷ĠùĊăĕåğĎüĚĐãĐèģúą ýňĕüĎĔĊğú ĎĆĚĐýňĕüâĆŇĕè éĔèĎĊĔ÷āėČöěġĈâ ğþŎüĠĎĈŇè âĬĕğüė÷ģâŇāĔüûěŋğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊāĔüûěŋ÷ĘčĕąğĈĚĐ÷Ġúň üĐâéĕâ üĘĨąĔèĄĘĠùýéĔèĎĊĔ÷ĢâĈňğåĘąè üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĕĨ ĎüĔâĠĄŇāüĔ ûěŋ : 2.00 – 2.50 ââ.

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ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĔĨüĠüŇüýĆėğĊöĎüňĕåĐùęèĎüňĕĐâéēĄĐèğĎĦüĎüĔèčĘĠ÷è ãüýĆėğĊöĢøňþĿâĢøňĐâĠüŇü ãüëŇĊèúňĐè ğþŎüþěą ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēĆēąňĕğþŎüãüĈēğĐĘą÷ þĈĕąĠĎĈĄğčňüğĈĦâ âňĕüĠãĦè ğþŎüĠÿèčĘğĎĈĚĐèč÷Ģč÷Ĕè âĔýčĘúĐèåĬĕãüčĆňĐąåĐąĕĊþĆēýŇĕğĆĘąâ “čĆňĐąøŇĐ ĎĆĚĐ þĆēýŇĕ” ãüĆēąňĕąĕĊþĆēâňü ãüčĘğĎĈĚĐè éēĄĘ 3 ğê÷čĘ åĚĐ ğĎĈĚĐè ĠâŇ ğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐèĢĎîŇ ğĎĈĚĐèâĈĕèğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐèĆĊâ ğĎĈĚĐèĐŇĐüğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐè÷Đâġčü ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĄĘčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüâĆēĆĊąčĘãĕĊ

ģâŇğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊĄĘ 3 ğê÷čĘ åĚĐ 1. čĘğĎĈĚĐèĠâŇč÷Ģč÷ĔèčĘúĐèåĬĕ ğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐèĢĎîŇ ğþŎüāîĕģâŇčě÷ąĐ÷ãĐèģâŇúĔĨèĎĄ÷úĔĨèþĊè 2. čĘğĎĈĚĐèâĈĕè÷ĔèčĘúĐèúĕ ğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐèĆĊâ ĎĆĚĐğĎĈĚĐèğĊâ ğþŎüĆĐèğĎĈĚĐèĢĎîŇ 3. čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐŇĐü÷ĔèčĘúĐèğþĈĊ ğĆĘąâğĎĈĚĐè÷ĐâġčüĎĆĚĐğĎĈĚĐèğãňĄ ğþŎüĆĐèéĕâğĎĈĚĐèğĎĈĚĐèĆĊâ ğāċğĄĘą ãüāĚĨüøĔĊğþŎüčĘ÷ĬĕøĈĐ÷ĎĆĚĐýĕèøĔĊĐĕéĄĘéě÷âĆēãĕĊĐąĜŇ 5 ĎąŇĐĄ åĚĐ ĎĔĊĎüęħè ĎĔĊþĿâčĐè ãňĐãĕčĐè ĆĊĄğþŎüĎňĕĎąŇĐĄğĎĄĚĐüøĔĊÿĜň þĕâ Ġãňè þ쳥ğ÷ĚĐą ğĈĦý ğâĈĦ÷ ğþŎüčĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐèøĈĐ÷ ĠýýčĘèĕëňĕè þĕâĄĘĆŇĐèüĬĨĕ 2 ãňĕè þĈĕąþĕâèĐèěňĄğĈĦâüňĐą øĕčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐŇĐüĄĘğčňüğĈĚĐ÷ čĘĠ÷èĢüøĕğĎĦüģ÷ňëĔ÷ğéü

1.2 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋþĆē÷ĜŇĎĕè÷Ĭĕ ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇëüāĔüûěŋþĆē÷ĜŇĎĕè÷ĬĕğþŎüģâŇāĔüûěŋĠúňĠøŇġýĆĕö ĄĘùüėħ âĬĕğüė÷ĠùýăĕåâĈĕèãĐèģúą ğëŇü čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ Đąěûąĕ êēğëėèğúĆĕ ĄĘüýěĆĘ ĎüĐèéĐâ čėèĎŋýěĆĘ ĠĈēĐŇĕèúĐèğþŎü ĠĎĈŇèâĬĕğüė÷ģâŇþĆē÷ĜŇĎĕè÷ĬĕëĔĨü÷Ę üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬ2 ĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüčĔĨüĠüŇü ýĆėğĊöĎüňĕåĐùęèĎüňĕĐâéēĄĐèğĎĦüĎüĔèčĘĠ÷è ãüĢøňþĿâ ĢøňĐâĠüŇü ëŇĊè úňĐè ğþŎüþěą ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēãüĆēąňĕğþŎüãüĈēğĐĘą÷ âňĕüãüĠãĦèğĈĦâğþŎüĠÿèčĘþĆē÷ĜŇ čąĕąþĆēýŇĕþĆēâňü

ģâŇþĆē÷ĜŇĎĕè÷ĬĕĠýŇèøĕĄčĕąāĔüûěŋĄĘ 3 čĕąāĔüûěŋ åĚĐ 1. þĆē÷ĜŇğĄĈĦ÷ĄēãĕĄ ĎĆĚĐþĆē÷ĜŇĄēãĕĄåĔħĊ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâĆēĆĊą čĘ÷ĬĕčüėúģĄŇĄĘčĘãĕĊ ĎĆĚĐčĘ ĐĚħüĥ ĠìĄ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĆēąňĕ ĠĈēãüþľ÷ĎĜčĘþĆē÷ĜŇčĘğ÷ĘąĊâĔüúĔĨèøĔĊģĄŇĄĘčĘãüĐĚħüĥ ĠìĄ øĕčĘģāĆĎĆĚĐĠ÷è þĕâ ğâĈĦ÷ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĠâŇ ĎüňĕčĘĠ÷è 2. þĆē÷ĜŇĠčĄ÷Ĭĕ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâĆēĆĊą čĘ÷ĬĕčüėúģĄŇĄĘčĘãĕĊ ĎĆĚĐčĘĐĚħüĥ ĠìĄ ãü čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè Ćēąňĕ ĠĈēãüþľ÷ĎĜčĘþĆē÷ĜŇ÷Ĭĕ øĕčĘ÷Ĭĕ þĕâ ğâĈĦ÷ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘ÷Ĭĕčüėú ¥ ¥

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3. þĆē÷ĜŇĠãňèğãĘąĊøĕĈĕą ýĕèåüğĆĘąâþĆē÷ĜŇğĄĚĐèčėèĎŋ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâĆēĆĊą čĘ÷ĬĕčüėúģĄŇĄĘčĘ ãĕĊ ĎĆĚĐčĘĐĚħüĥ ĠìĄ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè Ćēąňĕ ĠĈēãüþľ÷ĎĜčĘþĆē÷ĜŇĄēãĕĄåĔħĊ øĕčĘĠ÷èĎĆĚĐčĘģāĆ ĄĘğčňüøĕ ÷Ĭĕ ĎĆĚĐĈĕą÷Ĭĕ þĕâ ğâĈĦ÷ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğãĘąĊåĈĬĨĕĠýýčĘĎąâ ğāċğĄĘą ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâčĘ÷Ĭĕ ąĕĊùęèâĔüğþŎüþĿâøĐüğ÷ĘąĊ ãüåĐéēĄĘčĘþĆē÷ĜŇĠìĄþĈĕąğĈĦâüňĐą ãüčĔĨüĈēğĐĘą÷ ĎĕèąĕĊ÷Ĭĕčüėú þĕâĄĔħüåèĄĘĆŇĐèüĬĨĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý þ쳥ğ÷ĚĐą čĘüĬĨĕøĕĈ øĕčĘģāĆ

1.3 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋğúĕĎĕèãĕĊ

ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇğúĕĄĘĠĎĈŇèâĬĕğüė÷úĔħĊģþãĐèþĆēğúċģúą ĠĎĈŇè âĬĕğüė÷ģâŇğúĕúĘħĄĘëĚħĐğčĘąè ğëŇü éĔèĎĊĔ÷øĕâ ĐĬĕğăĐāüĔčüėåĄ éĔèĎĊĔ÷ëĈýěĆĘ ĐĬĕğăĐýňĕüĠĎĈĄ éĔèĎĊĔ÷ğāëĆýěĆĘ ĠùĊĐĘčĕü éĔ è ĎĊĔ ÷ âĕďčė ü ûě ŋ üåĆĆĕëčĘ Ą ĕ Đě ý ĈĆĕëûĕüĘ ğþŎ ü øň ü üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.00 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüòĕüøĔĊčĘğúĕøĕĄāĔüûěŋ ãüþĿâãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĄĘčĘğúĕ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēãüĆēąňĕčĘ ğ÷ĘąĊâĔüøĕĄāĔüûěŋ ğëŇü ÷Ĭĕ þĆē÷Ĝ÷ ãĘĨğùňĕ úĐèĠ÷èğĎĈĚĐèúĐè ģâŇğúĕĄĘĆĜþĆŇĕèĈĔâČöē 2 ĐąŇĕè ĐąŇĕèĎüęħè ĆĜþĆŇĕèğāĆĘąĊýĕè ąĕĊĆēĎè ĐĘâĈĔâČöēĎüęħèĈĬħĕøňĐĆĜþĎĔĊþĈĘĠĈēğýĘĨąéĔħü ĈĬĕøĔĊâĈĄĎĕèąĕĊúĆèĂłĐüãňĕĊĠĈēúĆèĎĕèĄňĕ

čĕąāĔüûěŋģâŇğúĕĎĕèãĕĊ ĄĘĐąĜŇ 6 āĔüûěŋ åĚĐ 4. ğúĕúĐèåĬĕĎĆĚĐğúĕćĕČĘ 6. ģâŇğúĕčĊĕ÷ 8. ģâŇğúĕãĘĨğùňĕ

5.

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ģâŇğúĕúĐèĠ÷è ģâŇğúĕĎĄňĐ ģâŇğúĕãĘĨåĊĕą

ğāċğĄĘą ĄĘĆĜþĆŇĕèĈĔâČöēğāĆĘąĊýĕèčĜèąĕĊĆēĎèåĐĆĔ÷ åĕèĆĔ÷ĎüňĕĠĎĈĄâĈĄâĈęèĠýýĎüňĕüâ ĈĬĕøĔĊąĕĊâĈĄéĔý ąĕĊ 2 úŇĐü ãüāĚĨüøĔĊĠĈēãüĎĈĔèğčňüğĈĦâĈēğĐĘą÷ğĆĘąýâĔüğþŎüĆēğýĘąýâĆēğýüĎĕèĆĔ÷ čĘãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüĎĈĔè ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕè ĠĈēãüåĐğþŎüčĘğúĕğĎĄĚĐüâĔüúĔĨèøĔĊ

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1.4 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋĈĕąĎĕèãĕĊ ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇ÷Ę ģâŇ÷Ĕè åĆĔĨèġýĆĕöğþŎüģâŇĢüğãøăĕåğĎüĚĐĠùý éĔ è ĎĊĔ ÷ ğëĘ ą èĆĕą āēğąĕ, ĢüăĕåĐĘ č ĕü ãĐüĠâŇ ü ĄĎĕčĕĆåĕĄ, ĢüăĕåâĈĕè ĠĈēăĕåĢøňéēāýĐąĜŇúĔħĊģþ ğëŇü ğāëĆýěĆĘ čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ Đąěûąĕ ĠĈēüåĆċĆĘûĆĆĄĆĕë üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 4.00 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ģâŇĈĕąĎĕèãĕĊ ãüãüāĚĨüøĔĊĈĕąøĈĐ÷ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĈĕąğĎĄĚĐüãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüĎĕèâĆēĆĊąčĘãĕĊ ãü čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè čĘĈĕą øĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐèĎĆĚĐãĕĊèĊèëňĕè ĎüňĕâĈĄâĈęèĠýýĎüňĕüâ ğĎąĘħąĊ ğĎüĘąèåĕèĆĔ÷

ģâŇĈĕąĎĕèãĕĊĄĘĐąĜŇ 7 ğê÷čĘ åĚĐ 10.

11.

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ĈĕąĈĜâãŇĐą ĈĕąĈĜâĎĊĕą Ĉĕą÷ĐâĐňĐ ĈĕąãňĕĊøĐâ ĈĕąüââĆēúĕ ĈĕąâĕğĎĊŇĕ ĈĕąğýĘĨą

ãüčĆňĐąĈĕąčĘãĕĊčĈĔýğĎĈĚĐèĠýýčĘĈĜâãŇĐąčěâ ãüčĆňĐąĈĕąčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĠýýĈĜâĎĊĕąčěâ ãüčĆňĐąčĘĈĕąčĘğúĕĐŇĐü Ġýý÷ĐâĐňĐ ÷Đâāè ãüčĆňĐąĈĕąčĘãĕĊĠýýĎĐąğýĘĨą ãüčĆňĐąĈĕąčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĠýýüââĆēúĕ ãüčĆňĐąĈĕąčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĠâŇčĈĔý÷Ĭĕ ģâŇĈĕąğýĘĨą ĐĐâãĕĊþüğúĕ

úĔĨè 7 ğê÷čĘüĘĨùĚĐĊŇĕğþŎüģâŇĈĕąĎĕèãĕĊúĔĨèĎĄ÷ øĔĊúĘħüėąĄåĚĐ øĔĊĈĕąğĎĈĚĐè ĈĕąãĕĊĈĕąüĬĨĕøĕĈ ğĆĘąâĊŇĕ čĘĈĕąãŇĐąĈĕą ğýĘĨą ĈĕąâĕğĎĊŇĕ üĔħüğĐè

1.5 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋüââ÷Ďĕè÷Ĭĕ ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇüââĆ÷ĄĘĠĎĈŇèâĬĕğüė÷ĐąĜŇúĔħĊĥģþģâŇğâŇèģâŇ÷ĔèéēĄĘ ĐąĜĠŇ ùĊĥ üåĆčĊĆĆåŋ ĆĕëýěĆĘ ğāëĆýěĆĘ üåĆþòĄ âĕîéüýěĆĘ ğþŎüøňü üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.00 – 2.50 ââ. ¥ ¥

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ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔèĆēąĕĠ÷èĐĄüĬĨĕøĕĈ ãüĎĕè÷ĬĕãüþŌŐüãĕčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâčĘĠ÷è ãüþĈĕąþĿâčĘĠ÷èĐĄüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄ ĠýýčĘĠĄĈèčĕý ģâŇüââĆ÷ğþŎüģâŇĆĜþúĆèè÷èĕĄ ĆĜþĆŇĕèčĜèġþĆŇè úĆèĎèčŋ ģĎĈŇâĊňĕè ĎĈĔè ąĕĊ þĿâĢĎîŇąĕĊ ĎĕèąĕĊğþŎüāĈĜéĘý ĎĆĚĐĂłĐüãňĕĊ

ģâŇüââ÷ĠýŇèģ÷ňøĕĄğê÷čĘùęè 3 ëüė÷ åĚĐ 1. üââ÷Ġ÷è ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ãüâĆēĆĊąčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâčĘĠ÷è þĈĕąþĿâčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄĠýýčĘĠĄĈèčĕý ãü čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ãüþľ÷ĎĜ ğþŎüčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĐĄĠ÷è þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷èøĕčĘĠ÷è 2. üââ÷÷Ĭĕ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĎĕèâĆēĆĊą čĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâčĘĠ÷èþĈĕąþĿâčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄĠýýčĘĠĄĈèčĕý ãü čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ãüþľ÷ĎĜ ğþŎüčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĐĄ÷ĬĕåĈňĕąĥ čĘþĆē÷ĜŇ ĠčĄ÷Ĭĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷èĐĄ ÷ĬĕøĕčĘĠ÷èğãňĄ 3. üââ÷ğĎĈĚĐè ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ þĈĕąþĿâčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄĠýýčĘĠĄĈèčĕýğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýøĔĊĐĚħüĥ ýĕèøĔĊéēĄĘĈĕą÷ĬĕĐąĜŇúĘħ þĿâ éęèğĆĘąâĊŇĕ â÷ĈĕąãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ãüþľ÷ĎĜ ğþŎüčĘĠ÷èĐĄ÷ĬĕĐĄüĬĨĕøĕĈ ĠýýčĘøĔĊüĕĎĆĚĐüââĆēþĜ÷þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è÷Ĭĕ ğāċğĄĘą ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈĠýýčĘâĕýĐňĐą ãüčĔüĎĆĚĐčĆňĐąåĐčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈ ãüĎĈĔè ãüþĿâ čĘüĬĨĕøĕĈãüþĈĕąþĿâéēĄĘ čĘüĬĨĕøĕĈğãňĄĠýýčĘĠĄĈèčĕý ãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷Ĭĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è ãüþľ÷ĎĜčĘüĬĨĕøĕĈøĕčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è

1.6 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋúĐèĠ÷èĎĕè÷Ĭĕ ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇúĐèĠ÷èĎĕè÷ĬĕĄĘĠĎĈŇèâĬĕğüė÷ĐąĜŇúĔħĊĥ ģþ ģâŇ÷Ĕè ĢüĐ÷ĘøúĘħğāëĆýěĆĘ ĆĕëýěĆĘ Đąěûąĕ ëĈýěĆĘ ğþŎüøňü üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊøĔĨèĠøŇýĆėğĊöĎüňĕåĐ ĎüňĕĐâ ĢøňþĿâ ĢøňúňĐè éēĄĘčĘĠ÷è ģâŇúĐèĠ÷èĎĕè÷ĬĕĄĘĆĜþĆŇĕèúēĄĔ÷úēĠĄè úĆèĎĔĊþĈĘââĈňĊą ëŇĊèģĎĈŇâĊňĕè ĐâğþŎüĄĔ÷ĄĘâĈňĕĄğüĚĨĐĈĬĕøĔĊąĕĊéĔýâĈĄ 2 úŇĐü ģĎĈŇĎüňĕĢĎîŇýĨĔüúňĕąġøþŌŐüãĕĢĎîŇĠãĦèĠĆè Ďĕè÷âąĕĊğþŎüĂłĐüãňĕĊĎĆĚĐĠýýĎĕèĄňĕ

ģâŇúĐèĠ÷èĎĕè÷ĬĕĠýŇèøĕĄğê÷čĘģ÷ň 4 ëüė÷ åĚĐ 1. úĐèĠ÷èĢĎîŇãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ĠĈēãüčĆňĐąéēčĘĠ÷èğãňĄĐĄ÷ĬĕþĕâĠãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷èĐĄ÷ĬĕøĕĠ÷è ģâŇúĐèĠ÷èĢĎîŇýĕèĠĎŇèğĆĘąâģâŇúĔýúėĄ

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2. úĐèĠ÷èøēğăĕúĐè ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ĠĈēãüčĆňĐąéēčĘĐĐâğĎĈĚĐèčňĄĠýýģâŇøēğăĕ ĎĆĚĐčĘĠýýčĘúĐèåĬĕþĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą éēĄĘčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è øĕĠ÷èğĎĈĚĐèĐĄ 3. úĐèĠ÷èĠãňèğãĘąĊøĕĈĕąãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüčĆňĐąéēčĘğãňĄĐĄ÷ĬĕåĈňĕąĥ Ġ÷èĢĎîŇ ĠøŇþĕâĠãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğãĘąĊĐĄ÷Ĭĕ øĕĈĕą Ġ÷è÷Ĭĕ 4. úĐèĠ÷èĐŇĐüĎĆĚĐčĘþüĜ ĠĎňè ãüāĚüĨ øĔĊ ãüčĆňĐąéēčĘĠ÷èìĘ÷ĥ Ġ÷èĐŇĐüĥþĕâĠãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘãĕĊĐĄĠ÷èğĎĄĚĐüĥ âĔüøēğăĕúĐè ğāċğĄĘą ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ÷ňĕüĈŇĕè ĎüňĕåĐ ĎüňĕĐâ ĢøňþĿâ ĢøňúňĐè âňü čĘĠ÷è ãüåĐãüĎĈĔè ãüþĿâ čĘĠ÷è ĠâŇâĊŇĕãüāĚĨüğĈĦâ üňĐą ãüčĆňĐąåĐéēĄĘčĘĠ÷èãĈėýĠĈýĐĐâĄĕğĈĦâüňĐąøĕĄğê÷čĘĠøŇĈēëüė÷ ãüþľ÷ĎĜčĘĠ÷è ãüģìþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüúĔý ĎĕèčĘĠ÷è þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è éēğãňĄĎĆĚĐĐŇĐüøĕĄğê÷čĘāĔüûěŋøĕčĘĠ÷è

1.7 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊ ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊĄĘĠĎĈŇèâĬĕğüė÷ĠùýāĆēüåĆ ċĆĘĐąěûąĕ ğāëĆýěĆĘ čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ âĬĕĠāèğāëĆ ĄĘüýěĆĘ ĎüĐèéĐâ čěġãúĔą þĆēéĊýåĘĆĘãĔüûŋ üåĆċĆĘûĆĆĄĆĕë üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.40 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĄĘčĘãĕĊþü÷Ĭĕ ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊ åĜŇĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè čĘþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕ åĚĐġåüčĆňĐąčĘãĕĊ þĈĕąčĆňĐąčĘþĆē÷ĜŇ ģâŇþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊğþŎüģâŇĆĜþĆŇĕèĠýýúĆèĎèčŋ ĈĬĕ øĔĊąĕĊ ģĎĈŇąâ Ďĕè÷âąĕĊğþŎüĂłĐüãňĕĊ ğ÷ėüąĚüúŇĕúĕèčèŇĕèĕĄ ĠãňèâĈĄĠýýĈĬĕĎĊĕą ĎüňĕâĈĄâĈęèĠýýĎüňĕüâğĎąĘħąĊ ğĎüĘąèåĕèĆĔ÷

ģâŇþĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊĄĘĐąĜŇ 4 ğê÷čĘ åĚĐ 17. þĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĢĎîŇĎĆĚĐğĆĘąâĐĘâëĚħĐĊŇĕ ğĈĕĢĎîŇ āĆēğéňĕ 5 āĆēĐèåŋ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèğþľ÷čĘ÷ĬĕĠìĄãĕĊ ãü čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔèĠĈēãüĆēąňĕġåüčĆňĐąčĘãĕĊ þĈĕąčĆňĐąčĘğĄĈĦ÷ĄēãĕĄĠâŇ ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊþĈĐ÷ åĜŇ ĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ úĘħĎĔĊ þĿâ ãňĐãĕčĘâĆēãĕĊ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘüĬĨĕøĕĈ øĕčĘģāĆ 18. þĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕğĈĦâ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷ĬĕĠìĄãĕĊ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔèĠĈēãüĆēąňĕġåü čĆňĐąčĘãĕĊ þĈĕąčĆňĐąčĘğĄĈĦ÷ĄēãĕĄĠâŇ ģĄŇĄĘĎąŇĐĄâĆē ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊþĈĐ÷ åĜŇĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ 19. þĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕĠ÷è ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷ĬĕĠìĄãĕĊ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēãüĆēąňĕġåüčĆňĐąčĘãĕĊ þĈĕąčĆňĐąčĘþĆē÷ĜŇĠ÷è ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊ åĜŇĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ ¥ ¥

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20. þĆē÷ĜŇğĈĕ÷Ĭĕ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷ĬĕĠìĄãĕĊ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ġåüčĆňĐąčĘãĕĊ þĈĕąčĆňĐąčĘåĈĬĨĕğãňĄĠýýğãĘąĊþĆē÷ĜŇ ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊþĈĐ÷ åĜŇĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ

1.8 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋğãĘąĊğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊ

ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ĄĘ Ġ ĎĈŇ è âĬ ĕ ğüė ÷ úĘħ čĬ ĕ åĔ î ĐąĜ Ň úĘħ éĔ è ĎĊĔ ÷ âĬ ĕ ĠāèğāëĆ ğāëĆýěĆĘ čěāĆĆöýěĆĘ Đąěûąĕ āėČöěġĈâ ğāëĆýĜĆöŋ ĠĈēĐĘâ ĎĈĕąéĔèĎĊĔ÷ĢüþĆēğúċģúą üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 4.00 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâĎĕèčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüâĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèčĘãĕĊ åĜŇĐĚħüĥ čĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè čĘğãĘąĊğĈĕ ģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊğþŎüģâŇúĆèþĈĘâĈňĊą ģĎĈŇĎüĕĢĎîŇ ĈĬĕøĔĊâĈĄąĕĊ ĎĕèąĕĊ úŇĕúĕèčèŇĕèĕĄ úēĄĔ÷úēĠĄè ģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊāĔüûěŋĠúňĠøŇġýĆĕöĄĘ 3 čĕąāĔüûěŋ 1. ğãĘąĊğĈĕĢĎîŇāĆēğéňĕ 5 āĆēĐèåŋ ğþŎüčě÷ąĐ÷ãĐèģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊ ċĔâ÷ėīċĆĘ āĐĥ âĔýģâŇğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊāĆēğéňĕ 5 āĆēĐèåŋ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè čĘğãĘąĊğĈĕ ãüþĿâúŇĐüĢüčĘ÷Ĭĕ úŇĐüüĐâøĐüëĕąþĿâčĘãĕĊĠìĄ ĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷Ĭĕ ĎĕèâĆēĆĊąåĜŇğĐâčĘãĕĊþĈĐ÷ åĜŇĐĚħüĥčĘãĕĊþĈĕą÷Ĭĕ øĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐè úĘħĎĔĊ ĎĔĊþĿâ 2 ãňĕè ĠĈēãňĐãĕ 2 ãňĕèĄĘéě÷âĆēþĆēĠþŃèčĘãĕĊĐąĜŇğþŎüĎąŇĐĄþĆēâĕąğĆĘąâāĆēğéňĕ 5 āĆēĐèåŋ ĠýýģâŇğĎĈĚĐèĎĕèãĕĊùĚĐğþŎüģâŇčâěĈ čĜèĐĘâøĔĊĎüęħè 2. ģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕğĈĦâĎĕèãĕĊ ĆĐèéĕâģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕĢĎîŇĎĕèãĕĊ ãüāĚĨüčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüþĿâãüĎĕèāĔ÷čĘ÷Ĭĕ ĎĕèâĆēĆĊąčĘãĕĊþü ÷Ĭĕ âĆēĆĊąåĜŇâĈĕèãĕĊþĈĐ÷ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔèčĘğãĘąĊğĈĕãĕĊĠìĄ øĕčĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐèģĄŇĄĘĎąŇĐĄâĆēþĆēĠþŃè āĆēğéňĕ 5 āĆēĐèåŋ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘãĕĊ ĐĄğĎĈĚĐèĠýýğãĘąĊğĈĕĢĎîŇ 3. ģâŇğãĘąĊğĈĕ÷ĐâĎĕèãĕĊ ĆĐèéĕâğãĘąĊğĈĕğĈĦâ ğãĘąĊ÷ĐâğĈĕĎĕèãĕĊĈĔâČöēĐĚħüĥ ğĎĄĚĐüğĈĕğĈĦâĎĕèãĕĊ øŇĕèâĔü øĆèčĘþĆēâĕąčĆňĐąğþŎüčĘğãĘąĊĐĄüňĕøĕĈ

18

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1.9 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋğãĘąĊĎĕè÷Ĭĕ

ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ ģâŇğãĘąĊĎĕè÷ĬĕĄĘùėħüâĬĕğüė÷úĕèăĕåĢøň ăĕåøēĊĔü ĐĐâğêĘąèğĎüĚĐ ĠĈēăĕåğĎüĚĐãĐèģúą ģâŇğãĘąĊĄĘëĚħĐğĆĘąâ øŇĕèâĔüģþøĕĄúňĐèùėħü ğëŇü ĠùĊăĕåøēĊĔüĐĐâ ëĈýěĆĘ āüĔčüėåĄ ğĆĘąâ ğãĘąĊāĆēĆù ĠùĊğĎüĚĐ ĐěøĆ÷ėøùŋ ğĆĘąâ ğãĘąĊāĕĈĘ ĠùĊăĕåâĈĕè ğĆĘąâ ğãĘąĊāĆēąĕāėëąĔ ÷ĕýĎĔâ ăĕå Ģøň ğĆĘąâ ğãĘąĊĄĆâø ĠĈēąĔèĄĘëĚħĐĐĚħüĥ ĐĘâ ğëŇü ğãĘąĊģãŇâĕ, ğãĘąĊāĆēĐėüúĆŋ, ğãĘąĊüėĈčĕĆėâĕ üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.00 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüþĆēéĬĕāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ĎüňĕåĐ ĎüňĕúňĐè ĢøňúňĐè ĢøňþĿâ čĘ÷ĬĕøĈĐ÷ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ĎĕèâĆēĆĊąčĘ÷Ĭĕčüėú ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐą þĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēĆēąňĕ čĘğãĘąĊĐĄ÷ĬĕĠýýčĘĠĄĈèăĜŇ âňĕüãüĠãĦèğĎüĘąĊ ģĄŇğþĆĕēģĄŇĎĔâèŇĕą ĎüňĕâĈĄąĕĊĠýýüâąĜèĎĆĚĐâĕ ąĚüğϹʹ÷ãĕøĆèëĜåĐğĈŇüčĆňĐąøĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕ

ģâŇğãĘąĊĎĕè÷ĬĕĠýŇèøĕĄğê÷čĘģ÷ň 2 ëüė÷ åĚĐ 21. ğãĘąĊüėĈ ĎĆĚĐýĕèúĘğĆĘąâĊŇĕ üėĈčĕĆėâĕ ğþŎüĆĐèğãĘąĊģãŇâĕ ĈĔâČöēğ÷ŇüåĚĐ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâĆēĈĊąčĘ ÷Ĭĕčüėú ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè čĘğãĘąĊåĈĬĨĕģþúĕè÷ĬĕĄĐèåĈňĕąĥ čĘþĆē÷ĜŇĠčĄ÷Ĭĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘãĕĊþĈĐ÷ øĕčĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐèĠýýøĕþĈĕĎĄĐøĕą 22. ğãĘąĊĠĄĈèúĔý ğþŎüğãĘąĊĆĐèĄĕéĕâğãĘąĊüėĈčĕĆėâĕ ĈĔâČöēğ÷Ňü åĚĐ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâĆēĈĊąčĘ÷Ĭĕčüėú ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔèĠĈēĆēąňĕ čĘğãĘąĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐè ĎĆĚĐğãĘąĊúĐèåĈňĕąþĿâĠĄĈèúĔý þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐą čĘãĕĊĐĄ ğĎĈĚĐèĠýýğãĘąĊüėĈčĕĆėâĕ øĕčĘãĕĊĐĄğĎĈĚĐèĠýýøĕþĈĕĎĄĐøĕą ğāċğĄĘą ğþŎüģâŇúĆèąĕĊéĔý 2 úŇĐü åĐąĕĊĈĐüğ÷ĘąĊ ãüāĚĨüøĔĊ ãüĎĕè úĔĨèĎĄ÷ğþŎüčĘ÷Ĭĕ ãüåĐ ãüĎĈĔè þĈĕąãü ğþŎüčĘğãĘąĊĐĄ÷ĬĕğĈĦâüňĐąøĕĄčĘøĔĊÿĜň

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1.10 ģâŇģúąāĔüûěŋüâĠ÷èĎĕèĠ÷è

ùėħüâĬĕğüė÷ čĕąāĔüûěŋģâŇüâĠ÷èğþŎüģâŇāĔüûěŋĠúň ĄĘĐąĜŇúĔħĊģþĢü ăĕåâĈĕè ăĕåĢøň ĠĈēăĕåğĎüĚĐ ģâŇüâĠ÷èéēāýĄĕâĢü ĠùýéĔèĎĊĔ÷âĕîéüýěĆĘ āėČöěġĈâ üåĆčĊĆĆåŋ Đąěûąĕ ĠĈē āĔúĈěè üĬĨĕĎüĔâāŇĐāĔüûěŋ : 3.00 – 3.50 ââ. üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ : 2.50 – 3.00 ââ.

ĈĔâČöēþĆēéĬĕčĕąāĔüûěŋ ğāċÿĜň ãüāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊ ĎüňĕåĐ ĎüňĕúňĐè ĢøňþĿâčĘĠ÷èøĈĐ÷ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè âňĕüãüčĘĠ÷è ğþŎüģâŇ úĆèþĈĘâĈňĊą ĈĬĕøĔĊâĈĄ ģĎĈŇĎüĕ ĠĈēĢĎîŇ ĎĕèúĆèĂłĐüãňĕĊ ĎĆĚĐúĆèĎĕèĄňĕ

ģâŇüâĠ÷èĄĘ 4 čĕąāĔüûěŋ åĚĐ 1. Ġ÷èëĕ÷ ğþŎüčĘĠ÷èğãňĄĎĆĚĐĠ÷èüâĠâŇ÷ĔħèčĘëĕ÷ ãüāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊ øĔĨèĠøŇüňĕĐâ úňĐèĢøňþĿâ ĢøňâňüğþŎüčĘĠ÷èğãňĄ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâēĆĊąčĘĠ÷èğãňĄğĎĄĚĐüčĘāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēãüþľ÷ĎĜğþŎüčĘĠ÷èğãňĄč÷ĢčãęĨü ğèĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è øĕčĘĠ÷è 2. Ġ÷èúĔýúėĄ ğþŎüčĘĠ÷èč÷Ģč čĘĐŇĐüâĊŇĕčĘĠ÷èëĕ÷ ãüāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊøĔĨèĠøŇĎüňĕåĐ ĢøňúňĐè ĢøňþĿâ ĢøňâňüğþŎüčĘĠ÷è ãü þĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâēĆĊąğþŎüčĘĠ÷èĠýýčĘāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊ čĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ĠĈēãüþľ÷ĎĜğþŎüčĘĠ÷èč÷ĢčãęĨüğèĕ þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è øĕčĘĠ÷è 3. Ġ÷èğāĈėè ĎĆĚĐýĕèĠĎŇèğĆĘąâ Ġ÷èøēĊĔü ğþŎüčĘĐŇĐüâĊŇĕĠ÷èúĔýúėĄ čĘéēģþúĕèčĘĠč÷ĎĆĚĐĠ÷èĐĄğĎĈĚĐè ãüāĚĨü ĈĬĕøĔĊøĔĨèĠøŇĎüňĕåĐùęèĢøňâňüğþŎüčĘĠ÷è ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâēĆĊąčĘĠ÷èĠýýãüāĚĨüčĘĈĬĕøĔĊ ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐą ĎĈĔè ãüþľ÷ĎĜĄĘčĘĠ÷èğāĈėè þĕâ Ġãňè ğĈĦý ğ÷ĚĐąčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è øĕčĘĠ÷è 4. Ġ÷èüĕâ ğþŎüčĘĠ÷èåĈĬĨĕĥ ĠýýčĘøĔĊüĕâ ãüāĚĨüĈĬĕøĔĊøĔĨèĠøŇĎüňĕåĐùęèĢøňâňüğþŎüčĘĠ÷èüĕâ ãüþĿâ ãüĎĕèāĔ÷ ĎĕèâēĆĊąčĘĠ÷è þĕâ Ġãňè ğ÷ĚĐąčĘğĎĈĚĐèĐĄĠ÷è ãüčĆňĐąåĐ čĆňĐąþĿâ čĆňĐąĎĈĔè ãüþľ÷ĎĜ ğþŎüčĘĠ÷èĐĐâĄĔü øĕčĘĠ÷è (2.) ģâŇâĘďĕĎĆĚĐģâŇëüģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĘåĊĕĄĠãĦèĠĆè þĆĕ÷ğþĆĘąĊ éėøĢéğ÷Ħ÷ğ÷ĘħąĊâĈňĕĎĕî ĠĈēĄĘåĊĕĄĐ÷úüčĜè ÿĜň ğĈĘĨąèģâŇëüéęèüėąĄåĔ÷ğĈĚĐâģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèğāċÿĜňúĘħĄĘåĊĕĄčĄýĜĆöŋ ĠãĦèĠĆè ğëėèëü÷Ę ĄĕĀŀâìňĐĄğþŎüģâŇâĘďĕĎĆĚĐģâŇëüğāĚħĐüĬĕĄĕ ĠãŇèãĔüğþŎüâėéâĆĆĄüĔüúüĕâĕĆ úĬĕĢĎňğâė÷âĕĆāĔõüĕčĕąāĔüûěŋģâŇëüéüğâė÷åĊĕĄĎĈĕâĎĈĕąúĕèāĔüûěâĆĆĄ ģâŇëüģúą ĄĘĐąĜŇúĔħĊúěâéĔèĎĊĔ÷ãĐèþĆēğúċĠøŇĐĕééēĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüýňĕèĢüúĕèčĆĘĆē éėøĢéĠĈēğëėèëü

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óðăüđô ûĆĆĄëĕøėġ÷ąúĔħĊģþãĐèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèéēčĕĄĕĆùğĈĘĨąèğþŎüģâŇâĘďĕĎĆĚĐģâŇëüģ÷ňþĆēĄĕöĆňĐąĈē 10 úĘħğĎĈĚĐĐĘâĆňĐąĈē 90 éēğþŎüģâŇğüĚĨĐğāĚħĐýĆėġăåùňĕ襥øėòĕü 1 åĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ğĈĘĨąèģâŇāŇĐāĔüûěŋ 1 øĔĊ ĠĄŇāĔüûěŋ 2 øĔĊĢüĆēąēğĊĈĕ 1 þĿ éēčĕĄĕĆùÿĈėø ģâŇģ÷ňþĆēĄĕö 48 øĔĊ ğþŎüģâŇëüþĆēĄĕö 5 øĔĊ ģâŇğüĚĨĐğāĚħĐýĆėġăå 43 øĔĊ éĕâãňĐĄĜĈúĕèčùėøėãĐèâĆĄþċěčĔøĊŋ ĢüþĿ 2555 þĆēğúċģúąĄĘğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĕâùęè 2.8 ĈňĕüåĆĔĊğĆĚĐü ÷ĔèüĔĨü ğâČøĆâĆÿĜňğĈĘĨąèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèúĔħĊþĆēğúċéēčĕĄĕĆùÿĈėøģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèğāĚħĐýĆėġăåĎĆĚĐéĬĕĎüŇĕąğþŎüģâŇğüĚĨĐģ÷ňéĬĕüĊü 120 ĈňĕüøĔĊøŇĐþĿ ĠĈēğþŎüģâŇëüéĬĕüĊü 14 ĈňĕüøĔĊøŇĐþĿ čĬĕĎĆĔýĆĕåĕéĬĕĎüŇĕąģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐè ùňĕğþŎüģâŇğüĚĨĐĆĕåĕøĔĊĈēþĆēĄĕö 100 ýĕú (1 øĔĊ x 2 âėġĈâĆĔĄ x 50 ýĕú) ĠøŇùňĕ ğþŎüģâŇëüéēčĕĄĕĆùéĬĕĎüŇĕąģ÷ňĆĕåĕøĔĊĈēþĆēĄĕö 1,000 ýĕúğþŎüĐąŇĕèüňĐą ĠĈēùňĕģâŇëüøĔĊĢ÷úĘħëüēâĕĆĠãŇèãĔüĠĈňĊ ĆĕåĕĐĕéğāėħĄãęĨüģ÷ňùęèøĔĊĈē 10,000-100,000 ýĕú ĄĜĈåŇĕúĕèğċĆČòâėéãĐèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèúĔĨèþĆēğúċğĄĚħĐåĬĕüĊöéĕâĆĕåĕéĬĕĎüŇĕąãĔĨüøĬħĕĠĈňĊ āýĊŇĕ âĕĆüĬĕģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèĄĕ éĬĕĎüŇĕąğþŎüģâŇğüĚĨĐéēģ÷ňĄĜĈåŇĕĆĊĄ 12,000 ĈňĕüýĕúøŇĐþĿ (120 ĈňĕüøĔĊ x 100 ýĕú) ĠĈēéĬĕĎüŇĕąğþŎüģâŇëüģ÷ňĄĜĈåŇĕĆĊĄ 14,000 ĈňĕüýĕúøŇĐþĿ (14 ĈňĕüøĔĊ x 1,000 ýĕú)÷ĔèüĔĨü ĆĊĄĄĜĈåŇĕúĕèğċĆČòâėéãĐèģâŇāĚĨüğĄĚĐèúĔĨèþĆēğúċģ÷ň 26,000 Ĉňĕü ýĕúøŇĐþĿ ************

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¡ÒûÃÐÂØ¡ q㪌à»Å×Í¡¢ŒÒÇâ¾´ËÁÑ¡ à¾×èÍàÅÕé§â¤à¹×éÍ㹨ѧËÇÑ´¾ÐàÂÒ ÛüüÝĿãĊû íĊĞòĕúß1 ėãÝ ėăüĊáÚđþ*2 Ėþĉ ãûđî íàôċþĎñüüúĿ3 ăċÛċĀčãċĕðÝėòėþûĎãĎĀùċ÷ ÝìĉĕÚĂîüāċăîüĿĖþĉðüĊ÷ûċÚüñüüúãċîč úĄċĀčðûċþĊû÷ĉĕûċ *2ăċÛċĀčãċăĊîĀāċăîüĿ ÝìĉĕÚĂîüāċăîüĿĖþĉðüĊ÷ûċÚüñüüúãċîč úĄċĀčðûċþĊû÷ĉĕûċ 19 ĄúĒĻ 2 îČóþĖúĻÚċ ĆČĕùĆĕúĐĆà áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ 56000 E-mail : Choke.mikled@gmail.com 3 ăïċòĎĀčáĊûðíăĆó÷ĊòñđĿăĊîĀĿ÷ĉĕûċ îČóþĖúĻÚċ ĆČĕùĆĕúĐĆà áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ 1

óðÝĊíûĻĆ ÷ĉĕûċĕôŃòĄòďàĝ ĘòáĊàĄĀĊíðċàùċÝĕĄòĐĆÛĆàôüĉĕðāęðû äďĝàáċÚÛļĆúĒþÛĆàăČòĊÚăïčîč÷ĉĕûċĖþĉăČòĊÚăïčîčĖĄĻàãċîčôij 2556/2557 ĖăíàĘĄļĕĄĜòĀĻċ ÷ĐãęüĻĕāüĂéÚčáðĎĝăČÝĊæÛĆàáĊàĄĀĊí ÷ĉĕûċ ÝĐĆ ÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ äďĝàùċûĄþĊàÚċüĕÚĜóĕÚĎĝûĀĀĊăíđĕĄþĐĆ ðčĞàðċàÚċüĕÚĂîüáċÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ ęíļĖÚĻ ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷í áĉïĒÚĕõċðčĞàóò÷ĐĞòðĎĝĕÚĂîüÚüüú äďĝàáĉðČĘĄļĕÚčíôŁæĄċÛĆàöđĶò þĉĆĆàðĎĝĕôŃòĆĊòîüċûðĊĞàîĻĆúòđĂûĿĖþĉăčĝàĖĀíþļĆú íĊàòĊĞòáďàęíļ ĄċĖòĀðċàĕ÷ĐĝĆāďÚĂċÝĀċúĕôŃòęôęíļĘòÚċüòČĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷í ĕþĎûĞ àăĊîĀĿúċĘãļĕôŃòĀĊăíđăČĄüĊóõþčîĆċĄċüĄúĊÚăČĄüĊóĕþĎûĞ àėÝĕòĐĆĞ äďĝàÚċüĘãļĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿĄúĊÚüĻĀúÚĊóÚċÚòĞČîċþ 1.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ üČĄûċó 3.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ĖþĉþĒÚĖôķàĕĄþļċăċėððĎĝĄċ ęíļĘòáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ 0.5 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ÝĀóÝđúÝĀċúãĐòĞ ĘĄļĆûĒĘĻ òãĻĀà üĉĄĀĻċà 50-60 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ĄúĊÚĘòüĉóóôIJíĕôŃòüĉûĉĕĀþċ 30 ĀĊò ÷óĀĻċÚüĉóĀòÚċüĄúĊÚáĉðČĘĄļĆċĄċüĄúĊÚáċÚĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷í áĉúĎÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉðĎĝĕ÷čĝúÛďĞò ÝĐĆ úĎôüčúċìėôüîĎòĕðĻċÚĊó 5.85 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ äďĝàÝčíĕôŃò 3.13 ĕðĻċÛĆàĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íðĎĝęúĻõĻċòÚċü ĄúĊÚ (1.87 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ)

Abstract Phayao is one of the Northern provinces of Thailand.

The data from Phayao Statistical Office and National Statistical Office (NSO) in 2013/2014 showed that one of the major economical crops is maize. However, agricultural residues including maize residues were traditionally burned on the fields after harvesting. So it gave serious hazard dusks and problems to both human and environment. The experiment of this study

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was thus conducted and aimed to determine the possibility of using maize residues as silage for beef cattle feed. Silage was produced by using maize husk supplementary with 1.0% (w/v) of molasses, 1.0% (w/v) of rice bran and 0.5% (w/v) of local microbial consortium with 50-60% moisture and ensiled for 30 day. It was found that, this process increased the protein level of maize husk silage up to 5.85% which was 3.13 fold greater than dry maize husk (1.87%).

ÝČòČ ÚċüĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿĘòôüĉĕðāęðûúĎôŁæĄċĘĄæĻ ÝĐĆ îļòðđò ĆċĄċăĊîĀĿúĎüċÝċĖ÷à íĊàòĊĞòïļċĕÚĂîüÚüĄüĐĆõĒļõþčîĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ăċúċüïðĎĝáĉõþčîĆċĄċüÛďĞòĘãļĕĆàęíļáĉăċúċüïþíîļòðđòĘòÚċü ĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿęíļĆûĻċàúċÚ ÚċüõþčîĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿĘãļĕĆàăčĝàðĎĝăČÝĊæÝĐĆ ăĒîüĖþĉĀĊîïđíčóĆċĄċü ĀĊîïđíčóĆċĄċüðĎĝĄċęíļáċÚðļĆàïčĝòáĉðČ ĘĄļęíļĆċĄċüðĎĝúĎüċÝċïĒÚ áċÚÚċüðĎĝôüĉĕðāęðûĕôŃòôüĉĕðāðċà ĕÚĂîüÚüüú ėíûĕâ÷ċĉáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċäďĝàĕôŃòáĊàĄĀĊíðĎĝúĎÚċüõþčî ÷ĐãęüĻðăĝĎ ČÝĊæ ÝĐĆ ÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎûĞ àăĊîĀĿ îčíĆĊòíĊó÷ĐòĞ ðĎÚĝ ċüôþĒÚĖþĉ õþõþčî 1 Ęò 20 áĊàĄĀĊíĖüÚÛĆàôüĉĕðāęðûúċĆûĻċàîĻĆĕòĐĝĆà Ęòôij ÷.ā. 2556/2557 úĎ÷ĐĞòðĎĝõþčîÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿôüĉúċì 3 ĖăòęüĻ õþõþčîôüĉúċì 2 ĖăòîĊò (ăČòĊÚàċòĕÚĂîüáĊàĄĀĊí ÷ĉĕûċ, 2557) ĖþĉáċÚÚċüĆĆÚăČüĀá÷ĐĞòðĎĝĘòáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ÷ó ĀĻċĀĊîïđíčóĘòðļĆàïčĝòðĎĝúĎúċÚĖþĉĕôŃòôŁæĄċÛĆàĕÚĂîüÚüĘòÚċü ÛċûĄüĐĆÚČáĊíðčĞà ęíļĖÚĻ ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ ĕÚĂîüÚüęúĻ òčûúĕĆċęôĕôŃòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ĕ÷üċĉúĎôüčúċìėôüîĎòîĝČ 1.0-2.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ (ĆĊæãþĎ Ėþĉ íüđìĎ, 2554 Ėþĉ áčòíċ, 2539) ĕÚĂîüÚü áďàúĊÚĖÚļôæ Ł ĄċėíûÚċüĕõċðČþċûðčàĞ ĘòĖôþàĕÚĂîüÚüüú íĊàòĊòĞ ïļċăċúċüïòČúċôüĉûđÚîĿĘãļõþčîĕôŃòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ĕãĻò ĆċĄċüĄúĊÚ (silage) ĕ÷ĐĝĆĕ÷čĝúÝĀċúòĻċÚčòĖþĉÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉ áĉăċúċüï òČęôĕþĎûĞ àăĊîĀĿÚüĉĕ÷ċĉüĀúėíûĕâ÷ċĉėÝĖþĉÚüĉóĐĆęíļ (ăđü÷ĊòñĿ Ėþĉ ėãÝ, 2556) òĆÚáċÚáĉúĎîļòðđòÚċüõþčîĆċĄċüðĎĝîĝČ ûĊàĕôŃò ăĻĀòãĻĀûþíÚċüĕõċĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĘò÷ĐòĞ ðĎĕĝ ÚĂîüÚüüúĆĎÚðċàĄòďàĝ ėíûðĊĝĀęôĆċĄċüĄúĊÚ (silage) áĉòčûúĘãļĘòãĻĀàðĎĝÛċí ĖÝþòĄæļċĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿėíûĕâ÷ċĉĘòãĻĀàĄòļċĖþļà (Ranjit and Kung, 2000) ĕ÷üċĉĕúĐĝĆõĻċòÚċüĄúĊÚĖþļĀáĉúĎÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉ ðĎĝăĒàÛďĞòĖþĉĕĄúċĉăúăČĄüĊóòČęôĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ (Bayman et al., 2002) äďĝàÚüüúĀčñĎÚċüõþčîáĉĕôŃòÚüĉóĀòÚċüĄúĊÚĖóóęúĻĘãļ ĆĆÚäčĕáòėíûĆċāĊûáđþòč ðüĎûîĿ ċúñüüúãċîčðôĝĎ ĉôòúċĘòĀĊîïđíóč ėíûùċûĄþĊàáċÚÚċüĄúĊÚúĊÚáĉ÷óáđþòč ðüĎûÚĿ þđúĻ ðĎĕĝ ôŃòôüĉėûãòĿ (anaerobic fermentation microorganisms) úċíļĀûĕăúĆ (Danner

et al., 2003) ĘòîĻċàôüĉĕðā ĕãĻò ĖĆøüčÚċĘîļ úĎÚċüĘãļĕôþĐĆÚ ĖþĉîļòÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ ĖþĉðČÚċüĕăüčúíļĀûÚċÚòĞČîċþ ûĒĕüĎû ÚüíøĆüĿúčÚ (Domez et al., 2003) ĘòÛìĉðĎĝóċàĖĄĻàĆċáĕîčú áđþòč ðüĎûðĿ úĝĎ ôĎ üĉėûãòĿĖþĉãĻĀûĘòÚċüĄúĊÚþàęô ĕãĻò Lactobacillus spp. Ėþĉ Rhizopus spp. (Saito et al., 2004) ĕôŃòîļò ĄþĊàáċÚ ôüĊóÝĀċúãĐĞòĕüĎûóüļĆûĖþļĀáĉîļĆàðČÚċüôIJíóĻĆĄúĊÚĘĄļăòčð ęúĻĘĄļĆċÚċāĕÛļċęôęíļ äďĝàĆċáðČęíļėíûĘãļõļċ÷þċăîčÚĄòċÝþđú óĻĆĄúĊÚ ùċûĄþĊàáċÚÚċüĄúĊÚęĀļôüĉúċì 1 ĕíĐĆòÛďòĞ ęô áďà÷üļĆú òČęôĘĄļăĊîĀĿÚčò (Ndlvu and Dutton, 2013) ĆċĄċüĄúĊÚðĎĝęíļáĉ ÷óÚċüĕáüčæÛĆàáđþčòðüĎûĿĖþĉûĎăîĿ äďĝàĕôŃòÚþđĻúÛĆàáđþčòðüĎûĿðĎĝúĎ ÝĀċúăċúċüïĘòÚċüĕôþĎĝûòÝċüĿėóęćĕíüîĘĄļĕôŃòÚüíĆčòðüĎûĿ ĕĆðñċòĆþ ĖþĉÚĽċäÝċüĿóĆòęíĆĆÚęäíĿ ðČĘĄļĆċĄċüĄúĊÚúĎÝĻċ pH ĕôŃòÚüí ĖþĉĘòÚüĉóĀòÚċüĄċûĘáĖóóęúĻĘãļĆĆÚäčĕáòáĉ ãĻĀûôķĆàÚĊòÚċüĕáüčæÛĆàáđþòč ðüĎûÚĿ ĆĻ ėüÝęíļ (spoilage organisms) ĕãĻò Aspergillus flavus ðĎĝĕôŃòĕãĐĞĆõþčîăċü÷čĂĆĉøþċðĆÚäčò (Merry and Davies, 1999) íĊàòĊĞòĘòÚċüāďÚĂċÝüĊĞàòĎĞáďàòĻċáĉęíļ ĕôŃòĖòĀðċàĄòďĝàĘòÚċüòČĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿúċõþčîĕôŃò ĆċĄċüĄúĊÚüĻĀúÚĊóĄĊĀĕãĐĆĞ áđþòč ðüĎûðĿ ĄĝĎ ċęíļĘòðļĆàïčòĝ ĖþĉðČÚċü āďÚĂċÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉÛĆàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚĖþĉþĊÚĂìĉăúóĊîčóċà ôüĉÚċüÛĆàĕãĐĞĆáđþčòðüĎûĿðĎĝÝĊíĖûÚęíļ ĕ÷ĐĝĆĕôŃòĖòĀðċàăČĄüĊó ÚċüòČęôôüĉûđÚîĿĘãļĕôŃòĆċĄċüĄûċóĕ÷ĐĝĆĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿÚüĉĕ÷ċĉ üĀúėíûĕâ÷ċĉėÝĖþĉÚüĉóĐĆîĻĆęô

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü ÚċüõþčîĆċĄċüĄúĊÚáċÚĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ òČĀĊăíđðċàÚċüĕÚĂîüðĎîĝ Ćļ àĘãļ ÝĐĆ ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎûĞ à ăĊîĀĿĖĄļàÝĀċúãĐòĞ ęúĻĕÚčò 10 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ĕÚĜóáċÚĖôþàôþĒÚÛļċĀė÷í ĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿðĎĝîČóþóļċòïĞČ ĆČĕùĆíĆÚÝČĘîļ áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ Ęòôij ÷.ā. 2557 úċõăúĀĊîïđíčóĆĐĝòě ęíļĖÚĻ üČĄûċó 3.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ÚċÚòĞČîċþ 1.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ Ėþĉ ĄĊĀĕãĐĞĆáđþčòðüĎûĿðļĆàïčĝò ÝĐĆ þĒÚĖôķàăċėðáċÚÚþđúĻ õĒõļ þčî îČóþóļċòïĞČ ĆČĕùĆíĆÚÝČĘîļ áĊàĄĀĊí ÷ĉĕûċ 0.5ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ôüĊóÝĀċúãĐĞòÛĆàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚĘĄļĆûĒĻĘòãĻĀà ôüĉúċì 50-60 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ĖþļĀòČĘăĻïĊàĄúĊÚėíûĘĄļúĎôüčúċîü ôüĉúċì 2 Ęò 3 ÛĆàùċãòĉ ðČÚċüôIJíöċðčĞàęĀļĕôŃòüĉûĉĕĀþċ 30 ĀĊò áċÚòĊĞòáďàòČĆĆÚúċāďÚĂċÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉėíûðČÚċü ĕôüĎûóĕðĎûóÚĊó ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĖĄļàÚĻĆòĄúĊÚ øċàÛļċĀĖĄļà ĖþĉĄæļċüĒäĎĝăí ÚċüāďÚĂċÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉÛĆàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚ ðČÚċüăđĻúîĊĀĆûĻċàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚáċÚăĻĀòóò Úþċà Ėþĉ þĻċà ÛĆàïĊàĄúĊÚòČúċõăúĘĄļĕÛļċÚĊò ĖþĉîüĀáăĆóþĊÚĂìĉÛĆà ĆċĄċüĄúĊÚ ęíļĖÚĻ ÚċüāďÚĂċþĊÚĂìĉðċàÚċûùċ÷ ĕãĻò ăĎ Úþčĝò ĖþĉĕòĐĞĆăĊúõĊăüĀúęôïďàĆđìĄùĒúčĘòïĊàĄúĊÚ îċúĖòĀðċàÚċü ôüĉĕúčòÝđìùċ÷÷ĐãĄúĊÚðċàÚċûùċ÷ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ (ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ, 2547Ú 2547Û Ėþĉ 2547Ý) ĕôŃòîļò áċÚòĊĞòáďàāďÚĂċÝđìÝĻċðċà ėùãòĉîċúĀčñÚĎ ċüÛĆà AOAC (2006) ėíûðČÚċüĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿÝì đ ÝĻċ

ðċàėùãòĉÛĆàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚðĎĝõþčîęíļ ÝĐĆ ÝĀċúãĐĞò (Moisture) ėôüîĎòüĀú (Crude protein ,CP) ęÛúĊò (Crude fat ĄüĐĆ Ether extract, EE) ĕûĐĝĆĘû (Crude fiber ,CF) ĕôŃòîļò ăïčîčðĎĝĘãļĘòàċòĀčáĊû ÚČĄòíĘĄļðČÚċüðíþĆàĆûĻċàîĝČ 3 äĞČ ÚċüĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿ ÛļĆúĒþĕ÷ĐĝĆðíăĆóăúúîčéċòðċàăïčîč ĖþĉĘòĖîĻþĉÚþđĻú Úċü ðíþĆàðČÚċüðíăĆóĕôüĎûóĕðĎûóÝĻċĕâþĎĝûÛĆàðüĎîĕúòîĿĖîĻþĉ ÚþđúĻ íļĀûĀčñĘĎ ãļÝĀċúĖîÚîĻċàðĎúĝ òĎ ûĊ ăČÝĊæòļĆûðĎăĝ íđ (least significant difference (LSD)) ðĎĝüĉíĊóòĊûăČÝĊæ pd0.0.5 íļĀûėôüĖÚüú ăČĕüĜáüĒôðċàăïčîč

õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċúĎ÷ĐãęüĻðĎĝăČÝĊæ ÝĐĆ ÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿîčí ĆĊòíĊó÷ĐòĞ ðĎÚĝ ċüôþĒÚĖþĉõþõþčî 1 Ęò 20 áĊàĄĀĊíĖüÚÛĆàôüĉĕðā ęðûúċĆûĻċàîĻĆĕòĐĝĆà (ăČòĊÚàċòĕÚĂîüáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ, 2555) Ýčí÷ĐòĞ ðĎĕĝ ÷ċĉôþĒÚĕâþĎûĝ ĖþļĀ ôþĒÚęúĻîČĝ ÚĀĻċ 300,000 ęüĻ úĎõþõþčî ôüĉúċì 200,000 îĊò (ăČòĊÚàċòĕÚĂîüáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ, 2555) úĎÝđìÝĻċðċàĆċĄċüîĝČ ÝĐĆ ôüĉÚĆóęôíļĀûĀĊîïđĖĄļà 90% ĕûĐĝĆĘû 33.03% ĖþĉėôüîĎòęúĻïàď 2.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ (ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ 2555Ú, 2555Û, Ėþĉ áčòíċ 2539) äďĝàúĎÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉęúĻ÷ĆðĎĝáĉòČ ęôõþčîĕôŃòĆċĄċüĄûċóĖþĉĆċĄċüÛļòĕþĎĞûàėÝĕòĐĞĆėíûĕâ÷ċĉ ĘòãĻĀàĄòļċĖþļà ĖîĻĕúĐĝĆòČúċĄúĊÚüĻĀúÚĊóúċõăúĀĊîïđíčóĆĐĝòě ęíļĖÚĻ üČĄûċó 3.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ÚċÚòĞČîċþ 1.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ Ėþĉ ĄĊĀĕãĐĞĆáđþčòðüĎûĿðļĆàïčĝòäďĝà ÝĐĆ þĒÚĖôķàĕĄþļċ 0.5 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ėíûôüĊóÝĀċúãĐĞòÛĆàĆċĄċüĄúĊÚĘĄļĆûĒĻĘòãĻĀàôüĉúċì 50-60 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ ĖþļĀòČĘăĻïĊàĄúĊÚėíûĘĄļúĎôüčúċîüôüĉúċì 2 Ęò 3 ÛĆàùċãòĉ ðČÚċüôIJíöċðčàĞ ęĀļĕôŃòüĉûĉĕĀþċ 30 ĀĊò ÷óĀĻċĕôþĐĆÚ ÛļċĀė÷íĄúĊÚúĎÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉĕ÷čĝúúċÚÛďĞò ÝĐĆ úĎăĎòĞČîċþðĆà ĕòĐĞĆăĊúõĊăúĎÝĀċúĆĻĆòòđĻúÚĀĻċĕúĐĝĆĕôüĎûóĕðĎûóÚĊóĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷í ðĎĝęúĻõĻċòÚċüĄúĊÚ úĎÚþčĝòÛĆàÚċüĄúĊÚ ÝĐĆ ĄĆúÝþļċûõþęúļíĆà úĎÚþčĝòĖĆþÚĆćĆþĿ Ėþĉ ÚþčĝòÚüíĆĻĆòě úĎÝđìăúóĊîčĘÚþļĕÝĎûàÚĊó úċîüéċò÷ĐãĄúĊÚÛĆàÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿĖþĉðĎĝăČÝĊæęúĻ÷óÚċüĕáüčæ ÛĆàĕãĐĞĆüċĕÛĎûĀÚþđĻ ú Aspergillus section Flavi ðĎ ĝ õ þč î ĆĉøþċðĆÚäčò (üĒôðĎĝ 1) (ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ, 2547Ú 2547Û Ėþĉ 2547Ý) ĖþĉúĎÝì đ ÝĻċðċàėùãòĉðĎĕĝ ÷čúĝ ÛďòĞ ėíûĕâ÷ċĉĘòăĻĀòÛĆà ėôüîĎò (îċüċàðĎĝ 1) ÝĐĆ úĎôüčúċìėôüîĎòĕðĻċÚĊó 5.85% äďĝàÝčí ĕôŃò 3.13 ĕðĻċÛĆàĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íðĎĝęúĻõĻċòÚċüĄúĊÚ ĖþĉĕúĐĝĆÝčí îļòðđòÚċüõþčî÷óĀĻċĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĄúĊÚúĎüċÝċ 0.78 óċðîĻĆ Úč ė þÚüĊ ú äďĝ à ïĐ Ć ĀĻ ċ úĎ ü ċÝċðĎĝ îĝ Č ĕúĐĝ Ć ĕôüĎ û óÚĊ ó øċàÛļ ċ ĀĖĄļ à Ėþĉ ĀĊîïđíčóĆĐĝòě ðĎĝĕÚĂîüÚüòčûúĘãļĘòÚċüĕþĎĞûàėÝ (ĀĊãüĀčðûĿ Ėþĉ Ýìĉ, 2012) ðČĘĄļĕÚĂîüÚüėíûĕâ÷ċĉăĄÚüìĿėÝÛđòíĆÚÝČĘîļ úĎÝċĻ ĘãļáċĻ ûĘòíļċòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿþíþàáċÚĕíčúúċÚÚĀĻċ 30 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ (üĒôðĎĝ 2) ĖþĉĕôŃòãĻĆàðċàĘĄļÚþđĻúĕÚĂîüÚüõĒļôþĒÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûà ăĊîĀĿúĎüċûęíļĕ÷čĝúÛďĞòáċÚÚċüÛċûĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿęíļĆĎÚ ãĻĆàðċàĄòďĝà ÝĐĆ áċÚĕíčúĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿęúĻúĎüċÝċĖþĉ îļĆàĕõċðČþċû ĖîĻôŁááđóĊò÷óĀĻċĕÚĂîüÚüĘò÷ĐĞòðĎĝîČóþóļċòïĞČ ¥ ¥

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ĆČĕùĆíĆÚÝČĘîļ áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċðĎĝüĊóĕðÝėòėþûĎęôĘãļăċúċüïîĊĞà üċÝċÛċûĕôþĐĆÚĖþĉäĊàÛļċĀė÷íĖĄļàęíļ 10-15 óċðîĻĆøĶĆò (1620 ÚčėþÚüĊú) (üĒôðĎĝ 3) äďĝàĕôŃòüċÝċðĎĝ÷ďà÷ĆĘáðĊĞàõĒļôþĒÚÛļċĀė÷í ĕþĎûĞ àăĊîĀĿĖþĉõĒäļ ĆĞĐ ęôĘãļõþčîĆċĄċüĄúĊÚĕ÷ĐĆĝ ĕþĎûĞ àėÝÛđòĖþĉėÝĕòĐĆĞ ėíûĘòÚċüĄúĊÚĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĘòÚċüðíþĆàòĎĞúĎÚċüĕîčúăċü ĆċĄċüĕăüčúóċàĆûĻċà ĕ÷ĐĝĆÚüĉîđļòĘĄļĕÚčíÚüĉóĀòÚċüĄúĊÚęíļ ĕüĜĀÛďĞòĖþĉúĎÝđìùċ÷íĎ ĕãĻòÚċÚòĞČîċþ äďĝàáĉãĻĀûĕ÷čĝúôüčúċì ÝċüĿėóęćĕíüîăČĄüĊóáđþčòðüĎûĿ ĕ÷ĐĝĆĘãļĘòÚċüĄúĊÚėíûĕâ÷ċĉ Rhizopus spp. ðĎúĝ ÚĊ ÷óĘòĄĊĀĕãĐĆĞ þĒÚĖôķàĄúĊÚ ðČĘĄļÚüĉóĀòÚċü ĄúĊÚĕÚčííĎÛďĞò úĎôüĉăčðñčùċ÷íĎĖþĉòĻċÚčò (Saito et al., 2004) ĖîĻôüčúċìðĎĝĘãļáĉîļĆàúĎÚċüĀčáĊû ĕ÷ĐĝĆĘĄļĕĄúċĉăúÚĊó÷ĐãĆċĄċü ăĊîĀĿĖîĻþĉãòčííļĀû äďĝàęúĻÝĀüĕÚčò 5.0 ĕôĆüĿĕäĜòîĿ (Wilkinson, 1990) ăĻĀòĆċĄċüĕăüčúĆĎÚãòčíðĎúĝ ÝĎ ĀċúăČÝĊæĘòÚċüĕ÷čúĝ ôüčúċì ėôüîĎòĘòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ÝĐĆ ĖĄþĻàęòėîüĕáò ĕãĻò ÚċüĘãļüČĄûċó ĖþĉüČþĉĕĆĎûí ĕôŃòîļò (ăúăđÛ, 2544) íĊàòĊòĞ ÚċüõþčîĆċĄċüĄúĊÚ áċÚĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿáďàĕôŃòĆĎÚĖòĀðċàĄòďĝàðĎĝăċúċüï ĘãļĕôŃòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿðíĖðòÚċüÛċíĄæļċĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ĕãĻò ĄæļċüĒäĝĎ ĘòãĻĀàĄòļċĖþļàęíļ

ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā ÝìĉõĒļ Āč áĊ û ÛĆÛĆóÝđ ì ðđ ò Āč áĊ û áċÚăČòĊ Ú àċò÷Ċ ë òċ ĀčðûċāċăîüĿĖþĉĕðÝėòėþûĎĖĄĻàãċîč (ĕÝüĐĆÛĻċûùċÝĕĄòĐĆ) ðĎĝĘĄļ ÚċüăòĊóăòđòðđòĀčáûĊ Ėþĉ÷Ċëòċ ĕ÷ĐĆĝ ĖÚļęÛôŁæĄċðļĆàïčòĝ ôüĉĕùð àċòĀčáĊûĖþĉ÷Ċëòċ ôüĉáČôij ÷.ā. 2556 ĖþĉðđòėÝüàÚċüĀčáĊû ú÷. - ăÚĀ. ôijàóôüĉúċì ÷.ā. 2557 ăĊææċĕþÛðĎĝ ABC57011 ÛĆÛĆóÝđìòċûÚĀčòðüċ ĖÛĻàÛĊò òċûĆċìĊîč ÛĊîîčăĉ Ėþĉ òċûðāĀüüî Ćĉėòüċã ăċÛċĕðÝėòėþûĎãĎĀùċ÷ òčăčîÝìĉ ĕÚĂîüāċăîüĿĖþĉðüĊ÷ûċÚüñüüúãċîč úĄċĀčðûċþĊû÷ĉĕûċ Ėþĉ òċûăċñčî ñòĉáĊÚü ĕáļċĄòļċðĎĝáċÚăïċòĎĀčáĊûðíăĆó÷ĊòñđĿăĊîĀĿ ÷ĉĕûċ ĆČĕùĆĕúĐĆà áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ ăČĄüĊóÚċüãĻĀûôèčóĊîčÚċüĀčáĊû

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ. 2547Ú. îċüċàÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉÛĆàĀĊîïđíóč ĆċĄċü ăĊîĀĿ. ĕĆÚăċüÝČĖòĉòČ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿÚüĉðüĀàĕÚĂîü ĖþĉăĄÚüìĿ. 26 Ąòļċ. ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ. 2547Û. úċîüéċò÷ĐãĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿĄúĊÚ ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ. ĕĆÚăċüÝČĖòĉòČ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿÚüĉðüĀàĕÚĂîüĖþĉ ăĄÚüìĿ. 23 Ąòļċ. ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ. 2547Ý. úċîüéċò÷ĐãĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿĖĄļà ÚĆàĆċĄċü ăĊîĀĿ. ĕĆÚăċüÝČĖòĉòČ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿÚüĉðüĀàĕÚĂîü ĖþĉăĄÚüìĿ. 22 Ąòļċ. ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ, ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ. 2555Ú. ÚċüõþčîĖþĉáĊíÚċüĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ĕ÷ĐĆĝ þíîļòðđòÚċüõþčî. (üĉóóĆĆòęþòĿ). ĖĄþĻàÛļĆúĒþ : http://www.dld.go.th/nutrition/Nutrition_Knowlage/ information1/50.pdf. (25 ÷ýāáčÚċûò 2556).

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ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ, ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ 2555Û. ÚċüĘãļĀăĊ íđĕĄþĐĆĘãļðċàÚċü ĕÚĂîüĕþĎûĞ àėÝ ÚüĉóĐĆ. (üĉóóĆĆòęþòĿ). ĖĄþĻàÛļĆúĒþ : http://www.dld.go.th/nutrition/Nutrition_Knowlage/ ARTICLE/Pro33.htm. (25 ÷ýāáčÚċûò 2556). áčòíċ ăòčðĀàāĿ ì Ćûđñûċ. 2539. ÛļċĀė÷íĖþĉĕāĂĕĄþĐĆáċÚ ÛļċĀė÷íĕôŃòĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ. ÚĆàĆċĄċüăĊîĀĿ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ ÚüĉðüĀàĕÚĂîüĖþĉăĄÚüìĿ. 35 Ąòļċ. ĀĊãüĀčðûĿ úĎĄòĆàĘĄæĻ ùċòđĀë Ċ òĿ ÝĊúùĎüċĀĊëòĿ āđùüčñüĿ úĄċăĀĊăíčġ ĖþĉĀĊãüĉ ĕúĐĆàòċÝ. 2012. õþÛĆàÚċüĘãļĕôþĐĆÚúĊò ăČôĉĄþĊàĄúĊÚĕôŃòĖĄþĻà÷þĊààċòĖþĉĕûĐĝĆĘûĘòăĒîü ĆċĄċüîĻĆăúüüïòĉÚċüĕáüčæĕîčóėî ĖþĉÝđìùċ÷äċÚ ÛĆàĖÚĉÛđòĘòĕÛîüļĆò. KKU Research journal. 17 (2) : 257-266. ăČòĊÚàċòĕÚĂîüáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ. 2557 üċûàċò÷ĐĞòðĎĝĕ÷ċĉôþĒÚ ÛļċĀė÷íĕþĎûĞ àăĊîĀĿ 2555/2556. (üĉóóĆĆòęþòĿ). ĖĄþĻà ÛļĆúĒþ : http://phayao.doae.go.th. (27 ĕúĂċûò 2557). ăđü÷ĊòñĿ ęãûüčòÝČ Ėþĉ ėãÝ účĕÚþĜí. 2556. ÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉĖþĉ üĉíĊóðĎĝĕĄúċĉăúÛĆàöđĶòÛļċĀė÷íáċÚÚüĉóĀòÚċüăĎ ĕúþĜíĘòĆċĄċüėÝĕòĐĞĆ. ĀċüĕÚĂîü. 29 (2) : 117-125. ĆĊæãþĎ áċþĉ Ėþĉ íüđìĎ āüĎãòĉ. 2554. ÚċüĘãļöđĶòÛļċĀė÷íĕôŃò ăċüĕăüčúĘòÛļċĀė÷íĄúĊÚ. ĀċüăċüĀčðûċāċăîüĿĖþĉ ĕðÝėòėþûĎ. 19 (3) : 13-28.

AOAC. 2006. Chapter 4: Animal feed. In : Official methods of analysis. 18th ed. AOAC International, Arlington, VI, USA. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, ZG., Hen, Y., and Filya, I. 2002. The effects of temperature on the aerobic stability of wheat and corn silages. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 28 : 261-263.

Bayman, P., and Cotty, P.J. 1991. Vegetative compatibility and genetic diversity in the Aspergillus flavus population of a single field. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 : 1707-1711.

Danmek, K., Prasongsuk, S., Lotrakul, P., Damann, K. E., Eveleigh, D. E. and Punnapayak, H. 2011. Effect of Avid on the synnema-like formation of Aspergillus flavus grown on Czapek medium. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5 (18) : 2812-2815 Danmek, K., P. Intawicha, S. Thana, C. Sorachakula, M. Meijer, and R.A. Samson. 2014. Characterization of cellulase producing from Aspergillus melleus by Solid State Fermentation using maize crop residues. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 8 (24) : 2397-2404.

Danner, H., Holzer, M., Myrhuber, E., and Braun, R. 2003.

Acetic acid increases stability of silage under aerobic conditions. Applied Environmental and Microbiology.

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Wilkinson, M. 1990. “Siliage UK” Cambrian Prister Aberystwyth Ltd. UK. 185 p.

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îċüċàðĎĝ 1 ÝđìÝĻċðċàėùãòĉÛĆàĀĊăíđðċàÚċüĕÚĂîüðĎĘĝ ãļĘòÚċüðíþĆà ĀĊîïđĖĄļà (%) øċàÛļċĀ 89.80a ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷í 89.84a ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĄúĊÚ 40.03b ĄæļċüĒäĎĝ 33.25c ĀĊăíđðċàÚċüĕÚĂîü

ĕûĐĝĆĘû ėôüîĎò ęÛúĊò (%) (%) (%) a c 33.65 1.86 1.35b 37.62c 1.87c 1.36b 27.86c 5.85b 1.86a 28.21b 9.01a 2.95a

Û üĒôðĎĝ 2 ÚċüĘãļĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĄúĊÚĕ÷ĐĝĆĕôŃòĆċĄċüĄûċóĘòÚċüĕþĎĞûà ėÝĕòĐĞĆĘòáĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ (Ú) ėÝþĒÚõăúãċėüĕþăĿ ÛĆàăĄÚüìĿėÝÛđòíĆÚÝČĘîļ ĆČĕùĆíĆÚÝČĘîļ áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ (Û) ėÝÛċĀþČ÷Ēò ÛĆàăïċòĎĀčáĊûðíăĆó÷ĊòñđĿăĊîĀĿ÷ĉĕûċ ĆČĕùĆĕúĐĆà áĊàĄĀĊí÷ĉĕûċ

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Û üĒôðĎĝ 1 ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĆċĄċüėÝ (Ú) ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĖĄļàðĎÚĝ ĆàĆûĒĘĻ òĖôþàĕÚĂîüĖþĉúĎÚċüôòĕôĵĆŅ òĕãĐĆĞ üċ (Û) ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íðĎĝõĻċòÚċüĄúĊÚĕôŃòüĉûĉĕĀþċ 30 ĀĊò

üĒôðĎĝ 3 ĕôþĐĆÚÛļċĀė÷íĆĊíøĶĆò ¥ ¥

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¼Å¢Í§ËÞŒÒà¹à»‚ÂÃqÁÇ¡àËÅç¡Ã‹ÇÁ¡ÑºÍÒËÒ⌹ ã¹ÃдѺμ‹Ò§æ μ‹Í¼Å¼ÅÔμáÅÐä¢Áѹ¹Á Effect of Muaklek Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpurreum cv. Muaklek) with Different Level of Concentrate on Milk Yield and Milk Fat úþýíĎ ėâúăĀû1/ ĕăċüĿ āčĀčããĊû2/ áĢċĕüčæ ĕðĎĝûàñüüú1/ Āčüčûċ þđļàĘĄæĻ1/ ÷àāĿñü ÝàúĊĝò1/ Ėþĉ ăúĕÚĎûüîč ôüĉăċò÷ċòčã1/ Monrudee Chomsuay1/, Sour Sivijchai2/, Jamroen Thiengtham1/, Wiriya Loongyai1/, Phongthorn Kongmun1/ and Somkiert Prasanpanich1/

Abstract: The experiment was designed to determine the quality of Muaklek Napier grass on dairy production.

Twelve multiparous mid-lactating crossbred cows of 85 90% Holstein-Friesian, 134 ± 8 days in milk were divided into four treatments under (completely randomized design, CRD) with three replicates of each treatment. The treatments were control (grass only) and different levels of meal concentrate supplementation (concentrate provided: milk produced) at 1: 4, 1: 2 and 1: 1.5, respectively. All cows were access to ad libitum chopped 40 - day old grass Muaklek Napier. The results revealed that total dry matter intake and milk yield in the supplemented groups were signiÌcantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the control while milk CLA contents in the supplemented groups were non-signiÌcantly lower than those in the control.

Keywords: Muaklek Napier grass, concentrate, lactating dairy cows, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ: âĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋéĕâĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷

ğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýåěöăĕā÷Ę øŇĐâĕĆğāėħĄþĆėĄĕöĠĈē åěöăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄġ÷ąĢëňĠĄŇġåĆĘ÷üĄāĔüûěŋġđĈčģøüŋ ĂĆĘğëĘħąüúĘħĄĘĆē÷ĔýčĕąğĈĚĐ÷þĆēĄĕö 85 - 90 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ ìęħèĢĎňüĄĄĕĠĈňĊ134 ± 8 ĊĔü ĄĘĆēąēâĕĆĢĎňüĄ 2 - 4 Ćēąē âĕĆĢĎňüĄ éĬĕüĊü 12 øĔĊ ĠýŇèĐĐâğþŎü 4 âĈěŇĄ ĊĕèĠÿü ú÷ĈĐèĠýýčěĄŇ øĈĐ÷ġåĆĘ÷üĄģ÷ňĆýĔ ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâ ğøĦĄúĘħ ĠĈēĠøŇĈēâĈěŇĄéēģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüøŇĐþĆėĄĕöüĬĨĕüĄ úĘħĆē÷Ĕý 0, 1: 4,1: 2 ĠĈē 1: 1.5 øĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý úĬĕâĕĆğâĦý øĔĊĐąŇĕèüĬĕĨ üĄúěâčĔþ÷ĕĎŋ ğāĚĐħ üĬĕģþĊėğåĆĕēĎŋĐèåŋþĆēâĐý úĕèğåĄĘãĐèüĬĨĕüĄ ĆēąēğĊĈĕâĕĆú÷ĈĐè 30 ĊĔü ĠĈē ĆēĎĊŇĕèâĕĆú÷ĈĐèúĬĕâĕĆğâĦýøĔĊĐąŇĕèüĬĨĕüĄğāĚħĐüĬĕģþ

26

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ĊėğåĆĕēĎŋþĆėĄĕö CLA ÿĈâĕĆú÷ĈĐèāýĊŇĕ ÿĈÿĈėøĠĈē þĆėĄĕöâĕĆâėüģ÷ňãĐèĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěĄŇ úĘģħ ÷ňĆýĔ âĕĆğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆ ãňüčĜèâĊŇĕĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěŇĄåĊýåěĄúĘħâėüĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋč÷ĐąŇĕè ğ÷ĘąĊĐąŇĕèĄĘüĔąčĬĕåĔîúĕèčùėøė (P<0.05) ĠøŇþĆėĄĕö CLA ĢüüĬĕĨ üĄãĐèĠĄŇġåúĘģħ ÷ňĆýĔ âĕĆğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆãňüéēĄĘþĆėĄĕö CLA üňĐąâĊŇĕĠĄŇġåúĘħâėüĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋč÷ĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊĐąŇĕè ģĄŇĄĘüĔąčĬĕåĔîúĕèčùėøė

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî: ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâ ĐĕĎĕĆãňü ġåĆēąē

ĢĎňüĄ þĆėĄĕö CLA

ÝĢċòĢċ ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâ (Pennisetum purpurreum cv.

Muaklek) ğþŎüāĚëĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋúĘħĢĎňÿĈÿĈėøĠĈēåěöåŇĕúĕè ĐĕĎĕĆčĜè (čĕąĔöĎŋ, 2548) ĄĘčĔ÷čŇĊüãĐèĢýĄĕââĊŇĕĈĬĕøňü ìęèħ ğĎĄĕēĠâŇâĕĆøĔ÷č÷ ĠĈēğþŎüĎîňĕúĘĄħ ĢĘ ý÷âĄĕââĊŇĕĎîňĕ ğüğþĿąĆŋûĆĆĄ÷ĕ ġ÷ąĄĘåĊĕĄčĜèğāĘąè 120 ğìüøėğĄøĆ ĄĘ ÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕĎüĔâč÷ùęè 4,676-5,185 ââ/ģĆŇ (Tudsri et al., 1988) ÷ĔèüĔüĨ âĕĆüĬĕĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâ ģþĢëňğþŎüĠĎĈŇè ĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýåěöăĕā÷ĘčĬĕĎĆĔýğĈĘĨąèčĔøĊŋğåĘĨąĊğĐĚĨĐè éęèĄĘÿĈ øŇĐâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġø ĠĈēâĕĆĢĎňÿĈÿĈėøüĬĕĨ üĄĆĊĄ üĐâéĕâ üĔüĨ ąĔèĄĘÿĈøŇĐåěöăĕāãĐèüĬĕĨ üĄġ÷ąğêāĕēģãĄĔüĢüüĬĕĨ üĄ ìęèħ ĄĘâĆ÷ģãĄĔüúĘéħ ĕĬ ğþŎüĎĈĕąëüė÷ ğëŇü linoleic acid (C 18: 2 n-6) ĠĈē linolenic acid (C 18:3 n-3) úĘħğþŎüčĕĆøĔĨèøňü ãĐèâĕĆčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋ (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) ĠøŇ ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄ ąĔèģĄŇāýâĕĆċęâČĕğâĘąħ ĊâĔýþĆēčėúûėăĕāãĐè Ďîň ĕ ğüğþĿ ą Ćŋ Ą ĊâğĎĈĦ â øŇ Đ âĕĆÿĈė ø ġåüĄ ÷Ĕ è üĔĨ ü ĊĔøùěþĆēčèåŋãĐèâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨ ğāĚħĐċęâČĕþĆēčėúûėăĕā âĕĆÿĈė ø ġåüĄéĕâĎîň ĕ ğüğþĿ ą Ćŋ Ą ĊâğĎĈĦ â ìęħ è éēğþŎ ü þĆēġąëüŋøŇĐģþ

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü čĔøĊŋĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆú÷ĈĐè

âĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔĨèüĘĨĢëňĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýýčěŇĄøĈĐ÷ (completely randomized design, CRD) ġ÷ąĢëňĠĄŇġåĆēąēĢĎňüĄ āĔüûěġŋ đĈčģøüŋĂĆĘğëĘąħ ü éĬĕüĊü 12 øĔĊ ĠýŇèĐĐâğþŎü 4 âĈěĄŇ âĕĆú÷ĈĐè ìęèħ ĠĄŇġåúĔèĨ ĎĄ÷ĢüâĈěĄŇ âĕĆú÷ĈĐèúĘħ 2-4 éēģ÷ňĆýĔ ĐĕĎĕĆãňüğčĆėĄġþĆøĘü 16 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ åĚĐâĈěĄŇ úĘħ 1. ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâøĔ÷č÷åěöăĕā÷ĘĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊ (ģĄŇğčĆėĄ ĐĕĎĕĆãňü), âĈěĄŇ úĘħ 2. ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆ ãňü 1 ââ.øŇĐÿĈÿĈėøüĄ 4 ââ., âĈěĄŇ úĘħ 3. ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâ ğĎĈĦâč÷ĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆãňü 1 ââ. øŇĐÿĈÿĈėøüĄ 2 ââ. ĠĈē âĈěĄŇ úĘħ 4. ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆãňü 1 ââ. øŇĐÿĈÿĈėø üĄ 1.5 ââ. ġåüĄéēģ÷ňĆýĔ ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ ĢĎňâüė ĐąŇĕèğøĦĄúĘħ (ad libitum) ğþŎüĠĎĈŇèĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý ġ÷ąýĔüúęâ þĆėĄĕöâĕĆĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕý, ĐĕĎĕĆãňüĠĈēýĔüúęâÿĈÿĈėø üĬĕĨ üĄúěâĊĔüĆēąēâĕĆú÷ĈĐè 30 ĊĔü üĐâéĕâüĔüĨ ğâĦýøĔĊĐąŇĕè üĬĕĨ üĄúěâčĔþ÷ĕĎŋğāĚĐħ ĊėğåĆĕēĎŋĎĕĐèåŋþĆēâĐýüĬĕĨ üĄ ĠĈē þĆėĄĕöâĆ÷ģãĄĔü (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) ġ÷ą Milkoscan Tester øĕĄĊėûãĘ Đè (Christie, 1982) ÿĈÿĈėøüĄúĘ ģ÷ňéēùĜâþĆĔýğþŎüÿĈÿĈėøüĄþĆĔýģãĄĔü 4% (4% fat corrected milk, FCM) ġ÷ąĢëňčĄâĕĆãĐè (ëĊüėċü÷ĕâĆ, 2530)

ĊėğåĆĕēĎŋãňĐĄĜĈúĕèčùėøė

üĬĕãňĐĄĜĈúĔĨèĎĄ÷ĄĕĊėğåĆĕēĎŋĠþĆþĆĊü (ANOVA) øĕĄ ĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýýčěŇĄøĈĐ÷ ġ÷ąğþĆĘąýğúĘąýåĊĕĄĠøâ øŇĕèĆēĎĊŇĕèúĆĘøğĄüøŋ÷ňĊąĊėûĘ Duncan’s Multiple Range Test ġ÷ąĢëňġþĆĠâĆĄčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ SAS (SAS, 1996)

õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ čŇĊüþĆēâĐýúĕèğåĄĘãĐèĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋú÷ĈĐè

éĕâøĕĆĕèúĘħ 1 ÿĈĊėğåĆĕēĎŋčŇĊüþĆēâĐýúĕèğåĄĘ ãĐèøĔĊĐąŇĕèĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâĠĈēĐĕĎĕĆãňüúĘĢħ ëňğĈĘąĨ è

ġåüĄ āýĊŇĕ ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷Đĕąě 40 ĊĔüĄĘ DM, CP, NDF ĠĈē ADF ğúŇĕâĔý 14.50, 13.83, 60.30 ĠĈē 37.63 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋġ÷ąüĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĎňèøĕĄĈĬĕ÷ĔýĠĈēąĔèāýĊŇĕĎîňĕ ğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâĄĘčĔ÷čŇĊüâĆ÷ģãĄĔü linoleic acid ĠĈē linolenic acid ğúŇĕâĔý 18.79 ĠĈē 32.66 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèâĆ÷ ģãĄĔüĆĊĄúĔèĨ ĎĄ÷ ĐèåŋþĆēâĐýúĕèğåĄĘãĐèĐĕĎĕĆãňü āý ĊŇĕ ĄĘ DM, CP, CFğúŇĕâĔý 87.50,18.43 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèüĬĕĨ ĎüĔâĠĎňèøĕĄĈĬĕ÷Ĕý ĠĈēéĕââĕĆĊėğåĆĕēĎŋĐèåŋþĆēâĐýãĐè ģãĄĔüüĄ āýĊŇĕ üĬĨĕüĄãĐèġåüĄĎĈĔèúĘħâėüĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋ ĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĄĘčĔ÷čŇĊüãĐèâĆ÷ģãĄĔü cis-9,trans-11 ĠĈē trans-10,cis12 úĘħğþŎüčĕĆøĔĨèøňüĢüâĕĆčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋ CLA ğúŇĕâĔý 0.21 ĠĈē 0.02 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèâĆ÷ģãĄĔüĆĊĄ úĔĨèĎĄ÷

þĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüĠĈēþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆğþĈĘħąü ĐĕĎĕĆğþŎüÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄ

âĕĆĢëňĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĆŇĊĄâĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňü ĢüĆē÷ĔýĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĄĘÿĈøŇĐâĕĆâėüģ÷ň ÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄ ĠĈē ÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄþĆĔýģãĄĔüúĘħ 4 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ ĐąŇĕèĄĘüĔąčĬĕåĔî úĕèčùėøė (P<0.05) (øĕĆĕèúĘħ 2) ġ÷ąāýĊŇĕâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔý ĐĕĎĕĆãňüĢüĆē÷ĔýøŇĕèâĔüüĔüĨ čĕĄĕĆùâėüĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâ ğĎĈĦâč÷ģ÷ňĈ÷ĈèğĄĚħĐğþĆĘąýğúĘąýâĔýâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýĎîňĕ ğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊ úĘğħ þŎüğëŇüüĘğĨ āĆĕēåĊĕĄéěãĐè âĆēğāĕēĎĄĔâğĄĚħĐģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüğāėħĄãęĨü éēúĬĕĢĎňåĊĕĄéě ãĐèâĆēğāĕēĈ÷ĈèéęèâėüĎîňĕģ÷ňüĐň ąĈè (Mc Donald et al., 2012) ĠøŇþĆėĄĕöâĕĆâėüģ÷ňúĔĨèĎĄ÷ãĐèĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ň ĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüĢüĆē÷ĔýøŇĕèĥ éēčĜèâĊŇĕĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěŇĄúĘħâėü ĎîňĕĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊúĬĕĢĎňĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěŇĄ÷ĔèâĈŇĕĊčĕĄĕĆùĢĎň ÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄ ĠĈēÿĈÿĈėøüĄþĆĔýģãĄĔüúĘħ 4 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ čĜèâĊŇĕĢüâĈěŇĄġåúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ğāĘąè ĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊ ĢüúĕèøĆèâĔüãňĕĄÿĈÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄéĕâĠĄŇġåúĘħâėü ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊéēúĘħĄĘþĆėĄĕö CLA čĜèâĊŇĕâĈěĄŇ ġåüĄúĘģħ ÷ňĆýĔ âĕĆğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆãňüĢüĆē÷ĔýøŇĕèĥ

Table1 Chemical and fatty acid composition of Muaklek Napier grass and concentrate (on dry matter basis) Chemical composition (%) Dry matter (DM) Crude protein (CP) Neutral detergent Ìber (NDF) Acid detergent Ìber (ADF) Fatty acid (% of totalanalysed fatty acids) C18:2n6 (linoleic acid) C18:3n3 (linolenic acid)

Grass 14.50 13.83 60.30 37.63

concentrate 87.50 18.43 -

18.79 32.66

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Table 2 Effect of Muaklek Napier and concentrate on milk production efficiency (Mean SD) Items Total feed intake (kg/H/day) - Concentrate intake (kg/H/day) - Roughage intake (kg/H/day) Total Milk Yield (kg/H/day) Fat corrected Milk (4%FCM) Fat 5.68±2.22 CLA %fat (g/100g.fat)

T1 7.16±0.11c 7.16±0.11a 13.03±0.36b 16.31±0.79b 5.54±0.43 2.97±0.79

T2 8.56±0.34c 2.94±0.35c 5.61±0.01b 20.70±2.72a 25.45±3.34a 5.00±0.69 2.95±0.64

T3 11.49±0.56b 5.84±0.64b 5.65±0.12b 21.76±2.25a 24.80±2.56a 4.90±0.35 2.70±0.14

T4 P-value 13.37±1.36a <0.0001 7.72±1.20a 0.0011 5.64±0.16b <0.0001 23.66±1.53a 0.0019 27.22±1.76a 0.0048 0.8147 1.92±0.46 0.1821

a,b.c Means within the same row with different superscripts differ signiÌcantly (P<0.05) ±Standard deviation, T1= group were fed with Muaklek Napier grass only adlib, T2= group were fed with Muaklek Napier grass only adlib and supplement concentrate 1:4, T3= group were fed with Muaklek Napier grass only adlib and supplement concentrate 1:2, T4 = group were fed with Muaklek Napier grass only adlib and supplement concentrate 1:1.5 of milk. CLA= conjugated linoleic acid

ğāĆĕēĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĄĘåĊĕĄčĬĕåĔîøŇĐâĆēýĊüâĕĆčĆňĕèģã ĄĔüĢüüĬĨĕüĄĠĈēâĕĆčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋâĆ÷ģãĄĔü (éĕĆěöĘ, 2555) ìęèħ âĆ÷ģãĄĔü linoleic acid (C 18: 2 n-6) ĠĈē linolenic acid (C 18: 3 n-3) ĢüĎîňĕğüþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâúĘħğþŎüčĕĆøĔĨèøňü (precursor) ĢüâĕĆčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋ CLA ĢüüĬĨĕüĄ ĄĘþĆėĄĕö ĄĕââĊŇĕĢüĐĕĎĕĆãňü ìęèħ ĠĄŇġåĢüâĈěĄŇ úĘħ 1 čĕĄĕĆùâėüĎîňĕ ģ÷ňĄĕââĊŇĕâĈěĄŇ âĕĆú÷ĈĐèĐĚüħ éęèĄĘþĆėĄĕö CLA ĢüüĬĕĨ üĄ ĄĕââĊŇĕĠĄŇġåâĈěŇĄúĘħğčĆėĄĐĕĎĕĆãňü (Tanaka, 2005)

ăüđô éĕââĕĆċęâČĕāýĊŇĕâĕĆĢĎňĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ åěöăĕā÷ĘĆŇĊĄâĔýĐĕĎĕĆãňüúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 1:1.5 úĬĕĢĎňĐĔøĆĕâĕĆ ÿĈėøüĬĨĕüĄčĜèâĊŇĕġåüĄúěââĈěŇĄ ìęħèýŇèýĐâĊŇĕġåüĄ ĄĘâĕĆ ĢëňþĆēġąëüŋéĕâĐĕĎĕĆģ÷ňĐąŇĕèĄĘþĆēčėúûėăĕā čŇĊüġåüĄ âĈěŇĄúĘħģ÷ňĆĔýĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĄĊâğĎĈĦâč÷ğāĘąèĐąŇĕèğ÷ĘąĊéēĄĘ âĆ÷ģãĄĔü CLA ĢüüĬĨĕüĄčĜèâĊŇĕġåüĄúěââĈěŇĄĠĈēāý ĊŇ ĕ âĕĆğčĆė Ą ĐĕĎĕĆãň ü ĢüĆē÷Ĕ ý 1:4, 1:2 ĠĈē 1:1.5 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèüĬĕĨ ĎüĔâüĬĕĨ üĄüĔüĨ âĈĔýúĬĕĢĎňþĆėĄĕöâĆ÷ģã ĄĔü CLA ĢüüĬĕĨ üĄĈ÷ĈèĠøâøŇĕèâĔüĐąŇĕèģĄŇĄüĘ ąĔ čĬĕåĔîúĕè čùėøė

ÚčîîčÚüüúôüĉÚċā åöēÿĜĊň éė ąĔ ãĐãĐýåěö ĐèåŋâĕĆčŇèğčĆėĄâėéâĕĆġåüĄ ĠĎŇèþĆēğúċģúą (Đ.č.å.) ĐĬĕğăĐĄĊâğĎĈĦâ éĔèĎĊĔ÷čĆēýěĆĘ ĠĈēăĕåĊė ë ĕčĔ ø ĊýĕĈ åöēğâČøĆ ĄĎĕĊė ú ąĕĈĔ ą ğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ Ċėúąĕğãøýĕèğãü

28

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ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà ëĊüėċü÷ĕâĆ ĊĆĊĆĆö. 2530. âĕĆğĈĘĨąèġåüĄ. ġĆèāėĄāŋ ģúąĊĔõüĕāĕüėë. 365 Ďüňĕ. éĕĆěöĘ ĎüĜĈēĐĐè. 2555. âĕĆğčĆėĄģãĄĔüğāĚħĐčĔèğåĆĕēĎŋ âĆ÷ĈėġüĈėĐėâğëėèìňĐüĢüčĔøĊŋ. ăĕåĊėëĕğúåġüġĈąĘ âĕĆğâČøĆ åöēĊėúąĕċĕčøĆŋğúåġüġĈąĘâĕĆğâČøĆ ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąĆĕëăĔñąēĈĕ. čĕąĔöĎŋ úĔ÷ċĆĘ. 2548. ĎîňĕĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋĠĈēĎîňĕāĚĨüğĄĚĐè ĢüþĆēğúċģúą. čĬĕüĔâāėĄāŋ ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğâČøĆċĕøĆŋ.

Christie, W. W. 1982. A sample procedure of rapid transmethy-lation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters. Journal of Lipid Research 23(7): 1072-1075.

McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh, C. A. Morgan, L. A. Sinclair and R. G. Wilkinson. 2012.

Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition, Printice Hall, USA. SAS. 1996. SAS/STAT Software Release. 6.12.

SAS Institute. Inc. Cary. NC., USA. Tanaka, K. 2005. Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant products and its physiological functions.

Journal of Animal Science 76(4): 291-303.

Tudsri, S., Pooreesrisak, S. Sornprasit, P. and K. Witayanuparmyesenyong. 1988. Nitrogen fertilser responses of pasture grasses in Muaklek area.

Thai Journal of Soil Science 8(3): 125-133.

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ôüĉĕðāęðûĕôŃòõĒļăĻàĆĆÚĕòĐĞĆęÚĻĆĊòíĊó 4 ÛĆàėþÚ ĕüċăĻàĆĆÚ ĕòĐĞĆęÚĻęôæĎĝôđĶò ĖþĉăĄùċ÷ûđėüô (ĆĎûĒ) ĕôŃòăĻĀòĘĄæĻ ÛļĆúĒþáċÚăúċÝú õĒļõþčîęÚĻĕ÷ĐĝĆăĻàĆĆÚęðû üĉóđĀĻċôij 2557 ęðûăĻàĆĆÚęÚĻăíĖãĻĕûĜò ĖãĻĖÛĜà ĖþĉĖôüüĒô ïďàôijþĉ 560,000 îĊò úĎúĒþÝĻċăĒàïďà 78,000 þļċòóċð úĎîþċí ăČÝĊæ ÝĐĆ ĆĎûĒ (òČĕÛļċ 270,000 îĊò) ĖþĉæĎĝôđĶò (òČĕÛļċ 240,000 îĊò) üĀúðĊĞàîþċíĆĐĝòě ÝĐĆ ăčàÝėôüĿ ĕÚċĄþĎ îĉĀĊòĆĆÚÚþċà ĖþĉĖÝòċíċ ėíûúċîüéċòÛĆàĆċĄċüðĎĝáČĄòĻċûĘòÚþđĻúôüĉĕðāĕĄþĻċòĎĞăĒàúċÚ äďĝàÛļĆ ÚČĄòíĄüĐĆúċîüéċòÚċüĕþĎĞûàÛĆàôüĉĕðāõĒļõþčîîļĆàăĒàĕãĻòÚĊò ĕãĻò ÚċüĄļċúĘãļăċüĕüĻàÚċüĕáüčæĕîčóėîĘòüĒôĖóóîĻċàě ęúĻĀĻċáĉĕôŃòćĆüĿėúò ăċüĕÝúĎîĻċàě ĄüĐĆĖúļĖîĻûċôèčãĎĀòĉ ûčĝàęôÚĀĻċòĊĞòóċàôüĉĕðāûĊàĄļċúĘãļ ôþċôĶòĕôŃòăĻĀòôüĉÚĆóÛĆàăĒîüĆċĄċü ĕ÷üċĉĕÚüàáĉúĎĕãĐĆĞ ėüÝóċàãòčí ôĉôò úĎÚċüîüĀáăĆóûļĆòÚþĊóĘòðđÚě ÛĊĞòîĆòÚċüõþčî ęúĻĀĻċáĉĕôŃò ĆċĄċü ÷ĊòñđĿăĊîĀĿ ĖþĉÚċüĕþĎĞûà áďàăüđôęíļĀĻċĕòĐĞĆęÚĻðĎĝõþčîĖþĉăĻàĆĆÚúĎ úċîüéċòăĒàúċÚáò ĕôŃòęôęúĻęíļĕþûĀĻċúĎÚċüĘãļăċüĕüĻàÚċüĕáüčæĕîčóėî îĻċàě ĘòĆđîăċĄÚüüúÚċüĕþĎĞûàęÚĻęðû

ĆûĻċàęüÚĜîċú óċàÝòÚĜ ĆċááĉîĊĞ àÝČïċúĆĎÚĀĻ ċ “ðČęú ĕíĎĠûĀòĎĞęÚĻïďàėîĕüĜĀòĊÚ ?” ÝČîĆó ĆûĒĻ ðĎĝ Ú ċü÷Ċ ë òċÛĆàĆàÝĿ Ý ĀċúüĒļ íļċò÷ĊòñđĿ ĆċĄċü ĖþĉÚċüáĊíÚċü Ąþċûě ðĻċòĆċáûĊàęúĻðüċóïďàÚċü ÷Ċ ë òċĆàÝĿ Ý ĀċúüĒļ Āč ð ûċāċăîüĿ ÚċüĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿĀĻċęôęÚþÛòċíęĄò õúÛĆĕþĻċăĊĞòě íĊàòĎĞÝüĊó 1) Úċü ÷Ċ ëòċăċû÷Ċ òñđĿ ęÚĻ ĕÚč íÛďĞ òîþĆí ĕĀþċ (ęúĻ ĘãĻîĊ íîĻ Ć ÷Ċ òñđ Úüüú) ėíûĕâþĎĝû÷ĊòñđÚüüúęÚĻĕòĐĞĆáĉėî ĕüĜĀÛďĞò 50 ÚüĊúðđÚě ôij ĖôþĀĻċ ęÚĻðĎĝĕþĎĞûàôijòĎĞáĉėîÚĀĻċðĎĝĕþĎĞûàĕúĐĝĆ 10 ôijÚĻĆò 500 ÚüĊú ĄċÚĕþĎĞûàíļĀû

óċàÝòĆċáîĊĞàÝČïċúĆĎÚĀĻċ “úċîüéċòÚċüõþčîĕ÷ĐĝĆÚċüăĻàĆĆÚĖþĉĕ÷ĐĝĆóüčė ùÝĘòôüĉĕðāîĻċàÚĊòĄüĐĆęúĻ ?” ĘòĖàĻÚċüõþčîęúĻĀĻċáĉĕôŃòĆċĄċü ÚċüáĊíÚċü ÚċüãČĖĄþĉ ĄċÚáĉĖûÚĕôŃò 2 úċîüéċòĘòÚċüíČĕòčòÚċüĖþļĀ òĊóĀĻċûđàĻ ûċÚĖþĉęúĻÝúļđ ÝĻċ ðĎăĝ ČÝĊæÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿĕĆàÚĜúÛĎ Ćļ ÚČĄòíðĎúĝ úĎ ċîüéċò üĉíĊóĕíĎûĀÚĊóîĻċàôüĉĕðāĕ÷ĐĆĝ ÝĀóÝđúÚċüõþčîĘĄļęíļúċîüéċò íĊàòĊòĞ Ęòĕãčà ÚçĄúċû ĀčãċÚċü ĖþĉÚċüõþčîĖþļĀ ĕòĐĆĞ ęÚĻóüčėùÝĘòôüĉĕðāáďàúĎúċîüéċò ĕíĎûĀÚĊóðĎĝăĻàĆĆÚîĻċàôüĉĕðā

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ÝĀóÝđúíļĀûüĉóóÝĆú÷čĀĕîĆüĿ ðČÚċüõăúĆĊíĕúĜí ĄüĐĆðČĘĄļĆċĄċüăđÚ ĆûĻċàúĎôüĉăčðñčùċ÷ Ėþĉ 3) ÚċüáĊíÚċüðĎĝĕòļòÝĀċúăĉĆċí ôþĆíùĊû ÝĀóÝđúĆđìĄùĒúč Ėăà ĖþĉÝĀċúãĐĞòîþĆíĕĀþċ ėíûüĉóóĆĊîėòúĊîčĕ÷ĐĝĆ ĄþĎÚĕþĎĝûàÚċüüóÚĀòăĊîĀĿ ĖþĉÚċüĖ÷üĻüĉóċíÛĆàĕãĐĞĆėüÝ ÚċüĕþĎĞûàðĎĝúĎ ăĊíăĻĀò÷ĐòĞ ðĎîĝ ĆĻ îĊĀĘĄļĕĄúċĉăúęúĻĄòċĖòĻòáòĕÚčòęô (ûďíĄþĊÚăĀĊăíčùċ÷ ăĊîĀĿ) Úċü÷ĊëòċĆàÝĿÝĀċúüĒļðĊĞà 3 ðČĘĄļáċÚðĎĝĕÝûĕþĎĞûàęÚĻ 42 ĀĊò ęíļòĞČĄòĊÚ 2 ÚčėþÚüĊú ĕôŃò 2.6 ÚčėþÚüĊú ĘãļĕĀþċĕ÷Ďûà 37-38 ĀĊòĕðĻċòĊĞò áċÚðĎĝÚþĻċĀúċ íļĀûÚçüĉĕóĎûóðĎĝĕÛļúàĀíÛĆàôüĉĕðāÝĒĻÝļċĄüĐĆÛĆà ęðûĕĆà ĖþĉĕðÝėòėþûĎÚċüĕþĎĞûàęÚĻðĎĝÚļċĀĄòļċúċÚ áďàĕôŃòęôęúĻęíļĕþû ðĎĝ Ćđ î ăċĄÚüüúÚċüĕþĎĞ û àęÚĻ ę ðûáĉĘãļ ć ĆüĿ ė úòĕ÷Đĝ Ć ĕüĻ à Úċüĕáüč æ ĕîč ó ėî ôüĉÚĆóÚĊóăČòĊÚàċòÝìĉÚüüúÚċüĆċĄċüĖþĉûċ ÚüĉðüĀàăċñċüìăđÛęíļ ĆĆÚôüĉÚċāĄļċúĘãļûċĕćĜÚėäĕĆăîüĆþ (Hexoestrol) äďĝàĕôŃòûċðĎĝĘãļăČĄüĊó îĆòăĊîĀĿôÚij ĖþĉĕôŃòćĆüĿėúòăČĄüĊóüĊÚĂċăĊîĀĿ ėíûúĎÝČăĊàĝ ĕ÷čÚïĆòðĉĕóĎûò îČüĊóûċðĎĝúĎĕćĜÚėäĕĆăîüĆþęúĻĘĄļáČĄòĻċûĘòôüĉĕðāęðûúċîĊĞàĖîĻúčïđòċûò 2529 ĄüĐĆòċòĕÚĐĆó 30 ôijúċĖþļĀ ăĆíÝþļĆàÚĊóóðÝĀċúĕüĐĝĆà “ėüÝĕôŃò ăċĀÚĻĆòĀĊû...ùĊûðĎĝęúĻÝĀüúĆàÛļċú” ÛĆà ā.ò÷.÷ĊëòĿ úĄċėãÝĕþčāĀĊëòċ ĄĊĀĄòļċĄòĻĀûîĻĆúęüļðĻĆ Ėþĉĕúîċėóþčäďú ÝìĉĖ÷ðûāċăîüĿ ėüà÷ûċóċþ üċúċñčóíĎ ðĎĝûĞČãĊíĀĻċĘòðċàôèčóĊîčûĊàęúĻĕÝû÷čăĒáòĿîüĀá÷óĆċĄċüðĎĝúĎÚċü ôòĕôĵŅĆòćĆüĿėúò

ðĎ ĝ ăČÝĊ æęôÚĀĻ ċòĎ Ğ íļ Ā û ÚçüĉĕóĎ û óðĎĝ á ĉĕÛļ ú àĀíúċÚÛďĞ ò ĕüĐĝĆûě ĘòĆòċÝîĆċáĄļċúĘãļûċ ôèčãĎĀòĉðđÚãòčí (ĖúļĖîĻüĊÚĂċ) ĄüĐĆÚċüĄļċúðČĀĊÝäĎò (ĕ÷ĐĆĝ ôķĆàÚĊò ėüÝ) ÚĜęíļ ÛìĉòĎĞòĊÚĀčðûċāċăîüĿ ĖþĉòĊ Ú ăĊ î ĀóċþðĊĞ à ĄþċûÚČþĊ à ÷ûċûċúĄċĀčñĎĕþĎĞûàęÚĻęúĻĘĄļôĶĀû ĕþû (ęúĻîļĆàĘãļûċôèčãĎĀòĉĖþĉ ĀĊÝäĎò ęúĻîĊíîĻĆ÷ĊòñđÚüüú) ėíû ûĐòóò÷ĐòĞ éċòÚċü÷Ċëòċíļċò÷ĊòñđĿ ĆċĄċü ĖþĉÚċüáĊíÚċü íĊàòĊĞò ôüĉĕíĜ ò ÚċüĘãļ ć ĆüĿ ė úòĘòÚċü ĕþĎĞûàęÚĻáďàĕôŃòĕüĐĝĆàþļċăúĊûúċÚĘò Ćđ î ăċĄÚüüúÚċüĕþĎĞ û àęÚĻ Ė þĉ ĀčãċÚċü

ÛĆĘĄļðđÚðĻċòĄċûăàăĊûĘòĕüĐĝĆà “ćĆüĿėúò ÚĊó ÚċüĕþĎĞûàęÚĻ” ęíļĕþûÝüĊó ĕ÷üċĉûĊàúĎôüĉĕíĜòĆĐĝòě ðĎĝðĊòăúĊûÚĀĻċęĀļÝĆûïÚĕïĎûàÚĊòĆĎÚîĻĆęô./ ¥ ¥

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ÍÑμÃÒ¡ÒÃμÑ駷ŒÍ§ËÅѧ¼ÊÁà·ÕÂÁẺ¡Ó˹´àÇÅÒ ã¹á¾Ð·Õèà˹ÕèÂǹӡÒÃ໚¹ÊѴẺâ»Ãá¡ÃÁÃÐÂÐÊÑé¹ Pregnancy rate after timed artificial insemination in goats synchronized for estrous for with short-term protocol

úċþĎ ĆùčĕúñĎñČüà1, áĊÚüù÷ áĊòðüĿăĉĆċí2, óüüáà áàüĊÚĂĿĀĊëòċ3, Āčðûċ ÛáĎüĊúûĿ 4, Ćüđì ãđúĖÚļĀ5 Ėþĉ ìüàÝĿ ĕþĎĞûàĕáüčæ6 Malee Apimeteetumrong1, Jakkapop Chansaad2, Banjong Jongrakwattana3, Witaya Khacheerum4, Arun Chumkaew5 and Narong Leangcharuen6

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the pregnancy rate after timed arti cial insemination (TAI) in goats synchronized for estrous with the short-term protocol of 5 days. For estrous synchronization, prostaglandin F2D (125 wg cloprostenol) and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (100 IU eCG) were given at CIDR-G insertion (Day 0) and withdrawal (Day 5), respectively. Cervical TAI with frozen semen was performed once at 49 h or twice at 49 and 73 h after CIDR-G withdrawal, in the synchronized crossbred goats of small farm holders in southern Thailand. Pregnancy rate was 31.6% (48/152) after being determined by ultrasonography. After signi cant effect testing, the number of inseminations, the parity, body score, THI, and sires were not signi cantly affected the pregnancy rate. The pregnancy result in Pattalung was higher than in Songkla (P<0.05).

In conclusion, short-term protocol of 5 days of CIDR-G treatment plus prostaglandin F2D and eCG could be used for estrus synchronization in the crossbred goats in southern Thailand. The pregnancy rate with TAI was acceptable.

Key words : pregnancy rate, arti cial insemination, estrous 1 2 3 4 5 6

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ăČòĊÚĕðÝėòėþûĎãĎĀùċ÷ÚċüõþčîôāđăĊîĀĿ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ 02-967-9739 āĒòûĿĀčáĊûÚċüõăúĕðĎûúĖþĉĕðÝėòėþûĎãĎĀùċ÷ăàÛþċ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ á.ăàÛþċ 074-252408 ăČòĊÚàċòôāđăĊîĀĿáĊàĄĀĊíôŁîîċòĎ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ áĊàĄĀĊíôŁîîċòĎ 073-336180 ăČòĊÚàċòôāđăĊîĀĿáĊàĄĀĊíăîĒþ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ áĊàĄĀĊíăîĒþ 074-7113579 ăČòĊÚàċòôāđăĊîĀĿáĊàĄĀĊíăàÛþċ ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ áĊàĄĀĊíăàÛþċ 074-443610 āĒòûĿĀčáĊûĖþĉ÷ĊëòċĕðÝėòėþûĎûļċûöċÚîĊĀĆĻĆò ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ á.òÝüüċãăĎúċ 081-9103189

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óðÝĊíûĻĆ ĀĊîïđôüĉăàÝĿÚċüĀčáĊûÝüĊĞàòĎĞ ĕ÷ĐĝĆāďÚĂċĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàĄþĊàõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċĘòĖ÷ĉðĎĝĕĄòĎĝûĀòČ ÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖóóėôüĖÚüúüĉûĉăĊĞò 5 ĀĊò ÚċüĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĘãļćĆüĿėúòėôüĕáăĕîĆėüòãòčíăĆíãĻĆàÝþĆí CIDR-G üĻĀúÚĊóÚċüâĎí PGF2D (125 Pg cloprostenol) Ėþĉ eCG (100 IU) ĘòĀĊòðĎĝăĆí (Day 0) ĖþĉïĆí (Day 5) CIDR-G îċúþČíĊó õăúĕðĎûúíļĀûĀčñĎõăúõĻċòðċàôċÚúíþĒÚ ÚČĄòíĕĀþċõăúĕðĎûúĕôŃòĖóó 1 ÝüĊĞà Ėþĉ 2 ÝüĊĞà ÚþđĻúðĎĝõăú 1 ÝüĊĞà ãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 49 ÚþđĻúðĎĝõăú 2 ÝüĊĞà ÝüĊĞàĖüÚãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 49 ĖþĉÝüĊĞàðĎĝ 2 ãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 73 ĄþĊàáċÚïĆí CIDR-G íČĕòčòÚċüĘòøċüĿúÛĆàĕÚĂîüÚüðĎĝĕþĎĞûàĖ÷ĉĘò÷ĐĞòðĎĝùċÝĘîļ ęíļõþĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆà üĀú 31.6% (48/152) áċÚÚċüîüĀáîĊĞàðļĆàíļĀûĆĊþîüċäċĀíĿ ĄþĊàáċÚðíăĆó Test Significant Effect ĖþļĀ ÷óĀĻċ ÚċüõăúĕðĎûú 1 ĄüĐĆ 2 ÝüĊĞà þČíĊóðļĆàÛĆàĖúĻĖ÷ĉ ÝĉĖòòüĻċàÚċû ÝĻċ Temperature-Humidity Index (THI value) Ėþĉ÷ĻĆ÷ĊòñđĿðĎĝòČòĞČĕãĐĞĆ õăúĕðĎûú ęúĻúĎõþîĻĆĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆà ĖîĻðĎĝ á.÷ĊðþđàęíļõþÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàăĒàÚĀĻċðĎĝ á.ăàÛþċĆûĻċàúĎòĊûăČÝĊæðċàăïčîč (P<0.05) õþáċÚÚċüĀčáĊûÝüĊĞàòĎĞ ăüđôęíļĀĻċ ÚċüĕĄòĎĝûĀÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖóóüĉûĉăĊĞòėíûĘãļćĆüĿėúò CIDR-G òċò 5 ĀĊò üĻĀúÚĊó PGF2D Ėþĉ eCG ăċúċüïòČęôĘãļĘòĖ÷ĉĕòĐĞĆþĒÚõăú÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàĘòùċÝĘîļ ėíûĘĄļõþÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàĘòüĉíĊóðĎĝ ûĆúüĊóęíļ ÝČăČÝĊæ : ĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆà, õăúĕðĎûú, ÚċüĕôŃòăĊí

ÝČòČ ĕòĐĆĝ àáċÚôŁæĄċÚċüÛċíĖÝþò÷ĊòñđĖĿ ÷ĉ ÚüúôāđăîĊ ĀĿ áďàíČĕòčòàċòÛûċû÷ĊòñđĖĿ ÷ĉ÷ĊòñđíĿ Ď ėíûĘãļĀñč õĎ ăúĕðĎûú ĖþĉÚċüĕĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊí ĘòøċüĿúĕÚĂîüÚü ėôüĖÚüúÚċüĕĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíðĎĘĝ ãļĆûĒĘĻ òôŁááđóòĊ ĕôŃòĖóóăĆí ćĆüĿėúòüĉûĉûċĀ ÝĐĆ üĉûĉĕĀþċÚċüôþĻĆûĖðĻàäčþčėÝòðĎĝĕÝþĐĆóćĆüĿėúòėôüĕáăĕîĆėüò (CIDR-G ) ĘòãĻĆàÝþĆí Ė÷ĉòċòïďà 17 ĀĊòüĻĀúÚĊóĘĄļćĆüĿėúò PGF2D Ėþĉ 150 IU eCG õăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċ 2 ÝüĊĞà ĘĄļõþÚċü îĊĞàðļĆàôüĉúċì 52% (òčĀĊîòĿ ĖþĉÝìĉ, 2550) äďĝàòĊóĀĻċĘĄļõþĕôŃòðĎĝòĻċ÷ĆĘá ĖîĻÚċüíČĕòčòàċòíĊàÚþĻċĀ ðČĘĄļĕÚčí ôŁæĄċÚċüĆĊÚĕăóĖþĉüĉÝċûĕÝĐĆàĘòãĻĆàÝþĆíĕòĐĆĝ àáċÚĘăĻćĆüĿėúòòċòĄþċûĀĊò ĖþĉĕáļċĄòļċðĎîĝ Ćļ àĕíčòðċàĕÛļċ÷ĐòĞ ðĎĝ ĄþċûÝüĊĞà/øċüĿú úĎüċûàċòÚċüĘãļćĆüĿėúòėôüĕáăĕîĆėüòüĉûĉăĊĞò 5-6 ĀĊò ĘòĖÚĉ üĻĀúÚĊóĘĄļćĆüĿėúò eCG Ûòċí 200-300 IU ĘòĀĊòðĎïĝ Ćí (Menchaca et al., 2004) ĘĄļõþÚċüĕĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖþĉÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆàíĎÚĀĻċÚċüĘăĻüĉûĉûċĀ Rahman et al. (2008) ĖòĉòČãĻĀàĕĀþċðĎĝÝĀüõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċðĊĞàĖóóÝüĊĞàĕíĎûĀĖþĉăĆàÝüĊĞà ĀĊîïđôüĉăàÝĿ ÚċüĀčáûĊ ÝüĊàĞ òĎĞ ÝĐĆ ĕ÷ĐĆĝ āďÚĂċõþÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆàĄþĊàõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċĘòĖ÷ĉðĎĕĝ ĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖóóėôüĖÚüú üĉûĉăĊĞò 5 ĀĊò üĻĀúÚĊóÚċüĘĄļ PGF2D Ėþĉ eCG

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċü ĘãļĖ÷ĉĕòĐĞĆþĒÚõăú÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàĕ÷āĕúĎûÛĆàĕÚĂîüÚü áČòĀò 152 îĊĀ ðĎĝĕþĎĞûàĘò 4 áĊàĄĀĊí ÝĐĆ ăàÛþċ ăîĒþ ÷Ċðþđà ĖþĉôŁîîċòĎ ĕôŃòĖ÷ĉăċĀ òĞČĄòĊÚ 25-30 ÚÚ. ĖþĉĖúĻĖ÷ĉþČíĊóðļĆà 1- 5 òĞČĄòĊÚ 35-40 ÚÚ. úĎÝĉĖòòüĻċàÚċû 2.5 - 4 (ĕÚìêĿ 1-5) THI = 81-85 ÚċüĘĄļĆċĄċüĘòøċüĿúúĎÚċüĘĄļĆċĄċüÛļòėôüîĎòęúĻîĝČÚĀĻċ 14 % ôüčúċì 0.167-0.600 ÚÚ./îĊĀ/ĀĊò ĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíėíûăĆíćĆüĿėúò CIDR-G òċò 5 ĀĊò âĎíćĆüĿėúò PGF2D Ûòċí 125 Pg ¥ ¥

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(Estrumate , Cloprostenol) ĘòĀĊòðĎăĝ Ćí CIDR-G ĖþĉâĎí eCG (FOLLIGON ) Ûòċí 100 IU ĘòĀĊòïĆí CIDR-G áċÚòĊĞòõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċ 1 ÝüĊĞàÝĐĆãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 49 Ėþĉ 2 ÝüĊĞà ãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 49 Ėþĉ 73 ĄþĊàïĆí CIDR-G íļĀûòĞČĕãĐĞĆĖãĻĖÛĜàÛòċíĄþĆí 0.25 ml ÝĀċúĕÛļúÛļòÛĆàîĊĀĆăđáč 150 þļċòîĊĀîĻĆĄþĆí úĎÝđìùċ÷îċúúċîüéċò áċÚ÷ĻĆ÷ĊòñđĿ 4 îĊĀðĎĝĕÝûõăúĕðĎûúĖþĉĘĄļþĒÚĖþļĀ (ĆĊîüċîĊĞàðļĆàôüĉúċì 45%) íČĕòčòÚċüüĉĄĀĻċàĕíĐĆò úÚüċÝú 2555-ÚĊòûċûò 2555 óĊòðďÚăùċ÷ãĻĆàÝþĆíĀĊòðĎõĝ ăú îüĀáÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆàĄþĊàõăúĕðĎûúęôĖþļĀ 35-60 ĀĊò íļĀûĆĊþîüċäċĀíĿ ĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿÛļĆúĒþíļĀûĀčñĎ Logistic Regression îċúüĒôĖóóăúÚċüðĎĝòČôŁááĊûîĻċàěúċüĻĀúĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿ

õþ õþĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàĖăíàĘò Table 1 õþĘò á.÷Ċðþđà ăĒàÚĀĻċðĎĝ á.ăàÛþċ ĆûĻċàúĎòĊûăČÝĊæðċàăïčîč (P=0.0008) ĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàáċÚÚċüõăúĕðĎûú 1 Ėþĉ 2 ÝüĊĞà ęúĻúĎÝĀċúĖîÚîĻċàÚĊò ôŁááĊû þČíĊóðļĆà ÝĉĖòòüĻċàÚċû THI Ėþĉ÷ĻĆ÷ĊòñđĿõăúĕðĎûú ęúĻęíļðČĘĄļĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàĖîÚîĻċàÚĊòĆûĻċàúĎòĊûăČÝĊæ õþÚċüĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿĖăíàĘò Table 2 ęúĻ÷óĆċÚċüãĻĆàÝþĆíĆĊÚĕăó ĄüĐĆúĎ discharge ĘòĖ÷ĉðĎĝĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊí

ĀčáċüìĿõþ ĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàĘòùċ÷üĀú (31.58%) îĝČÚĀĻċüċûàċòÛĆà Menchaca and Rubianes (2007) ðĎĝęíļ 49-63% ĕúĐĆĝ ĘãļėôüĖÚüúĕĄòĎûĝ ĀòČðĎÝĝ þļċûÚĊò äďàĝ Ęãļ 250 IU eCG úċÚÚĀĻċÚċüāďÚĂċòĎĞ ĖþĉõăúĕðĎûúíļĀûòĞČĕãĐĆĞ ăí ėíûÚČĄòí ĕĀþċõăúĕðĎûúÝüĊĞàĕíĎûĀãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 48 ĄüĐĆ 54 ĄþĊàïĆíćĆüĿėúòėôüĕáăĕîĆėüò ÚċüâĎí eCG ôüčúċìòļĆû (100 IU) ðČĘĄļćĆüĿėúòĆĆÚýðñčÚġ üĉîđòļ ÚċüĕáüčæÛĆàøĆþþčĕÝčþîĝČ íĊàòĊòĞ ÛòċíÛĆàøĆþþčĕÝčþðĎîĝ ÚęÛĻĆċáėîęúĻĕðĻċøĆþþčĕÝčþ ðĎĝęíļüĊóĆčðñč÷þÛĆà eCG ðĎĝúċÚÚĀĻċ ĕôŃòõþðČĘĄļÝĆüĿôŁăþĒĕðĎûúáċÚøĆþþčĕÝčþíĊàÚþĻċĀúĎÛòċíĕþĜÚ ėôüĕáăĕîĆėüò ðĎĝĄþĊĝàĆĆÚúċáĉúĎôüčúċìîĝČ äďĝàúĎõþîĻĆÚċüĕîüĎûúÝĀċú÷üļĆúĕ÷ĐĝĆüĆàüĊóÚċüöŁàîĊĀÛĆàîĊĀĆĻĆòĖþĉðČĘĄļîĊĀĆĻĆò ÷ĊëòċęôáòïďàÚČĄòíÝþĆíęíļ (Vazquez et al., 2010) ÚċüõăúĕðĎûúíļĀûòĞČĕãĐĆĞ ăíĘĄļõþõăúîčíăĒàÚĀĻċòĞČĕãĐĆĞ ĖãĻĖÛĜà (Martemucci and D’Alessandro, 2011) Table 1 Pregnancy rates following once and twice TAI of 5 day estrus synchronized goats in Pattalung, Songkla, Satun and Pattani Province Pregnancy rate (%) Inseminated doe (n) Pregnant doe (n) Pattalung Songkla Satun Pattani Total

34

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58.8 12.5 33.3 32.4 31.6

17 32 66 37 152

10 4 22 12 48

Pregnancy rate (%) Once TAI Twice TAI 44.4% (4/9) 75.0% (6/8) 15.4% (2/13) 10.5% (2/19) 28.6% (10/35) 38.7% (12/31) 31.6% (6/19) 33.3% (6/18) 28.9% (22/76) 34.2% (26/76)

ÚċüõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċüĻĀúÚĊóėôüĖÚüúĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊííļĀûćĆüĿėúò òčûúòČúċĘãļĕ÷ĐĝĆÝĀċú ăĉíĀÚĘòÚċüáĊíÚċüöĒà ÚċüÚČĄòíĕĀþċõăúîļĆàăĆíÝþļĆàÚĊóĕĀþċðĎĝęÛĻîÚ ÝĐĆîļĆàõăúĕðĎûúÚĻĆòĕĀþċęÛĻîÚ ÚċüāďÚĂċÛĆà Rubians amd Menchaca (2003) ÷óÚċüîÚęÛĻĘòĖ÷ĉĕÚčíÛďĞò 60 ãĊĝĀėúàĄþĊàăčĞòăđíėôüĖÚüú ĕúĐĝĆõăúĕðĎûúãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 54 ĄþĊàïĆíėôüĕáăĕîĆėüò ĘĄļõþÚċüõăúîčííĎÚĀĻċõăúãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 48 áċÚÚċüāďÚĂċÛĆà Martemucci and D’Alessandro (2011) ÷óĀĻċęÛĻîÚãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 55 áďàÚČĄòíĕĀþċõăúãĊĝĀėúàðĎĝ 50 íļĀûòĞČĕãĐĞĆĖãĻĖÛĜà ęíļõþÚċüõăúîčí 41% ĘòÚċüāďÚĂċÝüĊĞàòĎĞ ęúĻęíļîüĀáĕĀþċðĎĝęÛĻîÚ ĆċáðČĘĄļÚČĄòíĕĀþċõăúÝþċíĕÝþĐĝĆòęô ÷óĀĻċôŁááĊûðĎĝúĎĆčðñč÷þúċÚðĎĝăđí ÝĐĆ ÚċüáĊíÚċüøċüĿúĖþĉÚċüĘĄļĆċĄċü øċüĿúðĎĝ÷ĊðþđàäďĝàúĎĆĊîüċÚċüîĊĞàðļĆà ăĒàðĎăĝ íđ ęúĻĀċĻ áĉõăú 1 ĄüĐĆ 2 ÝüĊàĞ (44.4-75%) úĎÚċüĘĄļĆċĄċüĖîÚîĻċàáċÚøċüĿúĆĐòĝ ÝĐĆ ĘĄļĆċĄċüÛļòėôüîĎòęúĻîČĝ ÚĀĻċ 14 % ĘòãĻĀàĕãļċ ôüčúċì 0.25-0.3 ÚÚ./îĊĀ/ĀĊò ėíû 5 ĀĊòÚĻĆòĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊí ęíļĘĄļĆċĄċüÛļòĕ÷čĝúĕôŃò 2 ĕðĻċ áòïďàĀĊòðĎĝõăúĕðĎûú ăĻĀòøċüĿúĆĐĝòěĘĄļĆċĄċüÛļòęúĻĕÚčò 0.25 ÚÚ./îĊĀ/ĀĊò îþĆíÚċüðíþĆà ėôüîĎòĕôŃòăċüĆċĄċü ðĎĝăČÝĊæüĆàþàúċáċÚ÷þĊààċò ÚċüîĆóăòĆàÛĆàĖ÷ĉĖþĉĖÚĉĕ÷āĕúĎûîĻĆîĊĀõĒļúĎĆčðñč÷þúċáċÚăïċòĉùċ÷ðċà ėùãòċÚċü Ė÷ĉðĎĝęíļüĊóÚċüĕăüčúĆċĄċü áĉĖăíà÷ýîčÚüüúÚċüĕôŃòăĊí áĉúĎĆĊîüċÚċüîÚęÛĻ ÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàíĎÚĀĻċĖ÷ĉ ðĎĝęúĻęíļüĊóÚċüĕăüčúĆċĄċü (Fitz-Rodriguez et al., 2009) ðĎĝ á.ăàÛþċ úĎõþÚċüîĊĞàðļĆàîĝČÚĀĻċðĎĝĆĐĝò ĆċáĕòĐĝĆàáċÚ ĕôŃòĖ÷ĉăċĀ ÚċüõăúĕðĎûúĖ÷ĉăċĀĘĄļõþÚċüõăúîčíîĝČúċÚ ĕ÷üċĉÚċüăĆíôĵòõăúĕðĎûúĘĄļõċĻ òÝĆúíþĒÚðČęíļûċÚ áďàîļĆàĘãļĕĀþċõăúĕðĎûúòċòÚĀĻċôÚîč ÚċüĘãļĕĀþċõăúĕðĎûúòċò áĉðČĘĄļõþÚċüõăúîčíîĝČÚĀĻċĘãļĕĀþċăĊĞòě (Houdeau et al., 2008) ėíûðĊĝĀęôòčûúĘĄļĖ÷ĉăċĀõăú÷ĊòñđĿĖóóñüüúãċîčĕ÷ĐĝĆĘĄļúĎþĒÚÝüĊĞàĖüÚ áċÚòĊĞòáďàĘãļĀčñĎ õăúĕðĎûúĘòþČíĊóðļĆàïĊíęô Table 2 Levels of significance of various factors for variation of pregnancy rates after timed artificial insemination (TAI) Factor Parity Body condition scores Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) Sire TAI once x TAI twice Province (area)

P -value 0.3145 0.8503 0.8920 0.4000 0.1465 0.0104

ăüđô ĆĊîüċÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆàĕðĻċÚĊó 31.58% ĄþĊàõăúĕðĎûúĖóóÚČĄòíĕĀþċĘòĖ÷ĉðĎĕĝ ĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖóóėôüĖÚüú üĉûĉăĊĞò 5 ĀĊò üĻĀúÚĊóÚċüĘĄļ PGF2D Ėþĉ eCG 100 IU ÚċüõăúĕðĎûú 1 Ėþĉ 2 ÝüĊĞà þČíĊóðļĆàÛĆàĖúĻĖ÷ĉ ÝĉĖòòüĻċàÚċû ÝĻċ THI Ėþĉ÷ĻĆ÷ĊòñđðĿ òĝĎ ČòĞČĕãĐĆĞ úċõăúĕðĎûú ęúĻęíļðČĘĄļĆîĊ üċÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆàĖîÚîĻċàÚĊòĆûĻċàúĎòûĊ ăČÝĊæ ðċàăïčîč ôŁááĊûÚċüáĊíÚċüøċüĿúðĎĕĝ þĎûĞ àĖ÷ĉúĎõþîĻĆĆĊîüċÚċüîĊàĞ ðļĆà ÚċüĕĄòĎûĝ ĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊíĖóóėôüĖÚüúüĉûĉăĊòĞ 5 ĀĊò ĘòÚċüðíþĆàòĎĞ ăċúċüïĖÚļęÛôŁæĄċãĻĆàÝþĆíĆĊÚĕăó ĖþĉĘãļôüčúċìćĆüĿėúò eCG òļĆûþà ÛļĆĕăòĆĖòĉ Ė÷ĉðĎĝáĉõăúĕðĎûúÝĀüĕôŃòĖúĻĖ÷ĉðĎĝúĎÚċüáĊíÚċüøċüĿúðĎĝíĎ ¥ ¥

¤ ¥ 35

ÝČÛĆóÝđì ÛĆÛĆóÝđìÝđìăúāĊÚíčġ ĕôüúôüĎíčġ òĊÚĀčãċÚċüăĊîĀóċþôèčóĊîčàċò ÚüúôāđăĊîĀĿ ðĎĝãĻĀûĕÛĎûòĖóóăúÚċüĖþĉ ĀčĕÝüċĉĄĿÛļĆúĒþðċàăïčîč ÛĆóÝđìĕáļċĄòļċðĎĝõăúĕðĎûúÛĆàāĒòûĿĀčáĊûÚċüõăúĕðĎûúĖþĉĕðÝėòėþûĎãĎĀùċ÷ăàÛþċðĎĝãĻĀû õăúĕðĎûúĖ÷ĉîþĆíàċòðíþĆà àċòĀčáĊûòĎĞ ęíļüĊóðđòĆđíĄòđòÚċüĀčáĊûáċÚăČòĊÚàċòÝìĉÚüüúÚċüĀčáĊûĖĄĻàãċîč (Āã.) ôüĉáČôijàóôüĉúċì 2554

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà

òčĀĊîòĿ ïċĀüĉ ĆòòðĿ ĕðĐĆàăĊòĕðĎûĉ Ėþĉ óĊòþĐĆ ÚþĝČ÷Ēþ. 2550. ÚċüĕĄòĎĝûĀòČÚċüĕôŃòăĊííļĀû CIDR-G Ėþĉ PGF2D üĻĀúÚĊó PMSG îĻĆĆĊîüċÚċüõăúîčíÛĆàĖ÷ĉ÷ĊòñđäĿ ċĖòò. ĀċüăċüĕðÝėòėþûĎãĀĎ ùċ÷ÚċüõþčîôāđăîĊ ĀĿ 2 (1) : 1-7.

Fitz-Rodriguez, G., M.A., Santiago-Miramontes (De), R.J., Scaramuzzi, B., Malpaux and J.A., Delgadillo. 2009.

Nutritional supplementation improves ovulation and pregnancy rates in female goats managed under natural grazing conditions and exposed to the male effect. Anim. Reprod. Sci. doi : 10.1016/ j.anireprosci.2009.01.004.

Houdeau, E., V. Furstoss, Y. Forgerit, J.L. Bonne and B. Leboeuf. 2008. Short-duration insemination with frozen semen increases fertility in nulliparous dairy goats. Animal. 2 (10) : 1496-1500.

Martemucci, G. and A.G. D’Alessandro. 2011. Induction/synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in dairy goats with different short term treatments and. fixed time intrauterine or exocervical insemination system.

Anim. Reprod. Sci. 126 : 187-194.

Menchaca, A., V. Miller, J. Gil, A. Pinczak, M. Laca and E. Rubianes. 2004. Prostaglandin F2D treatment associated with timed artificial Insemination in ewes. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 39 : 352-355.

Menchaca, A. and E. Rubianes. 2007. Pregnancy rate obtained with Short-term protocol for timed artificial insemination in goats. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 42 : 590-593.

Rahman, A.N.M.A., R.B. Abdullah and W.E. Wan-Khadijah. 2008. Estrus Synchronization and Superovulation in Goats: A Review. J. Biol. Sci. 8 : 1129-1137.

Rubianes, E. and A. Menchaca. 2003. The pattern and manipulation of ovarian follicular growth in goats. Anim.

Reprod. Sci. 78 : 271-287.

Vazquez, M.I., M.S. Blanch, G.A. Alanis, M.A. Chaves and A. Gonzalez-Bulnes. 2010. Effects of treatment with a prostaglandin analogue on developmental dynamics and functionality of induced corpora lutea in goats.

Anim. Reprod. Sci. 118 : 42-47.

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¼Å¢Í§ËÞŒÒËÁÑ¡·´á·¹ ã¹ÍÒËÒÃÊØ¡Ãμ‹Í¡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàμÔºâμ áÅФسÀÒ¾«Ò¡¢Í§ÊءáÃÐâ´¹ Effect of Grass Silage in Pig Diet on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Kadon Pigs

ęÚüăčðñč Āăđĕ÷Ĝæ1/* āāč÷ĊòñĿ ĀàāĿăđðñċĀċă2/ ôüċėúðûĿ Ė÷àÝĢċ3/ ĕăúĆĘá óđüĎòĆÚ1/ Ėþĉ ĕâþčú÷þ ĕûĐĞĆàÚþċà1/ Kraisit Vasupen1/*, Sasiphan Wongsuthavas2/, Pramote Paengkoum3/, Smerjai Bureenok1/ and Chaleampon Yuangklang1/

.

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the . Dry matter intake and average daily gains were effect of Napeir grass silage in pig on growth performance and carcass quality in Kadon pigs. Sixteen growing pigs were used in a randomized complete block design and sex of the native pigs was used as blocked.

The experiment was lasted for 60 days. A total of 16 native pigs (4 pigs; 2 males and 2 females/group) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: 1.) 100% concentrate, 2.) 95% concentrate + 5% silage, 3.) 90% concentrate + 10% silage and 4.) 85% concentrate + 15% silage.

. signiÌcantly (P<0.05) decreased when level of silage . additive increased. No signiÌcant effects (P>0.05) were . observed on feed conversion ratio and feed cost per . . 1 kg weight gain. Inclusion level of 5% silage could . reduce cost of production with no effect on carcass . weight and total pork meat. . . . Key words: Grass silage, Kadon pigs, average daily . gain, carcass quality . ¥ ¥

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ýúåĔ÷ąŇĐ: âĕĆċęâČĕÿĈãĐèâĕĆĢëňĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĎĄĔâ . üĔòâĕüøŋ ĠĈēåöē, 2555) âĕĆĈ÷ĆĕåĕãĐèčĜøĆĐĕĎĕĆúĘħ

ú÷ĠúüĢüĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆøŇĐčĄĆĆùüēâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġø ĠĈē åěöăĕāìĕâĢüčěâĆāĔüûěâŋ Ćēġ÷ü ġ÷ąĢëňčâě ĆāĔüûěâŋ Ćēġ÷ü ğāċÿĜňĠĈēğāċğĄĘąéĬĕüĊü 16 øĔĊ ĊĕèĠÿüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠýý RCBD (randomized complete block design) ĆēąēğĊĈĕ âĕĆú÷ĈĐèúĔèĨ čėüĨ 60 ĊĔü ýĈĦĐâ÷ňĊąğāċ ĠýŇèâĈěĄŇ ĐĐâğþŎü 4 âĈěŇĄâĕĆú÷ĈĐè čěâĆāĔüûěŋâĆēġ÷üâĈěŇĄĈē 4 øĔĊ (ğāċÿĜň ģĄŇģ÷ňøĐü 2 øĔĊ ĠĈēğāċğĄĘą 2 øĔĊ) âĈěŇĄúĘħ 1 âĈěŇĄåĊýåěĄ ģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ âĈěŇĄúĘħ 2 ģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆ čĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ 95% ĠĈēĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 5% âĈěŇĄúĘħ 3 ģ÷ňĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆ čěâĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ 90% ĠĈēĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 10% ĠĈēâĈěŇĄúĘħ 4 ģ÷ň ĆĔýĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ 85% ĠĈēĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 15% ÿĈâĕĆ ú÷ĈĐèāýĊŇĕ þĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüģ÷ň ĠĈēĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğéĆėî ğøėýġøãĐèčěâĆĈ÷Ĉè ğĄĚħĐğāėħĄþĆėĄĕöĎîňĕĎĄĔâĢüčĜøĆ ĐĕĎĕĆĐąŇĕèüĔąčĬĕåĔîúĕèčùėøė (P<0.05) þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆ ğþĈĘħąüĐĕĎĕĆğþŎüüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊĠĈēøňüúěüåŇĕĐĕĎĕĆĢüâĕĆ ğāėħĄüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ 1 âėġĈâĆĔĄ ģĄŇĄĘåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèâĔüúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) âĕĆĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔâú÷ĠúüĢüčĜøĆĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆúĘħ Ćē÷Ĕ ý 5% čĕĄĕĆùĈ÷øň ü úě ü ġ÷ąģĄŇ ĄĘ ÿ ĈâĆēúýøŇ Đ üĬĨĕĎüĔâìĕâ ĠĈēþĆėĄĕöğüĚĨĐĠ÷èãĐèčěâĆ

åĬĕčĬĕåĔî: ĎîňĕĎĄĔâ čěâĆâĆēġ÷ü ĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġø åěöăĕāìĕâ

ÝĢċòĢċ ĊėûâĘ ĕĆĈ÷åŇĕĢëňéĕŇ ąĎĆĚĐøňüúěüĢüâĕĆğĈĘąĨ èčěâĆ÷ňĕüĐĕĎĕĆ čĔøĊŋ ğþŎüĊėûĘâĕĆúĘħčĕĄĕĆùþñėýĔøėģ÷ňéĆėèýüāĚĨüòĕüåĊĕĄ čĕĄĕĆùĢüâĕĆĎĕĊĔøùě÷ėýĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋúĘħĄĘĆĕåĕøĬħĕâĊŇĕĄĕ ú÷ĠúüĈèĢüčĜøĆĐĕĎĕĆ âĕĆĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔââĦğþŎüĊĔøùě÷ėý ĐĕĎĕĆčĔ ø Ċŋ ĐĘ â ëüė ÷ Ďüęħ è úĘħ ĄĘ Ć ĕąèĕüâĕĆĢëň Ġ ĈēāýĊŇ ĕ čĕĄĕĆùĈ÷øňüúěüĈèģ÷ňĆē÷ĔýĎüęħè (Vasupen et al., 2012,

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ĢëňğĈĘĨąèčěâĆĢĎňøĬħĕĈèĢüãöēúĘħåěöåŇĕúĕèġăëüēãĐèčĜøĆ ĐĕĎĕĆåèğ÷ėĄĎĆĚĐĢâĈňğåĘąèüĔüĨ ğþŎüğþŃĕĎĄĕąãĐèÿĜğň ĈĘąĨ èġ÷ą úĔĊħ ģþ ĎĕâĠøŇčĊŇ üĢĎîŇĊøĔ ùě÷ýė úĘĄħ åĘ ö ě ăĕā÷ĘĄâĔ ĄĘĆĕåĕĠāè čŇĊüĊĔøùě÷ėýĐĕĎĕĆčĔøĊŋúĘħĄĘĆĕåĕùĜââĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋģ÷ňĢü čěâĆâĦĈ÷Ĉè÷ňĊą ÷ĔèüĔüĨ ĠĄňĊĕŇ øňüúěüøŇĐâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøĐĕé Ĉ÷Ĉè ãňĐčèčĔąúĘħÿĜňğĈĘĨąèøňĐèâĕĆúĆĕýĊŇĕ âĕĆğĈĘĨąè÷ňĊą ĐĕĎĕĆúĘħþĆĔýčĜøĆ÷ňĊąĊĔøùě÷ėýúĘħĄĘğąĚħĐĢąčĜè ğëŇü ĎîňĕĎĄĔâ ìęħèĄĘĆĕåĕùĜâĎĕèŇĕąĢüúňĐèùėħü ĐĕéĄĘÿĈøŇĐåěöăĕāãĐè ìĕâãĐèčěâĆ ĆĕåĕčěâĆĠĈēÿĜýň Ćėġăå ÷ĔèüĔüĨ éęèğþŎüþĆēğ÷Ħü úĘħčüĢéċęâČĕÿĈãĐèĎîňĕĎĄĔâúĘħĄĘğąĚħĐĢąčĜèğĄĚħĐüĬĕĄĕğĈĘĨąè čěâĆāĚĨüğĄĚĐè øŇĐĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġø ĠĈēåěöăĕāìĕâ ãĐèčěâĆāĔüûěŋâĆēġ÷ü

ĆđôÚüìĿĖþĉĀčñĎÚċüðíþĆà âĕĆú÷ĠúüĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ÷ňĊąĎîňĕĎĄĔâúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 0, 5, 10 ĠĈē 15 ğþĐĆğìĦüøŋ (üĬĨĕĎüĔâĠĎňè) ġ÷ąĢëňĎîňĕğüğþĿą ĆŋĎĄĔâ ġ÷ąøĔ÷ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĐĕąěģĄŇğâėü 60 ĊĔü øĕĄĊėûĘâĕĆ ãĐè Bureenok et al. (2005) ýĆĆéěĎîňĕĈèùĔè ĐĔ÷ĎîňĕĢĎň ĠüŇü÷ňĊąğåĆĚħĐèĐĔ÷ĐĕĎĕĆĎąĕýĆēýýģđġ÷ĆĈėåĠĆè÷ĔüčĜè ĠĈňĊþľ÷ĀĕĢĎňčüėúĎĄĔâģĊň 4 čĔþ÷ĕĎŋ âŇĐüğþľ÷üĬĕĄĕĢëňğĈĘąĨ è čěâĆāĚüĨ ğĄĚĐè čĔøĊŋú÷ĈĐèĢüâĕĆċęâČĕåĆĔèĨ üĘĢĨ ëňčâě Ć 4 âĈěĄŇ ġ÷ąĢëňčěâĆāĚĨüğĄĚĐèāĔüûěŋâĆēġ÷ü Đĕąě 100 ĊĔü ğāċÿĜň 8 øĔĊ ğāċğĄĘą 8 øĔĊ ĆĊĄčěâĆāĚĨüğĄĚĐèúĔĨèĎĄ÷ 16 øĔĊ üĬĨĕĎüĔâ ğêĈĘħąúĘħ 16.25 ± 1.65 âėġĈâĆĔĄ úĆĘúğĄüøŋ 1 čěâĆĆěŇüâĆēġ÷ü+ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆĆěŇü-ãěü 100% úĆĘúğĄüøŋ 2 čěâĆĆěŇüâĆēġ÷ü+ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆĆěŇü-ãěü 95% : ĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 5% úĆĘúğĄüøŋ 3 čěâĆĆěŇüâĆēġ÷ü+ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆĆěŇü-ãěü 90% : ĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 10%

úĆĘúğĄüøŋ 4 čěâĆĆěŇüâĆēġ÷ü+ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆĆěŇü-ãěü 85% : ĎîňĕĎĄĔâ 15% (ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ ýüòĕüãĐèĊĔøùěĠĎňè) ĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþĢüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĨğþŎüĐĕĎĕĆãĐè ýĆėČĔúčĬĕĎĆĔýčěâĆĆěŇü ĄĘġþĆøĘü 16 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋ ÿčĄĎîňĕ ğüğþĿąĆŋĎĄĔââĔýĐĕĎĕĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþøĕĄčĔ÷čŇĊüúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 0, 5, 10 ĠĈē 15 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèĊĔøùěĠĎňè åĈěâğåĈňĕĐĕĎĕĆ čĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþ ĢĎňğãňĕâĔüâĔýĎîňĕĎĄĔâĢĎĄŇúâě ĥ åĆĔèĨ âŇĐüâĕĆĢĎň ĐĕĎĕĆúěâĄĚĨĐ ğāĚħĐþŃĐèâĔüâĕĆğĈĚĐââėüĐĕĎĕĆãĐèčěâĆāĚĨü ğĄĚĐè ĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆĊĔüĈē 2 åĆĔĨè åĚĐ ğëňĕ - ğąĦü (08.00-16.00) ĢĎňĐĕĎĕĆúĘħ 4 ğþĐĆŋğìĦüøŋãĐèüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ čěâĆģ÷ňĆĔýüĬĨĕúĘħ čēĐĕ÷øĈĐ÷ğĊĈĕúĕèúĘħĢĎňüĬĨĕĠýýéěʼný ëĔħèüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊčĔøĊŋ ú÷ĈĐèğĄĚħĐğĆėħĄâĕĆú÷ĈĐèĠĈēúěâčĔþ÷ĕĎŋ éüåĆý 60 ĊĔü ĊĔ÷þĆėĄĕöâĕĆâėüĐĕĎĕĆúěâĊĔü ġ÷ąëĔħèĐĕĎĕĆğãňĕúěâĊĔü ĠĈēëĔħèþĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħğĎĈĚĐ åĬĕüĊöĎĕčĄĆĆùăĕāâĕĆ ğéĆė î ğøė ý ġø ģ÷ň Ġ âŇ ĐĔ ø ĆĕâĕĆğéĆė î ğøė ý ġøøŇ Đ ĊĔ ü þĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆğþĈĘąħ üĐĕĎĕĆğþŎüüĬĕĨ ĎüĔâøĔĊ ĠĈēøňüúěü åŇĕĐĕĎĕĆøŇĐüĬĨĕĎüĔâøĔĊ 1 âėġĈâĆĔĄ ğâĦýøĔĊĐąŇĕèåěöăĕā ìĕâ 4 øĔĊ ĢüĠøŇĈēâĈěŇĄú÷ĈĐè ĊĔ÷üĬĨĕĎüĔâìĕâĐěŇü åĊĕĄ ĎüĕģãĄĔüčĔüĎĈĔè ĠĈēþĆėĄĕöğüĚĨĐĠ÷è (čĔîëĔą, 2534) ĊĕèĠÿüèĕüú÷ĈĐèĠýý randomized complete block design (RCBD) âĕĆĊėğåĆĕēĎŋåĊĕĄĠþĆþĆĊüãĐèåŇĕğêĈĘąħ (analysis of variance, ANOVA) ĠĈēğþĆĘąýğúĘąýâĔü ĆēĎĊŇĕèâĕĆĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔâú÷ĠúüĐĕĎĕĆãňüĠĈēģĄŇĢëňĢü ĠøŇĈēâĈěĄŇ âĕĆú÷ĈĐè øĕĄĊėûãĘ Đè Steel and Torrie (1986)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

õþÚċüðíþĆàĖþĉĀčáċüìĿ ĎîňĕğüğþĿąĆŋĎĄĔâúĘħĢëňĢüâĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĨĄĘåěöåŇĕúĕè ġăëüēĠč÷è÷ĔèøĕĆĕèúĘħ 1 čěâĆâėüĐĕĎĕĆġ÷ąĆĊĄĄĘĠüĊ ġüňĄĈ÷ĈèğĄĚħĐğāėħĄþĆėĄĕöčĔ÷čŇĊüĎîňĕĎĄĔâĈèĢüčĜøĆ ĐĕĎĕĆ (P<0.05) čŇèÿĈøŇĐĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøúĘħĈ÷Ĉè ğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýþĆėĄĕöĐĕĎĕĆúĘħâėüģ÷ň ĠĈēþĆēčėúûėăĕāâĕĆ ĢëňĐĕĎĕĆãĐèčěâĆ (øĕĆĕèúĘħ 2) ĐĔøĆĕâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøúĘħĈ÷ ĈèüŇĕéēğüĚħĐèéĕââĕĆąŇĐąģ÷ňãĐèġăëüēĈ÷ĈèğĄĚħĐğāėħĄ čĔ÷čŇĊüĎîňĕĎĄĔâĈèĢüčĜøĆĐĕĎĕĆúĬĕĢĎňĄĘþĆėĄĕöğąĚħĐĢą ĢüĐĕĎĕĆğāėħĄãęĨü âĕĆĢëňþĆēġąëüŋģ÷ňãĐèġăëüēĈ÷Ĉè (ģâĆčėúûė ĠĈēåöē, 2556) ÿĈøŇĐüĬĕĨ ĎüĔâìĕâ ĠĈēþĆėĄĕö ğüĚĨĐ (øĕĆĕèúĘħ 2) ģĄŇāýåĊĕĄĠøâøŇĕèúĕèčùėøė (P>0.05) čěâĆúĘģħ ÷ňĆýĔ ĎîňĕĎĄĔâĄĘģãĄĔüčĔüĎĈĔèýĕèâĊŇĕâĈěĄŇ åĊýåěĄ ĐąŇĕèģĄŇĄĘüĔąčĬĕåĔî (P>0.05) Len et al. (2008) ĆĕąèĕüĊŇĕ þĆėĄĕöğąĚħĐĢąĆē÷ĔýčĜèĢüĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆĄĘÿĈøŇĐĆňĐąĈēìĕâ ĐěüŇ úĘĈħ ÷Ĉè ĐąŇĕèģĆâĦøĕĄģĄŇāýÿĈâĆēúýøŇĐĐèåŋþĆēâĐý ġþĆøĘüĠĈēģãĄĔüĢüğüĚĐĨ čěâĆ éĕâÿĈâĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĐĨ ĕéğþŎü ĠüĊúĕèúĘħéēĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔâĢüĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆåĊĆĢëňĢüĆē÷ĔýúĘħ ğĎĄĕēčĄøŇĐģþ

Table 1 Analyzed chemical composition of experimental diets DM (%) Grass silage Growing pig diet Growing pig diet + 5%Grass silage Growing pig diet + 10%Grass silage

CP EE NDF ADF Ash -----------------------------(% DM)-------------------------

Price Baht/kg

26.11 86.86 83.82

6.92 16.38 15.91

1.66 3.47 3.38

74.74 18.63 21.44

28.83 5.63 6.79

4.77 7.74 7.59

1.50 15.33 14.87

80.78

15.43

3.29

24.24

7.95

7.44

14.36

DM = dry matter, CP = crude protein, EE = ether extract, NDF = neutral detergent Ìber, ADF = acid detergent Ìber ¥ ¥

¤ ¥ 39

Table 2 Growth performance Feed cost per weight gain and carcass weight of Kadon pig Item

Con. diet

Con. diet +5% silage

Con. diet +10% silage

Con. diet +15% silage

SEM

P-value

Initial weight (kg) Final weight (kg) DMI (g/d) ADG (g/d) FCR 3.38ab FCG1 (Baht/kg) Carcass weight (kg) Carcass (%) Back fat (cm) Meat (kg) Meat (%)

16.50 32.25 890.83c 262.48bc 3.03a 52.13 23.98 74.59 1.01 9.15 28.29

15.75 32.75 839.35b 283.35c 3.50ab 44.65 21.68 66.20 0.80 9.20 28.02

16.25 30.50 826.35b 237.50ab 3.78b 50.53 20.78 68.23 0.86 8.85 29.11

16.50 29.38 800.80a 212.50a 0.17 52.75 22.03 74.82 0.70 8.25 28.07

1.09 1.41 4.30 13.13 0.05 2.45 1.25 2.95 0.12 0.49 0.59

0.96 0.34 0.00 0.01 0.13 0.37 0.14 0.33 0.52 0.54

ADG = Average daily gain, DMI = Dry matter intake, FCR = Feed conversion ratio, 1 FCG = Feed cost for 1 kg of weight gain, SEM = Standard error of the mea

ăüđô ÿĈâĕĆú÷ĈĐèüĘĨčĆěþĊŇĕâĕĆĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔâú÷ĠúüĢüčĜøĆ ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆúĘħĆē÷Ĕý 5% čĕĄĕĆùĈ÷øňüúěüġ÷ąģĄŇĄĘÿĈâĆē úýøŇĐ üĬĨĕĎüĔâìĕâ ĠĈēþĆėĄĕöğüĚĨĐĠ÷èãĐèčěâĆ

ĕĆÚăċüĆļċàĆčà ģâĆčėúûė ĊčěğāĦî, ċċėāüĔ ûŋ Ċèċŋčúě ûĕĊĕč, ğčĄĐĢé ýěĆüĘ Đâ, éĬĕĈĐè ĄėøĆëĕĊģúą, ĠĈēğêĈėĄāĈ ğąĚĐĨ èâĈĕè. 2556. ÿĈãĐèâĕĆú÷ĠúüĐĕĎĕĆčĬĕğĆĦéĆĜþčĬĕĎĆĔýčěâĆĆěüŇ ÷ňĊąĎîňĕĎĄĔâøŇĐčĄĆĆùăĕāâĕĆÿĈėøĠĈēâĕĆąŇĐą ģ÷ňãĐèġăëüēĢüčěâĆāĚüĨ ğĄĚĐè. čĔøĊĠāúąŋĄĎĕüåĆ čĕĆ. 8(2): 89-101. üĔòâĕüøŋ ġåøĆëĄăĜ, ċċėāüĔ ûŋ Ċèċŋčúě ûĕĊĕč, ğêĈėĄāĈ ğąĚĐĨ èâĈĕè, ğčĄĐĢé ýěĆüĘ Đâ, ğâċĆĕ ĐĬĕāĕăĆöŋ, ëğĊè čĕĆåĈŇĐè, ģâĆčėúûė ĊčěğāĦî. 2555. âĕĆĢëňĎîňĕĎĄĔâú÷ĠúüĢü ĐĕĎĕĆčěâĆøŇĐčĄĆĆùüēâĕĆğéĆėîğøėýġøĠĈēâĕĆ

40

¥ ¥

¤ ¥

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ąŇĐąģ÷ňãĐèġăëüēĢüčěâĆāĚüĨ ğĄĚĐè. ĠâŇüğâČøĆ þĿúĘħ 40 êýĔýāėğċČ ğĈŇĄúĘħ 2 Ďüňĕ 507–511. čĔîëĔą éøěĆčėúûĕ. 2534. âĕĆéĔ÷âĕĆğüĚĐĨ čĔøĊŋ. ăĕåĊėëĕčĔøĊ ċĕčøĆŋ åöēğâČøĆċĕčøĆŋ ĄĎĕĊėúąĕĈĔąğëĘąèĢĎĄŇ, ğëĘąèĢĎĄŇ. 145 ü.

Bureenok, S., T. Namihira, Y. Kawamoto and T. Nakada.

2005. Additive effects of fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria on the fermentative quality of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) silage. Grassland Science 51(3): 243-248.

Len, N. T., J. E. Lindberg and B. Ogle. 2008. Effect of dietary Ìber level on the performance and carcass traits of Mong Cai, F1 crossbred (Mong Cai x Yorkshire) and Landrace x Yorkshire pigs. AsianAustralasion Journal Animal Sciemce 21(2): 245-251.

Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torries. 1986. Principle and Procedures of Statistic a Biometrical Approach.

5th ed. McGraw - Hill, New York. 633 p.

ò.ă÷.ăđĕúñ ðüĊ÷ûĿãĒÚđþ òċûÚ ăúċÝúăĊîĀĖ÷ðûĿÝĀóÝđú øċüĿúăĊîĀĿôijÚ ĕôIJíĕõûĀĻċ ęðûĕôŃò õĒļăĻàĆĆÚĕòĐĞĆęÚĻüċûĘĄæĻîčíĆĊòíĊó 4 ÛĆàėþÚ ĘòĖîĻþĉôijúÚĎ ċüăĻàĆĆÚ ĕòĐĞĆęÚĻĖþĉõþčîùĊìêĿúċÚÚĀĻċ 5 ĖăòîĊò ėíûúĎîþċíĄþĊÚÝĐĆăĄùċ÷ ûđėüô (ĆĎûĒ) Ėþĉ æĎĝôđĶò ÝčíĕôŃò 8090% ÛĆàÚċüăĻàĆĆÚĕòĐĞĆęÚĻðĊĞà ôüĉĕðā äďĝàðĊĞàăĆàîþċíòĎĞÛďĞòãĐĝĆ ĀĻ ċ ĕôŃ ò ôüĉĕðāðĎĝ Ę Ąļ Ý ĀċúăČÝĊ æ

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ĀĊûĕ÷ĎûàęúĻÚÛĝĎ Āó ėćáčúòč ĄĿęíļûċļ ûîċúóčíċęôĕúĐĆàĕĀļ äďàĝ óčíċ ęôăĆóáĆĄàĀò îĻĆúċėćáčúčòĄĿęíļĆċāĊûĆûĒĻÚĊóúċüíċîċú þČ÷Ċàĕ÷Ďûà 2 Ýò ĕ÷üċĉóčíċĕúĐĝĆăĆóáĆĄàĀòęíļ ęíļûļċû ęôüĊóüċãÚċüðĎĝîĻċàĕúĐĆà ÛìĉðĎĝúċüíċÚČþĊàîĊĞàÝüüùĿ îĻĆúċ ÚĜęíļÝþĆíþĒÚÝòĕþĜÚĆĆÚúċ ėćáčúčòĄĿĘòĀĊû 11 ÛĀóîļĆà ĕþĎĞûàòļĆàĕĆà ĕòĐĝĆàáċÚúċüíċęíļĕăĎûãĎĀčîęôĘòÛìĉÝþĆí ĖþĉęúĻòċòòļĆàÝòĕþĜÚÚĜĕăĎûãĎĀčîĕúĐĝĆėîÛďĞò ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļ ăĊ ú õĊ ă ÚĊ ó ÚċüĕúĐ Ć àĕôŃ ò ÝüĊĞ à ĖüÚáċÚÚċüðĎĝ ĕ ôŃ ò þĻ ċ úùċĂċ öüĊàĝ ĕāăĘĄļÚóĊ ãċĀòċðĎïĝ ÚĒ ĕáļċĆċìċòčÝúöüĊàĝ ĕāăÚíÛĎĘĝ òãĻĀàòĎĞ ėćáčúòč ĄĿęíļÚþĻċĀĀĻċ “îòęíļĕĄĜòÚċüÚíÛĎĖĝ þĉÝĀċúĆûđîñč üüú üĀúïďàÚċüęíļĕĄĜòãċĀòċïĒÚûčàîċûîĻĆĄòļċîĻĆîċ” îĻĆúċėćáčúčòĄĿüĒļîĊĀĀĻċîòĕĆàîļĆàęíļüĊóÚċüāďÚĂċðĎĝ úċÚÛďĞòĖþĉĆĆÚęôðĻĆàėþÚÚĀļċàĕ÷ĐĝĆĕôIJíėþÚðĊāòĿÛĆàîò Ęòôij÷.ā. 2454 áďàęíļûļċûáċÚĕĀĎûíòċúęôĕôŃò÷ĻĆÝüĊĀĘò ôüĉĕðāöüĊĝàĕāă íļĀûÚċüăúĊÝüĕôŃòþĒÚĕüĐĆóòĕüĐĆĕíčòăúđðü ÛĆàöüĊĝàĕāăäďĝàĕôŃòôüĉĕðāĕáļċĆċìċòčÝúÛĆàĕĀĎûíòċúĘò ÛìĉòĊòĞ ĖþĉęíļāÚď ĂċĕüĎûòîĻĆðĎòĝ òĝĊ ėćáčúòč ĄĿĘòÛìĉòĊòĞ Ęãļ ãĐĆĝ ĀĻċ ĕĄàĎûòĆĽċûėÚĀĽÚ äďàĝ ĖôþĀĻċ “ĕĄàĎûòõĒüļ ÚĊ ãċîč” ėćáčúòč ĄĿ ęíļîíč îĻĆÚĊóãċĀĕĀĎûíòċúĘòöüĊàĝ ĕāă ĕ÷ĐĆĝ üĀúîĊĀÚĊòĕüĎûÚüļĆà Ćčăüùċ÷áċÚãċîčúĄċĆČòċáîĉĀĊòîÚĄþċûãċîč ĕãĻò ăĄüĊé ĆĕúüčÚċ ĆĊàÚýĂ ĘòéċòĉėßĂÚÛĆàÚþđĻú ĖîĻðĀĻċÚĜęíļüĊóÚċü üĊàĕÚĎûáĖþĉïĒÚÚĎíÚĊòĆĆÚúċ ĕúĐĝĆėćáčúčòĄĿ÷ûċûċúáĉûĐĝò ĄòĊàăĐĆîĻĆ “ĀĒíėüĀĿĀčþăĊò” ôüĉñċòċñčóíĎăĄüĊéĆĕúüčÚċ

óļċòþđàėć ðĎĝ ĕĀĎûíòċú

óļċòþđàėć ðĎĝ á.òÝü÷òú

ÛìĉĕíčòðċàúċûĊàöüĊàĝ ĕāă ĕ÷ĐĆĝ þàòċúĘòăòñčăæ Ċ æċĖĀüĿäċû ĄþĊàăčĞòăđíăàÝüċúėþÚÝüĊĞàðĎĝĄòďĝà ĘòãĻĀàîĻĆúċėćáčúčòĄĿÚĜęíļûļċûáċÚöüĊĝàĕāăęôăĄüĊé ĆĕúüčÚċĖþĉĆĊàÚýĂîċúþČíĊó ĄþĊàáċÚòĊĞòÚĜęíļĕÛļċüĻĀúÚĊó ÷üüÝÝĆúúčĀòčăîĿáòĎ äďàĝ ĕúĐĆĝ üĊéóċþÚĽÚúčòîĊàĠ ÛĆàĕáĎûàęÝĕãĜÝ ĕüčĝúÚċüôüċóôüċúăĊàÝúòčûú òĊĞò ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļĄþóĄòĎáċÚ áĎòúċûĊàáĊàĄĀĊíòÝü÷òú ôüĉĕðāęðû ėíûęíļóĀãĕôŃò÷üĉ ùčÚĂđðČÚċüăĆòþĊðñčăĊàÝúòčûúĘĄļãċĀęðû ėíûĘãļãĐĝĆĀĻċ “þđàėć” ėíûãĻĀàĖüÚðĎĝĄþóĄòĎĘòôüĉĕðāęðûòĊĞòĕüčĝúáċÚ ÛďĞòĕüĐĆðĎĝðĻċòĞČĕĆăóĎ (ôŁááđóĊòĕôŃòðĎĝîĊĞàÛĆàėüàĖüúĖúĻòĞČ) ęôûĊàáĊàĄĀĊí÷čáîč ü áċÚòĊòĞ ęíļĕíčòðċàęôîĻĆûĊàáĊàĄĀĊíĆđíüñċòĎ ĖþĉáĊàĄĀĊíĄòĆàÝċû ėíûĘãļãĐĝĆĀĻċ “ĕëĻċáčĠò” ĘòãĻĀà üĉĄĀĻċàôij ÷.ā. 2466 ęôáòïďà ÷.ā. 2474 ðĻċòęíļ÷ČòĊÚĆûĒĻ ì óļċòÛĆàòċûĕîĎûĀ ĕĄàĎûĝ òĀĊò ĕþÛðĎĝ 48 ĄúĒðĻ ĝĎ 5 óļċòòċáĆÚ îČóþĄòĆàæċîč ĆČĕùĆĕúĐĆàòÝü÷òú áĊàĄĀĊíòÝü÷òú üĀúĕĀþċ÷ČòĊÚĆûĒĻĘòôüĉĕðāęðûðĊĞàăčĞò 7 ôij ĘòüĉûĉòĎĞ ėćáčúčòĄĿîļĆàĕíčòðċàęôĄþóäĻĆòĘòĄþċûôüĉĕðā ĘãļãĐĝĆ ôþĆúĄþċûãĐĝĆ äďĝàÝüĊĞàĄòďĝà ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļïĒÚîČüĀáćĻĆàÚàáĊó ėíûęúĻúĎÝĀċúõčí ęíļïĒÚÛĊàÝđÚòċòĕôŃòüĉûĉĕĀþċòċò 1 ôij ĘòãĻĀàòĎĞėćáčúčòĄĿăùċ÷üĻċàÚċûûĝČĖûĻúċÚ ĕôŃòėüÝÛċíăċü ĆċĄċü ĖîĻÚęĜ íļüóĊ ÚċüãĻĀûĕĄþĐĆĘĄļ÷òļ ĆĆÚúċ áċÚĕ÷ĐĆĝ òĕÚĻċĘò ăúċÝúãċĀĕĀĎûíòċúĘòöüĊàĝ ĕāă üĀúïďàĕãĐĆĝ ĀĻċúĎ ėáĀĕĆčòęĄþ òċûÚüĊéúòîüĎÛĆàáĎò äďàĝ ĕôŃòăĄċûðĎíĝ îĎ ĆĻ ėćáčúòč ĄĿüĀĻ úíļĀû ėćáčúčòĄĿĕíčòðċàÚþĊóúċĕĀĎûíòċúĆĎÚÝüĊĞàĘòôij ÷.ā.

2484 ãĻĀàăàÝüċúėþÚÝüĊĞàðĎĝăĆà öüĊĝàĕāăĘòÛìĉòĊĞòïĒÚ ÚĆàðĊ÷òċäĎóđÚûďí ĖþĉÚþċûăùċ÷ĕôŃòüĊéóċþĄđĻòĕãčíĘĄļĖÚĻ öĶċûĆĊÚĂĉ áďàüĊóòėûóċûĘòÚċüôÚÝüĆàĕĀĎûíòċúáċÚòċäĎ ĕôŃòĄþĊÚ ėćáčúč òĄĿ áď àăóėĆÚċăüĀóüĀúãċĀĕĀĎ ûíòċú ăĻĀòĘĄæĻĖþļĀîĊàĞ ĕôŃòöĶċûĕĀĎûíúčòĄĿ ĕîüĎûúĖõòðĎáĝ ĉôüĉÚċā ĕĆÚüċãáċÚöüĊàĝ ĕāăĘĄļôüĉãċãòãċĀĕĀĎûíòċú äďàĝ ãċĀĕĀĎûíòċú ĘòÛìĉòĊĞòûĊàęúĻúĎÚċüāďÚĂċ ĖþĉăĻĀòĘĄæĻĆíĆûċÚûċÚáò ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļĕÛļċïďàîĊĀãċĀóļċòüĉíĊóþĻċà íļĀûÚċüðČîĊĀÚþú ÚþĐòõĒÚúčîüęôÚĊóãċĀóļċò ęíļ÷ĒíÝđûĖþĉðČÝĀċúĕÛļċĘáÚĊò ĆûĻċààĻċûě Ėþĉĕ÷čĝúáČòĀòăúċãčÚÛďĞòĕüĐĝĆûě íļĀûÚċüóĆÚ ĖóóôċÚîĻĆôċÚ äďĝàĄòďĝàĘòăúċãčÚÝòăČÝĊæ ÚĜÝĐĆ ĄĀĆ ĕàĀĎûòäļċô äďĝàîĻĆúċĕôŃòòċû÷þĖþĉăĄċûÝòăČÝĊæÛĆà ėćáčúčòĄĿ ĆĎÚðĊĞàðĊĞàÝĒĻûĊàĕôŃòÝĒĻĕÛûÛĆàÚĊòĖþĉÚĊò ĕòĐĝĆàáċÚ ùüüûċÛĆàðĊĞàÝĒĻòĊĞòĕôŃò÷ĎĝòļĆàÚĊò ĖþĉĘòãĻĀàòĎĞĕĆàðĎĝãĐĝĆ “ėćáčúčòĄĿ” ęíļïĒÚĘãļĆĆÚúċĕôŃòÝüĊĞàĖüÚĖþĉĘòãĻĀàôþċû ÛĆàăàÝüċú ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļûĊàîčíîĻĆÚĊóăČòĊÚàċòóüčÚċüíļċò ûđðñāċăîüĿ (OSS) ÛĆàăĄüĊéĆĕúüčÚċ ĕ÷ĐĝĆüĻĀúúĐĆÚĊòîĻĆîļċò ÚĆàðĊ÷æĎĝôđĶòíļĀû òĊóĕôŃòÚċüüĻĀúúĐĆÚĊòÛĆàðĊĞà 2 öĶċû ĕôŃòÝüĊĞàĖüÚĖþĉÝüĊĞàĕíĎûĀ ĖúļáĉĕôŃòãĻĀàăĊĞòě ÚĜîċú ¥ ¥

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ĘòðĎĝăđí ėćáčúčòĄĿôüĉÚċāáĊíîĊĞà÷üüÝÝĆúúčĀòčăîĿ ĕĀĎûíòċúĄþĊàáċÚ “áĊÚü÷üüíčóľċĀíĊĝû” áĊÚü÷üüíčĕĀĎûíòċú ÷üĉĆàÝĿăđíðļċûôüĉÚċāăþĉüċãăúóĊîčĕúĐĝĆĀĊòðĎĝ 2 ÚĊòûċûò ÷.ā. 2488 äďĝàîĻĆúċĘòôij ÷.ā. 2497 ĕĀĎûíòċúÚĜęíļôüĉÚċā ĕĆÚüċãĆûĻċàĕôŃ òðċàÚċü ĄþĊàáċÚðĎĝöüĊĝàĕāă÷ĻċûĖ÷ļ Ęò ûđðñÚċüðĎĝĕíĎûòĕóĎûòøĒ ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļüĊóÚċüĖîĻàîĊĞàĘĄļĕôŃò ôüĉñċòċñčóíĎĖþĉòċûÚüĊéúòîüĎĖĄĻàăċñċüìüĊéôüĉãċñčôęîû ĕĀĎûíòċúĕôŃòÝòĖüÚ íļĀûÚċüôüĉÚċāĖïþàÚċüìĿðĎĝáĊîđüĊă óċíčæ ĝ äďàĝ ĕüčúĝ îļòíļĀûôüĉėûÝĖóóĕíĎûĀÚĊóôüĉÚċāĆčăüùċ÷ ÛĆàăĄüĊéĆĕúüčÚċ ėćáčúòč ĄĿôèčĕăñðĎáĝ ĉ÷ČòĊÚĘòáĀòÛļċĄþĀà ĘĄæĻöüĊĝàĕāă äďĝàėĆĻėïà ĖîĻÛĆĆċāĊûĆûĒĻĘòóļċò÷ĊÚĄþĊàĕþĜÚě ĕðĻċòĊĞò Ęòôij ÷.ā. 2502 ăàÝüċúĕĀĎûíòċúęíļĆđóĊîčÛďĞò ăĄüĊéĆĕúüčÚċĖþĉãċîč÷ĊòñúčîüĆĐĝòě ÚĜęíļĕÛļċüĻĀúăàÝüċú íļĀû ĖîĻõþăđíðļċûĕĀĎûíòċúĕĄòĐĆĕôŃòöĶċûãòĉĘòôij ÷.ā.

2518 ėćáčúčòĄĿĘòÛìĉòĊĞòĆûĒĻĘòĀĊûãüċĖþļĀ ęíļôüĉÚċāĀĻċ îòþíóðóċððċàÚċüĕúĐĆàþàúċĖúļáĉęíļüĊóÚċüòĊóïĐĆĆûĻċà ăĒàăđíĆûĒĻÚĜîċú ĖþĉÚĜĕôŃòĕüĐĝĆàðĎĝòĻċĕăĎûíċûðĎĝėćáčúčòĄĿęúĻęíļ ĆûĒĻãĐĝòãúãĊûãòĉĘòôij ÷.ā. 2518 íļĀûĕĄîđðĎĝĀĻċėćáčúčòĄĿĕăĎû ãĎĀîč ĕúĐĆĝ ĀĊòðĎĝ 2 ÚĊòûċûò ÷.ā. 2512 ðĎóĝ ċļ ò÷ĊÚĘòÚüđàćċòĆû íļĀûĆċÚċüĄĊĀĘáþļúĕĄþĀ ăčüĆč ċûđęíļ 79 ôij äďàĝ ôŁááđóòĊ üĻċàÛĆà ėćáčúčòĄĿęíļïĒÚóüüáđĘòėþàĖÚļĀ ĕ÷ĐĝĆĘĄļĆòđãòüđĻòĄþĊàęíļ ĕÝċü÷ ðĎĝáĊîđüĊăóċíčàĄĿ óļċòĕÚĻċÛĆà þđàėć ðĎĝ á.ĆđíüñċòĎóļċòÛĆàóčíċĖĄĻà ãċîčĕĀĎûíòċúðĎĝĆđíüñċòĎ ĕôŃòĕ÷ĎûàÚüĉîĽĆóĄþĊàÝċúđàĄæļċ ÝĀċúûċĀĕ÷Ďûà 8 ĕúîü ðĎĝòĎĝĕôŃòðđÚăčĝàðđÚĆûĻċà ðĊĞàĕôŃòðĎĝ āďÚĂċĆóüúðýĂçĎ ÚüĉðĊĝàöĴÚĆċĀđñ óļċòĆĎÚĄþĊàĄòďĝàðĎĝóļċò ĕÚčíÛĆàôüĉñċòėćáčúčòĄĿ ðĎĝ á.ĕĄàĉĆĊò (Nghe An) ÚĜúĎ ăùċ÷ęúĻîĻċàÚĊòôŁááđóĊòĕúĐĆàòĎĞĕôŃòĕúĐĆàðĎĝúĎÚċüĕþĎĞûàėÝòú ðĎĝûčĝàĘĄæĻðĎĝăđíĘòĆċĕäĎûòÝĐĆøċüĿú TH Milk Farm ĘòãĻĀàðĎĝ þđàėćęíļĕÛļċúċ÷ĊÚĆûĒĻĘòĆđíüñċòĎĘĄúĻě ôüĉñċòėćáčúčòĄĿ ĕĀĎûíòċúĘãļãĐĝĆĀĻċ “ĕëĻċáčĠò” ėíûĆċāĊû÷ĊÚĆûĒĻÚĊóÝüĆóÝüĊĀ ÛĆàĕëĻċ “Ėúí-íľċû” ăĄċû áĊíîĊĞàðĎĝóļċòĄòĆàóĊĀ-ĄòĆà ĕĄþĜÚ ĘÚþļě ÚĊóăïċòĎüïęøĆđíüñċòĎ äďĝàĘòôŁááđóĊòĆûĒĻĘò ĕÛîĕðāóċþòÝüĆđíüñċòĎãđúãòóüčĕĀìòĎĞúĎãċĀĕĀĎûíòċú Ć÷û÷ĆċāĊûĆûĒĻüċĀ 20-30 ÝüĆóÝüĊĀ ăĻĀòúċÚðČÚċüĕ÷ċĉ ôþĒÚĖþĉĕþĎĞûàăĊîĀĿ ôij ÷.ā. 2471 ĕëĻċáčĠò ęíļĕôþĎĝûòăïċòðĎĝ÷ĊÚĘĄúĻ ûļċûęôðĎĝĄúĒĻóļċòĄòĆàėĆò (ĄòĆàćċà î.ĕãĎûà÷čì ôŁááđóĊò) ėíûĆċāĊû ĆûĒĻÚ ĊóÝüĆóÝüĊ ĀÛĆàăĄċûðĎ ĝã ĐĝĆ “ĕëĻċĖàĀĜ Ú ” äďĝàęíļïďàĖÚĻÚüüúĖþļĀ Úċüúċ÷ĊÚðĎĝóļċòĄòĆàėĆòĖĄĻàòĎĞĕëĻċ áčĠòúĎÝĀċúúđĻàúĊĝòðĎĝáĉüĀóüĀúãċĀĕĀĎûíòċú÷þĊíïčĝòĕÛļċüĻĀú

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ÚüĉóĀòÚċüîĻĆăĒĕļ ÷ĐĆĝ ÚĆóÚĒĕļ ĆÚüċãáċÚöüĊàĝ ĕāă ðĊàĞ òĎĕĞ ëĻċáčòĠ ÷ĊÚĆûĒÚĻ óĊ ĕëĻċĖàĀĜÚòċòüċĀ 2 ĕíĐĆò äďàĝ òċûÚü îĊòãĊû ĀĊû 88 ĕôŃòĄòďàĝ ĘòÚþđúĻ ÝòęðûĕãĐĆĞ ăċûĕĀĎûíòċúðĎĆĝ ċāĊûĆûĒĘĻ òĄúĒóĻ ċļ ò ĖĄĻàòĎĞĕôŃòĆĎÚóđÝÝþĄòďĝàðĎĝĆûĒĻüĻĀúĘòĕĄîđÚċüìĿÛìĉðĎĝ÷ĻĆĕëĻċ áčòĠ ÷ČòĊÚĆûĒĘĻ òóļċòĄòĆàėĆòþđàėćðĻċòáĉĕþĎûĞ àĄúĒ ĕþĎûĞ àęÚĻ ôþĒÚõĊÚ ĘãļãĎĀčîęúĻîĻċàáċÚãċĀóļċòðĊĝĀęô ðđÚÝüĊĞàðĎĝúĎėĆÚċă ðĻċòáĉăĆòĕíĜÚě ĄþċûĕüĐĝĆà ėíûĕâ÷ċĉăĆòĘĄļüĊÚăċúĊÝÝĎ ÚĊòĘĄļúċÚ. ĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúĖóóíĊĞàĕíčúðĎĝúĎÚċüüĀúÚĊòÛĆà 5 üăãċîč÷ĐĞòéċò “ĆàÝĿôüĉÚĆó” ĕõĜí (ėþĄĉ) ĕôüĎĞûĀ (ęúļ) Ûú (ęø) ĕÝĜú (òĞČ) ĖþĉĄĀċò (ėþÚ) ăĻĀòõăúðĎĝ÷óóĻĆû ęíļĖÚĻ òĞČôþċÚĉôIJäĆăïĊĝĀĕĄþĐĆàÛļċĀăúđòę÷üăíõþęúļĖþĉ õĊÚ ăĒîüĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúĘãļîĉęÝüļÛčàăĉüĉĖĄòĻăĉüĉĖĄòĻ ĕĀĎûíòċúõĊÚãĎöüĊĝàĆóĕãûæĀò÷üčÚÛĎĞĄòĒúĉòċĀĖþĉėĄüĉ÷ċ ÚċüðČĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúĖóóíĊàĞ ĕíčúĕôŃòðĎüĝ áļĒ ÚĊ ÚĊòĀĻċúĊÚáĉòčûú ĘãļăĻĀòõăúðĎĝăíĘĄúĻĖþĉúĎÝĀċúĕãĐĝĆúĊĝòĕÚĎĝûĀÚĊóăúđòę÷ü ĖþĉõĊÚäďĝàïĐĆĕôŃòĄòďĝàĘòĆċĄċüĕ÷ĐĝĆăđÛùċ÷ úĎĆûĒĻăčĝàĄòďĝàðĎĝ ĘãļòļĆûðĎĝăđíĘòÚċüðČĆċĄċüÛĆàĕĀĎûíòċúÝĐĆ òĞČúĊò íĊàòĊĞò

ĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúáĉĕôŃòîļú òďĝàĕôŃòăĻĀòĘĄæĻĘòùċÝĕĄòĐĆ ÛĆàĕĀĎûíòċúĆċĄċüðļĆàïčĝòúĊÚáĉúĎüăĕõĜíòļĆûÚĀĻċĆċĄċü ùċÝĘîļ ðĎùĝ ċÝĕĄòĐĆĆċÚċāĄòċĀĕûĜò ĕÛċáĉĘãļ÷üčÚęðûíČĘãļ Ėðò÷üčÚÛĎĞĄòĒÚċüĘòðČĆċĄċüüăãċîčĕõĜí ÚċüĘãļĕòĐĞĆăĊîĀĿ ĕãĻòĕòĐĞĆĄúĒĕòĐĞĆĀĊĀĖþĉęÚĻÝĻĆòÛļċàïĒÚáČÚĊíĕ÷üċĉüċÝċĖ÷à ĖþĉĄċûċÚ ĘòĆíĎîðĎĝõĻċòúċĆċĄċüėôüîĎòáĉĕôŃòôþċòĞČáĐí Úđļà ôĒ ĖþĉĄĆûðĎĝĘãļÚĊòĆûĻċàĖ÷üĻĄþċû òĞČôþċäĎĆčğĀäĆăÚđļà ĖþĉòĞČúĉòċĀĕôŃòĄòďĝàĘòăĻĀòõăúĕÝüĐĝĆàôüđàĄþĊÚ ĆċĄċü ĘòĕĀĎûíòċú ĕãĻò äđôĕăļòĄúĎĝ Āđļòĕăļò ĖþĉÚľĀûĕîĎĠûĀúļĀò ÚČĕòčíĘòùċÝĕĄòĐĆĖþĉïĒÚ÷ċęôûĊàùċÝÚþċàĖþĉùċÝĘîļ ÛĆàĕĀĎûíòċúėíûõĒĆļ ÷û÷ûļċûïčòĝ üĉĄĀĻċàăàÝüċúĘòôüĉĕðā áċÚÚċüðĎĝęíļúċĕûĐĆòĕĀĎûíòċúĘòÝüĊĞàòĎĞòĊóĀĻċĕôŃò ÝüĊĞàðĎĝăĆàÛĆàÚċüúċðĎĝ ćċòĆû ĖþĉęíļĕíčòðċàîĻĆęôûĊàĕúĐĆà ĕÚčíÛĆàþđàėćáčúčòĄĿ ÝĐĆ ĕúĐĆàĕĄàĉĆĊò (Nghe An) óċàÝò ĆĻċòĀĻċ ĕĄàĉĆċò ĕ÷ĐĝĆúċĕûĎĝûúãúøċüĿúėÝòúðĎĝĘĄæĻúĎĝăđíĘò ĆċĕäĎûò äďĝàÚċüĕíčòðċàîļĆàĘãļĕĀþċôüĉúċì 7 ãĊĝĀėúàïďàáĉ ïďàøċüĿú ĘòüĉĄĀĻċàÚċüĕíčòðċàęíļĖĀĉÚčòĆċĄċüÚþċàĀĊò (bӳatrѭa = ĕóĐĠĆ ĕáĐĆ) ðĎĝùĊîîċÝċüĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúãĐĝĆ “ÚĻċüĎ÷ĝ óĒ òč ĄĿ” ĕôŃòüļċòĆċĄċüðĎúĝ ÝĎ òĕĀĎûíòċúĖĀĉÚčòÚĊòúċÚ ĆċĄċüĕôŃòĆċĄċü÷ĐĞòĕúĐĆàðĊĝĀęô ĖîĻęúĻúĎĆċĄċüĕĀĎûíòċúðĎĝ ÛċûĘòóļċòĕüċĖúļĖîĻĆûĻċàĕíĎûĀ áċÚĕúòĒáĉúĎĆċĄċü÷Ďûà 11 ĆûĻċàĘĄļĕþĐĆÚ ĕôŃòùċĂċĕĀĎûíòċúðĊĞàĄúí ęúĻúĎùċĂċĆĊàÚýĂ ôüĉÚĆóĕþûðČĘĄļĕôŃòààïďàÚĊóîļĆàÛĆĕóĎûüĿĕûĜòě úċôþĆóĘá 1 ÚüĉôĹĆà ÷ĆóĆÚĀĻċĕóĎûüĿĕðĻċòĊĞò ăċĀăĊîĀóċþĕĀĎûíðĎĝúċ îļĆòüĊóĖþĉòČðċàĕÛļċĘáðĊòðĎ ĕôŃòĆĊòĀĻċęíļĖÚļúďòęôęíļ

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9. āĊâýňĕüğåĈĚħĐüúĘħğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Mobile home (ġĄýėĈġđĄ) ğĎĄĚĐüýňĕüúěâĐąŇĕè ĄĘĎňĐèüĬĨĕ ĎňĐèüĐü ĎňĐèĆĔýĠãâ ĠĈēåĆĔĊ (ğþľ÷čĘãňĕè) ĎňĐèčěãĕ øňĐèêě÷÷ňĊąĆù ýĆĆúěâãüĕ÷âĈĕè-ğâēâēùüüāĐčĄåĊĆ øňĐèĄĘğåĆĚħĐèĎĄĕąčĔîîĕöĆēĊĔèăĔą ëĔ÷ğéü øňĐèéĐ÷ğþŎüúĘħĥ ğãĕâĬĕĎü÷ĢĎňéĐ÷ (Mobile home parking lot) úĘħüĔħü ğãĕĄĘĐěþâĆöŋøŇĕèĥ ğĎĈŇĕüĘĨ ğëŇü - þĈĔĩâğčĘąýģĂĂŃĕğĐĕģþĢëňĢüýňĕü ğčĘąåŇĕģĂ - úŇĐüĬĨĕøŇĐğãňĕâĔýúŇĐþĆēþĕãĐèğãĕ ğčĘąåŇĕüĬĨĕ - úŇĐ÷Ĝ÷ ùĔèčňĊĄëĔâġåĆâãĐèýňĕüğåĈĚħĐüúĘħ ĒĈĒ ĠĄňâĈĕèĊĔüĆù Mobile home ğĊĈĕĊėħèøňĐèğþľ÷ģĂ (øĬħĕ) øĈĐ÷úĕè ğëŇüğ÷ĘąĊâĔýĆùãĐè ÿĜňčĜèĐĕąě (åüĠâŇãĔýĆùøňĐèğþľ÷ģĂ) 10. āĊâĆù Minibus (ĆùýĔčãüĕ÷âĈĕèĥ) ĊėħèëĔâĆĐâĆĔýčŇèÿĜňġ÷ąčĕĆ ğëŇü ĆēĎĊŇĕè čüĕĄýėüâĔýġĆèĠĆĄ ĎĆĚĐéĕâýŇĐüâĕčėġüùęèčùĕüĘĆùģĂ čüĕĄýėü ğãĕğĆĘąâ ĊŇĕ Shuttle bus ğĆĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕĆùâĆēčĊą ýĕèåüğãĕâĦğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Limousine ğþŎüøňü 11. čĬĕĎĆĔýĆùġ÷ąčĕĆãüĕ÷ĢĎîŇĊėħèĆēĎĊŇĕèğĄĚĐèøŇĐğĄĚĐè ĆĔòøŇĐĆĔò ĎĆĚĐãňĕĄúĊĘþ ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ bus ûĆĆĄ÷ĕ ġ÷ąĄĕâéē÷ĬĕğüėüâėéâĕĆĢüĆĜþãĐèýĆėČĔúĄĘëĚħĐøŇĕèĥ âĔ ü ğëŇ ü Greyhound, Trail way ĒĈĒ üŇ ĕ čĔ è ğâøĊŇ ĕ åüÿė Ċ ãĕĊģĄŇ å Ň Đ ąüė ą ĄĢëň ýĆėâĕĆâĕĆğ÷ėüúĕèāĊâüĘĨüĔâ ĠøŇģþĢëňĆùģĂĠĈēğĆĚĐýėüĠúü ĎĆĚĐâĦĆùčŇĊüøĔĊ ğčĘąğþŎüčŇĊüĄĕâ âĕĆéĆĕéĆüĔĨüğãĕãĔýâĔüúĕèãĊĕ ìęħèĄĘĎĈĕąĥ þĆēğúċĄĕâ ğëŇü ĢüĐğĄĆėâĕğĎüĚĐ ĆĊĄ Ġåüĕ÷ĕ ąěġĆþ (ąâğĊňüĐĔèâćČ) ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Right hand drive (āĊèĄĕĈĔąĐąĜŇìňĕąãĐèĆù) čŇĊü āĊâúĘħãĔýúĕèìňĕąğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Left hand drive (āĊèĄĕĈĔąĐąĜŇúĕèãĊĕãĐèĆù) ğëŇü ģúą îĘħþěłü ĐĐčğøĆğĈĘą üėĊìĘĠĈü÷ŋ åĆĕĊüĘĨĄĕāĜ÷ùęèğĆĚħĐèĐĚħüĥ úĘħğâĘħąĊãňĐè ğëŇü ùüü 12. ùňĕğĐŇąëĚħĐåĬĕĊŇĕ Boulevard (ĐĐâğčĘąè ýĜĈğĈĐĀĊĕĆŋ÷) ùĚĐĊŇĕğþŎüùüüúĘħĄĘãüĕ÷ âĊňĕèúĘħčě÷ ğþŎüùüüĆēąēúĕèčĔĨüĥ ĢüğĄĚĐè ĎĆĚĐãĐýĥ ğĄĚĐè ùüüāĊâüĘĨĄĔâ éēĄĘġåĄģĂþĆē÷ĔýþĆē÷ĕčĊąèĕĄ 13. ĐĘ âåĬ ĕ Ďüęħ èğãĕğĆĘ ą âĊŇ ĕ Avenue (ĐĐâğčĘ ą èĠĐāĎĊēĎüėħ Ċ ) ĄĘ ãüĕ÷âĊň ĕèģĄŇ Ġāň Boulevard üĔâ ùüüāĊâüĘĨĄĔâéēþĆē÷ĔýþĆē÷ĕ÷ňĊąøňüģĄňĆėĄĥ úĕèĠĈēġåĄģĂ ĐĔ ü čē÷ě ÷ øĕ čē÷ě ÷ ĢéÿĜ ň ā ýğĎĦ ü åĆĔĨ è ĠĆâĥ Ąĕâ ğãĕĊŇ ĕ ùň ĕ ğþŎ ü Avenue Ģü Los Angeles ĠåĈėĂĐğüĘą Avenue éēĊĕèúėċúĕèøēĊĔüøâ-øēĊĔüĐĐâ ĠøŇùňĕğþŎü Ģü New York, Avenue éēĄĘúėċúĕèğĎüĚĐ-Ģøň ĢåĆģþĐąĕâĆĜňâĦčĔèğâøğĐĕğĐè 14. åĆĕĊüĘĨâĦĄĕùęè Freeway (Fwy) ğþŎüúĕèĎĈĊèĠÿŇü÷ėü (High way) úĘħĄĘĆēąēúĕè ąĕĊĄĕâ ùę è ãüĕ÷ĆēĎĊŇ ĕ èĆĔ ò øŇ Đ ĆĔ ò ĎĆĚ Đ ãň ĕ ĄúĊĘ þ ģþğĈą ýĕèúĘ ğ ãĕâĦ ğ ĆĘ ą âĊŇ ĕ Interstate highway úĕè÷ŇĊüāĊâüĘĨéēģĄŇĄĘâĕĆøė÷čĔîîĕöéĆĕéĆ āĊâ Express way (EXPWY) âĦĐąĜŇĢüúĬĕüĐèüĘĨ 15. ĢüåĊĕĄĎĄĕąãĐèåĬĕĊŇĕ Toll way ýňĕüğĆĕâĦĄĘğąĐēĠĈňĊ ĎĄĕąùęè úĕè÷ŇĊü úĘħ ğâĦýåŇĕÿŇĕüúĕè 16. ùňĕāĜ÷ùęè Turnpike âĦĎĄĕąåĊĕĄùęèúĕè÷ŇĊüúĘħğâĦýåŇĕÿŇĕüúĕèğĎĄĚĐüâĔü ğĎĦüĄĘ ĢëňåĬĕüĘĨâĔüĄĕâúĘħ Florida ¥ ¥ ¤ ¥ 51

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17. ğĎĦüåĬĕĊŇĕ HOV ýüúĕè÷ŇĊüĎĈĕąĥ čĕą ùĕĄĊŇĕĄĔüąŇĐĄĕéĕâåĬĕĊŇĕĐēģĆ ğãĕĊŇĕ High Occupancy Vehicles ĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇĕ ğêāĕēĆùúĘħĄĘÿĜňġ÷ąčĕĆ éĬĕüĊü 2 åü ãęĨüģþ éęèéēĐüěîĕøĢĎňÿŇĕüģ÷ň 18. åĬĕüĘĨğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Cause way ĆĜňčęâĊŇĕéēğþŎüùüüĎĆĚĐùüüčēāĕüúĘħøĔ÷úĕèĈĔ÷ ãňĕĄĎüĐèýęè ĎĆĚĐĐŇĕĊ ğāĚħĐąŇüĆēąēúĕèéĕâúĘħøňĐèĐňĐĄģþģâĈĄĕâĢĎňğĎĈĚĐĎüęħè ĢüčĐèĢüčĕĄĐēģĆâĦ ø ĕĄĠøŇ ğëŇ ü Cause way ĆēĎĊŇ ĕ èğĄĚ Đ è Covington ģþ New Orleans Ģü Louisiana ğþŎüøňü (ãňĕĄĐŇĕĊģþğĈą) 19. Road ğþŎüëĚħĐùüüûĆĆĄ÷ĕĥ ġ÷ąĄĕâĢëňĢüëüýú 20. Street âĦğþŎüëĚĐħ ùüüãüĕ÷ğĈĦâĥ ĈèĄĕĎüŇĐą ġ÷ąĄĕâĢëňĢüğĄĚĐèĢĎîŇĥ ĢëňøĊĔ ąŇĐ ST. 21. ùüüúĘğħ þŎüúĕèøĔüğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Blind road ùňĕúĕèøĔüġ÷ąĄĕâğãĕéēğãĘąüğåĆĚĐħ èĎĄĕą ĎĔĊùüüĊŇĕ Blind road ĎĆĚĐ ýĕèúĘâğĦ ãĘąü Private property – No admittance 22. ýĕèúĘğ÷ėüúĕèģþģâĈĥ ùęèğĊĈĕéēğãňĕğĄĚĐèĢĎîŇĥ ğãĕĄĘúĕèĐňĐĄğĄĚĐè÷ĜğĎĄĚĐü ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Loop åĚĐĊèĠĎĊüüĔħüğĐè 23. øĕĄğčňüúĕèĢĎîŇĥ ãĐèúĕèĎĈĊèĠÿŇü÷ėüğãĕĄĘýĆėâĕĆ úĘħğĆĘąâĊŇĕ • Rest area úĘħéĐ÷āĔâĆù • Truck stop ĢĎňāĔâÿŇĐü 24. ĆňĕüãĕąãĐèúĘħĐąĜŇĆėĄĥ úĕèğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Road side stand ãĕąčňĄ, ÿĈģĄň ĠĈēĐĚħüĥ ĠøŇéēģĄŇĄĘĄĕâğĎĄĚĐüýňĕüğĆĕ 25. ùüüúĘħğãňĕģþĢüĎĄĜŇýňĕü ĎĆĚĐúĘħĥ ëĕĊýňĕüğãĕģĄŇĐąĕâĢĎňĢåĆĄĕãĔýĆùğĆĦĊĥ ĢâĈňĥ ýňĕüğãĕ ĄĘâĕĆúĬĕúĘħëēĈĐåĊĕĄğĆĦĊĆùĈèğĆĘąâĊŇĕ speed bump ğþŎüčĔüüĜüĥ Ģü ĆĔò Queensland ãĐèĐĐčğøĆğĈĘą ğĄĚĐè Brisbane ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ speed hump åĬĕĊŇĕ hump øĔ Ċ üĘĨ ĄĔ ü ğþŎ ü čĔ ü üĜ ü åĈň ĕ ąĎüĐâãĐèĊĔ Ċ ýĆĕĎŋ ĄĔ ü (ĊĔ Ċ Ġãâ) åüğĄĚ Đ è ýĆėčğýüğãĕýŇüĊŇĕúĬĕģĄğĆĕùęèğĆĘąâ speed hump üē ğĈąøĐýģþĊŇĕ ğþŎüğāĆĕē ĊŇĕ úŇĕüğĈĘĨąèĊĔĊýĆĕĎŋĄĔüâĔüĄĕâüĔħüĠĎĈē éęèğĐĕĄĕğþŎüčĔîĈĔâČöŋĢĎňğãĦ÷ 26. ùňĕùüüĄĔüãĆěãĆēğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Rough road ĎĆĚĐ bumping road 27. ĢüĆēýýãĐèĐĐčğøĆğĈĘąĠĈēüėĊìĘĠĈü÷ŋ high way ýĕèčĕąĠåý ģþ-âĈĔýĄĘ 2 ğĈü (lanes) ùňĕãęĨüğãĕ ğãĕĄĔâéēãąĕąúĕèāėğċČğþŎüéě÷ĥ ĢĎň ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Over taking lane âĕĆĠìèğãĕĊŇĕ Over taking ĠøŇĢüĐğĄĆėâĕğãĕĊŇĕ Passing 28. ĢüĐğĄĆėâĕğĆĕéēāýåĬĕĊŇĕ “Yield” ýŇĐąĥ ğãĕĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇĕ ĢĎňúĕèĆùúĘħĄĕúĕè ãňĕèĎüňĕģþâŇĐü ĠøŇĢüĆēýýąěġĆþğãĕĢëň “Give way” 29. øĕĄúĕèĠąâ ğãĕĄĔâéēğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Intersection 30. âĕĆéĬĕâĔ÷åĊĕĄğĆĦĊ ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Speed limit ġ÷ąĄĕâéēĎňĕĄğâėü 100 â.Ą./ë.Ą. ýňĕè, 120 â.Ą./ë.Ą. ýňĕè ýĕèĠĎŇèýĕèčĕąâĦéĬĕâĔ÷åĊĕĄğĆĦĊãĔĨüøĬħĕøňĐèģĄŇøĬħĕâĊŇĕ 70-80 â.Ą./ë.Ą. ýňĕè 31. Winding road (ģĊ÷ŋ÷ėħè) – Caution ĆēĊĔèùüüå÷ğåĘĨąĊ 32. Sharp curve úĕèġåňèéĔ÷ åĈňĕąĥ âĔýĎĔâãňĐċĐâĢĎňĆēĊĔè Caution Sharp curve (Reduce speed) 33. FM road ĐĔüüĘĨğĎĦüúĘĠĆâĆĜňčęâĠþĈâ ğāĆĕēĢüþŃĕąüĐâéĕâéēýĐâĊŇĕ FM ĠĈňĊ ąĔ èĄĘ øĔ Ċ ğĈãâĬ ĕâĔ ýøĕĄĄĕğëŇ ü FM 195 ğĆĕâĦ üę âĊŇ ĕ ğãĕĠüēüĬ ĕĢĎň ğþľ ÷Ċė úąě FM ¥ ¥ ¤ ¥

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åĈĚħü 195 ĐēģĆúĬĕüĐèüĘĨ ĠøŇğĐʼnēúĬĕģĄëĐýģþýĐâģĊňøĕĄĎĔĊùüü ìĐąøĕĄúĕè ĢĎîŇ (Main road) čĐýùĕĄĈě è ĄĕġĆü (Mayronne) ğéň ĕ ãĐè Bar M Ranch ĎĈě ą čŋ ğìĘ ą üŇ ĕ ĊŇ ĕğãĕĎĄĕąåĊĕĄĊŇ ĕâēģĆ ĠâýĐâĊŇ ĕ åĬ ĕĊŇ ĕ FM road ĎĄĕąùę è Farm to market road ğĆĕâĦùęèýĕèĐňĐ ýňĕüğĆĕ÷ĜğĎĄĚĐüéēğĆĘąâùüüğċĆČòâėé ğĎĦüĥ ĐąĜŇĎĈĕąčĕą úĘħ ø.ĈĬĕčüûė Đ.ĈĬĕüĕĆĕąöŋ é.ĈāýěĆĘ åĬĕĊŇĕ park ĠþĈĊŇĕéĐ÷ éĐ÷Ćù ğãĕéēĄĘúĘħéĐ÷ĆùģĊňĢĎň ğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Parking lot, Parking area øĆèģĎüĎňĕĄéĐ÷âĦéēğãĘąüĊŇĕ No parking, No parking any time ĠøŇĢüĐĐčğøĆğĈĘą (ğĆĚħĐèéĆėè) ģþąĚüĐąĜŇãĐýĥ ùüü (Footpath) ğĎĈĚĐýģþğĎĦü þŃĕą ğãĘąüĊŇĕ No standing ýĕèĠĎŇèâĦĄĘ No standing any time ýĔèğĐėîøĐüüĔĨü åüâĦģĄŇåŇĐąĄĘ÷ňĊą ĢéĎĕąĊĕý (It took my breath away) úĬĕģĄĎňĕĄąĚü (Ċē) ãöē ğ÷ĘąĊâĔüâĦģĄŇĄĘĆùąüøŋéĐ÷ĐąĜŇĠùĊüĔĨü úĬĕĢĎňĆĜňĊŇĕĢüĆēýýĐĔèâćČğãĕģĄŇĢëňåĬĕĊŇĕ park ĠøŇĢëňåĬĕĊŇĕ Standing ġĈŇèĢéģþúĘ (I can breath deeply) åė÷ĊŇĕąĚüğêąĥ úĬĕ ÿė÷âðĎĄĕąģ÷ňğĎĄĚĐüâĔüìēĠĈňĊ ğĆĚħĐèâĕĆğĆĘąâëĚħĐùüüĢüĐğĄĆėâĕ åěöċĔāúŋúĘħğĐŇąâŇĐüåĬĕĊŇĕùüü úĬĕĢĎňåüĐąŇĕè ÿĄĎĆĚĐğĆĕĥ üĘħèèģ÷ňğĎĄĚĐüâĔü ğëŇüåĬĕĊŇĕ Park way âĔý Drive way ãĐąâøĔĊĐąŇĕè åüĐğĄĆėâĔüğãĕāĜ÷÷ĔèüĘĨ In America, We drive on Park way and we park on the Drive way èè ! åĬĕĊŇĕ Park way ğãĕĎĄĕąùęè ùüüúĘħčĆňĕèãęĨüĄĕğþŎüāėğċČ þĆē÷ĔýþĆē÷ĕ÷ňĊą øňüģĄň ĄĘ÷ĐâĠĈēģĄŇĄĘ÷Đâ âĔýġåĄģĂčĊąèĕĄ ğþŎüúĘħğéĆėîĎĜğéĆėîøĕĆĕĊâĔýÿŇĕü ğãňĕģþĢüčĊĆĆåŋĊėĄĕüâĦģĄŇþĕü čŇĊüåĬĕĊŇĕ Drive way üĔĨü ğãĕĎĄĕąùęè úĕèğĈĦâ ĥ ğāĚħĐğĈĘĨąĊĆùğãňĕģþéĐ÷úĘħġĆèĆù èè ģĄŇĆĜň ğāĆĕēğĆĕģĄŇğåąëėü øĐüāĜ÷ùęèğĆĚħĐè speed limit éēãĐğāėħĄğøėĄøĕĄåĊĕĄéĬĕĊŇĕ ĢüğĄĚĐèâĦĄĘ speed limit ğãĕĠéňèģĊň (ğĆĚħĐèéĆėè) ğāĚħĐüğéňĕĎüňĕúĘħâĆēúĆĊèğâČøĆğúĦâìĔč ĠâãĔýĆù ĄĕĢüğĄĚ Đ è San Antonio åèãĔ ý ğĆĦ Ċ ģþĎüŇ Đ ą øĬ ĕ ĆĊéĄĕãĐ÷Ĝ Ģ ýãĔ ý ãĘħ Ġ ĈēĐĐâ Ticket (ĢýčĔħè) ĢĎňåĆĔý ğãĕģĄŇĄĘĎüňĕúĘħþĆĔýĠøŇùĕĄĊŇĕ øĐüùĜâúĬĕġúČéēčē÷Ċâ ģþúĘħģĎü ĠââĦýĐâĊŇĕğĄĚĐè Corpus Christi (ãĐýĐŇĕĊğĄĦâìėġâ - ğúĦâìĔč) ğāĚħĐü âĦ ĆĔ ý Ticket Ąĕ øĐüğčĘ ą åŇ ĕ þĆĔ ý øň Đ èģþğčĘ ą úĘħ ċ ĕĈéĆĕéĆãĐèğãĕ ĐĘ ø ĐüĀŀ â ĈňĕèčĄĐèĄĆĆąĕúâĕĆãĔýãĘħüĘħìė ğãĕĊŇĕúĕĆěöĄĕâ ýĕèåĆĔĨèĐĕúėøąŋĈēĊĔü 3 ğ÷ĚĐü ĠĈňĊĠøŇġúČčùĕüĎüĔâğýĕĐąŇĕèģĆ (Face the music âňĄĎüňĕĆĔýâĆĆĄģþâĦĠĈňĊâĔü) D.U.I. ĄĔüĐēģĆâĔüüňĕ ĄĘčøĆĘčĔèåĄčĜèúŇĕüĎüęħè ģþģĎüāĜ÷úĘħģĎüâĦğúĘħąĊýĐâğãĕ ģþĎĄ÷ĊŇĕ ğĊĈĕéēãĔýĆùĎĆĚĐãöēãĔýĆùĐąĜŇĐąŇĕģ÷ňğĄĕğþŎüĐĔüãĕ÷üē êĔüğĐèģĄŇ ğåąúĬĕğĈą ğãĕğĆĘąâĊŇĕ Drive Under Intoxication (D.U.I. = ãĔýĆùĢüãöēĄęüğĄĕ) ĊĔüĎüęħèúŇĕüâĦġ÷üøĬĕĆĊééĔýğĐĕìēğĐè “ğĄĕĠĐŇüğĈą” øĬĕĆĊéùĕĄčĕĊüĔĨüĊŇĕ Why don’t you practice what you preached ? “úĬĕģĄåěöùęèģĄŇúĬĕĢüčėħèúĘħåěöāĜ÷” Mr.Few marbles short “ģĄŇğøĦĄğøĦè” He has lost his marbles “ĎĔĊğčĘą Ďèě÷Ďèė÷” *************** ¥ ¥

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SHEPHERD TECH CONSULTANCY PRIVATE CO., LTD. Shepherd Tech Consultancy Private Co., Ltd is a one of Muyang sales local ofÌce and service center in Thailand.

Muyang Co., Ltd. is an integrated solution provider of plants, equipment and services in the Ìelds of feed manufacturing, grain milling, grain handling and storage, oilseed processing, animal farming, environment protection, food processing, biomass processing, steel structure building as well as industrial automation.

Opened Position: 1. Sales Manager – Feed Mill 2. Service Engineer Manager 3. Administrator

QualiÌcation: 1. Completion of a Degree in Veterinary Medicine or Animal Science or Mechanical Engineering or related discipline.

2. Able to communicate in English 3. Good Computer skills including MS OfÌce 4. Able to drive (have a Driver’s license) 5. 4-5 year of working experience in Feed mill is preferred.

6. Personal management and motivated skills.

7. Good interpersonal and presentation skills.

8. Willing to work in multinational culture.

Competitive salary and fringe beneÌts will be offer to the successful candidate. Send your resume and expected salary to Khun Akawit Boonyoros Email: boonyoros@gmail.com

Shepherd Tech Consultancy Private Co., Ltd. Thai CC Tower, No.43, 7th Floor, Room No. 73, South Sathon Rd., Yannaya Sub-district, Sathon District, Bangkok, 10120 THAILAND www.muyang.com Tel. 08-1414-3663, 092-089-1601 ******************************

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